BA101 ENGINEERING MATHEMATIC Chapter 4 Geometry and Measurement

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT
BA101/CHAPTER4
4.1 And 4.2

CHAPTER 4: GEOMETRY MEASUREMENT
(Angles & properties of angles in circle)
INPUT
4.0 INTRODUCTION
Trigonometry was developed by Greek astronomers and has since evolved from its use by
surveyors, navigators, and engineers to present applications involving ocean tides, the rise and fall
of food supplies in certain ecologies, brain waves patterns, and many other phenomenons.
Geometri adalah kajian secara matematik mengenai kedudukan titik, garisan, dan permukaan
sesuatu rajah.
4.1 ANGLES
If you draw two lines with a common vertex, they form an angle. The angle is the rotational limit of a
line from one position to another position. Lets look at Figure 6.
Rotational axis
A+
direction of rotation (+)
direction of rotation (-)

A-
Figure 4.1: An angles direction of rotation

1
Prepared By : Siti Aminah Abdul Halim and Mohd Hafis Bin Yunus
BA101/CHAPTER4
Angles are measured in degrees and radians. For example, 35 degrees is written as 35 . 2
radians is written as 2 rad. A straight line is 180 or rad. A full rotation of a circle is 360 or 2
22
rad. Value of is 3.142 or
7
To change measurement of degrees to radian
360 = 2 rad
180 = rad
4.2 TYPES OF ANGLES
Acute angle
less than 90
( 0 90 )
Right angle
=900
900 or
rotation of a circle
( = 90 )
more than 900 but less than1800

( 90 180 )
Obtuse angle
Straight line
180 or
2
1
rotation of a circle ( = 180 )
2
BA101/CHAPTER4
Reflex angle
more than 180 but less than 360

( 180 360 )
complete rotation
angle
360 or 1 complete rotation.
No rotation
angle 0
Figure 4.2: Different Types of Angles

4.3 ADDING ANGLES
2 right angles = 90 + 90 = 180
a + b = 1800
A complete rotation of a circle = 360
4 right angles = 360

a
a +b +c =360
Figure 4.3: Adding Angles
3
BA101/CHAPTER4
4.4 TOTAL ANGLE

P
Pada sudut tegak, PQ berserenjang dengan RS.
Jarak tegak dari titik P ke garis lurus RS ialah
panjang garis serenjang PQ.
R
Adjacent angles
a + b = 180
Figure 4.4: Total Angle

4.5 ANGLES IN STRAIGHT LINES
Parallel lines never meet and the distance between them is always the same
distance
Alternate angles
a = c
b= d
a
c
Adjacent angles
a + d = 180
b + c = 180
Opposite angles
a = b
c = d
a
d
c
b
Figure 4.5: Angles in Straight Lines
BA101/CHAPTER4
4.6 PROPERTIES OF ANGLES IN A CIRCLE

When two straight lines are drawn from two points on the circumference of a circle, the angle
formed at the center of the circle is always double the angle formed at the circumference.
2x
x
O
O
2x
Xx
x
O
2x
2x
x
Figure 4.6: Properties of Angles in a Circle

4.7 ANGLES IN A QUADRILATERAL PLACED INSIDE A CIRCLE
P
w
x+
w+
Q
x
y = 180
z = 180
z
y
R
5
BA101/CHAPTER4
external
angle JML = internal
angle JKN
L
M
Figure 4.7: Angles In A Quadrilateral Placed Inside A Circle

4.8 ANGLES INSIDE A CIRCLE
B
Based on line CF
CAF = CBF
CDF = CEF
A
C
F
D
If line DE goes through center O

A= B = C = 90
O
BA101/CHAPTER4
If length of arc JL = length of arc PR,

then angle JKL = angle PQR
K
Q
Figure 4.8: Angles Inside A Circle

4.9 TANGENT AND NORMAL OF A CIRCLE
In Figure 6.9, O is the center of the circle. The line PQ only touches the circle and it is called a
Tangent. The line OS is a Normal to the Tangent PQ because it is perpendicular to the Tangent.
Figure 4.9: Tangent and Normal
BA101/CHAPTER4
4.10 BISECTORS
D
B
A
if OD is perpendicular to AB,
then AB = BC.
O
F
If AB and CD are bisectors,

