1st National Iranian Fractured Reservoirs Development Congress

Effect of Wettability and Fractures System on Oil

Recovery in a Naturally Fractured Reservoir
Ali Shahmohammad
M.Sc. in Petroleum reservoir engineering, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Abstract:
From three-dimensional water saturation development during waterfloods at waterwet and at
oilwet conditions in unfractured and fractured blocks of chalk, Water movement during water
flooding was significantly affected by the presence of fractures at strongly water-wet
conditions and at oil wet conditions. For unfractured and embedded fractured chalk the oil
recovery by water flooding was similar for water-wet chalk and for oil wet chalk, if the
fractures permeability after fracturing was high enough with compare to matrix permeability
the oil recovery was similar for embedded fractured and interconnected fractured chalk.
Production rate and total oil production was affected by fractures at water-wet and oil wet
conditions. For oil-wet chalk oil recovery was reduced when the permeability increase after
fracturing was high.
Open fractures are a key to produce water gravity segregation, when water enter an open
fracture it accumulate at the bottom of fracture and makes gravity segregation.
The recovery mechanisms changed towards more viscous dominant flow regimes at less
water- wet conditions; this was even observed in fractured blocks. At interconnected fracture
network, the vertical fractures which have not role in the transfer of water from inlet to outlet,
act like weak barriers against the flow .After their behind blocks were filled with water they
act like a closed fracture. At oil wet conditions they act like a fracture forever.
Increasing the flow rate has been shown to produce a less dispersed waterfront. In waterfloods
starting at higher initial water saturation there was essentially no water front at all, i.e. a
uniform increase in water saturation was recorded.
Water breakthrough in the block with interconnected fractures occurred somewhat earlier and
the block produced slightly less oil. The hydraulic contact from inlet to outlet also resulted in
a period with two-phase production. This trend is more noticeable for the higher permeability
increase with connected fractures.
In the water wet system if there is a hydraulic contact between inlet and outlet (interconnected
fracture system) there is an increase in recovery compare to conventional reservoir or an
embedded fracture system and in an oil wet system the presence of fractures itself is good
enough to ensure a higher oil recovery compare to a conventional reservoir and the type of
fractures (embedded or interconnected) has not an efficient role in changing the recovery.
At the end, there is a comparing between simulation runs and experimental jobs which had
been done by graue et.al. to validate the accuracy of simulation jobs.
Key words:
Wettability, Fracture system, Naturally Fractured reservoir, Simulation, Oil recovery.