then AE = EB, CF =FD,
D
if WX = YZ,
then AO = OB,
if AO = OB,
then WX = YZ.
BA101/CHAPTER4
A
if AB = CD,
then minor arc AB =
minor arc CD.
B
D
Figure 4.10: Bisectors
Example 4.1:
State these angles as a fraction of a circle
a) 45
b) 120
c) 200
Solution
a) 45 =
1
45
= of a circle
360 8
c) 200 =
b) 120 =
120 1
= of a circle
360 3
200 5
= of a circle
360 9
BA101/CHAPTER4
Example 4.2:
What is the angle, in degrees, as a result of rotating
a)
2
of a circle
3
c)
7
of a circle
8
a)
2
2
of a circle = 360 = 240
3
3
b) 2
2
of a circle
15
Solution
b) 2
c)
2
32
of a circle =
360 = 768
15
15
7
7
of a circle = 360 = 315
8
8
Example 4.3:
Given that AB and CD are straight lines, find the angles of x and y.
C
25
61
Solution
x + 25 + 61 = 180
x = 180 - 86 = 94
x = 94
x + y = 180
94 + y = 180
y = 180 - 94 = 86
y = 86
10
BA101/CHAPTER4
Example 4.4:
Given that PQ is a straight line, calculate the value of x.
4x
3x
2x
Solution
2x + 4x + 3x = 180
9x = 180
x=
180
= 40
9
x = 40
Example 4.5:
Determine the value of x.
37
79
88
3x
Solution
3x + 79 + 37 + 88 = 360
3x = 360 - 204 =156
x=
156
= 52
3
11
BA101/CHAPTER4
Example 4.6:
Determine the value of x, given that PQ and RS are parallels.
x
Q
63
Solution
x = PRS = 63
Example 4.7:
If the line JK is parallel to LM, and AB is a straight line, determine the values of x and y.
A
73
K
J
y
x
25
M
Solution
y + 25 = 73
x + 73 = 180
y = 73 - 25 = 48
x = 180 - 73 = 107
12
BA101/CHAPTER4
Example 4.8:
Given that AB is parallel to CD, what is the value of x?
A
B
45
O
x
25
C
Solution
B
45
O
M
b
25
Note:
You should draw a line OM that passes O that is parallel to AB and CD. Then;
a = 45 dan b = 25
Therefore, x = a + b
= 45 + 25
= 70
Example 4.9:
What is the value of angle a?
O
a
120
P
R
S
13
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Solution
The reflex angle POR = 2 PSR = 2 x 120 = 240
Therefore angle a = 360 - 240 = 120
Example 4.10:
Given OA = OB = 5 cm. OJ = 13 cm. Calculate bisectors of LM.
L
J
A
O
K M
Solution
AJ2 = 132 52 = 144
AJ = 144 = 12 cm
14
JK = 2 x 12 = 24 cm
LM = JK = 24 cm.
BA101/CHAPTER4
ACTIVITY 4a
TEST YOURSELF BEFORE YOU MOVE ON TO THE NEXT SECTION..!
4.1 State the following angles as fractions of a circle
a) 48
c) 210
b) 160
d) 320
4.2 Convert each of the statements below into angles in degrees

a)
1
6
b)
2
3
c)
d) 3
2
rotations of a circle
15
3
rotations of a circle
8
4.3 Determine all the angles below

a)
b)
a
35
15
105
46
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4.4 Determine all the angles below
a
a)
47
b)
140
x
4.5 Determine the value of x in each situation
a)
4x
2x
16
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b)
4x
56
4.6 Find the value of x
155
a)
b)
2x
3x
a)
33
77
17
11x
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b)
3x
2x
35

a)
x
36
36
133
b)
y
x
4.9 Determine the value of a

a)
50
a
18
BA101/CHAPTER4
b)
a
85
4.10 Calculate the value of m

a)
56
m
26
b)
120
105
m
4.11 Given that O is the center of the circle, determine the values of x and y
a)
19
28
BA101/CHAPTER4
b)
y
215
O

a)
54
20
BA101/CHAPTER4
b)
75
68
27
21
BA101/CHAPTER4
FEEDBACK
4.1
a) 2
15
b) 4
9
4.2
a) 60
b) 240
4.3
a) a = 99
4.4
a) a = 43 , b = 90
4.5
a) x = 60
b) x = 31
4.6
a) x = 115
b) x = 18
4.7
a) x = 4
b) x = 25
4.8
a) x = 108
b) x = 47, y = 47
4.9
a) a = 50
b) a = 95
4.10
a) m = 82
b) m = 135
4.11
a) x = 28, y = 62
4.12
a) x = 27
22
c)
7
12
c) 408
d)
8
9
d) 1215
b) x = 75, z = 75
b) x = 50
b) x = 72.5, y = 55
b) x = 112
BA101/CHAPTER4
4.3
PYTHAGORASS THEOREM
4.11 PYTHAGORASS THEOREM

Let us consider a right angle triangle now. A right angle triangle always has a side with a 90 0
angle. Look at the triangle in Figure 2.10. The angle between side a and side b is a right angle.
The side a is called the opposite side, side b the adjacent side, and side c the hypothenus.
c
a
b
Figure 6.11: A Right Angle Triangle
The Pythagorass Theorem state that, for any given right angle triangle,
c 2 = a 2 + b2
Example 4.11:
A
Calculate the length of side AC.
3cm
Solution:
Using Pythagorass Theorem,
4 cm
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = 32 + 42 = 25

AC = 25 = 5 cm.
23
BA101/CHAPTER4
ACTIVITY 4b
4.13 Solve the right angle triangles given:
x
a)
10
b)
5
13
8
15
d)
c)
8
y
25
4.14 Determine the values of a and b
24 cm
b cm
8 cm
a cm
6 cm
24
BA101/CHAPTER4
4.15 Determine z and y in the cases given below
11
4
b)
a)
y
5
13
z
4.16 Dalam rajah berikut, Z ialah titik tengah XY. Cari panjang XW.
V
15 cm
9 cm
Z
Y
W
8 cm
4.17 A bus traveled 70 km towards North and then moved 240 km towards East. How far is the
bus from the starting point?
4.18 The diagonal of a rectangle is 100 cm and its breadth is 60 cm. What is its length?
4.19
Muthu and Ali are crossing a river that is 24 meter wide. Muthu chooses the direction AB,
whereas Ali chooses the direction AC. What is the difference in distance traveled by Muthu
and Ali ?
B
7m
A
25
BA101/CHAPTER4
4.20 A motorcyclist is moving 15 km towards East and then 8 km towards South. How far will
he from the starting point then?
4.21 The diagonals of a rhombus are 12 cm dan 16 cm respectively. Determine the lengths of all
sides.
4.22 A boy is flying his kite using a string that is 149 m long. If the kite is flying at a vertical height
of 140 m, what is the horizontal distance the kite is from him?
26
BA101/CHAPTER4
FEEDBACK
4.13
a) w = 6 unit
4.14
a = 10, b = 26
4.15
a) y = 20 unit, z = 12 unit
4.16
XZ = 6 unit, XW = 10 unit
4.17
250 km
4.18
80 cm
4.19
1m
4.20
17 km
4.21
10 cm
4.22
51 m
27
b) x = 12 unit
c) y = 17 unit
d) z = 24 unit
b) y = 4 unit, z = 10 unit
BA101/CHAPTER4
SELF ASSESSMENT
Congratulations to you for making it so far. You are very close to
mastering this unit. Attempt all questions in this section and check your
solutions with the answers provided in SOLUTIONS TO SELF
ASSESSMENT given after this.
4.1 Determine all the angles in the diagrams given below
a)
a
55
b
b)
165
x
y
4.2 Determine the value of x
3x
a)
4x
b)
2x
3x
2x
28
55
BA101/CHAPTER4
133
a)
b)
6x
4x
4.4 Determine the value of x:

a)
b)
20
50
9x
4x
5x
60
a)
b)
x
44
54
127
4.6 Determine the values of a and b:

a)
b
51
a
b)
a
77
29
BA101/CHAPTER4
4.7 Determine the value of k:

a)
63
k
15
b)
130
110
k
4.8 Given that O is the center of the circle, find x and y .
a)
b)
O
7
110
25
sm
6 cm
28
x
x
30
BA101/CHAPTER4

:
a)
x
65
O
b)
83
55
30
x
4.10 Determine the values of x and y:
a)
b)
17
y
x
20
8
12
9
15
31
BA101/CHAPTER4
4.11 Given that AB = BC = CD = DE = 2 cm. Calculate the length of

a) AC.
b) AE.
4.12
The diagonals of a rhombus are 10 cm dan 24 cm respectively. Determine the lengths of all
sides.
4.13
A yatch is sailing 39 km towards East. It then sails 9 km towards South and finally 27 km
towards West. How far is it from the starting point?m
32
BA101/CHAPTER4
SOLUTIONS TO SELF
ASSESSMENT 1
1.
a) a = 35 , b = 55
b) x = 75, y = 15
2.
a) x = 20
b) x = 25
3.
a) x = 137
b) x = 9
4.
a) x = 6
b) x = 11.54
5.
a) x = 82
b) x = 53, y = 53
6.
a) b = 51
7.
a) k = 78
8.
a) x = 24 cm, y = 62
9.
a) x = 32.5
b) a = 103
b) k = 130
b) x = 6 cm, y = 20
b) x = 125
10.
a) x = 15 units, y = 12 units
11.
a) AC = 2.83 cm
12.
13 cm
13.
15 km
33
b) x = 16 units, y = 9 units
b) AE = 4 cm
BA101/CHAPTER4
4.4
3.4
MEASUREMENT
(Length of arc and sector)

4.4 INTRODUCTION
In our everyday life there are many things made of geometrical patent such as sphere, triangle,
cone and others. Examples for spheres are ball, bicycle tyres, and clock. There basic angles found
in triangles and spheres.
A O B = (symbol)
, can be measured by
1. Degrees
2. Radians
Can you help Azmi in finding

the length of the arc for sector
from A to B as shown in the
diagram ?..
O
A
34
BA101/CHAPTER4
4.4.1 RADIAN
4. 4.1.1 Relation between radians and degrees:
A
r
1 rad
o
B
1 rotation = 360 = 2 radians

1
rotation = 180 = radians
2
a) Conversion from radians to degrees.