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Introduction:
The best and simplest definition for Water flooding is that, it is the displacement of the
mobile or movable oil from an oil reservoir. To install a water flood program, sufficient study
should be done to ensure that an economically feasible amount of oil exists in the reservoir. A
real waterflood operation consist the injection of water into properly selected wells at a
sufficient rate of injection to insure proper displacement of the oil from the reservoir in a
reasonable length of time so that the optimum profit will be achieved. There are lots of natural
and artificial conditions in an oil reservoir which can affect this displacement mechanism.
In laboratory waterflood experiments in larger blocks of fractured chalk where the advancing
waterfront has been imaged by a nuclear tracer technique [1],[2],[3] it has been Shown that
changing the wettability conditions from strongly waterwet conditions to moderately-waterwet conditions has minor impacts on the oil production profiles, however, the in-situ
saturation development is significantly different indicating differences in oil recovery
mechanisms [4]. The main objective for these simulations has been to determine the oil
recovery factor and behavior of water in the block at different wettability conditions.
Simulation jobs are done to reveal the impact of wettability on oil recovery during a water
flooding plan in a NFR. There made 6 models which investigate the effect of wettability
(reservoir rock type) and the type of fractures on oil recovery and other specifications of a
water flooding process in a NFR. Of course the important factor that should be noticed here is
that every fractured reservoir shows a completely different response. In better word, there
must be a project for each fractured reservoir, but because of the economical problems and the
life period of the reservoirs, it is not possible.
1-Theoretical consideration:
In this section a complete simulation work has been conducted. This project will investigate
the effect of wettability on water flooding in naturally fractured reservoirs. This simulation is
a case study job that uses the data which is provided by Graue et.al. [5],[6],[7],[8],[9]. The
main goal of this job is to see the effect of wettability on oil recovery mechanism and other
specifications of the water flooding in a fractured reservoir at different conditions with
compare to a typical conventional reservoir. Recovery mechanism shown to change with a
change in wettability.
1-1-Simulation Outline:
Here is a brief explanation about the outline of simulation. In this work, two types of reservoir
rocks will be modeled, namely: water wet and oil wet and put both of these models on 20
degree Celsius temperature. In this temperature three types of the reservoirs have been
modeled: conventional reservoir or whole block simulation , embedded fractured reservoir
and interconnected fracture reservoir. After this, instead of the word reservoir the word
block will be used. Because there is a block cell simulation not a full field reservoir.
The time of water flooding for all three blocks under each condition (fracture type and
wettability) is the same (80 days). This time is chosen to ensure that each block reaches to its
final oil recovery, so it means all of the mechanisms which involved in a water flooding
process are exists in the results.
The software which is used for this simulation is CMG release 2004.10. The input data
include the original shape of the reservoir which is a 20*10*5 cm block cell, PVT data which
were provided by Graue et.al., rock properties and the type of wettability of the reservoir rock.
CMG has two choices for defining fractures in a model. One way is to simply work with dual
porosity model, then in each point of the model there is fracture and matrix with each other.
The other way is to define the fractures for the software. In this work the second way has been
chosen because here tried to put fractures in specific locations through the model. So in the