1 radian =
b)Conversion from degrees to radians.
180
1 =
180
radian
Example 4.1
Convert the measurements in degrees to radians.
a) 45
b) 150
c) 65
d) 54 20'
Solution :
a) 45 = 45 x
rad
180
= 0.7855 rad
b) 150 = 150 x
35
Conversion
formula
for
degrees
to
radians is
1 =
rad
180
rad
180
BA101/CHAPTER4
Value of is
3.142
= 2.618 rad
c) 65 = 65 x
rad
180
= 1.135 rad
d) 54 20' = 54
20
x
rad
60
180
= 54.3 x
rad
180
54
20 '
20
= 54
60
60 '
= 54 0.3
= 54.3
= 54.3 x
3.142
rad
180
= 0.9478 rad
Example 4.2
Convert the measurements in radians to degrees.
a)
2
rad
3
36
b)
10
rad
3
c)
rad
7
d) 0.8962 rad
BA101/CHAPTER4
Solution:
a)
2
2 180
rad =
x
3
3
Conversion
formula for
radian to degree
is
180
360
=
3
1 rad =
= 120
b)
180
10
10
rad =
x
3
3
= 1800
3
= 600
180
c)
rad =
x
7
7
= 180
7
= 25.71
c) 0.8962 rad = 0.8962 x
180
= 51.34
37
BA101/CHAPTER4
Example 4.3
Convert each of the following angles from degrees to radians in .
a) 135 = 135 x
=
180
3
rad
4
b) 270 = 270 x
=
180
3
rad
2
4.4.2 LENGTH OF AN ARC OF A CIRCLE
r s
Length of an arc , s = r
Where is,
s = length of arc
r = radius
= angle in radians
Example 4.4
Find the length of arc for the figure below which the radius is 7 cm and angle is 1.2 rad.
Solution:
7 cm
s
1.2 rad
38
BA101/CHAPTER4
Length of arc, s = r
s = (7) (1.2)
s = 8.4 cm
There for, the length of arc for this figure is 8.4 cm.
Example 4.5
The figure below is a wire in sector form of OPQ, with its origin O. Its radius is 0.6m, and angle
is 0.4 rad. Find the length of arc PQ?
Solution:
P
0.6 cm
The length of an arc PQ , s = r
s
0.4rad
= (0.6) (0.4)
O
Q
s = 0.24 m
.
Example 4.6
The figure below is a rope with radius 8 cm and the length of an arc 4 cm and find the angle for its
figure.
Solution:
Angle, , s = r
s
=
r
=4
8
= 0.5 rad
8 cm
4 cm
.
39
BA101/CHAPTER4
Example 4.7
s
115 36
6 cm
Find the length of an arc, s.

Solution:
11536 = 115.6 3.142
180
1 = 60 minute
115 36 = 115 +
= 2.02 rad
= 115.6
36

60
There for, the length of arc,

s = r
s = 6 x 2.02
= 12.12 cm
40
BA101/CHAPTER4
Example 4.8
The length of an arc is given, s is 3 cm and angle is 1 rad. Find the radius of this sector.
Solution :
r
1 rad
s = r
3 cm = r (1 rad)
3
= r
1
r = 3 cm.
4.4.4
AREA OF SECTOR IN THE CIRCLE

Area of minor sector
Area of major sector
Area of a Sector , A = r2
Where , r = radius of circle
= angle in radian
41
BA101/CHAPTER4
Example 4.9
Find the area of a sector for angle is 210 :
6 cm
O
2100
Solution :
Area of a sector , A =
1 2
r
2
Angle must be in
radians. So, angle in
degrees 210o must be
converting first to
radians 3.666 rad.
Given angle 210o = x 210o

180o
= 3.666 rad
1
Area of a sector = (6) 2 (3.666)
2
= 65.99 cm 2
Example 4.10
Rizal cut a piece of paper in a sector form with radius 10 cm menggunting suatu sektor daripada
sekeping kertas berbentuk bulatan berjejari 10 cm untuk dijadikan corong kecil. Jika luas sektor
minor ialah 78.6 cm2, cari sudut sektor tersebut.
Solution :
Area of minor sector = 78.6 cm2
Sector radius = 10 cm
1
A = r2
2
1
78.6 cm2 = (10)2
2
78.6 cm2= 50
78.6
=
50
= 1.572 rad
42
Area of a sector ,A=
1 2
r
2

4.15
BA101/CHAPTER4
AREA OF A SEGMENT
Length of an arc , s = r
B
1
Area of a sector , A = r 2
2
S
O
1 2
Area of a triangle = r sin
r
2
1
A
Area of a segment = r 2 ( sin ) atau
2
A
Area of a segment = Area of a sector AOB Area of A triangle AOB
Example 4.11
The figure shown a triangle ABC, with AB = 30cm, BAC 35 and ABC 90 . BD is a length
of an arc in a circle with origin at A. Find
D
35
B
a) Perimeter of a sector ABD

b) The area of shaded region
Solution:
a) Perimeter of a sector ABD
The length of arc BD, s = r
35)
180
BD = 18.33 cm
Perimeter of a sector ABD = AB + AD + BD
= 30 + 30 + 18.33
= 78.33 cm
= 30 (
43
35 perlu ditukarkan kepada

radian terlebih dahulu dengan
rumus (
)
180
b)
BA101/CHAPTER4
The area of shaded region

BC
Tan 35 =
30
BC = 30 (tan 35 )
= 30 (0.700)
= 21.0 cm
c) The area of shaded region= Are of ABC - Area of a sector ABD

1
1
= (30)(21) (30) 2 (
35)
2
2
180
= 315 274.93
= 40.07 cm 2
Example 4.12
Liza has a piece of cake with shape like a quarter of a circle. A sector with radius 10 cm, which a
radius OA and OB with the length of arc AB. Given the angle of a sector is 60 . Find:
a) The length of arc AB
B
b)Area of a sector OAB
10 cm
c) Area of a triangle AOB
d) The area of shaded region
60
Solution:
a) The length of arc AB

s = r
s = 10 (60
180
= 10(1.05 rad)
s = 10.47 cm
b) Area of a sector OAB =
=
1 2
r
2
1
10 2 1.05
2
= 52.36 cm 2
44

c) Area of AOB =
BA101/CHAPTER4
1 2
r sin
2
Area of a triangle is, A=
1 2
r sin
2
1
(10) 2 sin 60
2
1
= 100 0.9
2
= 45 cm 2
d) The area of shaded region = Area of a sector AOB area of AOB
= 52.36 cm 2 - 45 cm 2
= 7.36 cm 2
45
BA101/CHAPTER4
ACTIVITY 9
9.1
Convert each following angles to degrees.

2
a) 3 radian
b) radian
3
c) 3.15 radian
9.2.1
Convert each following angles to degrees. Give the answer for 1 decimal place. (Using
= 3.142).
4
a) 0.75 radian
b) 0.8 radian
c) radian
5
9.3
Convert each following angles to radians in .

a) 105 52
9.4
b) 6.3
'
c) 158.5
Convert each following angles to radians. Berikan jawapan kamu betul

kepada 3 angka bererti. (Using = 3.142).
a) 52
b) 30 15 '
c) 25
9.5
B
O
C
9.6
Rajah di sebelah menunjukkan seutas dawai berbentuk

sektor bulatan OBC yang berpusat pada O. Panjang
dawai itu , jejari ialah 0.25 m. Di beri panjang lengkok
bagi BC ialah 0.1 m. Carikan :
a) Sudut dalam radian.
b) Luas sektor bagi OBC.
Sebuah bandul berayun melalui sudut 1.2 radian dari

Kedudukan C ke kedudukan D. Jika panjang lengkok
CD yang dibentukkan oleh bandul itu ialah 17 cm.
Carikan panjang jejari tali tersebut.
46

9.7
BA101/CHAPTER4
Figure shows the bisection of ball. Find the radius of ball and given the answer with three
decimal points.
28 cm
O
1.8 rad
9.8
From the figure, find the area of segment.
3 0 cm
B
r
70
O
47
BA101/CHAPTER4
FEEDBACK
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
3 radian 3
b)
2
2
180
radian
120
3
3
c)
3.15 radian 3.15
a)
0.75 radian = 0.75
b)
0.8 radian 0.8
c)
4
4 180 720
radian
46
5
5
15.71
a)
105 52 ' = 105.9
b)
6.3 6.3
c)
158.5 158.5
a)
52 = 52
b)
9.5
180
a.)
180
= 540
180
180
180
567
= 43
180
=144
0.588 rad.
0.035 rad
180
0.881 rad
0.907 rad
180
15
30 15 ' 30
0.528 rad
60 180
c)
25 25
a)
Sudut dalam radian , s = r

0.1 m = 0.25 m
= 0.4 rad
180
= 0.436 rad
b)
48
Luas sektor OBC, A =
1 2
r
2

=
BA101/CHAPTER4
1
(0.25) 2 (0.4)
2
= 0.0125 cm 2
9.6
Panjang jejari tali tersebut ialah 14.2 cm
9.7
Sudut dalam radian = 4.48 rad

Jejari bola = 6.25 cm
9.8
i.
Sudut AOB = 70
ii.
Luas sektor AOB =
iii.
180
=1.222 rad
1 2
r
2
1
= (15) 2 (1.222)
2
= 137.475 cm 2
1
Luas segitiga AOB = r 2 sin
2
1
= (15) 2 (sin 70 )
2
= 105.716 cm 2
iv.
Luas segmen berlorek = Luas sektor AOB Luas segitiga AOB

= 137.475 cm 2 105.716 cm 2
= 31.8 cm 2
49
BA101/CHAPTER4
SELF
ASSESSMENT 9
Tahniah ! Anda telah menghampiri kejayaan. Sebelum anda berpuas hati dengan
pencapaian anda, sila cuba semua soalan dalam bahagian ini dan semak jawapannya pada
maklum balas yang telah disediakan. Sekiranya terdapat sebarang kemusykilan, sila
dapatkan khidmat nasihat pensyarah anda.
Selamat mencuba dan semoga berjaya !!!.
9.1 Tukarkan setiap yang berikut kepada darjah.
2 radian
a)
b)
2
1 radian
9
c)
3.3 radian
9.2 Tukarkan setiap sudut yang berikut kepada radian dalam sebutan .
a)
540
b)
400
c)
41 15 '
9.3 Tukarkan setiap sudut yang berikut kepada radian tanpa melibatkan . Berikan
jawapan anda betul kepada 3 angka bererti.
1
a)
36
b)
133.5
c)
95
3
9.4 Sebuah taman bunga yang berbentuk bulatan dengan jejari 49 m dikelilingi oleh
pagar. Hitungkan panjang dawai yang digunakan untuk memagar taman bunga
tersebut.
9.5
Rajah di sebelah menunjukkan sebuah bulatan berpusat O.
Jika jejari bulatan itu ialah 9 m dan lengkok PQ ialah 4 m.
Kirakan sudut bagi y?.
O
y
P
50
Q
9.6
28m
BA101/CHAPTER4
Sebuah taman berbentuk bulatan dengan diameter