following models there is created some additional grid blocks through original grid blocks

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and then their permeability and porosity have been chosen in such a way that define a fracture
for the model. These fractures are defined through all vertical layers of the cell.
In this job, there is made six black oil models to investigate the effect of wettability, and the
type of reservoir rock, all to gather, in a water flooding process. The out line of this
simulation is shown in figure 1.
After the models were created, the running time is begun. The models run with IMEX,
simulator of the black oil model. At the end the results were interpreted. In this work there is
more emphasis on recovery curves because these valuable curves give important information.
Also, there is a discussion on the behavior of water flow in to the block at different
conditions.
As you can see in the above outline flow chart, there are two types of fracture networks:
embedded fracture network and interconnected fracture network. In the embedded fractures,
there is no hydraulic contact from inlet to outlet, while the interconnected fracture network
assured hydraulic contact from the inlet to outlet end; i.e. from injector to producer.
Earlier works reported on experiments using an embedded fracture network, while in this
work there is two aspects of interconnected fracture networks, 1) introduced hydraulic contact
from inlet to outlet and 2) the behavior of an isolated block surrounded by fractures, have
been studied.
Simulations results show an excellent agreement with the results of graue et.al. experiments.
1-2-Rock and fluids:
In this simulation work, its been used the block rock which had been used by Graue et.al in
their experiments. This is a chalk block approximately 20*10*5 cm were cut from large
pieces of Rrdal outcrop chalk obtained from the Portland quarry near lborg, Denmark.
The fluid data which had been used in this simulation is found in table 1.
Local air permeability was measured at each intersection of a 1*1 cm grid on both sides of the
blocks using a minipermeameter and the porosity was determined from weight measurements.
The permeability maps indicated homogeneous blocks on a cm scale.
Block data, water injection rate and initial water saturation used in simulations is listed in
table 2.
1-3-Shape of the cell and fractures:
The cell which talking about is a 20*10*5 cm block rock which divided into 4000 grid blocks
as whole block and 5160 grid blocks as a fractured cell. Figures 2 and 3 show the whole block
in 2-D and 3-D space.
Figure 4 shows the embedded fracture pattern for the block. In this pattern there is no
hydraulic contact between inlet and outlet. Here the block divided in to four individual
sections, namely blocks A, B1, B2 and C. block A is the inlet block and Blocks B1 and B2 are
the central blocks and block C is the outlet block.
Figure 5 shows the interconnected fracture network that make a hydraulic contact between the
inlet and the outlet. The words inlet and outlet are injectors and producers respectively.
In the interconnected fracture network there is two inlet and two outlet blocks. The individual
blocks are identified as Blocks A1 and A2, the inlet blocks, Blocks B1 and B2, the central
blocks which were surrounded by fractures and Blocks C1 and C2, the outlet blocks.
In these models, its tried to design two types of fractures: closed fractures and open fractures.
The "closed" fractures were intended to provide at least some capillary continuity of both
fluid phases across the fracture. It means that there are some capillary contacts between two
sides of blocks that the closed fracture is laid between them. On the other hand in an open
fracture there is no capillary contact between its walls. The closed fractures that have been
used in this simulation have a 0.1 mm thickness and the open fracture at 13 cm has 2 mm
thickness with 5 cm height. In this model we have just one open fracture and the other are
closed fractures.