56m dibahagikan kepada 2 sektor bulatan yang di
tanam dengan pokok-pokok bunga kekwa dan ros.
Hitungkan luas kawasan yang di tanam dengan
bunga ros jika kawasan itu mencangkum sudut 72
pada pusat taman itu. (Ambil nilai = 3.142)
Bunga
Kekwa
72
Bunga
Ros
9.7
C
B
Dapatkan luas segmen ABC yang berjejari 10 cm untuk

rajah di sebelah.
100
Rajah di sebelah menunjukkan 2 sektor bulatan berpusat
9.8
h
cm
0.75
rad
mana panjang AD ialah 4 cm dan panjang OA diwakili

dengan h cm. Carikan:
B
C
51
O. Di beri bahawa perimeter ABCD ialah 23 cm. Di
a) nilai h
b) luas rantau yang berlorek
BA101/CHAPTER4
FEEDBACK
9.1
a)
b)
c)
360
220
1893
9.2
a)
b)
c)
3 rad
2.2 rad
0.23 rad
9.3
a)
b)
c)
0.628 rad
2.33 rad
1.66 rad
9.4
406 m
9.5
Y=80
9.6
Area=492.7 m2.
9.7
area of segment ABC= 38 cm2
9.8
area of shaded reagent = 30 cm2.
52
BA101/CHAPTER4
4.5
CHAPTER 4:GEOMETRY MEASUREMENT
( Perimeter and Area)
Perimeter
The perimeter is the distance or length around the outside of a shape.
It is calculated by adding the lengths of all the sides together, ie in diagram (left):
Perimeter
= 2 + 6+ 4+ 6
= 18 cm
EXAMPLE 1
What is perimeter?
As perimeter is a length or distance it is measured in units of length, eg mm, cm, etc.

Area
The area is the surface space contained within the edges of a 2-D shape (see coloured area of
shape left).
EXAMPLE 2
The shape, left, has been divided into squares. Each square is 1 cm2 (1 cm x 1 cm).
The area of the rectangle is calculated using the formula:
Area = l x b, where: l = length, b = breadth
Here, l = 5 cm and b = 2 cm.
So:
Area = 5 x 2
2cm
= 10 cm2
m
53
5cm
BA101/CHAPTER4
Area is measured as the number of squares of a particular unit, eg mm2, cm2, m2 etc.
a)
b
b
l
a) Parallelograms
Perimeter = 2(a+b)
Area = b x h
b
a
h
b
b)
Triangles
Perimeter = a+b+c
Area = x b x h
a
h
b
d)
d)
Trapeziums
Perimeter = a+b+c+d
Area = (b+d)h
d
a
Right angled Triangles

Perimeter = b+d+l
d
d
b
Area = x l x b
l
54
BA101/CHAPTER4
EXAMPLE 3
Calculate the area and perimeter of the diagram shown.

10cm
4cm
12c
m
Q
q
8cm
12c
m
6cm
4cm
m
10cm
Area of big rectangle
=12cm x 10cm
=120cm
Area of small reactangle R
12cm
= 8cm x 4cm
8c
= 32cm
m cm=88
Area of diagram = 120 cm-32
cm
=120cm6cm
- 32cm
= 88cm
EXAMPLE 4
55
P
p
8cm
4c
m
Devide the
diagram
into part P
and Q
6cm
Area of rectangle P = 12cm x 6cm

= 72cm
Area of Square Q = 4cm x 4cm
= 16cm
Area of diagrams = 72cm + 16cm
= 88cm
Perimeter =
4cm+4cm+4cm+8cm+6cm+12cm+6cm
= 44cm
i)
BA101/CHAPTER4
Calculate the area of the triangle ABC.

A
Solution
Area of ABC = x Base x
Height
= x 10 x 6
=30cm
6cm
ii)
Find the trapezium shown

20cm
12cm
Solution
Area of trapezium = (a+b) h
= (16 + 20)
12
= 216cm
16cm
iii)
Given that area of triangle ABC is 30cm, find its height, h.

A
56
Prepared By : Siti Aminah Abdul Halim
Solution
Area of triangle = x Base
x Height
30
= x 10
xh
and Mohd Hafis Bin
30 Yunus= 5h
h
= 6cm
BA101/CHAPTER4
10cm
EXAMPLE 5
i)
In the diagram shown, ABCD is a parallelogram and CDEF is a rectangle.
5cm
B
Solution
Total area of the whole diagram
= Area of parallelogram ABCD
+ Area of rectangle CDEF
= ( 5x3 ) + ( 5x2 )
= 25cm
3cm
2cm
D
F
Find the total area of the whole diagram.
ii)_The diagram shows a trapezium PQRS.

xcm
P
p
10cm
8cm
Solution
Area = ( a+b) h
100 = (x+8) 10
100 = (x+8) 5
20 = x+8
x = 12cm
Given that the area of the trapezium is 100cm,

find the value of x
57
BA101/CHAPTER4
Activity
1. Calculate the area of the trapezium PQRS shown above
15cm
R
S
7cm
P
2.
3cm
Find the perimeter of the shape
6c
m
8cm
3. What is the area of the triangle below having a base of length 5.2 and a height
of 4.2?
58
BA101/CHAPTER4
Answer 1. 33cm 2. 66cm 3. 50cm
4.4.6 Volume
A measure of the amount of space enclosed by a three-dimensional geometric figure. The volume
equals the number of cubic units contained inside the figure
Table 6
SHAPES
FORMULA
Cuboid
Volume = Length X Width X Height
V = lwh
Surface = 2lw + 2lh + 2wh
Prisms
Volume = Base X Height
v=bh
Surface = 2b + Ph (b is the area of the base P
is the perimeter of the base)
Cylinder
Volume = r2 x height
V = r2 h
Surface = 2 radius x height
S = 2 rh + 2 r2
59
BA101/CHAPTER4
Pyramid
V = 1/3 bh
b is the area of the base
Surface Area: Add the area of the base to the
sum of the areas of all of the triangular faces.
The areas of the triangular faces will have
different formulas for different shaped bases.
Cones
Volume = 1/3 r2 x height
V= 1/3 r2h
Surface = r2 + rs
S = r2 + rs
= r2 + r
Sphere
Volume = 4/3 r3
V = 4/3 r3
Surface = 4 r2
S = 4 r2
EXAMPLE 6
a) Calculate the surface area of a solid cylinder with diameter 14 cm and height 10 cm. (Use
= 22/7)
14
cm
10 cm
Solution
S=2rh + 2r2
= 2 x22/7 x 7 x 10 + 2 x 22/7 x 72
=
748 cm2
EXAMPLE 7
a) Calculate the surface area and volume of a spere of radius 2.8 cm.
Solution
Surface area of the spere = 4r2
S = 4 x 22/7 x 2.82
= 98.56 cm2
60
V Aminah
= 4/3Abdul
r Halim and Mohd Hafis Bin Yunus
Prepared By : Siti
= 4/3 x 22/7 x 2.8
= 91.99 cm
BA101/CHAPTER4
r = 2.8 cm
Activity
1. Find the volumes of the following right cylinders.
a)
b)
40mm
r=5cm
10.5c
m
9mm
2.
61
Find the height of the following solids.

a) Volume of cylinder = 528mm
Area of cross section = 44mm
b) Volume of cylinder = 1 540cm
BA101/CHAPTER4
Radius of cross section = 14cm

3. A cylindrical solid with base radius 5cm and height is melted down to form 12 identical
cones with base radii 4cm. calculate the height of each cone.
4cm
4.
In the right cylindrical container shown, the base radius is
8cm. if the height of the water level is 20cm, finf the
volume of the water in the container ( Use = 3.142)
62
BA101/CHAPTER4
4.6
MEASUREMENT
(Area & Volume of Similar Shapes)
OBJECTIVE
General Objective
: Learn and understand the area and volume of similar shapes
Specific Objectives : At the end of the unit, students should be able to :-
63
State relations between corresponding sides, area, and

volumes of similar shapes.
Calculate area of similar shapes.
Calculate volume of similar shapes.
BA101/CHAPTER4
4.6.1 SIMILAR SHAPES

There are 3 elements explaining about similar shapes which are:
1. Similar shapes are solids that have the same and similar shape if the ratio of its
linear measurements is equal.
For example, lets look at two different sizes of ice cream cones in figure 11.1.
These two ice cream cones can be categorize as similar because it has the same
shape although different in size.
r1
r2
h1
h2
Cone 1
Cone 2
Figure 11.1
64
BA101/CHAPTER4
Based on the figure above, those 2 ice cream cones have a ratio of :
h1 r1
h2 r2
Ooo.. now I
understand
what similar
shapes means
where;
h1 = height of cone 1
h2 = height of cone 2
r1 = radius of cone 1
r2 = radius of cone 2
2. Area of similar shapes is proportional to the square of its linear measurements.

(a) If the two spheres of radius r1 and r2 and each has a surface area of
As1 and As2, so:
As1 (r1 ) 2
As2 (r2 ) 2
(b) If two cones of radius r1 and r2 and height h1 and h2 each has a
surface area As1 and As2, so:
As1 (r1 ) 2 (h1 ) 2
As2 (r2 ) 2 (h2 ) 2
3. Volume for similar shapes is directly proportional to the cube of corresponding

linear measurement.
(a)
V1 (r1 ) 3
V2 (r2 ) 3
(b)
V1 (r1 ) 3 (h1 ) 3
=
V2 (r2 ) 3 (h2 ) 3
4. As the weight (W) is directly proportional with the volume (V), so:
W1 V1
W2 V2
Example 11.1
65
BA101/CHAPTER4
Mak Limah owns two spherical balls. Mak Limah has difficulty in calculating the surface
area of the ball to be stored in the appropriate box. Calculate the surface area of the ball,
with the diameter is 152.4 mm. Also calculate the surface area of the ball which has a
diameter of 76.2 mm?
Solution :
76.2mm
mm
152.4 mm
Ball 1
Ball 2
The ball is spherical in shape

The area of a sphere formula is 4 r 2
Say the surface area of ball 1 with diameter 152.4 mm = As1
area of ball 1 with diameter 76.2 mm = As2
Therefore, the area, As1 = 4 r 2 = 4 (3.142)(
152.4 2
)
2
= 72.96 103 mm2

2
As1 r1
As2 r2 2
As2 r2
As1 r12
Therefore,
As2 =
r2
r1
As1
(38.1) 2
72.96 103
2
(76.2)
The value of the radius of each ball is

obtained by dividing the diameter of
each ball with 2.
76.2mm
Example :
= 38.1 mm
2
As2 = 18.24 103 mm2

Example 11.2:
66
BA101/CHAPTER4
There are two types of cylinders to which the cylinder A and B each have different height
and length of radii. Calculate the height of the cylinder B if the height and radius of the
cylinder A is given.
Solution :
381mm
h2
127 mm
254 mm
Cylinder A
Cylinder B
height of cylinder A, h1 = 381 mm

base diameter of cylinder A, = 254 mm
base diameter of cylinder B, = 127 mm.
To find the base radii of the cylinder :
CYLINDER CYLINDER
A
B
Base diameter
= 254 mm
254mm
2
= 127 mm
Base radii =
Base diameter
= 127 mm
127 mm
2
= 63.5 mm
Base radii =
Based on the ratio of the cylinder;