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This system of fractures have been chose in this model because this system includes many
aspects of problems dealing with a fractured reservoir, such as co-current and counter-current
imbibition, high permeability and low permeability fractures, behavior of separated
blocks etc..
During modeling the fractures, two type of permeability for the fractures have been used. First
a low permeability fracture but it was high enough compare to matrix permeability and a high
permeability value. The purpose is to see the effect of different fracture permeabilities at
different types (closed and open) on oil recovery mechanism and the behavior of water flow
in the rock.
1-4-Wettability determination:
In these models, to change the wettability, the relative permeability curves which had been
provided by Graue et.al. Are used. Initially the block was water wet. They found this by
measuring the Amott-harvey index and it was 0.85. Then they measure experimentally its
relative permeability curves respect to oil and water. These curves had been used as input for
the simulator. Figure 6 shows the relative permeability curves which indicate the block is
water wet.
Figure 7 shows the relative permeability curves for oil wet block as an input for the simulator.
To do a reasonable water injection in to the block, horizontal wells as injectors and producers
were used. From Figure 3 it can be seen that there is defined five vertical layers for the block
and a horizontal well at each layer. Figure 5 shows the inlet and outlet blocks in simulation.
Figure 8 shows the position of horizontal injectors. The horizontal producers are placed at 20
cm exactly as injectors.
2-Results and discussion:
2-1-Whole block water flooding
The results of water flooding the whole block without any fractures at different wettability
conditions and in a constant temperature (200C) will be discussed.
Figure 9 shows the water saturation profile in different times of water flooding at 200C in
water wet conditions of the whole block. As the concentration of blue color increase, the
water saturation increase as well. Figure 10 shows the oil recovery factor curve in this block
for two types of wettability: oil wet and water wet.
These Figures have been drawn with maximum 6 ml/hr water injection rate. Increasing the
flow rate has been shown to produce a less dispersed water front at all, i.e. a uniform increase
in water saturation was recorded. (5)
Figure 9 shows that the rate is high enough to avoid producing a dispersed front. So as can be
seen there is a uniform front which moves through the block with time.
As can be seen from Figure 10, the recovery in the oil wet block is obviously less than the
water wet block, saturation profiles shows that water move through the block very faster than
the water wet block. This result was predictable because an oil wet block tends to keep the oil
in itself and the rock type does not allow a good sweep of oil by water.
Figure 10 shows the recovery curves for the whole block at different wettability conditions.
As it is obvious in this Figure, the recovery for both oil wet rock and water wet rock is the
same by the time around 13000 min, after this time the rate of increasing in recovery is
changed for different rock types. With respect to Figure 11 which shows the water cumulative
production at each time for both rock types, it is concluded that up to time 13000 min, the
water production is the same for both wettabilities, so there is no difference between
recoveries of rock types because as water injects, oil produced. But, after 13000 min water
production for the oil wet rock is increased so the rate of increasing in recovery falls, on the
other hand for the water wet rock this happens later (around 20000 min) so its recovery
increases up to this time.
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2-2-Embedded fractured block water flooding:
Figure 12 shows the water saturation profile in the water wet embedded fracture network at
200C. All of the profiles are taken from the first layer of the block (height= 1 cm). Figure 14
shows the oil recovery curve of this block for both wettabilities.
According to Figure 12, from the first moments of start of the injection, the water change its
path toward the vertical fracture at 4 cm. the horizontal fracture between blocks B1 and B2
suddenly fills with water. This fracture is supported by vertical fracture at 4 cm while the
horizontal fracture between blocks A and B1 has not this support completely. Then the outlet
block C starts filling with water. At the same time the water saturation in the upper middle of
block A and central blocks B1 and B2 increases gradually. The speed of increasing the water
saturation in blocks B1 and B2 is the same and they reached to their final water saturation
approximately at the same time. The dominant recovery mechanism in blocks B1 and B2 is
countercurrent imbibition.
One interesting point is the behavior of water flow before open fracture and after open
fracture. Before the open fracture, the water gravity segregation is approximately negligible
i.e. the water saturation in different layers remains constant. It changes with time but at a
constant time, at any intersection of the block, before the open fracture of course, it is
constant. But after the open fracture it can be seen the gravity segregation effect .If compare
Figure 13 with last profile of figure 12, this effect has been shown. Figure 13 is from layer 4
of block and the water saturation is obviously greater than what is shown in last profile of
figure 12. the water saturation behind the open fracture is approximately constant .As the time
increases this segregation become stronger and stronger, i.e. the water saturation difference
between layers increases.
Figure 15, shows the recovery is the same for both whole block and embedded fracture block,
both water wet. Presence of fractures just makes the curve smoother.
Now lets take a look at Figure 14. Like whole block water flooding, here up to time 6000
min, the recovery is the same for both rock types, but after that the same story happens. The
point is when the block is not fractured, the time of increasing in water production is around
13000 min, but when the fractures created this time decreased to 6000 min. this shows the big
role of fractures in conducting water through the block to the outlet. This fact is true until the
permeability of fractures is high enough with compare to permeability of matrix. Because
when the model ran with the less fracture permeability but high enough with compare to
matrix permeability, it reached to same results.
With having a less permeability fractures, the amount of injected water decreases with
compare to high permeability fractures .Because here the capacity of passing the flow through
the fractures decreased with decreasing in permeability.
In general one can say that the vertical fractures at 13 cm act like a barrier against the water
flow. They are like obstacles which conduct water to outlet faster and some oil lefts behind
them. This is shown in Figures 12 and 13.
P

2-3-Interconnected fractured block water flooding:

Figure 16 shows the water saturation profile of the interconnected fractured water wet block
at 20oC. Contrary to embedded fracture network, here as the water flows through the block, it
finds the shortest path from inlet blocks to outlet blocks. Water saturation increased through
blocks A1 and A2. At the same time the water saturation increases in central block B1. The
rate of increasing the water saturation in block B1 is higher than block B2. At the same time
the water saturation starts to increase in block C1 gradually but the water saturation in block
C2 does not change so much. After block A1 approximately filled with water, the water
saturation in block C2 starts to increase.
The vertical fracture at 4 cm between blocks A2 and B2 and the vertical fracture at 13 cm
between blocks A1 and C2 acts like a weak barrier until water saturation in blocks A2 and A1
goes high. After that they allow water passes through them to blocks B2 and C2 .This
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behavior in because of the presence of two horizontal fractures at 3 cm and 7 cm that make
the hydraulic contact between inlet and outlet. These fractures lead the flow from inlet to
outlet very fast.
The rate of water flow from horizontal fracture at 2 cm to block B2 is very limited. This block
feed with vertical fracture at 4 cm, although as it mentioned before this fracture act like a
weak barrier. Most of the water flow through horizontal fracture at 2 cm goes to block B1.
Gravity segregation just seen in block C1 that directly connected to open vertical fracture at
13 cm.
Figure 17, shows the oil recovery curve for interconnected fracture block.
Like whole block and embedded fractured block simulations, here the recoveries of both rock
types are the same by the time around 4000 min. thats because up to 4000 min, the water cut
for both rock types is negligible, so the recoveries are the same. After that water cut for the oil
wet rock increased suddenly so the rate of recovery increasing falls, but for the water wet rock
water cut increase happens later. In the embedded fractured block the time of water
production increasing is something around 6000 min, but here it decreased to 4000 min. this
is because of the presence of two horizontal fractures at inlet and outlet blocks. They cause
the flow leads faster than embedded or whole block state.
Water breakthrough in the block with interconnected fractures occurred somewhat earlier and
the block produced slightly less oil. The hydraulic contact from inlet to outlet also resulted in
a period with two-phase production. This trend is more noticeable for the higher permeability
increase with connected fractures. This phenomenon interprets as a result of the recovery
mechanisms being controlled by spontaneous imbibition and thus the endpoint saturation is
predominantly determined by the capillary forces.
By changing the wettability to oil wet, the water saturation increased as a more
dispersed front through block A1, the upper continuous inlet block, and into blocks B1 and
B2. Here the fractures had significant effect. Transport of fluids along the fractures was
observed and water accumulated in the bottom of the open fracture at 13 cm. This was
probably due to a higher permeability increase after fracturing. Gravity segregation in the
open vertical fracture was observed. The water entered Block C2 from the bottom of the open
fracture.
The water entered Blocks C1 and C2 both from the bottom of the open fracture and from the
"closed" vertical fracture at 13 cm. This indicated a combined effect resulting from the
fracture enhanced permeability and reduced influence of the "closed" fractures on the flow
pattern during waterflood when the wettability changed towards oil-wet. In the embedded
fracture network the vertical closed fracture at 13 cm acts like a barrier, so why here the
vertical closed fracture shows this behavior? This is speculated that a) capillary holdup of the
wetting phase at less water wet conditions is reduced or b) that water droplets are being
formed at the exit end of the block and establish wetting phase bridges across the fractures
when the contact angle increases as wettability is changed to less water-wet conditions. The
latter displacement mechanism depends on the fracture aperture, the viscous pressure in the
wetting phase, i.e. the applied differential pressure and the wettability conditions. It is
believed that one of these two mechanisms or a combination of the two is responsible for the
reduced impact of the fractures on the water floods at less-water-wet conditions. The oil
recovery and the amount of produced oil with compare to water wet rock type are lower.
Figure 18 shows a comparison between oil recovery factor curves of three reservoirs. The
recovery of interconnected fractured block is higher than other models and thats because of
the high capacity of interconnected fractures system in directing the water flow through
system. Of course in the interconnected system the water cut increased faster and it need more
water respect to other models.
Figure 19 shows the oil recovery for the reservoirs in oil wet wettability. With a comparison
between Figures 19 and 18, its been found that total recovery in all three reservoirs decreased
in oil wet system. In water wet system the recovery of conventional reservoir and embedded

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fractured reservoir are the same while in oil wet system the recovery of embedded fracture
and interconnected fracture reservoir are the same approximately. So in the water wet system
if there is a hydraulic contact between inlet and outlet (interconnected fracture system) there
is an increase in recovery compare to conventional reservoir or an embedded fracture system
and in an oil wet system the presence of fractures is good enough to ensure a higher oil
recovery compare to a conventional reservoir.
Figure 20 shows the result of a comparison between simulation jobs with CMG and the
experimental results which is achieved by graue et.al. in water wet conditions. It is obviously
an excellent match between the results of simulation and experiments.
3-Conclusions:
Based on the results of this work the following conclusions are obtained:
1-Waterflood efficiency of a fractured oil field is closely dependent on the volume and speed
of water imbibition in the elementary blocks.
2-During water influx into a fractured reservoir, oil displacement may be the result of
(i ) Flow of water under naturally imposed pressure gradients (viscous forces) and
(ii) Imbibition, which is the spontaneous movement of water into the matrix under capillary
forces.
3-The environmental conditions of fractured Reservoirs may lead to the predominance of
Capillary forces over viscous forces. As a result, the tendency for water to channel through
the more permeable fractures is offset by the tendency for water to imbibe into the less
permeable matrix and displace oil into the fractures.
4- From three-dimensional water saturation development during waterfloods at waterwet and
at oilwet conditions in unfractured and fractured blocks of chalk the following conclusions
can be drawn:
Water movement during water flooding was significantly affected by the presence of
fractures at strongly water-wet conditions and at oil wet conditions.
For unfractured and embedded fractured chalk the oil recovery by water flooding was similar
for water-wet chalk .if the fractures permeability after fracturing was high enough with
compares to matrix permeability the oil recovery was similar for embedded fractured and
interconnected fractured chalk at oil wet system.
Production rate and total oil production was affected by fractures at water-wet and oil wet
conditions. For oil-wet chalk oil recovery was reduced when the permeability increase after
fracturing was high.
Open fractures are a key to produce water gravity segregation, when water enter an open
fracture it accumulate at the bottom of fracture and makes gravity segregation.
The recovery mechanisms changed towards more viscous dominant flow regimes at less
water- wet conditions; this was even observed in fractured blocks.
. At interconnected fracture network, the vertical fractures which have not role in the transfer
of water from inlet to outlet, act like weak barriers against the flow .After their behind blocks
were filled with water they act like a closed fracture. At oil wet conditions they act like a
fracture forever. There are two possible reasons for that: a) capillary holdup of the wetting
phase at less water wet conditions is reduced or b) that water droplets are being formed at the
exit end of the block and establish wetting phase bridges across the fractures when the contact
angle increases as wettability is changed to less water-wet conditions. The latter displacement
mechanism depends on the fracture aperture, the viscous pressure in the wetting phase, i.e. the
applied differential pressure and the wettability conditions. Its believed one of these two
mechanisms or a combination of the two is responsible for the reduced impact of the fractures
on the water floods at less-water-wet conditions.
. Increasing the flow rate has been shown to produce a less dispersed waterfront. In
waterfloods starting at higher initial water saturation there was essentially no water front at
all, i.e. a uniform increase in water saturation was recorded.

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. Water breakthrough in the block with interconnected fractures occurred somewhat earlier
and the block produced slightly less oil. The hydraulic contact from inlet to outlet also
resulted in a period with two-phase production. This trend is more noticeable for the higher
permeability increase with connected fractures. This interpreted as a result of the recovery
mechanisms being controlled by spontaneous imbibition and thus the endpoint saturation is
predominantly determined by the capillary forces.
. In the water wet system if there is a hydraulic contact between inlet and outlet
(interconnected fracture system) there is an increase in recovery compare to conventional
reservoir or an embedded fracture system and in an oil wet system the presence of fractures
itself is good enough to ensure a higher oil recovery compare to a conventional reservoir and
the type of fractures (embedded or interconnected) has not an efficient role in changing the
recovery.
. According to simulation results, where directional permeability or reservoir fractures are
known to exist, the prudent engineer should arrange his wells pattern so that the direction of
maximum permeability or orientation of reservoir fractures is in the same direction as the line
joining adjacent injectors. Fractures or directional permeability in the injector-producer
direction results in early water breakthrough and in subsequent large volumes of produced
water.
. In water flooding a fractured water wet or oil wet reservoir rock, its recommended that for
reach to a reasonable oil recovery with minimum water cut, it is better try to design the
pattern of injectors and producers in such a way that the system of fractures lie among them.
If so, then an embedded fracture system has been made. If the design be in a way that there is
hydraulic contact between injectors and producers through fracture system, the oil recovery
increased but the water cut will increased suddenly as well.
U

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References:
1. Lien, J.R., Graue, A. and Kolltveit, K.: A Nuclear Imaging Technique for Studying
Multiphase Flow in a Porous Medium at Oil Reservoir Conditions, Nucl. Instr. & Meth.,
A271, 1988.
2. Graue, A., Kolltveit, K., Lien, J.R. and Skauge, A.: Imaging Fluid Saturation
Development in Long Coreflood Displacements, SPEFE, Vol.5, No.4, 406- 412, (Dec.,
1990).
3. Graue, A.: "Imaging the Effect of Capillary Heterogeneites on Local Saturation
Development in Long-Core Floods", SPEDC, Vol. 9, No. 1, March 1994.
4. Graue, A., Viksund, B.G., Baldwin, B.A., Spinler, E.: "Large Scale Imaging of Impacts of
Wettability on Oil Recovery in Fractured Chalk", SPE Journal, Vol 4, No. 1, March 1999.
5-Graue, A.: "Imaging the Effect of Capillary Heterogeneites on Local Saturation
Development in Long-Core Floods", SPEDC, Vol. 9, No. 1, March 1994.
6-Graue, A., Viksund, B.G., Baldwin, B.A., SpinIer, E.:- "Large Scale Imaging of Impacts of
Wettability on Oil Recovery in Fractured Chalk", SPE Journal, Vol. 4, No. I, March 1999.
7- A. Graue, SPE, and T. Bogn, SPE, U. of Bergen; B.A. Baldwin, SPE, Green Country
Petrophysics; and E.A. Spinler, SPE, Phillips Petroleum Co. Wettability Effects on OilRecovery Mechanisms in Fractured Reservoirs SPE Paper 74335.
8-A. Graue and T. Bogn, University of Bergen Wettability Effects on Oil Recovery
Mechanisms in Fractured Reservoirs SPE Paper 56672.
9-Arne Graue, Robert W. Moe and Thomas Bogno Department of Physics, University of
Bergen, Norway Oil Recovery in Fractured Reservoirs .

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Figure 1: Simulation outline

Fluid

Density

Viscosity

(g/cm3)

(cp) at 200C

1.05

1.09

Brine

Composition

5 wt% NaCl + 3.8 wt%

CaCl2

Crud Oil

0.849

14.3
Table 1: fluid properties

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Property

Value/description

Outcrop

Portland

Location

Alborg/Denmark

Length (cm)

20

Height (cm)

10

Thickness (cm)

Absolute Permeability (md)

2.48

Porosity (%)

46.5

Pore Volume (ml)

465

Initial water saturation (%)

25

Pressure Difference (kpa)

28

Maximum Water Injection rate (ml/hr)

Reference Pressure (kpa)

101.43

Table 2: rock data

Figure 2: whole block in 2-D

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Figure 3: whole block in 3-D

Figure 4: Embedded fracture network

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Figure 5: Interconnected fracture network

1.00
krw vs Sw
krow vs Sw
0.80

krw

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00
0.15

0.27

0.39

0.52

0.64

0.76

Sw

Figure 6: Relative permeability curves for water wet systems as an input for the simulator

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0.90
krw vs Sw
krow vs Sw
0.72

krw

0.54

0.36

0.18

0.00
0.15

0.27

0.39

0.52

0.64

0.76

Sw

Figure 7: Relative permeability curves for Oil wet systems as an input for the simulator

Figure 8: Position of injectors in the model

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Figure 9: Saturation profile of the whole block, water wet at 20 degree Celsius

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Figure 10: Oil recovery factor curve of the whole block, at 20 degree Celsius

Figure 11: Cumulative water production for the whole block

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Figure 12: Saturation profile of the embedded fractured block, water wet at 20 degree Celsius

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Figure 13: Saturation profile of the embedded fractured block, water wet at 20 degree Celsius at layer 4.
Time=12600 min.

Figure 14: oil recovery factor curve of the embedded fractured block, at 20 degree Celsius

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1st National Iranian Fractured Reservoirs Development Congress

Figure 15: Comparing Oil recovery factor curves of the whole block and embedded fracture block, water wet at 20
degree Celsius.

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Figure 16: Saturation profile of the interconnected fractured block, water wet at 20 degree Celsius

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Figure 17

Figure 18

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Figure 19

Figure 20 (Water wet system)

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