67
BA101/CHAPTER4
h1
r
1
h2
r2
Therefore;
381 mm 127 mm
h2
63.5 mm
127 (h2) = 24193.5 mm

h2 =
24193.5 mm
127
h2 = 190.5 mm
Therefore, the height of the cylinder B can be obtained which is as high as 190.5 mm.
If
we
memorize
the
formula for similar shapes,

then we can answer the
questions easily
Example 11.3:
Aziz would like to calculate the volume of liquid contained in his cone jar for a science
projects. The volume of a cone jar with 342.9 mm high is 1.8 Calculate the volume of a
cone with a height similar with a height of 182.9 mm.
Solution:
3
V1 h1
V2 h2 3
Formula for volume
Value for height and volume of

cone is substitute in the formula
68
BA101/CHAPTER4
1.8 106 (342.9)3
V2
(182.9)3
(182.9)3
V2=
1.8 106
3
(342.9)
V2= 273.2 103 mm3

With that, volume for the similar cone is 273.2 x 103 mm3
ACTIVITY FOR
SIMILAR SHAPE
1. Two solid cylinders of cylinder A and B are similar but have different size and
height. Calculate the height of the cylinder A.
h1
352 mm
Cylinder A
69
190.8 mm
176 mm
Cylinder B
BA101/CHAPTER4
2. Calculate the surface area of a sphere with a diameter of 150.2 mm. What is the
surface area for a sphere of diameter 75.1 mm?
150.2 mm
75.1 mm
3. There is a cone with a height of 352.9 mm and the volume is 1.9 x 106 mm3.
Calculate the height of a similar cone in which a volume of 283.3 x 103 mm3.
352.9 mm
h2
Volume 1.9 x 106 mm3
Volume 283.3 x 103 mm3
4. In the figure ABCD is similar to PQRS since (i) the sides corresponding to the
two diagrams are proportional, and (ii) the two diagrams is the same angle.
Calculate the area of figure ABCD?
S
3 cm
6 cm
B
P
70
5 cm
BA101/CHAPTER4
ANSWER
1. Height of cylinder A, h1 = 381.6 mm.

2. surface area of sphere = 17.72 x 103 mm3.
3. Height of cone, h2 = 187.13 mm.
4. 7.5cm2 .
SELF-ASSESSMENT
You are about to achieve success. I hope you try all the questions in this self-assessment
and check your answers on the feedback provided. If there are problems that cannot be
completed, please talk to your friends or lecturers. Good luck ....
1. 2 pieces of a spherical globe has a diameter of 18cm and 30 cm. If the ratio of the
volume of the globe is represented by the ratio x: y. Find the value of the ratio of
the fraction of the simplest form.
18 cm
30 cm
2. 2 similar bottles has a height of 9 cm and 14 cm. If the volume of the first bottle is
1458 cm. find the volume of the second bottle?
71
BA101/CHAPTER4
3. A container, the height is 14 cm, has a volume of 1260 cm. A container similar to
a height 10 cm. Calculate the volume of the container?
10 cm
14 cm
Volume = 1260 cm2
4. There are two similar tables of tables A and B. When two sides of the table
corresponding to the A and B is 1.8 m and 0.4 m. Find the ratio of the upper part
of both the table?
ANSWERS
27
125
1.
2.
5488 cm 3
3.
4.
459.3 cm 3
81 : 4
72

BA101 ENGINEERING MATHEMATIC Chapter 4 Geometry and Measurement

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BA101 ENGINEERING MATHEMATIC Chapter 4 Geometry and Measurement

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GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

4.1 And 4.2

direction of rotation (-)

Figure 4.1: An angles direction of rotation

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

4.2 TYPES OF ANGLES

more than 900 but less than1800

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

more than 180 but less than 360

360 or 1 complete rotation.

Figure 4.2: Different Types of Angles

A complete rotation of a circle = 360

4 right angles = 360

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

4.4 TOTAL ANGLE

Figure 4.4: Total Angle

Figure 4.5: Angles in Straight Lines

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

4.6 PROPERTIES OF ANGLES IN A CIRCLE

Figure 4.6: Properties of Angles in a Circle

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

Figure 4.7: Angles In A Quadrilateral Placed Inside A Circle

If line DE goes through center O

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

If length of arc JL = length of arc PR,

Figure 4.8: Angles Inside A Circle

Figure 4.9: Tangent and Normal

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

If AB and CD are bisectors,

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

4.2 Convert each of the statements below into angles in degrees

4.3 Determine all the angles below

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

4.4 Determine all the angles below

4.5 Determine the value of x in each situation

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

4.6 Find the value of x

4.7 Find the value of x

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

4.8 Find the value of x

4.9 Determine the value of a

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

4.10 Calculate the value of m

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

4.12 Find the value of x

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

4.11 PYTHAGORASS THEOREM

Using Pythagorass Theorem,

AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = 32 + 42 = 25

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

4.14 Determine the values of a and b

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

4.15 Determine z and y in the cases given below

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT