Mizetskaya

Mizetska V.
PRACTICAL COURSE
OF ENGLISH
for Law Students
. .
IIPAKTHHHHH KYPC

()

2004
Unit 1
LAW AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BUCKINGHAM
The eight term, two-year Buckingham law degree suits
those from many different backgrounds who are anxious to
embark quickly on their careers, but who know that a sound
academic training is needed.
The Single Honours programme is particularly flexible
students may join the University in January or July. They may
take a six or twelve month break between the first and the second
years.
Students take the seven core subjects required for all
qualifying law degrees, three or four law options and at least one
non-law option such as a course in a language or one in basic
computing or accounting.
The core subjects are:
Introduction to the Common Law and European law;
Constitutional and Administrative Law;
Law of Contract;
Criminal Law;
Land Law;
Law of Torts;
Law of Trusts.
Law options include:
Civil Liberties and Human Rights;
Commercial Law;
Company Law;
Conflict of Laws;
Criminology and Criminal Justice;
Environmental Law and Policy;

Law of the European Union (including Competition Law);
Law of Evidence;
Family Law;
Intellectual Property Law;
4
International Law;
Jurisprudence;
Sex and Gender in the Legal Process.
Tasks and exercises
1. Choose from the list presented 3 or 4 options for youself. Explain

your choice.
2.
Read and insert the words missing:
a) Law graduates ... Buckingham are now to be found not just... the bar
and as solicitors in England and Wales, but as lawyers in virtually all the
common law jurisdictions ... the world.
Buckingham's qualifying law degrees confer exemption :V. the academic
stage of the professional examinations. Buckingham graduates are therefore
qualified to proceed directly . . . the Law Society's Legal Practice Course or the
Bar's Vocational Course.
b) At Buckingham they offer a qualifying law degree which includes the

attainment of a high level of competence ... the language skills (French or
Spanish), necessary ... legal and other professional work. Undergraduates can
embark ... the course with some existing knowledge of the language or even as
beginners, and by following a carefully structured course... the two years at
Buckingham, graduate ... the appropriate skills.
Unit 2
ODESSA NATIONAL ACADEMY OF LAW
Odessa National Academy of Law is the leading higher educational institution,
the center of juridical education in the South of Ukraine.
5
The Academy consists of four basic faculties: the Faculty of Public

Administration and International Legal Relations, the Faculty of Civil Law and
Free Enterprise; the Faculty of Judiciary and the Faculty of Labour and Social
Security. It also has the Institute of Advocacy and Municipal Law, and the
Institute of European Law. The Academy also trains journalists in the sphere of
jurisprudence.
Besides the day-department the Academy has the extra-mural and parttime (evening) forms of education.
Odessa National Academy of Law also has its own College preparing
LLB and several study centers in the other cities of Ukraine.
Professional teachers having Doctoral and Candidate Degrees give
lectures and organize tutorials.
The graduates of the Academy, masters and specialists, work as officials
in central and local executive power bodies, customs- houses, consulates and
embassies. They also work at the notarial offices and law-enforcement
institutions. Some graduates later become judges, prosecutors and advocates.
The Academy has all the facilities for high-level comprehensive training
of the students. It prides itself on its library and computerized class-rooms, two
cafes and sports grounds, the wonderful assembly hall and its own theatre
company.
Commentary
LLB = Bachelor of Law
Tasks and exercises

1. Answer the questions:
1)
What are the core subjects at your Law School?
2)
Are there any law options?
3)
Is it necessary to take and pass any exams to be admitted to your
Law School?
4)
What is your specialization?
5)
Is there a part-time department at your Law School?

6
6)
Is there any chance for the students of your Law School to take an
additional Law Course abroad?

7)
What facilities does your Law School have for high- level training?
8)
Is the ability to speak any foreign languages among the attainments
at your Law College?

9)
Are there any places of entertainment to visit at your Law School?
10)
Who is the head (rector; president) of your Law School?
11)
Where do the students take their practice course?

Choose 3 legal specialities which you find especially interesting.
2.
Explain your choice:

a notary; a legal consultant (a solicitor); a barrister; a judge; a
prosecutor; a coroner; an investigator; a lecturer at a Law School; a customsofficer.
3.
Insert the words from the frame below:

I am a fourth-year student of the Law Faculty. In a year I'll graduate
from the University and become a professional ... .To become a good
lawyer one must know much. So we are taught various general and
special ...: Roman Law, Labour Law, Family Law, Constitutional and ...
Law, Civil Law, Criminal Law, Law of... , etc.
The profession of a lawyer is very diversified. The graduates of the
faculty can work as investigators, judges, ... legal consultants. I'd like to be
a judge and to work at a ... .
subjects; administrative; lawyer; procedure;
defense counsels; court.
4.
Now tell about yourself and your profession.
5.
Now prove that the profession of a lawyer is quite diversified.
6.
Answer the questions:

7
1)
Is it possible to become a judge on graduating from the Law
Faculty of the University?

2)
Is it possible to become an assistant of a judge after the Law
Academy course?
3)
What are the requirements for those who want to become
judges in Ukraine?
4)
Is it possible to become a defense counsel just on graduating
from high school?
Unit 3
THE NOTION OF LAW
The English word law refers to limits upon various forms of behaviour.
Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people usually behave.
Other laws are prescriptive - they prescribe how people ought to behave.
In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive
laws. Some of them are customs - that is, informal rules of social and moral
behaviour.
If people break these rules they do not suffer any penalty, but they may be
criticized by other members of the society. Moreover, the people who do not
observe these unofficial rules of behaviour can remain in isolation as the people
around them may refuse to deal with them.
Laws are rules that are supported by the power of government. The whole
system of punishment exists for those who do not wish to obey these official
rules.
The person who breaks the law is called an offender or a law-breaker.
There are offences against international law and order, offences against
property, against public order, against the person, against the state, etc.
8
Tasks and exercises

1.
Find in the text the words of the same root:
to describe; prescription; behaviour; to relate; observation; official; to

isolate; refusal; to punish; existence; obeyance; to offend.
2.

1)
What is the difference between prescriptive and descriptive
2)
Are customs formal rules of behaviour?
laws?
3)
Do people suffer any penalty when they break customs?
4)
When can people remain in isolation?
5)
What may happen to a person who does not obey laws?
6)
Is there any difference between the terms 'an offender' and a
law-breaker?
3.
Complete the sentences:

1)
The person who breaks the laws is called ....
2)
The people who do not observe customs may ....
3)
Laws are rules that ...
4)
The whole system of punishments exists for those ....
5)
Descriptive laws simply ....
6)
Prescriptive laws show ....
4.
Make up sentences using the key words and expressions:
1)
to break // to suffer penalty // unofficial rules
2)
isolation // to remain // not to observe
3)
the system of punishment // not to obey // to exist
4)
offender // to call // to break the law
5)
to regulate // relations // prescriptive laws
5.
Retell the text.
6.
Read this funny story inserting the missing prepositions from Ihc
box:
in; along; into; to; on; through; off; with; between; up
9
A successful old lawyer tells the following story about the beginning of
his professional life:
I had just installed myself in my office, he said, had put ... a phone
and had preened ... myself for my first client who might come ... when, ... the
glass of my door I saw a shadow. Yes, it was doubtless someone wants to see
me. Picture me, then, grabbing the nice, shiny receiver of my phone and
plunging ... an imaginary conversation. It ran something like this:
Yes, Mr. S. I was saying as the stranger entered ... the office, I'I1
attend ... that corporation matter for you. Mr. J. had me ... the phone this
morning and wanted me to settle a damage suit, but I had to put him ... , as I
was busy ... other cases. But I'll manage to sandwich your case in ... the others
somehow. Yes. Yes. All right. Goodbye.
Being sure, then, that I had duly impressed my prospective client I
hung ... the receiver and turned to him.
Excuse me, sir, the man said, but I'm from the telephone company.
I've come to connect your instrument.
7.
Retell this funny story in detail.
8.
Copy out from the text all legal terms, thematic words and expressions.
9.
Translate
into English:
;
;
- ;
().
10.
Learn the dialogue:
Good morning, Mr. Brown!
Good morning! What can I do for you?
Will you attend to my corporation matter?
Sorry, but I am too busy with other cases.
Maybe you will manage to sandwich my case in between the others
somehow?
I am ready to help you to settle a damage suit but I have to put off.
If you wait a little...

10
The case is not urgent and I can wait.
All right.
Goodbye, Mr. Brown. I'll phone you in a couple of
Goodbye, Mr. Black.
days.
11.
Make
up
sentences
of
your
own
using
the
following
telephone terms and expressions:

to put in a phone; to hang up the receiver; to grab the
shiny receiver.
Unit 4
THE NOTION OF THE WRITTEN
AND UNWRITTEN LAWS
I aws may be written and unwritten. These traditional terms are
misleading, because the expression written law signifies any law that is
formally enacted or passed by Parliament, and the expression unwritten law
signifies all unenacted laws, that is the laws not passed by Parliament.
On the Continent the volume of written law is more than the volume of
unwritten. It can be explained by the fact that under the influence ofthe
Napoleon Code many continental countries have codified their law.
In England in accordance with the tradition many laws have never been
enacted, they have derived from judicial precedent. I hat is why in Great
Britain unwritten law is predominant.
This does not mean that none of English law is codified. It only
signifies that though Parliament produces a lot of acts, there is no whole
system of codification, which prevails in many continental countries.
11
Tasks and questions

1.
1)
Why are the terms written and unwritten laws misleading?
2)
What does the term unenacted law mean?
3)
Which law written or unwritten - is predominant in GB
and why?
4)
What Code influenced many continental codes?
5)
Do they have a whole system of codification in Great Britain?

2.
3.
1)
The expression written law signifies ...
2)
The expression unwritten law signifies ...
3)
The volume of written law on the Continent is ...
4)
Under the influence of the Napoleon Code many countries ...
5)
In England in accordance with the tradition ...
6)
Many laws in GB have derived ...

Give the words of the same root from the text:
dominance; signification; production; codification; to enact; to

lead;
tradition; explanation.
4.
Give (the) synonyms from the text: to pass; to come
from; to mean; acts; to account for; officially;

5.
Learn the dialogue:
Sam, I can't make out the difference between written and unwritten
law. According to the notion of the word unwritten means that it is not fixed
on paper or which does not exist in printed form.
It is not quite so. Unwritten only means that it was not passed by
Parliament.
Now I understand that a law becomes written if it is enacted, that is
passed by Parliament. Written laws are also called statutes, aren't they?
12
Absolutely right. But in Britain the volume of unwritten law is
more than on the Continent.
How do these unwritten laws appear?
As a rule, they derive from judicial precedent.
Then the sources of the unwritten law are records of the court
proceedings and the decisions of the judge.
Yeah. The binding precedents can be found in the law reports. But
in practice it is sometimes a problem to find a suitable precedent as there is no

whole system of codification.
As to me, I think that this British system is very complicated and it
must be reformed.
You know, British people are conservative in mind. They are not
sure that the reforms will greatly improve the state of affairs. Moreover, some
lawyers believe that reforms may only bring about some deteriorations though
Tony Blair is ready to take decisive steps to reform the House of Lords.
6.
Read and translate the text:

Precedent
Precedent is a judgment or decision of a court, normally recorded in a law

report, used as an authority for reaching the same decision in subsequent cases.
In English law, decisions of the House of Lords are binding upon the
Court of Appeal and all lower courts and are normally followed by the House of
Lords itself.
Decisions of inferior courts do not create any binding precedent.
7.
Now read and smile:

Judge (sternly): The next person who interrupts the
proceeding will be sent home.
Prisoner:
8.
Hooray!
Be ready to tell this joke to your colleagues.

13
Unit 5
THE MAIN ANCIENT SYSTEMS OF LAW
(1)
One of the earliest systems of law is the collection of laws known
as the Code of Hammurabi, the Babylonian king. He lived in about 1900 B.C.
His stone figure we can see in the British Museum in London and the carved
stone pillar with 282 paragraphs of his code is kept in the Louvre Museum in
Paris.
(2)
Another early code is the code of Hebrew Law contained in the
Book of Exodus in the Bible.

(3)
In Grecce each city-state had its own law. But about 594 B.C.
Solon, the famous Athenian law-giver, provided a new code of law. In a civil
case the verdict was given by a jury, which might number anything from 201 to
2,500.
(4)
One of the greatest systems that has ever existed is Roman law. In
528 A.D. the Emperor Justinian in Constantinopole ordered to make a clear,

systematic code of all the laws.
Roman law had a strong influence on the law of most European countries
and some influence on Anglo-Saxon law, which is the other great law system of
the world.
Its revival in Europe falls on the 11 lh century when many European
countries began to use Roman law in their courts.
(5)
In 1804 Napoleon codified the law in France. Before it each
province had its own laws.

The Napoleonic Code was a splendid achievement, and it has influenced
the law of many countries in Europe and South America.
Tasks and questions

1. Put the verbs in the correct form:
1)
This stone pillar (to keep) in the Louvre Museum.
2)
Solon (to provide) a new code of Law.
3)
The verdict by a jury (to give) in the times of Solon.

14
4)
Roman law is one of the greatest systems that ever (to exist).
5)
The revival of this system (to fall) on the 11 th century.
2. Insert the articles if necessary:

1)
Have you read ... Code of Hammurabi?
2)
Whose stone figure can we see in ... British Museum?
3)
The carved stone pillar with 282 paragraphs is kept in ...
Louvre Museum.
4)
Is ... Hebrew Law contained in ... Book of Exodus?
5)
Did Solon live in ... Greece?
6)
... Emperor Justinian ordered to make a systematic code of all
the laws.
1) ... Roman law had a strong influence on the law of most European
countries.
8)
Did ... Roman law influence ... Anglo-Saxon Law?
9)
... Napoleonic Code influenced the law of many countries in
Europe and ... South America.

10)
Justinian lived in ... Constantinopole.
3. Combine elements from A and B:
Civil
achievement
strong
law-giver
splendid
case
famous
influence
systematic
code
Explain the terms:
- a civil case
- a verdict
- a code
- a city-state
React to the statements:
5
1)
Solon lived in Babylon.
2)
Napoleon codified the law of Greece.
3)
The Emperor Justinian lived in Constantinopole.
4)
Hammurabi left a lot of manuscripts.

15
5)
Hebrew law can be found in the Bible.
6)
A jury consisted of 12 members in the times of Solon.
7)
Anglo-Saxon law is based on Roman law.
6. Use the following conversational formulas when reacting:

1)
You don't say so!
2)
Absolutely wrong!
3)
Are you sure?
4)
I shouldn't say so.
5)
I doubt it.
6)
I don't believe it.
7)
Is it a fact?
8)
Indeed?
9)
Do you really mean it?
10)
Rubbish! Trite, nonsense! (Too rude)
11)
Go on with you.
12)
It looks very much like it.
13)
I think so.
14)
I suppose so.
Unit 6
ROMAN LAW
In modern-day Italy, France, Spain, and the countries of Latin America,
law codes based on Roman legal principle are still in use. Law in the modern
English-speaking countries was also greatly influenced by Roman law.
Roman law developed from the Laws of the Twelve Tables so that the
plebeians would know how they should be ruled.
As Rome expanded, laws governing non-citizens were added. The
decisions of different magistrates in the provinces were kept, and these legal
interpretations helped other judges to decide cases. Sometimes, the existing
laws of a conquered place influenced the magistrate's decision. In this way,
local
16
rules and customs became a part of the larger body of Roman law Roman
laws became international, particularly the laws dealing with commerce.
When Augustus was emperor, professional law schools were established
to teach the law.
Later, in the 6th century A.D., Justinian, emperor of the eastern empire,
had his huge body of laws codified.
Tasks and questions

I. Insert articles if necessary:
1) In the countries of... Latin America, law codes based on ...
Roman legal principles are still in use.

2) ...
Roman law developed from the Law of... Twelve
Tables.
3) When Augustus was ... emperor, professional law schools
were established.
4) Justinian, ... emperor of the eastern empire, had his huge
body of laws codified.

2. Transcribe the words:
magistrates; plebeians; province; commerce; empire.
3. Give synonyms from the text:
liade; to organize; volume; especially; to concern.
4. Complete the expressions:
- to decide ... ;
- professional... ;
- huge... ;
- legal ... ;
- English-speaking.... ;
- conquered ... ;
- magistrates... .
5. Read and translate the word combinations with the key word Law:
Law law codes; Roman law; the Laws of the Twelve
17
Tables; the existing laws; the laws dealing with commerce;

professional law schools; to teach the law; the body of the laws
codified.
5.
Transform the sentences into general questions:

1)
Roman law developed from the Laws of the Twelve Tables.
2)
Laws governing non-citizens were added later.
3)
Local rules and customs became a part of Roman law.
4)
Professional law schools were established in the times of
Emperor Augustus.
6.
Insert prepositions if necessary.

1)
These legal principles are still ... use.
2)
These codes are based ... Roman law principles.
3)
Roman law developed ... the Law of the Twelve Tables.
4)
... this way local rules became a part of Roman law.
5)
These laws deal ... commerce.
7.
Put 5 questions about the text.
8.

1)
How did local rules of provinces influence Roman law?
2)
When were professional law schools established?
3)
Was the code of Spain influenced by Roman law?
9.
Speak on the role of Roman law in the world of jurisprudence.
10.
Read and insert the words from the frame:

The Napoleon Code
In many ways, Napoleon finished the work of the revolution. No

privileges were allowed, ... in government or the army was based on ... ability,
and the tax system was reformed. Probably Napoleon's best known work was
in ... French law. The Napoleon Code firmly set forth the principle of ... before
the law.
18
proven;
promotion;
equality;
modernizing;
1 2 . I n s e r t the prepositions or post-verbal adverbs:

1)
The Code firmly set... the principle of equality before the law.
2)
Napoleon's best known work was ... modernizing French law.
3) Promotion in government or the army was based ... proven

ability.
4) .. many ways Napoleon finished the work of the revolution.
13. Tick off the correct sentences:
1) Promotion was based on connections.
2) The Napoleon Code set forth the principle of equality before the
law.
3) Napoleon's best known work was in proclaiming Empire.
4) The system of privileges for the nobles was developed.
5) Napoleon finished the work of the revolution .
Unit7
ENGLISH LAW
English law can be divided into Statute Law, Common Law and Case
Law.
Statute Law consists of all laws passed by Parliament.
The majority of laws are proposed and drafted by the government in
power. Any member of the House of Commons or House of Lords can also
propose a law. But only a member of the House of Commons may introduce a
financial Bill.
19
The bills become Acts of Parliament or statutes if they are passed by the
elected House of Commons, approved (in most cases) by the House of Lords,
and confirmed by the Sovereign.
Common Law consists of principles and mles of conduct based on the
ancient customs of the country and recognized by the Courts as Law. Common
Law is unwritten. It means that these rules were not enacted by Parliament.
Just as many ancient customs make up the Common Law, the collected
decisions of the Courts form English "Case Law". Once Parliament has passed a
law, the courts must interpret it, that is explain what the words of that law mean.
The interpretation of the Courts is valid until the higher Court decides
that this interpretation is wrong, or Parliament passes another law and changes
it.
Sometimes the interpretation of the Court differs from the interpretation
of the government. In this case the government must accept the decision of the
Court.
Tasks and exercises
1. Read, translate and explain the terms:
Law Statute Law; Common Law; Case Law
2.
Explain the difference between the terms Bill and Act.
3.
Find the synonyms in the text:

the
Monarch;
to
enact;
acts
of
Parliament;
to construe; construction.
4.
Tick off the correct statements:

1)
Common Law is based on ancient customs.
2)
Ancient customs are called statutes.
3)
The collected decisions of the Courts form English
Case Law.
4)
State Law consists of all laws passed by Parliament.
5)
All the laws are proposed by the government.

20
6)
A financial bill may be introduced by any member of
Parliament.
7)
To become acts of Parliament bills must be confirmed
by the Sovereign.
5. Complete the sentences:
1)
The courts must interpret a law, that is ...
2)
The interpretation of the law is valid until ...
3)
Common Law is unwritten. It means ...
4)
The bills become Acts of Parliament if...
5)
English law can be divided into ...
6. Combine elements from A with those from B :

A: ancient; financial; collected; case
B: decisions; customs; Law; bill
6.
Transform the sentences onto Passive Voice structures:
1)
Only a member of the House of Commons may introduce a financial
2)
This member of the House of Lords proposed a new law on Tuesday.
3)
Parliament passed the bill on Wednesday.
4)
The Queen confirmed the bill last month.
5)
The House of Lords did not approve this bill.
6)
The higher court interpreted this new law.
7)
Parliament changed law last week.
8)
The court must give its interpretation of the law.
7.
Now read this funy story. Explain the play on the words used here for
bill.
the humorous effect:
Sheridan was one day much annoyed by a fellow-member of the House Of

Commons, who kept crying out every few minutes, Hear! Hear! During the
debate he took occasion to describe a political contemporary that wished to play
rogue, but had only sense enough to act fool.
21
Where, exclaimed he, with great emphasis Where shall we find a

more foolish knave or a more knavish fool than he? Hear! Hear! was
shouted by the throublesome member. Sheridan turned round, and, thanking
him for the prompt information, sat down amid a general roar of laughter.
Unit 8
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE USA Parti
The Constitution of the United States is the central instrument of
American government and the supreme law of the land.
For 200 years, it has guided the evolution of governmental institutions
and has provided the basis for political stability, individual freedom, economic
growth and social progress.
The American Constitution is the world's oldest written constitution in
force. It served as the model for a number of other constitutions around the
world. The Constitution owes its staying power to its simplicity and flexibility.
The primary aim of the Constitution was to create a strong elected
government, directly responsive to the will of the people. The concept of selfgovernment did not originate with the Americans. But the degree to which the
Constitution committed the United States to rule by the people was unique, and
even revolutionary, in comparison with other governments around the world.
No product of human society is perfect. Despite its many amendments,
the Constitution of the United States still contains flaws. But two centuries of
growth and unrivaled prosperity have proven the foresight of the 55 men who
worked through the summer of 1787 to lay the foundation of American

government.
22
Tasks and exercises

1. Match the adjective and nouns (according to the text)
A: supreme; political; economic; written; staying; primary; strong; unrinaled
B: power; aim; government; stability; prosperity; law; constitution; growth
2. Form the nouns:
flexible; simple; stable; free;
grow;compare; found; evolve.
3.Insert the prepositions if necessary:
1)
The Constitution provided the basis ... political stability.
2)
This government is responsive ... the will of the people.
3)
The concert of self-government did not originate ... the
Americans.
4)
This system is more democratic ... comparison with other
5)
The Constitution owes its staying power ... its simplicity.
ones.
4. Choose the correct variant from those in brackets:
1)
The Constitution has provided the (basis; bases) for social
progress.
2)
This Constitution is the world's (older; oldest) written
constitution in force.
3) They worked to (lie; lay) the foundation of American government.
5.Complete the sentences:
11.
1) The American Constitution owes its staying power to ... .
12.
2) No product of human society ....

23
13.
3) Despite many amendments, this Constitution contains ... .
14.
4) Two centuries of growth and prosperity have proven ....
15.
5) The American Constitution has provided the basis for ... .
6.
1)
What is the supreme law of the USA?
2)
What constitution is the world's oldest written constitution in
force?
3)
To what does this constitution owe its staying power?
4)
Did the concept of self-government originate with the
Americans?
5)
Why do they call this Constitution unique?
6)
Is this Constitution perfect?
7)
What proved the foresight of those who worked this
Constitution out in 1787?

7.
Translate the basic text of the Unit into Ukrainian.
8.
Retell the basic text of the Unit in 5 sentences.
9.
Pick out the key-words and put them down.
10.
Be ready to discuss the text. Try to prove that the American
Constitution is unique.
Unit 9
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE USA Part II
Although the Constitution has changed in many aspects since it was first
adopted, its basic principles remain the same now as in 1789:
The three main branches of government are separate and distinct from
one another. The powers given to each are delicately balanced by the power of
the other two. Each branch serves as a check on potential excesses of the others.
24
The Constitution stands above all other laws, executive acts and
regulations.
All persons are equal before the law and are equally entitled to its
protection. All states are equal, and none can receive special treatment from the
federal government. Each slate must recognize and respect the laws of the
others. State governments, like the federal government, must be democratic in
Ibrm, with final authority resting with the people.
The Constitution keeps pace with the growth of the nation. It has been
amended 26 times since 1789, and it is likely to be tin I her revised in the
future. The most sweeping changes were made within two years of its adoption.
In that period, the first 10 amendments, known collectively as the Bill of
Rights, were willed. They were approved as a block by the Congress in
September 1789, and ratified by 11 states by the end of 1791.
Tasks and exercises
1. Form the nouns:
to protect; to treat; to amend; to revise.
2. Glive the verbs of the same root: adoption; regulation;
growth; revision; addition; approval; reception; ratification.
3. Find the synonymic pairs (from lines a and b )
a) to accept; to change; to support; to get;
b) to amend; to adopt; to receive; to approve.
4. Extend the sentences using the words in brackets:
1) All persons are entitled to the protection of the law (equally).
2) The changes were made within 2 years of the

Constitution adoption (sweeping),
3) Each branch serves as a check on excesses of the others
(potential).
4) The powers given to each branch of government are balanced by
the powers of the other two (delicately).
25
5) The branches of government are separate and distinct from one
another (main).
5.
6.
Insert the preposition, if necessary:

1)
The Constitution changed ... many aspects.
2)
These branches of government are distinct ... one another.
3)
The Constitution stands ... all other laws.
4)
State governments must be democratic ... form.
5)
The final authority rests ... the people.
Insert the notional words. Pick them from the list below:
1)
The Constitution keeps ... with the growth of the nation.
2)
The amendments were approved as a ... by the Congress in
3)
The Constitution stand above ... and regulations.
4)
The first 10 amendments are collectively known as ...
5)
All states are ...
1789.
(the Bill of Rights; executive acts; pace; block; equal)

7.
Match nouns (B) and adjectives (A):
A: potential; executive; special; sweeping; final

B: acts; treatment; authority; excess; changes
8.
Read and translate the text.
9.
Put 10 questions on the text,
10.
Give a summary of the text.
Unit 10
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
The essence of American democracy is contained in the Declaration of
Independence, with its ringing phrase, A11 men
26
Are created equal, and the follow-up statements that they are endowed
by the Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty
and the pursuit of happiness.
The Constitution makes no distinction as to the wealth or status of
persons: all are equal before the law, and all are equally subject to judgement
and punishment when they violate the law The same holds true for civil
disputes, involving property, legal agreements and business arrangements. Open
access to the courts is one of the vital guarantees written into the Bill of Hights.
Tasks and exercises
1. Transcribe and translate the following words:
endow; unalienable; pursuit; status; dispute; access; guarantee;
essence.
2. Find in the text the words of the same root:
essential; alien; pursue; distinct; judge; violation; agree,
3. Explain the meanings of the words and expressions:
The Creator; follow-up; the ringing phrase. I, Match the
words 4. Match the words from columns A and B: A
follow-up
agreements
ringing
rights
civil
phrase
unalienable guarantees
vital
disputes
legal
statements
5. Insert the prepositions, if necessary:

1)
The same holds true ... civil disputes.
2)
Everybody has an open access ... the courts.
3)
People are endowed ... a lot of rights.
4)
All people are equally subject ... judgement and punishment.
5)
All are equal ... the law.

27
6.

1)
What is the ringing phrase of the Declaration of
Independence?
2)
Does the Constitution make any distinction as to the
wealth or status of persons?

3)
What vital guarantee is written in the Bill of Rights?
7.
Find the key words in the text.
8.
Render the gist of the text in 3 sentences.

9.
How can you explain the phrase:
A11 men are created equal.

10.
Speak on the problems of equal rights.

Unit 11
THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC CONSTITUTION
German began the postwar years with a new national assembly that met at
Weimar in January, 1919. The Weimar constitution included many democratic
features: freedom or speech and religion, compulsory education of children, and
freedom of association that protected labor unions. However, the president of
the Weimar Republic was given certain emergency powers. These made it
possible for a dictator to take over the government by legal means. Another big
problem was that the system gave seats in the assembly to many small political
parties. This kept any one party from gaining a majority. Therefore, the
government was a coalition.
The ruling group in the Weimar government was a coalition of socialist
parties. Extremists on both the Right and the Left threatened the ruling group.
They blamed the coalition for accepting the hated Treaty of Versailles. They
declared that the socialists were traitors to their country.
Democracy in Germany remained shaky. A return of unemployment or
inflation would help the extremists who were eager to overthrow the
government.
28
Tasks and exercises
1. Copy out the transcription of the following words:
extremists; Versailles; Weimar.
2. Paraphrase the sentences using the active Vocabulary from
1) They
2) I
declared that the socialists betrayed their country.
)emocracy in Germany remained unsteady.

The president of the Weimar Republic was given certain special
powers.
4)
5) In
The Weimar constitution included many democratic aspects.

lliis case a dictator could seize power by legal means.
2. Translate
into English the following word combinations:
1) ; ;
2) ;
3) ;
4) ;
5) ;
6) ; ;
7) .
4. ranslate into English the following sentences:
1)
.
2)
( )
.
3) .
5. Match the words from A with those in B .
A: postwar; national; compulsory; emergency; labour
B: groups; unions; education; years; powers

29
6.
legal
assembly
ruling
means

11.
The Weimar constitution included ...
12.
The system gave seats ...
13.
The ruling group in the Weimar government...
14.
Extremists threatened ...
15.
Extremists on the Right and the Left blamed ...
16.
They hated ...
17.
Democracy in German remained ...
18.
Extremists were eager ...
6.
Speak on the Weimar Constitution.
7.
Speak on the position of the extremists in Germany and their
attitude to the Treaty of Versailles.

8.
Speak on the Treaty of Versailles.
Answer the question:

Why did extremists hate it?
Use the expressions: to take revenge; to overthrow the government; to

seize power; to set dictatorship.
Unit 12
MONARCHY OR REPUBLIC?
(1) Between 1871 and 1890, Chancellor Bismarck led the German
Empire. He built it as a union of monarchies in which Prussia had the strongest
voice. The empire had a constitution and a lower house (Reichstag) elected by
universal male suffrage. But real power lay with the chancellor and the
aristocratic upper house (Bundesrat).
In 1890, Bismarck quarreled with the new emperor, William II, and was
forced to retire.
30
(2) In 1876 Spain became a constitutional monarchy. The right to vote
was given only to male property owners, however. And Parliamentary rule had
no meaning. The government remained corrupt and ineffective.
***
(3) Between 1853 and 1889, Portugal moved toward parliamentary
government. But then the government returned to a monarchy that favored the
established nobility. A revolution in 1910 overturned the hated monarchy, and
Portugal became a republic.
***
( 4 ) U nification did not erase Italy's old problems. The land system and
lax structure were unfair. And the people had very little experience in
parliamentary government.
Even though Italy was a constitutional monarchy, only men of education
and property could vote. Out of 20 million people, only 150 thousand had
voting rights. Politicians cared more about being elected than about making
reforms.
in 1911 suffrage was given to all men over age 30.
Tasks and exercises
1.Answer the question:
What political systems prevail on the European countries
toned
in the texts above) at the end of the XIX c.?

2. Explain the notions:
Reichstag;
Bundesrat;
3Answer the questions:
19.
1) How was the lower house elected in the German Empire?
20.
2) Did the woman enjoy the right to vote in the German
Empire? in Spain? in Italy?

3) With whom did the real power lie in Germany?
31
4.
4)
Why did Bismarck retire in 1890?
5)
Who enjoyed the right to vote in Spain?
6)
When did Portugal become a republic?
7)
Was Italy an absolute monarchy?
8)
Were all men given suffrage at the end of the XIX c.?
Find the synonymic pairs:
erase; nobility; overturn; suffrage; house; overthrow; lift; aristocracy; the

right to vote; chamber.
Find the word of the same root: universe; corruption;
5.
effect; favourite; turn; fair; own.

Insert qualifiers in the proper place:
6.
1)
A revolution in 1910 overturned the monarchy in Portugal (hated).
2)
Unification did not erase Italy's problems (old).
3)
The power lay with the chancellor (real).

Unit 13
THE DREYFUS CASE
The Third Republic in France was often attacked by those who wanted to
bring back the monarchy.
The 1880 and 1890s were filled with crises, the climax being the Dreyfus
case.
Alfred Dreyfus, a Jew, was a French army officer. In 1894, a military
court convicted him of treason. When evidence later showed that the real traitor
was a Catholic aristocrat, public feeling divided sharply. Enemies of the Third
Republic (the officer corps, monarchists, and the Church) were strongly against
reopening the case. They said that to do so would weaken military authority.
Pro-Republic forces finally won, when a civil court pardoned Dreyfus in
1906, the civil government was proven to be stronger
32
Than the army. The Dreyfus Affair became an example that any
prison of any race or creed could get justice in a democracy.
Tasks and exercises
1. Find the words of the same root:

authoritative; just; sharp; aristocracy;
conviction; open; final; civilian.
2. Find the synonyms in the text:
forgive;
sample;
belief;
apex;
restore;
power.
3. Find the equivalents in the text:
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
.
1) Alfred Dreyfus was ...
2) The Third Republic was attacked by ...
3) A military court convicted Dreyfus of...
4) Enemies of the Third Republic were against reopening
the case because ...
5) The Dreyfus Affair is an example ...
5. Agree or disagree:
1) Dreyfus was a British army officer.
2) He was convicted of petty crime.
33
3)
The real traitor was a Protestant.
4)
Pro-Republic forces finally won.
5)
Dreyfus was again convicted.

1)
Why was Dreyfus arrested?
2)
Why did public feeling divide sharply?
3)
When was A. Dreyfus pardoned?
4)
What did this case demonstrate?
5)
What facts excited the royalists' apprehension?

Unit 14
FASCISTS IN GERMANY
By 1932, the National Socialist German Workers' party, or Nazi party,
formed in 1920, was the largest in Germany. In January, 1933, Hitler became
chancellor (prime minister) of Germany. His government was known as the
Third Reich.
In 1934, Hitler stripped the Reichstag of all power. He also got rid of
other parties, outlawed trade unions, set up labor camps, and threw out laws he
did not like. On August 2, 1934, Hitler became Fuhrer, or leader, of Germany.
In 1935 with the infamous Nuremberg Laws, citizenship rights were
taken away from Jews, and they were treated as unequal. Intermarriage of Jews
and gentiles (non-Jews) was not allowed. Jewish business and services were
boycotted. In 1939, the regime eliminated all Jews from the economic life of
Germany and forced them to live in ghettoes.
Hitler began huge preparations for German expansion. Strict foodrationing laws were put into effect to make Germany sel l sufficient in case of
war.
Hitler changed Germany into a police state. The governmenl had total
control over every area of life.
34
Tasks and exercises
1. Read thie text and copy out all the German political realia.
chancellor (in Germany);
Third Reich;
Nazi party;
Reichstag;
Fuhrer;
gentiles;
ghetto.
3. From the corresponding adjectives:
jew;
self-sufficiency;
expansion;
preparation;
economy;
inequality.
4. Paraphrase:
1) Hitler stripped the Reichstag of all power.
2) He outlawed trade unions.
3) The Jews were treated as unequal.
4) Jewish business was boycotted.
5) Hitler wanted to make Germany self-sufficient in case of war.
5. Speak on the Nuremberg Laws and their consequences.
1) What did Hitler do to make Germany self-sufficient?
2) When did the regime force all Jews to live in ghettoes?

3) What are the functions of the chancellor in Germany?
7. By ready to discuss the juridical aspects of Hitler regime. Which laws were
directed at the limitiation of rights and freedoms of people?
8. a) Find the facts to prove the repressive character of Hitler's regime.
b) Be ready to answer the questions:
35
1)
Did the courts function?
2)
Were they independent?
c) Analyse several cases heard in fascist Germany.

Compare the means used by Hitler and Mussolini to set
9.
dictatorship in Germany and Italy. (Did they try to use any legal
means to gain power?)
10.
Read about another fascist regime. Complete the story
adding some facts concerning fascism in Spain:

In 1931 the Spaniards had overthrown their monarch
and set up a republic. The new government failed to contro
a strong fascist group. Led by general Francisco Franco,
military chiefs revolted against the republic in 1936.
The Spanish Civil War had begun. In 1939 Madrid
was taken by Franco.
What happened next?
11.
Read the definitions and insert the words missing:

1)
A dictatorship is a modern form of... government.
2)
A dictator is a person who ... control of a government
without
claiming
to
rule
(inheritance; seizes; absolute).
through
...
or
free
election. 1
Speak on one of the dictatorial regimes in the history of

the world.
12.
Read the article:

Changes welcomed by world
President
Nicolae
Ceaucescu's
fall
was
hailed
by
leaders
around the world yesterday.

White
House
spokesman
giving
Washington's
reaction
said
A terrible burden of dictatorial rule appears to have been lifted

from Romania.
The
Paris
said
12
European
that
they
Community
were
ready
foreign
to
restore
ministers
meeting
the
they
aid
in
hail
withheld from Mr. Ceaucescu's Romania.

In a statement they acknowledge that: To wring this victory
the people of Romania have paid a heavy price: the yoke of
36
Tyranny throughout long years, the massacre of innocent people
ihr , muse of recent weeks.
13. Find the synonymic pairs:
help; admit; greet; hail;
acknowledge; rule; aid; regime.
14. Answer the question in detail:
Why was the downfall of Ceaucescu hailed in the world?
15. Guess the word from the text:
- something that represents the position of slavery or
of being under the power of someone.
16. Insert the words missing:
1) At last they ... the victory.
2) This aid was ... from Romania.
3) Dictatorial rule was ... from the country.
4) In the ... of the massacre many innocent people were

killed.
Unit 15
I I I K EUROPEAN CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF
HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS
Section 1.
Article 2.1. Everyone's right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be
deprived of his life intentionally save in the execution of a
sentence of a court following his conviction of a crime for which
this penalty is provided by law.
Article 3. No one shall be subj ected to torture or to inhuman or degrading
treatment or punishment.
Article 4.2. No one shall be required to perform forced or compulsory labour.
37
Article 8.1. Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life,
his home and his correspondence.
Article 9.1. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and
religion ...
Article 10.1. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression.
Article 11.1. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and
to freedom of association with others
(Extract)
Tasks and exercises

1. Answer
the question:
What are the functions of the verb shall in this

document?
2.
Insert the prepositions if necessary:

1)
No one shall be deprived ... his life intentionally.
2)
No one shall be subjected ... torture.
3)
Everyone has the right to respect ... his private ant

family life.
4)
This penalty is provided ... law.
5)
Everyone has the right... freedom of association with

others.
3.
4.
Combine the elements from A and B:

A
compulsory
assembly
degrading
labour
peaceful
treatment
Translate into English:

1)
2)
;
3)
4)
' ;
;
38
5)
6)
5.
Enumerate the main human rights and freedoms mentioned in The
Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.

6.
Translate the extracts from several articles of the Ukrainian Constitution in
the written form:

27. ' .
. '
. <>
28. .
,
, ,
, . <>
29.
. <>
30. . <>
31. ,
, . <>
32.
,
. <>
34. ,
.
35. . <>
39
36. '
. <>
7. Read the review of the book and answer the questions given after the text.
The EU and Human Rights
By Philip Alston
For all its achievements in integrating Europe, the EU lacks a human
rights
policy
which
is
coherent,
balanced
and
professionally
administered.Whether in relation to access to Community justice, sex equality,

race and disability discrimination, or policing, or in its external policies from
Kosovo to China, the Union needs new principles, procedures and institutions
to design and implement an effective set of human rights policies.
The introduction of a single currency, the problems of racism and
xenophobia, the need for a human refugee policy, the growing powers of the
UN in many fields, and the Unions imminent eastward expansion, all make it
urgent to adopt such policies.
In this volume the leading experts in the field, including individuals from
every EU country, provide an insightful critique of current policies and detailed
recommendations for the future.
Questions to the text:
1) What
aspects of the EU activities do the authors of the book criticize?
2)
What problems are especially important in current policies?
3)
What recommendations for the future are given by the leading experts in
this field?
40
Unit 16
THE BILL OF RIGHTS
The first 10 amendments to the Constitution of the USA iiiiil ilu'ir

purpose.
Protections afforded fundamental rights and freedoms:
Amendment 1: Freedom of religion, speech, press and assembly; the
right to petition the government.
Protectionsagainst arbitrary military action.
Amendment 2: Right to bear arms and maintain state militias
(National Guard).
Amendment 3: Troops may not be quartered in homes in peacetime.
PROTECTION against arbitrary police and court action.
Amendment 4: No unreasonable searches or seizures.
Amendment 5: Grand jury indictment required to prosecute a person for a

serious crime. No double jeopardy being tried twice for the same offense.
Forcing a person to testify against himself or herself prohibited. No loss of life,
liberty or property without due process.
Amendment 6: Right to speedy, public, impartial trial with defense
counsel, and right to cross-examine witnesses.
Amendment 7: Jury trials in civil suits where value exceeds 20 dollars.
Amendment 8: No excessive bail or fines, no cruel and
Protection of States' Rights and Unnamed rights ot he people.
Amendment 9. Unlisted rights are not necessarily denied.
Amendment 10.Powers not delegated to tell United States or denied to
states are reserved to the states or to the people.
41
The Bill of Rights was ratified in 1791, but its application was broadened
significantly by the 14 th Amendment to the Constitution, which was ratified in
1868. A key phrase in the 14 th Amendment nor shall any state deprive any
person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law - has been
interpreted by the Supreme Court as forbidding the states from violating most
of the rights and freedoms protected by the Bill of Rights.
Tasks and exercises
1.
Transcribe and translate the words:

arbitrary; militia; maintain; seizure; jeopardy; impartial; excessive.
2.
Match the words from columns A and B:
A
fundamental
arbitrary
impartial
unreasonable
excessive
B
action
searches
rights
trial
punishme
civil
cruel
nts
bail
suits
3.
Explain the notions:

cross-examination; jeopardy; assembly;
indictment; defense counsel; a witness.
4.
Insert the words missing:

1)
Where were troops ... ?
2)
Mr. Brown was ... for a serious crime.
3)
Who forced him to ... against himself? It is prohibited.
4)
If value ... 20 dollars they will hold a jury trial.
5)
Who will cross-examine the ... ?

(witnesses; exceeds; prosecuted; testify; quartered)
5.
Read the basic text and answer the questions:

1) Which amendments are aimed at protection
against arbitrary military action?
42
2)
What is required for the prosecution of citizens people for a serious

crime?
3)
When are jury trials in civil suits provided?
4)
What does the word bail mean?
5)
When was the Bill of Rights ratified?
6)
How was the application of the Bill of Rights broadened?
7)
What is the key phrase in the 14 th amendment?
6. React to the statements (some of them are true and some nit" false):
1 ) G rand juries are gathered in civil suits where value is 20 dollars.
2) Everybody can be tried twice for the same offense.
3) Citizens of the US enjoy the right to bear arms.
4) Amendment 3 prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures.
5) Every citizen enjoys the right to speedy impartial trial,
7. Speak on the Bill of Rights.
(Which amendments are especially important for the democracy?)

8. Write a precis on the Bill of Rights.
(About 15 sentences).
9. Find the facts to show some amendments in action.
Unit 17
FEMALE RIGHTS
Inthe
mid-1800s, reformers
in Europe and the United States
began to call for equal legal and political rights for women.
English
philosopher
John
Stuart
Mill
helped
the
women's
cause. In the Subjection of Woman (1869), Mill stated tha men taught women
to believe from childhood that submission was a part of woman's nature.
But progress was slow.
43
By the end of the 1800s, women in most Western countries could by law
own property But the right to vote was still denied them.
The earliest voting rights for women were gained in the frontier areas.
The first was New South Wales in Australia (1867), Wyoming in the United
States followed (1869), and then came New Zealand (1886). The first European
country to allow woman to vote was Norway (1907).
But the major countries held back. Only after World War I were women
allowed to vote in Great Britain (1918). There, Emmeline Pankhurst and her
two daughters led a long mass political fight to gain that right. The United
States gave the right in 1920. Most other European countries followed after
that.
Tasks and exercises
1. Read
and translate into Ukrainian:
woman's nature; the women's cause;

political right for women; the subjection of women;
to allow women to vote.
2.
Find the words of the same root:

reform; subject; child; submit; progressive.
3.
Name:
1) The
2)
4.
5.
6.
first three places in the frontier areas where women got voting rights.
The first European country to allow women to vote.

1)
When were women allowed to vote in Britain?
2)
What is Emmeline Pankhurst known for?
3)
What philosopher helped the women's cause?
What events are connected with the following

a)
names: Emmeline Pankhurst; John Stuart Mill;
b)
figures: 1920; 1907; mid-1800s; 1886; 1918.
Collect the materials on the women's suffrage movement in Britain. Be
ready to discuss the facts.

7.
Speak on the woman's political right in Ukraine.

44
Unit 18
MONARCHY IN BRITAIN
Great Britain is a monarchy, but the power of the Queen of Britain is not
absolute but constitutional. It means that it is limited.
Queen's power is hereditary and not elective.
In practice the monarch has no actual powers. They say in Great Britain
that The Monarch reigns but does not rule. The Prime Minister is the virtual
ruler of the country. The Prime Minister is usually the leader of the party that
obtains the nHI|< mly in the House of Commons during the elections.
The leader of the party in the opposition occupies a salaried office of the
Leader ofthe Opposition. The government formed by the leader ofthe majority
in Parliament may hold office for live years.
All the affairs of the state are conducted in the name of the
Queen, but really the Prime Minister is responsible for every measure
submitted to Parliament.
The Queen summons, prorogues and dissolves Parliament. She opens
each session with a speech from the throne outlining the Government's
programme. It is her duty to make appointments to all important state offices,
including those of judges, officers in the armed forces, diplomats.
The Queen has the power to conclude treaties, to declare ii aid make
peace.
Tasks and exercises
1.
Complete the word combinations:

hereditary ... ; actual ... ; virtual ... ;
limited ... ; armed ... ; elective ... ; salaried ...;
2. Match the words from A with those from B:

A: to obtain; to hold; to prorogue; to make; to conclude; to declare; to conduct
B: the affairs; war; treaties; office; parliament; appointments; the majority
45
3.
Insert the articles, if necessary:

1)
The Queen dissolves ... Parliament.
2)
The Queen has the power to declare ... war and to make ... peace.
3)
All the affairs of the state are conducted in ... name of the Queen.
4)
The Prime Minister is usually the leader of ... party that obtains the
majority in ... House of Commons.
5)
4.
In practice ... Monarch has no actual power.
If the statements are not correct transform them into negative structures:
1)
Great Britain is a monarchy.
2)
Queen's power is elective.
3)
The Monarch has actual power.
4)
The Monarch reigns and rules.
5)
The Queen prorogues Parliament.
6)
The Queen outlines the Government's programme in a speech from the

throne.
7)
The Queen makes appointments to all important state offices.
8)
The Queen has the power to conclude treaties.
9)
The Prime Minister is the Leader of Opposition.
10) Really
the Queen is responsible for every measure submitted to
Parliament.
5.
Find the synonyms:

authority; sovereign; post; to call; assignments; to sign treaties; to get the
majority.
6.
Insert the prepositions:

1)
... practice the Monarch has no actual power.
2)
All the affairs are conducted ... the name of the Queen.
46
I) The Prime Minister is responsible ... every measure

submitted to Parliament.
4) The duty of the Queen to make appointments ... all
important state offices.
5) The Queen has the power to declare war... other states.
7. Translate into English:
, ,
.

,
' .
: ,
' , ,
.

.

' .
8. Translate into Ukraine.
The President of Ukraine
The President of Ukraine ensures state independence, national security
and the legal succession ofthe state; represents the state in international
relations, adopts decisions on the recognition of foreign states.
The President concludes international treaties of Ukraine/ He or she
appoints and dismisses heads of diplomatic missions, accepts credentials of
diplomatic representatives of foreign states.
The President appoints the Prime Minister, the Procurator General with
the consent of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine.
47
The President of Ukraine is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of
Ukraine, heads the Council of National Security and Defense of Ukraine.
The President has the right to introduce martial law or a state of emergency in
Ukraine or in its particular areas in the event of necessity.
9. Now read the text and insert the words missing. Use the frame below as
your prop:
The monarchy is the most ancient... institution in the United Kingdom, with a
continuous history stretching back over a thousand years. The monarchy is ...
and the present title to the Crown derives from provisions of the Act of
Settlement of 1701 which secured the Protestant .... This succession cannot now
be altered, under a provision of the Statute of Westminster, 1931, except by
common ... of the member states of the Commonwealth which owe allegiance to
the Crown.
Queen Elizabeth II, who succeeded to the throne in 1952, is in addition to
being an ... part of the legislature, the head of the judiciary,... of the armed
forces of the Crown and the temporal head of the established Church of
England.
The monarchy in the United Kingdom has evolved over the centuries from
absolute personal... to the present constitutional form by which the Queen
reigns but does not rule. Her Majesty's government governs in the name of the
Queen who must act on the advice of her ministers. The Queen summons,...
(dismisses at the end of a session) and dissolves Parliament; she usually opens
new sessions of Parliament with a speech from ... in which the major
governmental policies are outlined.
Succession; authority; commander-in-chief; prorogues;
throne; integral; consensus; hereditary; secular
48
Unit 19
QUEEN AND COMMONWEALTH
Q u e e n Elizabeth II is not only Queen of the United Kingdom but also
Queen of Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada,
Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, St. Christopher-Nevis, St.
Vincent and the Grenadine, the Solomon Islands and of Tuvalu.
The majority of the Commonwealth countries are republics, with a

presidcnt as Head of State, but like the Commonwealth monarchies all
acknowledge the Queen as Head of the Commonwealth.
Each Christmas the Queen broadcasts to the Commonwealth on both
radio and television, and she broadcasts again, though only on radio,on
Commonwealth Day each March. She attends each biannual meeting of the
Commonwealth Heads of Government and as well as hosting a dinner for all
the delegates she has a private meeting with each Head of Government. In
addition, she is kept fully informed of events in each country, either by the
Governor-General, who represents her in each of the monarchies, or through the
High Commissioners' officer in both London and the country concerned. (The
Commonwealh countries exachange High Commissioners rather than
Ambassadors).
Willi the Duke of Edinburgh, the Queen has taken full advantage of the
opportunities to travel throughout the Commonwealth. She visited almost all
the Commonwealth countries of which she is Queen.
Tasks and exercises
-Governor-General;
-High Commissioners.
2. Insert the prepositions, if necessary:
1) The Queen broadcasts ... both radio and television.
49
2)
The Queen hosts a dinner ... all the delegates.
3)
The Queen has taken full advantage ... the opportunities to travel throughout the Commonwealth.
4)
She attends ... each biannual meeting.
5)
... addition, she is kept fully informed of events in

6)
each country.
3.
4.

1)
The majority of the Commonwealth countries are ...
2)
All these countries acknowledge the Queen as ...
3)
Each Christmas the Queen broadcasts ...
4)
The Queen attends ...
5)
The Queen visited ...
Form the corresponding nouns:
acknowledge;
broadcast;
host;
add;
represent.
5.
Enumerate the countries which form the Commonwealth.
6.
Comment on the correlation between the notions High
Commissioner)) and Ambassador.

7.
What do you know about the Duke of Edinburgh? Why

does he accompany the Queen?
8.
9.
Comment on the Juridical Commonwealth administration

10.
and government.
Unit 20
PRESIDENCY IN THE USA
Term of office: Elected by the people, through the elector;:

college, to a four-year term; limited to two
terms.
50
Salary:
$ 200,000 plus $ 50,000 allowance for

expenses, and up to $ 100,000 tax-free for travel and official
entertainment.
Inauguration: January 20, following the November general election.
Qualifications: Native-born American citizen, at least 35 years
old and at least 14 years a resident of the United States.
Chief Duty: To protect the Constitution and enforce the
laws made by the Congress.
Other Powers: To recommend legislation to the Congress;
- to call special sessions ofthe Congress;
- to deliver messages to the Congress;
- to veto bills;
-
to appoint federal judges;
to appoint heads of federal departments and agencies and other principal
federal officials;
-
to appoint representatives to foreign countries;
to carry on official business with foreign nations;
to exercise the function of commander-in-chief of I lie armed forces;
to grand pardons for offenses against the United States.
Tasks and exercises

1. Read the basic text and answer the questions:
1) What is the term of presidency in the USA? '
2) Does the President get any salary?
3) Is his salary tax-free?
4) What is the date of inauguration?
5) What qualifications must the candidate for presidency have?
6) What is the Chief Duty of the President?
7) What appointments does he make?
8) Has he any right to veto?
51
9)
2.
Is he commander-in-chief of the armed forces?
10)
Has he any right to the legislative initiative?
11)
Has he an authority to grant pardons?
Cross out the names of those who can't claim to th presidency in the USA:
1)
Mr. Black was born in Australia.
2)
Nick is 27 years old.
3)
Mrs. Brown was born in Chicago.
4)
Mike spent 15 years of his life in Alaska. Now I lives in New York.
5)
Alice was born in Boston and at the age of 13 sin left for London with
her parents.
3.
Define what is wrong in the following story.
Mr. Kent was born in the Hawaii. At the age of 36 he becam president of the
USA. His salary is about $ 1,000,000. He pai all the taxes for the allowance he
got for travel and prival entertainment. Yesterday he granted a pardon to the
woma who had murdered her husband for jealousy and he aim appointed a new
embassador to China.
Unit 21
PARLIAMENT OF GB
The legislative power resides in Parliament, which consil of the Sovereign,
the House of Commons and the House | Lords.
The members of the House of Commons are elected tl popular vote and
represent the counties and boroufl constituencies.
The House of Lords is not an elective body. For a long turn the House of
Lords consisted of the Lords Spiritual uflj Temporal. The Lords Spiritual are
two archbishops (Canterlmfl and York) and twenty-four bishops of the Church
of England.
52
The LordsTemporal include peers by hereditary right; peers by
VIRTUE
of
their office (the Law Lords) and Life peers created under the Life Peerage Act,
1958. Nowadays the House of Lords faces some reformations. The role of
hereditary peers will be
TRUNCATED.
Some hereditary peers were already forced
to leave the House of Lords.

In
GEneral
the House of Lords like the Monarch has now lost most of its
powers and cannot influence the process of mil making in Parliament.

Tasks and exercises
1. Paraphrase the following statements:
1) The legislative power resides in Parliament.
2) The House of Lords is not an elective body.
3) The House of Lords faces some reformations. 1
4) The role of hereditary peers is being reduced.
2. Explain the following notions:
hereditary peers; temporal lords;
spiritual lords; life peers; the Law Lords; constituencies.
3. Answer ihe questions:
1) What are the functions of the Parliament?
2) What do you know about the structure of the House of
Lords and the reformations it faces?
3) Whose role is being reduced and why?
4) Are members of the House of Lords elected by popular vote?
5) Can we say that the legislative power resides in two
chambers of Parliament?
6) What is the role of the Sovereign in the legislative process?
7) DO YOU know about any precedents when the Sovereign refused to sign
a bill, passed and approved by the members of both chambers?
53
4.
Discuss the problems of the Parliament structure. Which
is more efficient to have a one-chamber or a two-chambo

parliament?
5.

heir; to decide; spirit; constitute;
residence; reduction;
6.
Read the text and answer the questions bellow:

The House of Lords
In 1994 there were 1,198 members of the House of Lords

including the two archbishops and 24 bishops. There were 773hereditary peers
who had succeeded to their titles, and 399life peers of whom 21 were law
lords.
The average daily attendance is some 380. Peers receive no salary for their
parliamentary work but they can claim for some
expenses, e.g. certain traveling expenses.
1) What
7.
is the average attendance in the House of Lords?
2)
Is the work of this House efficient?
3)
Can the peers claim for any expenses?
4)
What do they call the peers who succeed to their titla
Now read about the Chamber of the House of Comma

and answer the questions below:
The Chamber of this House is really quite small. It has seating
for 437 but there are 651 Members of Parliament. So sometimes

when very important matters are being discussed, members are
very tightly squeezed into the benches, and many have to si on
the steps.
The Chairman, who keeps the House in order, is called the
Speaker. He can see from his chair all the MPs who signal to
him that they wish to speak. In front of him sit three Clerks
These people can advise the Speaker and they also take notes
of the proceedings. They are not MPs.
54
1) What
2)
is the seating capacity of this Chamber?
Where do members sit when very important matters are being discussed?
3) Who keeps the House in order?

4) How does the Speaker find out that MP is going to speak?
5) Who sits in front ofthe Speaker?
6) Are the Clerks MPs?
7) What are the functions of the Clerks?
1)
I he Chamber ofthe House of Commons is really ....
2)
Members are very tightly ....
3)
The Clerks take notes ... .
4)
5)
The Speaker can see from his chair ....

The Chairman keeps the House .... '
9. Define where you can meet the following officials in the House of Lords
or in the House of Commons:
1)
He is Lord Chancellor.
2)
He is Speaker, the Chairman of this House.
3)
He is the Archbishop of York.
4) He is the Prime Minister.

5) This man is elected by the voters.
10. What arc the titles and names of these people in the Parliament (There are
prompts in the brackets):
1) Mr. Green is the Chairman ofthe House of Lords.
2) Mr. Girey's father was also a peer.
3) Mr. Black sits in the House of Lords and was appointed
by Ihe Queen for is own merits.

4) Mr. Yellow will hear appeal cases in the House of I ords.
5) Mr. Brown is one of the senior bishops. (hereditary peer; Lord Spiritual;
Law Lord; Lord Chancellor; life peer).
55
1)
From whom do hereditary peers inherit their titles?
2)
Who appoints life peers?
3)
What is the difference between the Lords Temporal
and the Lords Spiritual?
4)
Which House serves as the Ultimate Court of appeal^
5)
Who is the Chairman in the House of Commons?

Unit 22
BETTY BOOTHROYD
Betty Boothroyd, MP, was elected the first woman Speaker

of the House of Commons in April 1992.
The Speaker chairs the debates in the House and ensure
that the rules of debates are observed.
Her parents worked in the Yorkshire woolen mills and wel
active socialists. So politics was always a part of her life. 9
short period as a dancer was followed by a secretarial caredT
She worked for a number of leading figures in the Labour Pa
Her day begins at 7.30. She says that her working day lasts 14
hours. She also represents the House at home and abroad, j
She is single and leads an isolated life but she says: I enjoy
every minutes of my special job.
1. Find the synonyms in the text-
unmarried; factory; to choose; to hold; to guarantee;
2. Combine the words from A and B:

A: woolen; secretarial; leading; working; special; isolated
B: figure; life; mills; career; job; day.
Betty
was elected Speaker in 1994.
Her
parents worked in Sussex.
Her
parents were active socialists.
Her
day begins at 7.45.
She
is married.
56
Is Betty the Lord Chancellor?
Was Betty a singer?
Does she represent the House of Commons abroad?
Does Betty enjoy her special job?
What are her main duties during the sessions?
5, Complete the sentences:

1) Speaker represents the House at home and ...
2) Betty enjoys every minute .
3) Betty is single and leads ...
4) Her parents were .
5) The Speaker ensures that the rules ...
5.

450 ,
,
4 .
,
21 , 5
.
,
,
.
Unit 23
THE LEGISLATIVE POWER IN THE USA
Article I of the Constitution grants all legislative powers of the federal government to
a Congress divided into two chambers, a Senate and a House of Representatives.
57
The Senate, the smaller of two, is composed of two members
for each state as provided by the Constitution. Membership in
the House is based on population and its size is therefore not
specified in the Constitution.
The Constitution requires that US senators must be at least
30 years of age, citizens of the US for at least 9 years, and,
residents of the state from which they are elected.
Members of the House of Representatives must be at least
25, citizens for 7 years, and residents of the states which send
them to Congress.
Each state is entitled to two senators. Thus, Rhode Island,
the smallest state, has the same senatorial representation as
Alaska, the biggest state.
The senatorial term is six years, and every two years onethird of the Senate stands for election.
Members of the House serve two-year terms. The total
number of the House has been determined by Congress. That
number is then divided among the states according to their
populations. Regardless of its population, every state is
guaranteed at least one seat on the House. At present, Alaska
has only one representative, while California alone has 45.
Today the House is composed of435 members, roughly one
for each 530,000 persons in the United States.
The 20th Amendment of the Constitution provides that the
Congress will meet in regular session each January 3, unless
Congress fixes a different date.
The Congress remains in session until its members vote to
adjourn - usually late in the year. The president may call a
special session when he or she thinks it necessary. Sessions are
held in the Capitol on Washington, D.C.
Each house of Congress has the power to introduce
legislation on any subject except revenue bills, which must
originate in the House of Representatives. But the Senate may
disapprove a House revenue bill or add amendments wich
change its nature. In that event, a conference committee made
58
up of members from both houses must work out a compromise acceptable
to both sides.
The Senate has the sole power to confirm presidential appointment of
high officials and ambassadors and the authority to ratify all treaties by a twothirds vote.
In the case of impeachment of federal officials, the House h a s t h e sole
right to bring charges of misconduct that can lead to an impeachment trial. At
the same time the Senate has the sole power to try impeachment cases and to
find officials guilty or not guilty. A finding of guilt results in the removal of the
federal official from public office.
Tasks and exercises
1. Answer the questions on the text:
1) What powers does Article I of the Constitution grant?
2) What is the structure ofthe Congress?
3) What is required ofthe would-be senators?
4) Why has Rhode Island the same senatorial representation as Alaska?
5) How many seats are guaranteed for every state
regardless ofthe population?
6 ) What rule does the 20 lh Amendment provide?
7) Which chamber has the power to introduce legislation?
8) Which chamber has the sole power to confirm
presidential appointments?
9) Has the Senate right to bring charges that can lead to in impeachment
trial?
2. Tick off the correct sentences:
1) The Senate has the sole power to find officials guilty or not guilty.
2) The House of Representatives has the sole power to
confirm ambassadors.
3) The Senate ratifies all treaties by a two-thirds vote.
4) Revenue bills are originated by the Senate.
5) Sessions are held in the Capitol in Washington, D.C.
59
6) Each state is entitled to two senators.
7) Any U.S. senator must be at least 40 years old.
8) Members
year terms.
of
the
House
of
Representatives
serve
two-

1) Each state is entitled to ..
2) Each state is guaranteed at least....
3) The senatorial term is . . .
4) Each house of Congress has the power ... .
5) The Senate may disapprove ....
6) A finding of guilt results ...,
4. Give the words of the same root:
conduct; to remove; to appoint;
to approve; to represent; regard.
5. Restore
the
situations
round
the
following
figures:
a) 2/3; 25; 9; 7; 30;

b) Alaska; California; Rhode Island.
6. Explain who is eligible and who is not. Why?
1) Mike wishes to become a senator. He is a citizen off
California. He is 31 years old.
2) Pete wishes to become a senator. He is a citizen of

Alaska. He is 25 years old.
3) Alice wishes to become a member of the House of

Representatives. She lives in Rhode Island and is
going to represent Alaska.
4) Mary is 26 years old. She is eager to become a senaton

She was born in London and she is a citizen of the US
for 10 years.
7. Speak on the work of the Congress.

8. Read and insert the prepositions missing:
The broad powers of the whole Congress are spelled
... in the eighth section of the first article of the Constitution:
words
and
to levy and collect taxes;

60
to borrow money ... the public treasure;
to make rules and regulations governing commerce ... the states and
with foreign countries;
to make uniform rules ... the naturalization of foreign citizens;
to coin money, state its value, and provide ... the punishment of
counterfeiters;
to set the standards ... weights and measures;
to establish bankruptcy laws for the country as a whole;
to establish post offices and post roads;
to issue patents and copyrights;
to set... a system of federal courts;
to punish piracy;
to declare war;
to raise and support armies;
to provide ... a navy;
to call ... the militia to enforce federal laws, suppress lawlessness or
repel invasions by foreign powers;
to make all laws for the District of Columbia;
to make all laws necessary to enforce the Constitution.
9, What are the main duties of the whole Congress according to the 8 th section of
the first Article of the Constitution?
Unit 24
PROCEDURE OF PASSING BILLS IN
GREAT BRITAIN
A law passing through Parliament is called a bill.

It becomes an Act of Parliament, when it is passed by Parliament.
61
When the bill is introduced it receives its formal "first reading" after which it
is printed and circulated to members. The first reading of a bill is scarcely
objected to as there is no debate or amendment allowed at this stage.
At the second reading the bill is debated. When the second reading takes
place, the member who has introduced the bill makes speeches explaining the
reasons for bringing it forward. If the bill passes this stage it is sent to a
Committee where details are discussed and amendments generally made.
Finally the bill is given a third reading. If the bill has a majority of votes it
will go before the House of Lords.
In practice the House of Lords can not reject bills passed by the House of
Commons. The Lord can only delay bills which they don't like.
A bill becomes an Act of Parliament when the Queen signs it.
Tasks and exercises
1.
Find the pairs of synonyms:
lawgiving; reject; approve; draft; statute; decline; lawmaking;

draw up; pass; legislative instrument.
2. Match
the words and expressions from A with those given in B:
A: ; ; ;
; ; .
: sponsor of a bill; the legislature; to pass a bill; to discuss a bill; interpellation;
to decline a bill.
3. Read and translate into Ukrainian.
Insert the missing words given in the table below:

1)
Mr. Black decided to table ... into Parliament.
2)
The bill was not passed. It was ... by the majority
3)
Sam studies the ... of the legislation.

62
4)
In other words a bill is a ... of law.
5)
We want to discuss this bill with its...
Rejected; draft; a bill; fundamentals; sponsor.

4.Guess the words which mean:
1) a person who draws up and brings a bill into a Parliament.
2) asking a government minister for some explanations of the policy of his
department.
3)
a legislative document before it becomes a statute or an Act of
Parliament.
5. Put the verbs in the Passive Voice.
When a Bill (to introduce) in the House of the Commons, it receives a
formal first reading. It (to print) and then (to read) a second time, when it (to
debate) but not (to amend). After the second reading the Bill (to refer) to a
committee. Here it (to discuss) in detail and (to amend), if necessary. Then the
Bill (to prevent for a third reading and to debate). If the Bill (to pass) by the
Commons, it goes to the Lords where it goes through the same procedure as in
the Commons. After the Royal Assent the Bill becomes an Act of Parliament.
Bill administered bill; clear bill; companion bill; omnibus
bill; package bill.
7. Read and paraphrase the sentences:
1) Who drew up this bill?

2) Was ihe bill approved?
3) They postponed the discussion of the bill.
4) Are you going to table this bill into the Parliament?
5) The bill will not be declined.
63
Unit 25
PASSING THE BILL IN THE USA
One of the major characteristics of the Congress is the dominant role
committees play in its proceedings. At presenl the Senate has 16 standing or
permanent committees, the House of Representatives has 22. Each specializes
in specific areas of legislation: foreign affairs, defense, banking, agriculture,
commerce, etc. Every bill introduced in either house is referred to a committee
for study and recommendation. The committee may approve, revise, kill or
ignore any measure referred to it.
When a committee has acted favorably on a bill, the proposed legislation
is then sent to the floor for open debate. In the Senate, the rules permit virtually
unlimited debate. In the House tin Rules Committee usually sets limits.
When debate is ended, members vote either to approve Ilia bill, defeat it,
table it or return it to committee.
A bill passed by one house is sent to the other for action. If the bill is
amended by the second house, a conference committee composed of members
of both houses attempts to reconcile
THE DIFFERENCES .
Once passed by both houses, the bill is sent to the president. The
president has the option of signing the bill or vetoing it. A bill vetoed by the
president must be reapproved by a two thirds vote of both houses to become
law.
Tasks and exercises

1)
What role do committees play in the proceedings of the Congress?

2)
What powers do the committees have?
3)
Are unlimited debates permitted in the Senate and the House of

Representatives?
4)
What committee attempts to reconcile the differences?
5)
What happens to a bill vetoed by the president?

64
2. Arrange the statements in the correct order:

1)
One passed by both houses, the bill is sent to the president.
2)
A bill passed by one house must be sent to the other.
3)
A bill vetoed by the president must be reapproved by two-thirds vote of
both houses.
4) If the bill is amended by the second house, a conference committee
tries to reconcile the differences.
Committee permanent committee; standing committee; conference
committee; credentials committee; the Rules committee; drafting
committee; select committee; watch committee; ways and means
committee (in the USA); auditing committee;
4. Read and retell the text:
Despite the Constitutional provision that all legislative powers shall be
vested in the Congress, the president, as the chief formulator of public policy,
has a major legislative role.
The president can veto any bill passed by Congress. Unless
Two-thirds in each House vote to override the veto, the bill does not become law.
Much ofthe legislation dealt with by Congress is drafted at the initiative ofthe
executive branch. In an annual and special messages to Congress, the president
may propose legislation he or she believes is necessary.
The president as head of a political party and as principal executive

officer of the U.S. government, is in a position to influence public opinion
and thereby influence the course of legislation in Congress. Presidential
aides keep abreast of all important legislative activities and try to persuade
senators and representatives of both parties to support administration
policies.
Veto to veto a bill; to override the veto.
65
6.

1)
Officially all legislative power is vested ... the

Congress.
2)
President can veto ... any bill.
3)
Much of the legislation is drafted ... the initiative of

the executive branch.
4)
President is ... a position to influence public opinion,
5)
Presidential aides keep abreast ... all important

legislative activities.
7.

, ,
.

.
'
, ,

.

, '
.
Unit 26
POLITICAL PARTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN
Britain has in practice a two-party system though difTemd parties take part
in the election campaign.
From 1832 to 1918 the dominant parties in GB were the Conservatives or
Tories on the one hand and the Whigs or
66
Liberals on the other. Later the Labour party backed the trade unions
replaced the Liberals and since 1924 the political scene has been dominated by
the Conservative and Labour parties.
Iiu- Conservative party is supported traditionally by the rich and the
privileged the monopolists and landowners.
The formation of the Labour party at the beginning of the century was a
victory of the labour movement. But there were not any radical changes in its
policy in comparison with the Tories.
TODay it is sometimes extremely difficult to tell the difference between
the Labour and the Conservative policies.
THE present day political scene is a combination of various political
parties: the Conservatives, the Labour, the Liberal- Democratic party. The
Parlamentary representation of the Liberal- Democratic party today is almost
insignificant. But it plays a certain role in tipping the scales between the two
largest parties.
Tasks and exercises
1. Match elements from A with those from B:

A
- ;
party ins;
- ;
party outs;
- ; nomination meeting;
- party card;
;
2. Sort out the expressions into 2 groups:
)
b)
party in office; party in power; party in opposition; ruling

party; party ins; party outs.
3. ANSWER the questions:
1) What are the main parties in GB?
2) Whom did and do the Tories, later the Conservatives support?
67
3)Does the Labour Party support the private ownership and enterprise?
4)
What influential parties formed an alliance?
4. Speak on one of the main parties of GB.
Unit 27
POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE USA
Political parties are the basis of the American political
system. Curiously, the Constitution makes no provisions for
political parties nor for their role as the vehicle by which
candidates for public office are proposed to the voters. At the
national level, the United States employs a two-party system
that has remained durable throughout the nation's history, even
though rival national parties have appeared and disappeared

from the political scene.
Today, the Democratic Party, which traces back its origins
to the nation's third president, Thomas Jefferson, and the
Republican Party, founded in 1854, continue to dominate
politics at the federal, state and local levels.
One explanation for the longevity of the Republican and
Democratic parties is that they are not tight ideological
organizations, but loose alliances of state and local parties that
unite every four years for the presidential election.
Both parties compete for the same broad center of the
American electorate, though Republicans are generally more
conservative than Democrats.
Nevertheless, other parties are also active, and particularlv
at the state and local levels. They may succeed in electing
candidates to office and in exercising considerable influence.
Tasks and exercises
1. Read
2.
the text.

68
1) What
2)
institutions make up the basis of the American political system?
Are there any provisions for political parties in the Constitution ofthe
USA?
3)
4)
What role did Tomas Jefferson play in the party-system formation?

Are the Republican and Democratic parties tight ideological
organizations?
5)
Which party is more conservative?
6)
Do any other parties have chances to elect their candidates to office?
3. Retell the text in detail.
4. Render the gist ofthe text in 5-6 sentences.

5. Find the materials concerning the functions of the parties of the USA.
Unit 28
THE ITALIAN FASCIST PARTY
Mussolini organized the Italian Fascist Party in 1919. He took the name
fascist from the Latin word fasces. It meant the bundle of rods bound
around an ax, which had been the symbol of authority in the Roman Empire.
The aim of the Fascists was to gain political power. At first, Mussolini
tried to do it legally through elections. But he didn't win many votes.
In SEptember, 1922, some 10 thousand armed Fascists marched on Rome.
The king, afraid of a civil war, invited Mussolini to become prime Minister. In
the next 9 years, the latter used every means, including terror, to make himself
dictator of Italy.
The Fascist party became the only legal party in the country.
Fascism permitted private ownership of property and capital. But it
refused to allow opposing political parties. It used
69
censorship, denied civil rights and took complete control of people's lives.
Subversive books were burnt.
Tasks and exercises
1.
Find the words of the same root in the text above:
censor; civilian; authoritarian; owner; subversion;

legal; refusal; permission; elect.
2.
Give the forms of participle II and past simple of the following verbs:
to burn
to bind
to take
to win
to become
3.
4.

1)
What is the origin of the word fascist?
2)
What was the aim of the fascists in Italy?
3)
Did Mussolini try to gain power by force?
4)
Why did the king invite Mussolini to become prime minister?
5)
What means did Mussolini use to make himself dictator?
6)
How many legal parties were there in the Italy of Mussolini?
7)
Did people enjoy any freedoms?
8)
What happened to the so-called subversive books' 1
Analyse the regime of Mussolini from the juridical poml of view. Which
laws and rights were completely ignored by the fascists?

5.
Agree or disagree:
1)
The word fascist is of Greek origin.
2)
Mussolini won many votes during the elections.
3)
In 1922 the armed fascists marched on Milan.
4)
There were a lot of legal parties in Italy.

70
5) Fascists permitted private ownership of property.

6. Retell the basic text ofthe Unit.
Unit 29
ELECTIONS IN GREAT BRITAIN
Since the Parliament Act of 1911 the maximum life of the House of
Commons has been restricted to five years.
The franchise, that is right to vote, became universal for men in the XIX
century. Women's suffrage came later in two stages (1918 and 1928).
For parliamentary elections the United Kingdom is divided into 651

constituencies. The average constituency contains about 60,000 registered votes.
Voting is held on the same day (usually on Thursday) in all constituencies,
and the voting stations are open from 7 in the morning till 9 at night. Each voter
has only one vote. If the voter is ill or is away on business he is allowed to send
his vote by post.
Voting is not compulsory. But in the autumn of each year every house
holder is obliged by law to enter on the register of electors the name of every
resident who is entitled to vote. It is permitted to vote only at the polling station
appropriate to one's address.
Tasks and exercises
1. Find the synonymic groups:
election results, affirmative and negative votes;
decisive vote; elector; suffrage; election returns;
the ayes and the nays; voting paper; elector's roll;
casting vote; franchise; ballot-paper; constituent;
voter's list;
2. P ARA phrase the sentences using the words from the frame:
71
to postpone; suffrage; to collect; the returns;
affirmative votes
3.
1)
The vote was deferred.
2)
Women won the right to vote in two stages.
3)
The results of the vote will be declared tomorrow.
4)
Did he manage to gain the majority of votes?
5)
How many votes for were cast?

1)
2)
?
?
3)
4.
4)
5)
Match the elements from A with the elements from B:

A
to carry elections;
regular elections;
elections on a populatim
basis

Ha
5.
to lose the elections;

election returns;
Combine the elements from lines a) and b) to get some
election thematic words and expressions:
6.
a)
polling; election; ballot;
b)
commission; box; station; campaign.
Translate the sentences with the noun
candidate:
1) This candidate was struck off the list
72
2)
This candidate has been voted down.
3)
Who has the right to nominate a candidate?
4) It
was a candidate returned by a broad margin.
7. Match the words from A with the elements from B:

A
B
tie
aye
plurality
suffrage
nay
8. Read and translate the word combinations:

voting
open voting; popular voting;
en bloc voting; repeated voting;

roll-call voting; clause-by-clause
voting; voting by proxy.
ballot
absentee ballot; secret ballot;
additional ballot; successive ballot.

to vote
to vote by show of hands;
to vote by roll call; to vote article by

article; to vote by cards; to vote for a
list of candidates.
elections
pre-term elections; equal elections;
mid-term elections; parliamentary elections;

direct elections; local elections;
close elections; returns of the elections.
9. Read about voters in GB and try to retain the information in your memory.
Who may vote: All British citizens may vote
provided they are aged 18 years
or over and are not legally
barred from voting.
Who may not vote: peers, who are members of
The House of Lords;
73
foreign nationals;
people kept in hospital under mental
health legislation;
people serving prison sentences;
people convicted within the previous
five years of corrupt or illegal
election practices.
10.
Using
the
data
given
in
task
9,
underline
the
names
of
the people who may not vote:
11.
1)
Mr. Brown, a citizen of Canada.
2)
Mr. White, a patient of the mental hospital.
3)
Mr. Black, a manager.
4)
Mrs. Down, a housewife.
5)
Mr. Land, a prisoner.
Now
read
about
candidates
to
the
Parliament
in
learn the information:

Any person aged 21 or over who is a British citizen may
stand for election to Parliament, provided he is not disqualified.
Those disqualified include:
people who are bankrupt;
people sentenced to more than one year's imprisonment;
clergy of the Church of England, Church of Scotland, etc.;
members of the House of Lords;
a range of public servants and officials, specified by law.
They include judges, civil servants, some local government
officers, full-time members of the armed forces and police
officers.
12.
Now tick off the names of those citizens who may stand
GB
and
for election using the information given in point II.

1)
Mr. Green is a colonel.
2)
Mr. Brown is a bishop of the Church of England.
3)
Mr. Grey is a life peer.
4)
Mr. Tompson is a worker.
5)
Mr. Yellow is under 21.

74
13.
Read
about
canvassing
in
GB.
Insert
the
preposition
missing:
Canvassing involves local party workers visiting the homes
... voters and asking them whether they intend to vote ... their
party candidate.
... polling day party workers can revisit the homes ... those
people who have promised to support their party. If they failed
to vote the party workers urge them to do so.
14. Now
translate into English:
,
.
,
.

.
Unit 30
THE EXECUTIVE POWER
IN GREAT BRITAIN
The Government is formed by the leader of the majority in

the House of Commons.
The Cabinet developed from the Privy Council, which used
to be body of advisers of English monarchs. As the system of
Cabinet developed, the Privy Council declined in importance,
though it still exists and functions.
The Privy Council consists of members of the royal family,
the archbishops, colonial governors and senior ministers. There
are about 300 of them altogether.
75
Cabinet consists mostly of heads of chief government departments. It also
includes some ministers with few or no departmental responsibilities handed by
the Prime Minister. The whole body of the ministers is about 20 persons.
As the principal executive body under the UK constitution, its function is
to formulate government policy and to carry it into effect.
The Cabinet has no statutory foundation and exists entirely by convention.
The Cabinet is bound by the convention of collective responsibility. It
means that all members should fully support Cabinet decisions.
A member who disagrees with a decision must resign. If the government
loses a vote of confidence, or suffers any other major defeat in the House of
Common, the whole Cabinet must resign.
Tasks and exercises

1.
Read the basic text and answer the questions:

1)
From what Council did the Cabinet develop?
2)
Does the Privy Council still exist?
3)
What can you say about the members of the Privy Council?
4)
Has the Cabinet statutory foundation?
2.
5)
What does the convention of collective responsibility mean?
6)
What happens to a member of the Cabinet who disagrees?
7)
Who resigns if the government loses a vote of confidence?
Complete the sentences using the Conditional Mood.

1) If Mr. Black disagreed with the decision of the Cabinet he would ...
76
3.
2)
If this government lost a vote of confidence the whole Cabinet ...
3)
If the government suffered any major defeat, it would
4)
If you were a member of the Cabinet you should ...
5)
If you were archbishop you could ...
Read about the Prime Minister in GB. Insert the words missing:
The Prime Minister is also, ... tradition, First Lord of the Treasury and
Minister for the Civil Service. The Prime Minister's unique position of authority
derives ... majority support in the House of Commons and from the power to
appoint mid dismiss ministers. ... modern convention, the PM always mis ... the
House of Commons.
The PM presides ... the Cabinet. He is responsible ... the nlloeation of
functions ... ministers and informs the Queen at irf.ular meetings of the general
business ofthe Government.
The PM's office ... 10 Downing Street, the official residence Hi I .ondon,
has a staff of civil servants who assist the PM.
4.
Match the functions with the ministries and departments:

A
1)
2)
administration of the
a) Ministry of Agriculture,
armed services
Fisheries and Food
crime prevention
b) Department of the
Environment
3)
wild life protection
c) Home Office
4)
horticulture
d) Department of
Transport
5)
6)
domestic and international e) Foreign and

civil aviation
Commonwealth office
protection of British
f) Ministry of Defense
interests abroad
1) All the Ministries in GB are called departments.
77
6.
2)
The minister of interior affairs is called the Foreign Secretary.
3)
The Cabinet is formed by the Lord Chancellor.
Read the text and discuss the notion Ministerial responsibility:

Ministerial responsibility refers both to the collectivc responsibility for
government policy and actions, which ministers share, and to ministers'

individual responsibility foi their department's work.
The doctrine of collective responsibility means that the Cabinet acts
unanimously even when Cabinet Ministers do not all agree on a subject. Once
the Government's policy on a mattei has been decided, each minister is expected
to support it or resign.
The individual responsibility of ministers for the work ol their
departments means that they are answerable to Parliament for all their
departments' activities.
7.
Read about the function of two ministries:

The Lord Chancellor's Department
The Department is responsible for the administration of the Supreme Court,

county courts and a number of tribunals. It also oversees the locally
administered Magistrate's courts and the official Solicitor's Department. It
controls all work relatinn to judicial appointments. The Department has the
overall responsibility for civil and criminal legal aid, and for the promotion of
general reforms in the Civil Law.
Home office
The ministry is responsible for administration of justice, treatment of
offenders, including probation and the prison service, the police. It also deals
with the crime prevention antl fire service. Regulation of firearms and dangerous
drugs is ;ihn in its authority. The ministry deals with passports, immigration and
race relations as well.
78
8.
Now
correct
the
lists
of
functions
and
responsibilities
of
these two ministries.

A.
The Lord Chancellor s Department:
a)
promotion of general reforms in the civil law;
b)
administration of tribunals;
c)
probation;
d) judicial
appointments;
e)
magistrates' courts.
B.
Home Office:
a)
fire service;
b)
passports;
c)
regulation of the prison service;
d)
administration of the Supreme Court;
e)
treatment of offenders.
9.Translate into English:

'-
,
-'-,
-'-,
. '-

.
'- .
'-
.

,
, ,
.

79
, .
10. Read the text and put 10 questions about it to your colleagues.
The Executive Departments

The day-to-day enforcement and administration of federal laws is in the hands
of the various executive departments. The heads of the departments, chosen by
the president and approved by the Senate, form a council of advisers generally
known as the president's Cabinet.
The Cabinet includes:
The Department of Agriculture (Created in 1862)
The Department of Commerce
The Department of Defense
The Department of Education
The Department of Energy
The Department of Health and Human Services
The Department of Housing and Urban Development
The Department of the Interior
The Department of Justice
The Department of Labor
The Department of State
The Department of Transportation
The Department of Treasury
The Department of Veteran Affairs
All departments are headed by a secretary, except the Justice Department,

which is headed by the Attorney General.
The Constitution makes no provision for a presidential Cabinet. It does not
name the departments nor describe then duties.
The departments are divided into divisions, bureaus, offices and services, each
with specific duties.
80
Unit 31
THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT
IN GREAT BRITAIN
The local government system of Britain gives significant mid extensive
power to local people, elected by their fellow- cilizens and directly accountable
to them. Local authorities take many crucial decisions that affect the well-being
of their community as a whole and of the individuals and families who lorm the
community.
Local authorities educate children, provide personal social services for
people who are vulnerable or in need, maintain roads will footpaths, run
transport services, safeguard the environment, piovide libraries, cultural and
recreational facilities. In short, local wilhorities lie at the heart of community
life.
From 1986 onwards two systems of local government coexisted in

England. London and the so-called metropolitan areas (i. e. the major
conurbations) were run by single-tier (unitary) wilhorities, responsible for all
local government functions. In i In- rest of Britain a two-tier system operated.
County or regional councils provided the large majority of local
government services, and were responsible for strategic planning, education and
social services.
District councils carried out more locally based functions such as local
planning, housing, refuse collection and most environmental services.
In the early 1990s the structure of local government in Britain became a
subject of public debate.
The government asked the Local Government Commission for England to
look at the case for replacing the two-tier structure nl county and district
councils with a structure based on all- purpose unitary authorities.
Following much debate and discussion in Parliament, the local authorities
and the local authority associations, and widespread public consultation, the
Commission favoured a
81
mixed system. It recommended the creation of unitary authorities in some parts
of the country and the retention of the existing two-tier system elsewhere.
The Government accepted most of the Commission's recommendations.
Tasks and exercises
1.
Read the basic text and explain the difference between the single-tier and
two-tier structure of the Local Government.

2.

1)
What system of local government exists in London?
2)
Did the Local Government Commission recommend to replace the twotier structure with a single-tier structure everywhere?
3)
Which system is more effective, in your opinion?
3.
Compare the service responsibilities of County and District Councils
concerning transport. Give your comments:

County Councils
District Councils
Public transport
Unclassified road
Highways and parking
Offstreet car parking
Traffic management
Footpaths and bridleways
Footpaths and bridleways Street lighting
Transport planning
4.
Using the data above (point 3) answer the question:

Do the councils share any functions? If so, which ones?
5.
Read the text and insert the words missing:
In England Councillors are elected to represent a geographical unit, known as

a ward or a division.
All local elections take place ... the first Thursday in May. If a councilor dies
or resigns ... his or her term of office, a by- election is held ... the ward he or she
represented to elect... a replacement.
Councillors are elected to serve ... four years.
To stand as a candidate, you must be 21 or ... and be a British citizen, or a
citizen of another Commonwealth country, or a citizen of another member
state ... the European Union.
82
...addition, you must either be ... the electoral register of the authority ...
which you wish to stand; or, the previous 12 months, have owned or rented land
or other premises in the area ofthe authority; or have your main place ... work
there; or live there.
But you do not have to live ... the ward or division ... which you are standing.
6.
Using the data above define the possible candidates:

1)
Mike is 21 years old and Sam is 18.
2)
Mr. Black, 38, lives in Lebanon.
3)
Mrs. Ticker has a dwelling house in the area of the authority.
4)
Mrs. Queen works in the area ofthe authority but she lives in the other
county.
5)
7.
Mr. Green is a citizen of Canada.
Insert the words from the frame bellow:
Voting qualifications
Unitary councils and district councils are responsible for ... the list of voters
in their area, known as the electoral .... The register is ... every autumn. It is
used for all elections local, ..., and European. It is an offence to ... putting
your name on the register. The register is also used for selecting people for ...
service.
To vote in a local election, you must be aged 18 or over, be a British ..., or a
citizen of another Commonwealth country, or a citizen of the ... Republic, or a
citizen of another member ... of the European Union.
A few small groups of people are from voting, chiefly prisoners and people
convicted of... or illegal election practices. British citizens living ... are also
ineligible to vote in local elections. i
overseas; corrupt; Irish; jury; compiling; register;
parliamentary; updated; avoid; citizen; state; barred.
83
8.
Cross out the wrong statements:

1)
British citizens living overseas are eligible to vote in local elections.
2)
If you are 21 years old you have no right to vote.
3)
Prisoners are barred from voting.
4)
Any citizen has the right to avoid putting his name on the electoral
register.
5)
The electoral register is also used for selecting people for jury service.
6)
The register is updated every spring.
7)
The register is used not only for local but also for European elections.
9.
Read the text and explain the notion the first-past-the- post system:
In England, Scotland and Wales, elections take place on the first-past-the-
post system. The candidate with the highest number of votes is elected, or in the
case of multi-member wards, the top two or three candidates. It is only
necessary to come out on top, not to gain 50 per cent or more of the total votes
cast.
10.
Read the text, try to retain in your memory the figures mentioned:
Voting is by secret ballot. Unlike parliamentary and European elections,

candidates do not have to pay a deposit to stand. There is currently a basic sum
of just over $ 200 per candidate, plus about 4 pence for every elector on the
register.
Each candidate must make a return (a formal detailed report) of their
expenses to the local authority concerned within 35 days of the result being
declared.
Turnout in local elections, i.e. the proportion of electors who cast their
vote, - is generally between about 35 per cent and 50 per cent. In 1992 the
average turnout in local elections in Britain was 43 per cent.
11. Now
12.
restore the situations round the following figures: 1992; 200; 50; 4.
Read and retell the text:

84
Local government
Types of city governments in the U.S. vary widely across the nation.
However, almost all have some kind of central council, elected by the voters,
and an executive officer, assisted by various department heads, to manage the
city's affairs.
The oldest form of city government is the Major-council. Its structure is
similar to that of the state and national governments, with an elected major as
chief of the executive branch, and an elected council representing the various
neighborhoods forming the legislative branch.
The major appoints heads of city departments and other officials,

sometimes with the approval of the council. He has the power of veto over city
ordinances and frequently is responsible for preparing the city's budget.
The council passes ordinances, the laws of the city, sets the tax rate on
property and apportions money among the various city departments.
Another system is called The Commission. This combines both the
legislative and executive functions in one group of officials, usually three or
more in number, elected city-wide. Each commissioner supervises the work of
one or more city departments. One is named chairman ofthe body and is often
called the major.
The third system is called The City Manager.
The City manager is a highly trained and an experienced professional who
is entrusted with most of the executive powers, including law enforcement and
provision of services.
The city manager plan has been adopted by a growing number of cities.
Under this plan, a small, elected council makes the city ordinances and sets
policy, but hires a paid administrator, a city manager, to carry out its
decisions.
The manager draws up the city budget and supervises most of the
departments. There is no set term: the manager serves as long as the council is
satisfied with his or her work.
13. Explain the notions Major-Council,
The Commission and City manager.
85
14. Give
the synonyms from the text:
ruling; to distribute; to control;

expert; to endower; to fulfil;
to help; consent; different.
15. Put
15 questions to the text:
The Local government in the USA (point 12).

16. Translate
into English:

.

.

.

,
.

, ,
, ;
; .

- , ,
.
86
Unit 32
DRAFT OF DECLARATION ON THE DEEPENING AND
STRENGTHENING OF DETENTE
<.. .> Guided by the supreme interests of peace and the fixture of mankind,
the General Assembly solemnly calls on all states to continue and increase
efforts to deepen and strengthen international detente, and to this end:
actively to help implement multilateral treaties and agreements serving to
strengthen international security and to develop peaceful relations, as well as the

UN declarations and resolutions directed at the achievement of these objectives;
- to advance resolute initiatives towards checking the stockpiling of

armaments and carrying out disarmament measures, with a view to the ultimate
achievement of general and complete disarmament under strict and effective
international supervision;
to contribute to the peaceful settlement without delay of conflict situations
and to preventing new situations of this order from arising;

- to pursue a policy of non-interference in the internal affairs of others and
mutual respect of sovereignty and independence;
to resolve differences and disputes by peaceful means, without recourse to
force or threat of force;

- to take due account of the legitimate interests and views of other states; <.>.
(Extract)
Tasks and exercises
1.
Match the words from A and B:
2.
A: multilateral; international (2); peaceful (3); ultimate; complete; internal;

mutual; legitimate; supreme
B: relations; interests (2); treaty; respect; security; achievement; means;
supervision; disarmament; settlement; affairs
87
2.
Fill in the gaps in the word combinations:
the future of... ;
to ... efforts;
to deepen and ... international detente;
to ... multilateral treaties;
to ... resolute initiatives;
to check the ... of armaments;
to carry out... measures;
3.
general and ... disarmament;
under ... and effective international supervision;
the peaceful settlement without...
... situations;
to ... a policy of non-interference;
to ... differences and disputes;
threat of... ;
to take ... account;
Insert the prepositions, if necessary:

1)
The General Assembly is guided ... the Supreme interests of peace and the
future ... mankind.
2)
The General Assembly calls ... all states to pursue a policy of peaceful
coexistence.
3)
This resolution is directed ... the development of peaceful relations.
4)
All the states must carry ... disarmament measures;
5)
These states should contribute ... the peaceful settlement of conflict

situations;
88
6) We must take due account ... the legitimate interests of the states.
4.

1)
6ara ;
2)
3)
4)
5)
5.
Pick out 5 key words in this text.
6.

end; use; implement; resolve; deepen;
decide; objective; strengthen.
7.
Find the words ofthe same root:

strength; implementation; arms; threaten supervisor;
prevention; interfere; settle; peace; course; solemn;
resolute.
8.
Speak on the main principles of the declaration under discussion.
9.
Read the article and answer the questions below.

Prosecutor told: nukes are criminal
The Director of Public Prosecutions has been asked to investigate a
complaint that British nuclear defense policy is illegal.

The International Law Against War group has sent a letter to the DPP
pointing out that in the past months several hundred non-violent peace protesters
have been arrested for such offences as breach of the peace and obstruction.
In all of these cases when the defendants cited international law to show
the crime ofthe government's defense policies the courts have asserted the
defense policy is crown prerogative.
This response seeks to place the government above the law in a matter of
fundamental importance to the life of every citizen say INLAW.
89
It brings the law into contempt and undermines the most basic principles of
democracy that every citizen is equal before the law.
INLAW which is a loose alliance of lawyers and peace activists argues that
the present defense policy based on nuclear weapons and threats of mass
destruction violates many international laws like the Hague Convention, Geneva
conventions and the United Nations Charter.
(Bennett H.)
1)
How is the abbreviation INLAW deciphered?
2)
What are the main purposes of this organization?
3)
What does the abbreviation DPP mean?
4)
Do you believe that the crown prerogative is valid in the case under
discussion?
Unit 33
THE CEREMONIAL OF
PRESENTING CREDENTIALS
The ceremonial of presenting credentials differs in several countries.
In Washington the Ambassador drives in his own car to the State
Department, whence he is accompanied by the Secretary of State to the White
House. They enter the Blue Room and the Secretary of State then disappears to
notify the President that they have now arrived. The President then enters,
accompanied by his Secretary. The Ambassador reads his address and the
President replies.
The speeches delivered on such occasions are of a purely formal character
and it is considered a breach of etiquette to mention in them any subject of
controversy which may exist between the two governments.
90
Having
presented
his
letters
of
credence,
the
regarded as well and truly accredited.

Tasks and exercises
1.
Find in the text above the words of the same root:
company;
note;
occasional;
credit;
existence.
envoy
is
then
2.

envoy; live; inform; regard; occasion;
notify; ambassador; exist; case; consider.
3.
4.
5.
... car;
the Secretary of... ;
a purely formal ... ;
a breach of... ;
subject of... ;
letters of... .
Give the British equivalents:
( );
a;

1)
In whose car does the Ambassador drive in Washington?
2)
By whom is the Ambassador accompanied to the White

House?
3)
What room do they enter?
4)
Does the President wait for the Ambassador in the

Blue Room?
91
5)
Do the President and the Ambassador discuss any subjects of controversy

between the two governments?
6)
6.

1)
2)
, .
5)
7.
When is the envoy regarded truly accredited?
3)
Ta .
4)
X ?

1)
The Ambassador drives ....
2)
He is accompanied by ... .
3)
The Ambassador and the Secretary of State enter ....
4)
The Secretary notifies ....
5)
The Ambassador reads ....
6)
His speech is of a purely ....
7)
The Ambassador does not mention ...
8)
The envoy is regarded accredited after ....
8. Speak on the ceremonial of presenting credentials in

a) Washington; b) Kyiv.
9. Read the text and prove that there exist close ties between Ukraine and
Canada. What is the role of the human factor in this partnership?
Derek R.T., Canada's Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador to
Ukraine, recently began his work in Ukraine.
Canada's long partnership with interest in Ukraine is explained by the
human factor: one million ethnic Ukrainians live in Canada.
Canada's Ambassador said:
The ties with Ukraine have a particular quality because the human
elements that link our two countries. There are a million Canadians of Ukrainian
origin. They are in all walks of life in
92
Canada. At various times the Governor General, the Deputy Prime Minister, and
the Minister of Finance have all been Ukrainians. Two of our provincial
Premiers are Ukrainians. As a result of these human ties, we have an instinctive
sense of solidarity with Ukraine.
10. Combine elements from A with those in B to get logical
word combinations:
A: extraordinary and plenipotentiary; particular; long; human; ethnic;
Ukrainian; instinctive
B: elements; Ukrainians; origin; sense; quality; ambassador; partnership
11.
Complete
the
chain
with
the
adjective
human:
life...
12.

1)
... various times different officials of higher rank have

been Ukrainians.
2)
Human elements link ... our two countries.
3)
Canada's interest... Ukraine is explained by the human

factor.
13.
4)
The Ukrainians are ... all walks of life in Canada.
5)
Mr. Black is an Ambassador ... Ukraine.
Explain the notions:

the Governor General; the Deputy Prime Minister;
the Minister of Finance; the provincial premier.
Unit 34
VISITS OF HEADS OF STATE
human
The
Sovereign
acts
as
host
to
the
heads
of
States
of
Com-
monwealth and other countries when they visit Britain. Such

93
guests stay at Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle or the Palace of
Holyroodhouse.
Their entertainment includes banquets, receptions and sometimes a special
ballet or opera performance, as well as visits to places of particular interest
throughout the country.
When heads of State visit Britain for other reasons, either private or official,
they are nearly always entertained or received by the Queen. Luncheons are
often held for other distinguished guests from overseas.
Tasks and exercises:
1. Find
in the text the words:
- - ;
, , -;
- - ;
- - ;
2.
1
2
3
4
5
, .
Find the words of the same root and write them instead of asterisks:
Nouns
Sea
*
*
*
Verbs
Adjectives
*
Entertain
reasonable
Perform
*
inclusive
distinguished
interest
private
guests
particular
visits
special
performance
94
4.

1)
The Sovereign acts as host ... the heads of States of

Commonwealth.
5.
2)
These guests stay ... Windsor Castle.
2)
... what reason did this minister visit Britain?
3)
Luncheons are held ... the distinguished guests.

1) Who
is qualified as a distinguished guest of the Queen?
2)
How are guests entertained in Britain?
3)
What do you know about the Castles and Palaces

mentioned in the text? Which of them are official royal
residences?
4)
Which countries belong to the States of Commonwealth? Name some of them.
5)
Which places of particular interest could you

recommend to visit if you were the Queen?
6.
Find
the
articles
which
describe
the
latest
visits
from overseas.
Be ready to discuss them with your colleagues.
7.
Read the text and insert the preposition missing:

Overseas Visits of the Queen
to
Britain
The overseas tours which the Queen and the Duke of

Edinburgh undertake fall ... three broad categories:
visits ... one or more of the Queen's other Realms,

the countries of which she is head of State;
visits to other Commonwealth countries, made ... the

invitation of the host government, and;
State visits to countries ... the Commonwealth at the

invitation of a foreign head of State and accepted ...
the advice of the British Government.
No previous Sovereign has undertaken overseas visits ...

such a scale, and indeed they have become one of the
Queen's most important functions. The Duke of Edinburgh has
also visited many countries by himself, both as the Queen's
representative and ... his own right.
95
8.
Match the words from A with the words from B:

A
9.
overseas
sovereign
host
tours
previous
government
important
categories
broad
function
10.
1)
She made this visit ... the invitation of the Prime Minister of Belgium.
2)
The invitation was accepted... the advice of the British government.
3)
The Duke of Edinburgh visits many countries ... his own right.
4)
No previous Sovereign has undertaken visits ... such a scale.
Paraphrase the parts underlined:

1)
The Queen undertakes a lot of o verseas tours.
2)
The overseas tours is one of the Queen's functions.
3)
Sometimes the Duke of Edinburgh visits countries as the Queen's

representative.
11.
4)
When did you receive an invitation from the host government?
5)
The Queen's overseas tours fall into three broad categories.
Transform the statements into general questions:

1)
The overseas tours are undertaken regularly.
2)
He has undertaken overseas visits on a great scale.
3)
Elizabeth II is the head of State.
12. Answer
the questions:
1)
Does the Queen undertake many overseas tours?
2)
Who usually accompanies the Queen?
3)
Does she visit only Commonwealth countries?
4)
Does the Queen accept the invitations on the advice of her husband?
96
5) Does the Queen travel much for pleasure?
13. Speak on the Queen's latest visits abroad.

Unit 35
EUROPEAN UNION (EU)
European Union includes 15 nations (Belgium, Denmark, France,
Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain,
the UK, Austria, Finland, and Sweden) that have joined together to form an
economic community with common monetary, political, and social aspirations.
The EU came into being on 1 November 1993 according to the terms of
the Maastricht Treaty.
European Parliament is of one the EU institutions. Members of the

European Parliament (MEPs) are drawn from member states of the EU but group
themselves politically rather than nationally.
The European Parliament holds its sessions in Strasbourg, but its
Secretariat General is in Luxembourg and its committees meet in Brussels. The
elected Parliament serves a term of five years, after which elections are held.
The European Parliament's power and influence derive chiefly from its
power to amend, and subsequently to adopt or reject, the EU's budget.
Tasks and exercises
1.Putin the articles if
1)...
2)...
3)...
4)...
5)...
necessary:
Sweden
Denmark
Netherlands
Brussels
European
Parliament
6)... Maastricht Treaty
97
7)
... Greece
8)
... Luxembourg
9)
... Strasbourg
10) ...
2.
United Kingdom

1)
How many nations does the EU include?
2)
Is the UK a member of the EU?
3)
Why did they decide to join together?
4)
What Treaty includes the terms on which the EU was

created?
5)
What countries have the right to send their representatives to the EP?
3.
6)
Where does the EP hold its sessions?
7)
How long does the elected Parliament serve?
8)
Can the EP amend the EU's budget?
Form the nouns from the following verbs:

To amend;
to adopt;
to reject;
to elect;
to aspire;
to include;
to derive.
Unit 36
THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
In 1958, the European Economic Community (Common Market) was
formed with six countries as members: Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the
Netherlands, and West Germany.
The goal of this organization was to create a common market in which
goods would flow tariff-free across the borders of these countries.
98
Such remarkable economic gains were made that by 1962 the European
Common Market had become the largest single trading bloc in the world.
Throughout the 1960s, Britain made several efforts to join the Common
Market. Each time, its application was blocked by President de Gaulle, who
feared that Britain's entry would lessen France's influence in Europe. After long
negotiations, Britain entered the Common Market in January, 1973. Ireland and
Denmark joined in the same year, increasing the membership to 9 countries.
Tasks and exercises
1. Read
the text and answer the questions:
1)
What is the correlation of the notions EEC and Common Market?
2) What
3)
is the correlation of the notions the Netherlands and Holland?
Which countries of Europe became members of the Common Market in

1958?
4)
Did the EEC organization make any gains by 1962?
5)
Was Britain a member of the Common Market in the 60s?
6)
Who blocked the application of Britain and why?
7)
When did Britain enter the Common Market?
8) What
2.
countries joined the Community in the same year?
Give the names of the corresponding countries:

Belgian ...
Italian ...
Luxembourg ...
German ...
Dutch ...
French ...
Danish ...
Irish ...
99
3.
Collect the data to prove that the Common Market made remarkable gains
by 1962.
4.

1) In
5.
common market goods flow ...
2)
Britain made several efforts to ...
3)
Its application was blocked by ...
4)
Britain's entry could ...
5)
Denmark joined ...
6)
In 1973 the membership increased ...
Give the synonyms from the text:
1) success; 2) union; 3) attempts; 4) weaken; 5) talks; 6) aim; 7)

boundaries; 8) join;
6.
7.
Find the words of the same root:
to apply;
creation;
enter;
less;
free;
remark;
negotiator.

1)
.
2)
9 .
3)
4)
1962 .
5)
.
8.1) Speak on the European Economic Community, its goal and functions.
2) Speak on the cooperation of Ukraine with the countries of the EEC.
100
Unit 37
THE UNITED NATIONS
Part I.
In October, 1944, delegates from the United States, Britain, and the Soviet
Union had met at Dumbarton Oaks, an estate in Washington, D.C. The delegates
drafted a charter for a United Nations organization which was approved in
principle at Yalta in February, 1945.
In June, 1945, representatives of 50 countries signed the charter at San

Francisco. By October of that year, 29 of these countries had ratified it, thus
establishing the United Nations (UN) as a formal organization.
Two major UN bodies were created, the General Assembly and the
Security Council.
Every member country had a representative in the General Assembly. The
Security Council had only eleven members.
The United States, the Soviet Union, Nationalist China, France and
Britain were the permanent members ofthe Security Council. The chief
responsibility of the Council was to keep peace in the world. Each of the five
permanent members could veto any decision.
At first, the General Assembly was less important than the Security
Council. The Assembly had no power of enforcement.
In 1945, the UN had 40 members. By September, 1976, it had 143.
Tasks and exercises
1. Decipher
2.
the abbreviations D.C.; UN.

1)
Who ratified the charter of the United Nations?
2)
What do you know about the two major UN bodies?
3)
What countries have a representative in the General Assembly?

101
3.
4)
Does every member country have a representative in the Security Council?
5)
What countries are permanent members of the Security Council?
6)
What is the principle responsibility of the Security Council?

; ; ;
(; );
(); ;
; .
4.
Choose the suitable forms:

1) The
General Assembly was (little; less) important than the Security
Council.
5.
6.
2)
29 of these countries had (ratifying; ratified) the charter.
3)
This charter was (approving; approved) in February, 1945.
4)
The delegates had (meeting; met) in Washington, D.C.
5)
Two major bodies (was, were) created within the UN.
Find the corresponding adjectives in the text:

1)
... organization;
2)
... bodies;
3)
... members;
4)
... responsibility;
5)
... Assembly.
What events are the following figures associated with?

1944; 50; 29; 143.
7.
8.

1)
France is one of the ...
2)
Any permanent member can ...
3)
The General Assembly had no ...
4)
Each member country has a representative ...
5)
50 countries signed the charter ...
Speak on the establishment of the UN.

Which countries were initiators of this organization?
What accelerated the process of its establishment?
102
9.
Analyse the structure ofthe UN and the functions of its main bodies.
10.
Find the fact to show the peaceful aspirations (intentions) ofthe UN.
Unit 38
THE UNITED NATIONS
Part II
The United Nations is an international organization, based in New York
and Geneva, set up by the United Nations Charter in 1945 to replace the League
of Nations.
The main aims of the UN are: (1) to maintain international peace and
security and to bring about settlement of international disputes by peaceful
means; (2) to develop friendly relations among nations; and (3) to achieve
international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic or
cultural nature and in promoting respect for human rights.
The Charter sets out certain fundamental principles, which include the
undertaking to refrain from using or threatening force against the territory or
political independence of any state.
The Charter establishes six principal organs, of which the most important
are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social
Council, and the International Court of Justice.
The General Assembly is the debating forum of the UN, consisting of all
the member states; it can pass resolutions, but these are not legally binding upon
member states.
The Security Council have five permanent members: China, France,
Russia, the United Kingdom, and the USA and ten temporary members elected
for two-year periods. Its resolutions are binding on member states, but each
permanent member has the right to veto a resolution.
103
Tasks and exercises
Insert the articles if
1)...
2)...
3)...
4)...
5)...
necessary:
League of Nations
Geneva
General Assembly
Security Council
International Court
of Justice
China
United Kingdom
USA
Economic and
6)...
7)...
8)...
9)...
Social Council
10)... United Nations Charter
2.

1)
The General Assembly is ...
2)
The Security Council have five permanent members:
3)
Ten temporary members are elected ...
4)
The resolutions of the Security Council are ...
5)
The main aims of the UN are: ...
6)
The most important organs established by the UN

Charter are ...
7)
3.
The UN was formed to replace ...

A
debating
independence
permanent
principles
political
forum
peaceful
means
fundamental
4.
members

1)
The Charter sets ... certain fundamental principles.
2)
The states should try to refrain ... using force.
3)
These resolutions are not legally binding ... member

states.
4)
Temporary members are elected ... two-year periods.

104
5)
These countries try to bring ... settlement of all the disputes ... peaceful
means.
6)
5.
These states achieved cooperation ... solving international problems.
Expand the sentences using the words in brackets:

1)
The Charter establishes six organs (principal).
2)
The resolutions of the General Assembly are not binding upon member
states (legally).
3)
The Charter sets out fundamental principles (certain).
4)
One of the main aims ofthe UN is to develop relations among nations

(friendly).
5) Another
6.
aim of the UN is to promote respect for human rights (main).
Tick off the wrong statements:

1) Ukraine
is a member of the UN.
2)
The UK is one of the five permanent members ofthe Security Council.
3)
All the resolutions of the General Assembly are legally binding upon
member states.
7.
4)
All the member states of the UN have the right to veto a resolution.
5)
The UN was set up in 1945.
6)
The UN replaced the League of Nations.
7)
The Charter establishes ten principal organs of the UN.

to cooperate; promotion; independent; to debate;
to resolve; to threat; peace; replacement; friend.
Unit 39
UNESCO
Part
The United Nations consists of about a dozen intergovernmental agencies,

each dealing with a particular economic, social or cultural field. They adopt a
universal viewpoint towards
105
the problems with which they deal and it is from the viewpoint of the
organization of mankind as a whole that they seek the precise solution required.
UNESCO the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization is one of these Specialized Agencies. It was officially
established in Paris on 4 November 1946.
UNESCO function through three bodies: the General Conference, the
Executive Board, and the Secretariat.
The General Conference consists of representatives of Member States. It
elects members of the Executive Board and the Director - General. It adopts the
programme and votes the budget for the succeeding two-year financial period,
and it is the sovereign body in deciding the general policy of the Organization.
The Executive Board originally consisted of 18 members elected by the
General Conference.
In 1954 the General Conference adopted an amendment to the
Constitution which while maintaining the principle of electing individuals and
not states, ruled that these individuals would not represent their governments.
Board members are elected for four years and they represent collectively
the entire General Conference. Half the members of the Board are elected every
two years.
Tasks and exercises
1. Read
the text and answer the questions:
1) Through
which three bodies does UNESCO function?
2)
How can you decipher the abbreviation UNESCO?
3)
Whom does the General Conference elect?
4)
Which body adopts the programme?
2.
5)
For what financial period is the budget voted?
6)
Do individuals represent their governments?
7)
For what terms are board members elected?
8)
When was UNESCO officially established?

106
3.
a . . . economic, social or cultural field;
a ... viewpoint;
to ... the precise solution;
the General ... ;
the Director ... ;
the ... body;
the ... General Conference;
a dozen ... agencies.
Speak on 1) the structure of UNESCO;

2) the main aims of UNESCO.
4.

1)
Each agency deals ... a particular field.
2)
UNESCO functions ... three bodies.
3)
The General Conference is the sovereign body ...

deciding the general policy of the Organization.
4)
Board members are elected ... four years.
5)
They adopt a universal viewpoint... the problems of

peace.
5.

1)
The United Nations consists of... .
2)
Every agency deals with ....
3)
UNESCO means ....
4)
UNESCO was officially established ....
5)
UNESCO functions ....
6)
The General Conference elects ....
7)
The General Conference adopts ....
8)
The Executive Board members are elected ....
9)
The amendment of 1954 maintains ....
10)
6.
Half the members ofthe Board ....
Find the antonyms in the text:

hostile; dependent; separate; general;
dominate; decline; vote down; individually.
7.

delegate; vote; body; representative; entire; special;
adopt; whole; agency; particular; establish.
107
8.
Give the corresponding nouns:
establish; adopt; amend; represent; require; elect; decide.

Unit 40
UNESCO
Part II
The Executive Board is supervising the execution of the programme and the
administration of the budget between sessions of the General Conference. It also
examines the draft programme and budget for the next two-year period which is
submitted to the Conference with the recommendations. It also nominates a
candidate prior to the election of the Director General. The Board generally
meets twice a year for sessions of three to four weeks.
The Secretariat is the executive body responsible for normal functioning and
for the application of decisions taken by the General Conference and the
Executive Board. Its official working languages are English and French; the
languages of the General Conference and the Executive Board are English,
French, Russian and Spanish.
The UNESCO Secretariat is divided into four principal sectors, each headed
by an Assistant Director - General responsible for two departments: education
(Department of School and High Education, and Department of Adult Education
and Youth Activities); science (Department of Advancement of Science, and
Department of Application of Science to Development); social and human
sciences and culture (Department of Social Sciences and Department of
Culture); communication (Department of Mass Communication and Department
of International Exchange).
(Abridged, from UNESCO Informational Manuals).
108
Tasks and exercises
1.
to supervise the ... ofthe programme;
the ... programme;
the next ... period;
to ... a candidate;
the election of the ... General;
the ... body;
normal ... ;
the application of... ;
working ... ;
principal ... ;
Department of... Education;
Department of... of Science;
Social and ... sciences;
Department of International ....
2.

recommend; submit; nominate;
execute; apply; advance; draft;
supervise.
3.
Combine the suitable elements with the help of the
conjunction and\
the execution ...
draft
the programme ...
the Executive Board
the General Conference administration
English ...
Department of School ... Youth Activities
Department of Adult
High Education
Education...
French
4.
Put 10 questions to the text to cover its details.
5.
Speak on the working languages ofthe UNESCO.
6.
Speak on 1) the functioning of the UNESCO

Secretariat;
2) the functioning ofthe UNESCO
Executive Board.
109
7.

1) The UNESCO Secretariat is divided ...
8.
2)
Each Assistant Director General is responsible ...
3)
The Secretariat is ...
4)
The Executive Board nominates ...
5)
The Board generally meets ...
6)
The Board examines ...
7)
The Executive Board is supervising ...
Make up sentences using the key words or expressions:
9.
1)
working languages // English and French // official;
2)
budget // the Executive Board // two-year period;
3)
sessions // supervise // the General Conference.
Find in the text the equivalents:
10.

1)
The Executive Board nominates a candidate ...

to the election of the Director - General.
2)
The Secretariat is responsible ... normal functioning of all the Bodies and
departments.
3)
The Secretariat is divided ... four principal sectors.
4)
The Board generally meets twice a year ... sessions of three ... four
weeks.
Unit 41
THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY
The North Atlantic Treaty was signed in 1949. The twelve countries were
Belgium, Britain, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the
Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,
110
and the United States. In this treaty, they agreed to defend each other if
attacked.
They set up the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) with its own
military force made up of units from each of the countries involved.
Greece and Turkey joined NATO in 1952, and West Germany joined in
1955.
Tasks and exercises
1.
Give the names of the corresponding countries:
Belgian
Canadian
Danish
Icelandic
Italian
Luxemburg
Dutch
Norwegian
Portugese
Greek
Turkish
2.
Give the synonyms:

agreement; enter; comprise; conclude; establish; organize.
3.
Open the brackets using the correct form or word:

1)
The Netherlands (are; is) a member of NATO.
2)
(Greece; Greek) joined NATO in 1952.
3)
All the countries (involving, involved) detach its military force on a

special duty in case of necessity.
4.
Speak on the structure and goals of NATO.
5.
Read the text and put 5 questions:

International organizations
In 1868, twenty nations set up the International Telegraph Union. In 1874, the
General Postal Union was formed. International agreement were also reached on
such matters as
111
weights and measures, underwater cables, navigation of international

rivers, and protection of wildlife.
The Greek Olymic games were revived in 1896.
The International Red Cross was founded to help lessen the hardships of
war. The Geneva Convention of 1864 was a set of agreements reached at the
first meeting. It became a model for other international agreements covering
victims of warfare at sea, prisoners of war, and civilians during wartime.
In spite of the growth of international organizations and trade, fear and
suspicion spread among rival European countries between 1900 and 1914.
6.
Find the equivalents in the text:
- ;
7.

A
8.
underwater
countries
international
cables
European
rivers
Write the words intothe diagram using the active vocabulary of the text:
112
9.
Copy out from the text all the words and expressions
with the element war.

10.
1)
They reached an agreement on the protection of... .
2)
The Greek Olympic games were ... in 1896.
3)
The International Red Cross was founded to ... the hardships of war.
4)
The Geneva Convention is a ... of agreements reached in 1864.
5)
This agreement... victims of warfare at sea; prisoners of war, and civilians

during wartime.
11.
Choose the right preposition:
1)
Suspicion spread (among; between) rival European countries.
2)
The agreement was reached (in; at) the first meeting.
3)
This Convention is a model (to; for) other agreements.
4)
In spite (of; to) the growth of cooperation fear spread between these two
countries.
Unit 42
TERRORISM
Certain special powers are available to assist in preventing and investigating

terrorist crime.
The Prevention of Terrorism Act of 1989 applies throughout Britain. It
makes it unlawful to support specified organizations involved in terrorism.
The legislation also gives the police wider powers to deal with suspected
terrorists. For example, the police may arrest terrorist suspects without warrant
and hold them for up to 48 hours, and ministerial approval may be sought to
extend detention for up to a further five days. There are also special powers for
the police to conduct security checks at ports and airports.
113
The 1989 Act contains strong powers to deal with those who provide financial
support for terrorism, or who launder terrorist funds. Under these powers, the
restraint or forfeiture of terrorist funds can be ordered. The legislation of GB
allows for reciprocal enforcement arrangements with other countries.
The Public Order Act 1994 gives the police new powers to stop and search for
articles which may be used for terrorists purposes, and created a new offence of
possession of such articles.
The Government maintains that there should be no concessions to terrorist
demands and that international cooperation is essential in tracking down
terrorists and impeding their movement between countries.
Tasks and exercises

1. Read
and translate:
terrorist crime; prevention of terrorism;

suspected terrorists; to launder terrorist funds;
the forfeiture of terrorist funds; restraint
of terrorist funds; terrorist purposes;
terrorist demands; to track down terrorists.
2.

1)
The police have the powers to search... articles which may be used for
terrorist purposes.
2)
There shouldn't be concessions ... terrorist demands.
3)
International cooperation is essential in tracking ... terrorists.
4)
The legislature of GB allows ... reciprocal enforcement arrangements

with other countries.
5)
The legislation also gives the police wide powers to deal ... suspected
terrorists.
3.
Make up sentences using the key words:

1)
to arrest // warrant // the police
2)
to order // terrorist funds // forfeiture

114
4.
3)
five days // detention // to extend
4)
security checks // to conduct // ports and airports
5)
unlawful // to support // terrorist organizations
Restore the situations around the following figures:

48; 5; 1994; 1989.
5.
Form the corresponding nouns:

to conduct; to extend; to detain;
to suspect; to support; to restrain;
to forfeiture; to enforce; to search; to concede.

6.
Read the text and answer the questions below:
The 1978 Suppression of Terrorism Act brings into force in Ftiglish law the
provisions ofthe 1977 European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism. It
provides that a large number of offences often committed by terrorists are not to
be treated as offences of a political nature, so that persons suspected of having
committed them are liable to extradition under the relevant Acts.
1)
What documents providing for suppression of terrorism arc mentioned in
the text?
2)
Who is liable to extradition according to these documents?
7.
Give the English equivalents of the following notions:

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
... .
9. Read the text and insert the words from the frame:
Hijacking
Hijacking means seizing or exercising control of... in flight by the use or
threat of force. This term derives from the call
115
Hi Jack, used when illegal alcohol was seized from ... during ... in the United
States.
Hijacking is prohibited in international law by the Tokyo Convention 1963,
which defines the conditions under which jurisdiction may be assumed over ...,
but does not oblige states to exercise such jurisdiction and does not create an
obligation ... hijackers.
A Hague Convention of 1970 and a Montreal ... of 1971 provide for
compulsory jurisdiction as well as extradition.
An aircraft; Prohibition; bootleggers; hijackers; to
extradite; Convention
10. Answer the questions on the text (see task 9):
1)
What is the origin of the term hijacking?
2)
Does the Tokyo Convention provide for compulsory

jurisdiction to be assumed over hijackers?
3)
Is extradition of hijackers provided for in the

international law?
Unit 43
GENOCIDE
Genocide is conduct aimed at the destruction of a national, ethnic, racial,

or religious group.
Genocide, as defined in the United Nations Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide 1948, includes not only killing
members of the group, but also causing them serious physical or psychological
harm. It also suggests imposing conditions of life that are intended to destroy
them physically. Here also belong measures intended to prevent childbirth, or
forcible transfer children of the group. All these acts are qualified as genocide if
they are carried out with the intention of destroying the group as a whole or in
part.
116
Destruction of a cultural or political group does not amount to genocide.
The Genocide Convention 1948 declares that genocide is an international

crime. The parties to the Convention must punish not only acts of genocide
committed within their jurisdiction but also complicity in genocide, and
conspiracy, incitement, and attempts to commit genocide.
Tasks and exercises
1. Give
2.
1.
the definition of the term genocide.

4)
Does destruction of a cultural group amount to genocide?
5)
What acts must be punished beside itself?
Tick off the wrong statements:

6)
1) Genocide is an international crime.
7)
2) Serious physical harm is not included in the notions of genocide.
8)
3) Destruction of a political group is a kind of genocide.
9)
4) Forcible transfer of the children from one group to another group is

also called genocide.
10) 5)
Attempts to commit genocide is punishable according to the UN
Convention of 1948.
4.Insert the words missing:
11) 1)
Complicity ... genocide is also punishable according to the
Convention.
12) 2)
Prevention of childbirth is qualified as genocide if it is carried... with
the invention of destroying the group as a whole or ... part.

13) 3)
Genocide is conduct aimed ... the destruction of national, ethnic, racial
or religious groups.
14) 4)
This transfer of children ... another group is illegal.
5.Find the synonyms in the text:

sides; annihilate; effort; instigation;
compulsory.
6.Retell the text in detail.
117
Unit 44
WHERE DO DRUGS COME FROM?
Illegal drugs begin as crops grown by independent peasant farmers in
Asia, South and Latin America, and the Middle East.
In some areas, the use of drugs is part of a culture that goes back
centuries, while in others, such as Colombia and Mexico, production has been
geared to supply illegal markets in the United States.
Heroin is smuggled into the United States in west coast and northeastern
states, and across the Mexican border.
Marijuana produced overseas is smuggled into the United States by oceangoing vessels, small planes, and motor vehicles. Mexico is a principal source of
the drug. Some marijuana also comes in from Colombia, Jamaica, and countries
in Southeast Asia, such as Thailand.
Domestically, marijuana is grown in small plots and, increasingly, in
greenhouses by individual growers. Outdoor plots are usually located in remote
areas and have been found in some national parks and forests. Enforcement
using aerial surveillance has driven many growers indoors.
Growers use modern technology to produce large quantities of more
potent marijuana, often using special fertilizers and artificial light in indoor
operations. The Drug Enforcement Administration recently seized 14,547 plants
in single indoor production operation.
Tasks and exercises
1.Complete word combinations:
illegal...
peasant...
northeastern ...
the Mexican ...
ocean-going ...
small ...
118
principle ...
individual growers ...
remote ...
2.
Restore the first elements ofthe word combinations:

... plots; ... technology; ... quantities; ... operations; ... marijuana; ...
fertilizers; ... lights; ... surveillance.
3.
Put the articles if necessary:

... Middle East;
... Colombia;
... United States;
... Southeast Asia;
... Thailand;
... Mexico;
... Latin America;
... Jamaica.
4.
Give the words ofthe same root from the text: to grow; to enforce; recent;
domestic;
to increase; legal.
5.
Put the verbs in the correct form:

1) In
6.
some areas production has (to be) geared (to supply) illegal markets.
2)
Marijuana is (to smuggle) by ocean-going vessels.
3)
Marijuana is (to grow) in small plots and greenhouses.
4)
Enforcement using aerial surveillance has (to drive) many growers indoors.
5)
Outdoor plots (to be) usually located in remote areas.

1)
Heroin is smuggled into the United States ...
2)
Mexico is a principal ...
7.
3)
Some marijuana comes in ...
4)
Outdoor plots are usually located ...
5)
Growers use modern technology ...
Make up sentences using the key words and expressions:

1)
ocean-going vessels // to smuggle // marijuana
2)
aerial surveillance // to drive indoors // growers

119
3)
to seize // plants // an indoor production operation
4)
culture // to go back centuries // the use of drugs
5)
to come in // marijuana // Jamaica.
Restore the situations round the following words and figures:
8.
14,547; to gear; crops; indoors.

9.
Extend the sentences using the words in brackets:

1)
Marijuana is grown in small plots (domestically).
2)
Outdoor plots can be found in some parks and forests (national).
3)
Production of drugs has been geared to supply markets in the United

States (illegal).
4)
Growers use modern technology to produce marijuana (more potent).
5)
These crops are grown by peasant farmers in Asia (independent).
10.
Tell about the main ways of drugs smuggling.
11.
Read the text below make up a plan for retelling it (5 points).

When did drug use begin?
The use of chemical substances to change reality and provide stimulation,
relief, or relaxation has gone on for thousands of years. Mesopotamian writings

indicate that opium was used 4,000 years ago it was known as the plant of
joy.
The ancient Greeks knew and understood the problem of drug use. At the
time of the Crusades, the Arabs were using marijuana. In the Western
Hemisphere, natives of Mexico and South America chewed coca leaves and used
magic mushroom in their religious ceremonies. Drug use was also accepted in
Europe well into the twentieth century.
Recently uncovered pharmacy records circa 1900 to 1920 showed sales of
cocaine and heroin solutions to members of the British royal family; records
from 1912 show that Winston
120
Churchill, then a member of Parliament, was sold a cocaine solution while
staying in Scotland.
Several factors precipitated the stringent drug laws that are in force in the
United States today. Religious leaders were thoroughly opposed to the use and
sale of narcotics. The medical literature ofthe late 1800s began to designate the
use of morphine and opium as a vice. Nineteenth and early twentieth
century police literature described drug users as habitual criminals.
Moral crusaders in the XIX c. defined drug use as evil and directed the
actions of local and national rule creators to outlaw the sale and possession of
drugs.
Drug use was also associated with the foreign immigrants who were
recruited to work in factories and mines and brought witli them their national
drug habits. Early antidrug legislation appears to be tied to prejudice against
immigrating ethnic minorities.
Unit 45
TERRITORIAL WATERS
Territorial waters are formed by the band of sea between the limit of the
internal waters of a state and the high seas, over which the state has certain
specified rights.
These rights are governed by a 1958 Geneva Convention. New rules were
proposed in a 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law ofthe Sea.
A coast state exercises sovereignty over its territorial waters, which

includes, in particular, the following:
( I ) An exclusive right to fish and to exploit the resources of the seabed
and subsoil of the seabed and exclusive use of the airspace above the territorial
sea.
121
(2)
An exclusive right to use the territorial waters to transport people and
goods from one part of the state to another.

(3)
The right to enact laws concerning navigation, immigration, customs dues,
and health, which bind all foreign ships.

(4)
The right to ask a warship that ignores navigation regulations to leave the
territorial waters.
(5)
Certain powers of arrest over merchant ships and people on board and
jurisdiction to try crimes committed on board such ships within the territorial
waters.
(6)
The right to exclude fighting in the territorial waters during a war in which
the coastal state is neutral.

All foreign ships, however, have a right of innocent passage through the
territorial sea, i.e. the right to pass through, provided they do not prejudice the
peace, security, or good order of the coastal state.
The width of the territorial sea is a matter of dispute in international law.
Traditionally it has been fixed at 3 nautical miles, but many states have claimed
12 miles or more. The Territorial Sea Act 1987 fixes the territorial waters of the
UK at 12 nautical miles.
Tasks and exercises
1. Explain
the terms the internal waters, the high seas, the innocent
passage.
2.
Combine the elements from lines a) and b) to get compounds from the basic
text:
a)
sea; sub; air; war;
b)
3.
space; bed; soil; ship.
Give the word of the same root from the text:
proposition; territory; exclusion; coast; wide;

sovereign; specific; ignorance; navigate.
4.
What meanings does the word prejudice have in the following sentences:
122
1)
A judge must be free from prejudice.
2)
Ted had to leave the university, to the prejudice of his own future as a
lawyer.
3)
Sam asked for higher wages, without prejudice to any increase all the other
workmen might be given later.
4)
5.
6.
This ship did not prejudice the security of the coastal states.

1)
What problem is a matter of dispute in international law?
2)
What should be the width of the territorial waters in your opinion?
3)
What exclusive right do coast states enjoy?
4)
What documents regulate the main problems concerning territorial waters?
Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form:

1) The
rights concerning territorial waters are (to govern) by a 1958 Geneva
Convention.
2)
New rules were (to propose) in a 1982 UN Convention on the Law ofthe
Sea.
3)
Traditionally the width of the territorial sea has (to be) fixed at nautical
miles.
4) A coast state (to exercise) sovereignty over its territorial waters.

7.

1)
Territorial waters are formed by ...
2)
New rules were proposed in ...
3)
A coast state exercise ...
8.
4)
All foreign ships have a right...
5)
The width ofthe territorial sea ...
6)
The Territorial Sea Act fixes ...
Combine elements from A and B to get adjective + noun

word combinations:
A
nautical
seas
123
Territorial
state
High
miles
Exclusive
right
Coastal
waters
Foreign
passage
Innocent
ships
9.
Retell the text in about 10 sentences.

Unit 46
POLLUTION
Pollution is any action rendering the environment impure.
Air pollution statutes control the emission of smoke into the atmosphere, the
emission of noxious or offensive substances, and the composition of petrol and

other fuels. Here belong for example the Control of Pollution Act 1974, and the
Environmental Protection Act 1990.
Water pollution generally is governed by the Control of Pollution Act 1974
and the Environmental Protection Act 1990. Under them it is an offence to allow
polluting matter to enter rivers or other inland waters or to impede their flow so
as to aggravate pollution due to other causes.
Pollution by the deposit of waste on land is governed in GB primarily by the
Control of Pollution Act 1974, which permits household, commercial, and
industrial waste to be deposited only on licensed sites.
Local authorities are required by the same Act to collect and dispose of
household waste free of charge. For the purposes of refuse disposal by the
residents local authorities are obliged to provide free refuse dumps.
Tasks and exercises
1. Match words and expressions from A with those of B.
124
A
environmental challenges
environmental safety
environmental education
environmental abuse
environmental examination
2.
Translate the words collected under the heading forestry:

falling volume; forest range; forest cadastre; forest code; forester;
destruction of forests; forest depredation; reafforestation; silviculture;
forest-offence wood-cutler; timber industry; timber- rafting.
3.
Find the groups of synonyms:

pollution; refuge; dump; after-effects; logging; landfill; contamination;
reserve; surroundings; discharge; consequences; environs; lumbering; release.
4.
Paraphrase:
1) Pollution
is any action making the surroundings dirty.
2)
Air pollution statutes control the discharge of smoke into the atmosphere.
3)
Air pollution statutes also check the toxic discharge, and the composition of
fuels.
5.
4)
It is a crime to allow polluting matter to enter rivers or other internal waters.
5)
Local authorities must provide free refuse dumps.
1)
Pollution ... the deposit of waste ... land is governed by the Control of
Pollution Act.
2)
Local authorities are obliged to collect and dispose ... household waste
free ... charge.
3)
It is an offence to impede ... the flow of waters so as to aggravate pollution

due ... different causes.
4)
Waste may be deposited only ... licensed sites.

125
6. Combine the elements from A and B to get the adjectival word

combinations:
A
Pernicious
soil
Virgin
area
Exteme
influence
Dumping
standart
Effluent
necessity
7. Read and insert the words from the frame:

Nature does not stop at national borders.
Nature in Europe is badly damaged in many places and remaining areas and ...
will disappear fast without international action.
The ... of nature in Europe must be stopped by proper conservation ... and by
the restoration and development of nature and forests.
The EECONET Conference in Maastricht in 1993 which laid the ... for a PanEuropean Biological and Landscape Diversity Strategy.
The Dutch Government is the main contributor to the EECONET Action
Fund.
In Central and Eastern Europe, important political and economic ... are taking
place.
The region is rich in valuable nature, landscapes and biodiversity. As a

consequence of deliberate changes in ... , as part of the transition process, these
values are threatened.
Nature conservation and ... are undoubtedly a great concern to countries in
economic transition. At the same time, they are facing many problems and it is
understandable that... in nature protection are not always at the top of the list.
For that reason, it is right for the economically stronger countries in Europe to
assist with ... and financial resources.
Biodiversity;
expertise;
investments;
transitions;
foundations; measures; species; deterioration; land-use.

126
8. Open the brackets and choose the correct variant:
Problems of pollution in China
(Nearly; near) half of China's seven river systems are severely polluted. An
estimated 80 percent of the country's industrial and (domestic; domicile) waste
is discharged, i in treated, into rivers.
According (to; with) a top Chinese environmental official, no more (than;
then) five of China's more than 500 cities have clean air. Respiratory disease
occurs at five times the rate in the United States and is the leading cause of
death in China's urban areas.
Shanghai's 13 million residents rely on drinking-water 'supplies that are
contaminated with oil, ammonia, nitrogen and mi assortment of other potentially
dangerous organic compounds.
(Worst; worse) of all in most cities is the soot and smoke from the widespread
burning of coal.
China's polluting ways increasingly are being felt beyond Its borders. One
(Japanese; Japan) study indicates that as (much; more) as 30 percent of the acid
rain that falls on (western; west) Japan can be traced to sulfur dioxide emissions
from coal burning in China. And by one Western estimate, Chinese sulfur
dioxide emissions will (exceed; succeed) those of the industrial world by 2035.
China ranks second in the world, after the US, in industrial emissions of
carbon dioxide.
Production of ozone-eating substances used in refrigerators
MIX!
aerosols,
could more than double 1991 levels by the end of the decade.
A broad social consensus in China remains in favor of continued economic
(grow; growth), but popular enthusiasm, lot a lledgling green foods industry, a
rash of (anger; angry) luw suits against dirty industries and the increasingly
obvious (loll; tall) of pollution are prompting national leaders to contemplate
unprecedented restrictions on industry.
127
The fate of Lotus Flower, could be a lesson for other (polluters; pollutions).
Until recently this factory spewed out 3,500 tons a day of a noxious, yellowishgreen (effluent; affluent) that helped make the Huai River in east central China
one of the country's (dirtiest; dirtier).
Beijing recently shut down nearly 1,000 paper mills and intends to do the
same to small polluting industries nationwide.
In its growing zeal to (respond; response) to China's environmental problems,
the leadership made jeopardizing the environment a capital offence.
(US. News and World Report,
September 9, 1996, p. 36-38 Abridged.)
9. Retell the text given above in short.
Unit 47
EUCC
EUCC (The European Union for Coastal Conservation) is dedicated to the
Conservation of Europe's coast, and to protecting the integrity of our coastal
heritage. EUCC believes that human development within the coastal zone should
be ecologically sustainable over the short and long term. At the same time,
development must be socially equitable, meeting the fundamental human needs
of current and future generations.
EUCC's mission is to gather and provide information and give advice,
based on the best available scientific data.
It also promotes public awareness about coastal conservation.
Europe's coastal environment continues to decline. The Coastal Code,
conceived and written by EUCC, could help change all that. This Code (The
Europe Code of Conduct for the Coastal Zones) will provide clear and realistic
guidelines for all those involved in day-to-day coastal management.
128
The EUCC wants to ensure that, at a policy level, sound coastal conservation
and management measures are agreed and adopted by international, European,
regional and local decisionmakers and furthermore, supported and implemented
by local communities, commercial interests and the general public.
Tasks and exercises
1. Find
the words of the same root:
integral; develop; coast; ecology;

promotion; aware; guide.
2.
Insert the preposition, if necessary:

1)
EUCC is dedicated ... the Conservation of Europe's coast.
2)
EUCC's mission is based ... the best available scientific data.
3)
They are involved ... day-to-day coastal management.
4)
The EUCC wants to ensure ... a police level sound coastal conservation.
6) ... the same time development must be socially equitable.

3.

1) What
issues does the EUCC deal with?
2)
What can you say about Europe's coastal environment?
3)
What does the Coastal Code provide?
4)
What is the EUCC eager to ensure?
4.

1) EUCC
5.
is dedicated to ...
2)
Development must be ...
3)
EUCC's mission is ...
4)
Europe's coastal environment...
5)
The Coastal Code is conceived ...
6)
Coastal conservation and management measures are agreed ...
Match the words from A and B :

129
scientific
public
local
decision-makers
commercial
data
general
interests
6. Fill in the balloons:
7.
Insert the qualifiers (adverbs) given in the brackets:

1) The
2)
8.
coastal zone should be sustainable (ecologically).
Development must be equitable (socially).
Find the British equivalents in the text:

1)
2)
;
;
3)
4) , ;
5)
9.
Find synonyms in the text:
10.
to use;
to collect;
information, knowledge;
directions;
to guarantee;
to deteriorate;
devoted.
Speak on the European Union for Coastal Conservation.

130
Unit 48
MARITIME LAW AND ARBITRATION
This Charter Party shall be governed by and construed in mcordance with
English law and any dispute arising out of this harter Party shall be referred to
arbitration in London in accordance with the Arbitration Acts 1950 and 1979 or
any Mintutory modification or reenactment thereof for the time being in force.
Unless the parties agree upon a sole arbitrator, one arbitrator shall be
appointed by each party and the arbitrators so appointed shall appoint a third
arbitrator, the decision of the three-man ii ibunal thus constituted or any two of
them, shall be final. On the receipt by one party of the nomination in writing of
the other party's arbitrator, that party shall appoint their arbitrator within
fourteen days, failing which the decision of the single arbitrator will be final.
For disputes where the total amount claimed by either party does not
exceed the amount stated in Box 25 the arbitration ulutll be conducted in
accordance with the Small Claims hoccdure of the London Maritime Arbitrators
Association.
(Extract from
Charter Gencon).
Tasks and exercises
1. Translate
the following terms and notions:
to construe; a sole arbitrator; nomination;

failing (which); small claims.
2.
Give synonyms from the text:
to carry out; the sum; single;

to form; debates; acception.
3. Insert the prepositions if necessary:
1)
The Chapter shall be construed ... accordance with English law.
2)
This dispute arises ... of the conflict in London.

131
3)
Is this charter still ... force?
4)
Did the parties agree ... a sole arbitrator?
5)
... the receipt of the nomination ... writing the party appointed its arbitrator.
6)
They shall appoint their arbitrator within 14 days.
4.
5.

1)
If the parties agree upon a sole arbitrator ...
2)
If the parties appoint their arbitrators ...
3)
If the three-man tribunal makes a decision ...
4)
If one party receives the nomination of the other parly's arbitrator ...
5)
If the other party fails to appoint its arbitrator ...
6)
If the total amount does not exceed the amount stated in Box 25 ...

1)
How many arbitrators can be appointed according to Charter Gencon?
2)
What documents regulate arbitration in case of disputes?
3)
Who appoints arbitrators when the parties do not agree upon a sole
arbitrator?
4)
6.
How many days are given to the party for the appointment of the arbitrator?
Small
modification
Total
arbitrator
Statutory
amount
Sole
tribunal
Three-man
claims
7.
Give the word of the same root from the text:

appointment; statement; nominate;
agreement; constitution; modify;
receive; reference; enact.
8.
Give the Participle II forms:

to arise; to exceed; to conduct; to claim.
132
9.
Comment on the use ofthe ing-forms in the text.
10. Speak
on the procedure of arbitration according to the
Charter Gencon.
11. Read
and insert the words from the frame:

Charterparty
Charterparty is a written contract by which a person called

I lie charterer hires from a shipowner, in return for the payment
of..., the use of his ship or part of it for the ... of goods by sea.
The hiring may be either for a specified period (a time
charter) or for a specified ... or voyages (a voyage charter).
The chatterer may ... the ship for carrying either his own
goods alone or the goods of a number of shippers, who may or
mity not include himself.
A special but now ... type of charterparty is the charter by
demise. It is ... to a lease of land and gives the charterer full
possession and control ofthe ship.
The normal charterparty is a simple charter, under which
the shipowner retains ... and the primary rights of the charterer
and confined to placing goods on board and choosing the ports
of call.
freight; voyage; analogous;
possession; goods; call; hire; carriage; rare
12. Answer the questions on the text above:
1) What
2)
is a time charter like?
What does a voyage charter mean?
5) What special but rare type of charterplay do you know?

4)
What are the primary rights ofthe charterer?
5)
Whose goods can be carried in case of chartering?

133
Unit 49
OWNERSHIP
Ownership is the exclusive right to use, possess, and dispose
of property.
Ownership may be corporeal, i.e. of a material thing, which
may itself be a movable or an immovable; or it may be incorporeal,
i.e. of something intangible, such as of a copyright or patent.
More than one person can own the same property at the
same time. They may be either joint owners with a single title
to the property; or owners in common, each having a distinct
title in the property that they can dispose of independently.
A person may be both the legal and beneficial owner.
Persons having a nominal title to property that they hold for
the benefit of one or more others, known as the beneficiaries,
are called trustees.
Trustees may be individuals or corporate bodies and can
include such specialists as judicial trustees, custodian trustees;
and the Public Trustees.
A trustee must show a high standard of care towards his
beneficiaries, must not allow his interests to conflict with those
of his beneficiaries, and must not profit from his trust. He is
not usually entitled to remuneration although he may recover
expenses necessarily incurred.
Trustees may refuse their office, retire, or resign, but they
remain liable for acts carried out during their trusteeship. In
the exercise of their duties they are answerable to the court.
Trust as an arrangement in which a settler transfers property
to one or more trustees, who will hold it for the benefit of one
or more persons has been described as the most important
contribution of English equity to jurisprudence.
Tasks and exercises

1. Explain the terms:
1) corporeal ownership;
134
2)
movable and immovable property;
3)
copyright;
4)
patent;
5)
a title;
6)
a beneficial owner;
7)
a beneficiary;
8)
a trustee;
9)
judicial trustees;
10)
custodian trustees;
11) public
2.
trustees;
12)
a settlor;
13)
equity.

1)
The right in law to be the only producer, seller or broadcaster of a book,

play, film, record, etc. for a fixed period of time is called ....
2)
A piece of writing from a government office giving the right to make or sell
a new invitation for a certain number of years is called ....
3)
The lawful right to ownership or possession is called ....
4)
A person who designates the beneficiaries and the terms on which they are
to take the property is called ....
6) A person who receives money or property left by someone who has died is
called ....
3,

1) A
trustee must show a high standard of care ... his beneficiaries.
2)
The interests of any trustee must not conflict... those of the beneficiaries.
3)
A trustee must not profit... his trust.
4)
Trustees may refuse ... office.
5)
Trustees remain liable ... acts carried ... during their trusteeship.
135
6) Trustees are answerable ... the court ... the exercise of their duties.
4. Get opposite pairs of elements from A and B:
A
Beneficiary
corporate bodies
Individuals
movable
Immovable
trustee
Profits
expenses
7) 5.
6.
7.
Get the synonymic pairs using the elements from a) and b):
a)
intangible; retire; answerable; corporeal.
b)
resign; incorporeal; material; liable.
Insert the suitable modal verb must, may or can.

1)
Ownership ... be corporeal or incorporeal.
2)
More than one person ... own the same property at the same time.
3)
A person ... be both the legal and beneficial owner.
4)
Trustees ... be individuals or corporate bodies.
5)
A trustee ... show a high standard of care towards his beneficiaries.
6)
Trustees ... refuse their office, retire or resign.
7)
A trustee ... not profit from his trust.

1)
What is the difference between corporeal and incorporeal ownership?
2)
May trustees be individuals?
3)
What are the principal duties of a trustee?
4)
Is a trustee entitled to renumeration?
5)
What is one of the most important contributions of English equity to

jurisprudence?
8.
Speak on the system of trusteeship in GB.
9.
Read and translate:
Ownership
stock ownership; state ownership; collective ownership; ownership in
common;
136
Property
governmental property; state property;
intellectual property; municipal property;
leasehold property; freehold property;
common property;
10. Match the expressions from A with their equivalents
in B:
A
,
;
livery;
title;
state for life;
tale male;
seizen;
;
-

tenure;
;
-
;
lapse;
-
;
-
trespass;
tale famale
11. Read the text below and analyse the financial position of Cowperwood.
He (Cowperwood) went over again the list of people whom h had seen and
whom he count on to subscribe, the award of million dollars he was safe.
He figured to make two percent on the total transaction, or twenty thousand
dollars. If he did he was going to buy a house out on Girard Avenue beyond the
Butler's, or, better yet, buy a
137
piece of ground and erect one; mortgaging house and property so to do.
His own business ... would yield him ten thousand dollars this year. His streetcar investments, aggregating fifty thousand, were paying six percent. His wife's
property, represented by this house, some government bonds, and some real
estate in West Philadelphia, amounted to forty thousand more. Between them
they were rich; but he expected to be much richer. All he needed now was to
keep cool. If he succeeded in this bond- issue matter, he could do it again and on
a large scale. There would be more issues.
(Dreiser, The Financier)
1) Was
Cowperwood a rich man?
2)
Has he got any immovable property?
3)
What was the interest he got from his street-car investments?
4)
How much did Cowperwood expect to get from his own business?
5)
At what sum was his business estimated?
6)
What profit did he want to get from the total transaction?
7)
What was Cowperwood going to buy in case of the successful

transaction?
Unit 50
SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP
A business may be privately owned in three different forms. These forms

are the sole proprietorship, the partnership and the corporation. The sole
proprietorship is the most common in many western countries. For example,

more than 80 per cent of all businesses in the United States are sole
proprietorships.
138
But it is evident that sole proprietorships don't do the greatest volume of
business. They account for only 16 per cent of all business receipts, for
example, in America.
What kind of business is likely to be a sole proprietorship? First of all,
service industries, such as Laundromats, beauty shops, different repair shops,
restaurants.
Tasks and exercises
1. Find
synonymic pairs:
private; common; account for; receipts; general; own; make up; profits;
sole; have.
2.
Insert the qualifiers:

... forms; ... proprietorship; ... receipts; ... industries; ... shops.
3.
Choose the necessary words:
1) There
are three forms ... private ownership.
2)
Sole proprietorships account ... only 16 per cent of all business receipts.
3)
First... all, we went to the Laundromat, then we went... the repair shop.
4.
Form the words of the same root:

proprietor; partner; laundry; account; evidence; west.
5.
6.

1)
Is this bank owned publicly or ... ?
2)
Service industries include ....
3)
More than 80 per cent of all businesses in the USA are ... .
4)
Sole proprietorships don't do ... .
5)
The sole proprietorship is ... .
Agree or disagree:
1) A
business may be privately owned only in two forms.
2)
The sole proprietorships do the greatest volume of business.
3)
Laundromats are places where you can wash your clothes yourself.
139
4) A business may be owned only publicly.

7.
8.

1)
What do they call a place where women are given beauty treatments?
2)
What is the opposite of the word losses?
3)
What is the difference between the words laundry and laundromat?
4)
What meanings of the word shop do you know?
Learn the dialogue by heart and act it out with your colleagues:
A.
You know I've been always good at cooking.

I am thinking of starting my own business a cafe.
B.
It might be a good idea. Are you going into this business alone?
A.
Exactly.
B.
If you go into business alone, it is called sole proprietorship. It means

that you decide on your vacation, hours, salary, hiring and firing.
A.
Well, that's not bad.
B.
Wait a moment. There is a certain risk involved.
A.
What do you mean?
B.
The most important risk is that you have unlimited liability. It means that
you are responsible for all your business debts.
A.
So, if the business fails, I have to declare personal bankruptcy, don't I?
B.
Yes, and you may lose your personal assets.
A.
Well, it's rather disappointing. What other things should I know?
B.
You won't get tax benefits which partnerships or corporations can get.
You also have to hire a good book-keeper if you can't do your books
yourself.
A. Oh, I have to think it over. Thanks.

9. Be ready to transform the initial sentence using the expressions below
(in the written form):
140
Model: I am thinking of opening a cafe.
I am thinking of starting a car-repair shop.
1)
start a car-repair shop;
2)
hire an accountant;
3)
fire an employee;
4)
consult a board of directors;
5)
sell one's business;
6)
do one's books oneself;
7)
consult a lawyer;
8)
finance the business;
9)
go into a new business.

Unit 51
LEASE
A contract under which an owner of property (the landlord or lessor)
grants another person (the tenant or lessee) exclusive possession of the property
for an agreed period, usually (but not necessarily) in return for rent and
sometimes for a capital mini known as a premium is called lease.
A lease may be oral and then it is called a parol lease. A lease may be
made by a formal document which is called a deed.
The deed that creates the lease sets out the terms, which Include the
parties, the property, the length of the lease, the rent, and other obligations
called covenants, particularly concerning repairs, insurance, and parting with
possession.
Lessor has no right to derogate from his grant, that is he must not do
anything that would make the property unfit for the purpose for which it was let.
In the case of the tenant, the implied covenants are to pay the rent; to pay
all ordinary rates and taxes; to do the sort of small maintenance jobs that any
reasonable tenant would be expected to do.
141
The period of the lease may vary from a very short time, such as a week,
to a very long period, such as 999 years. The tenant's ownership is also
restricted by the terms of the lease.
Special leasehold valuation tribunals hear disputes concerning leasehold.
Tasks and exercises
1.
Explain the terms:

a lessor; a lessee; premium; a deed;
a parol lease; covenants.
2.
Give the synonyms:
landlord; tenant; oral lease;

obligations; aim; common;
repair(s); to range; limited.
3.
4.

1)
Lessor has no right ...
2)
The implied covenants are ...
3)
The period of the lease may vary ...
4)
Special tribunals ...
5)
A formal document of lease is called ...
6)
The deed sets out ...
7)
The tenant's ownership is restricted to ...
Which statements are false?

1)
The deed is a document which testifies to the lease.
2)
All the Leases are oral contracts.
3)
The lessor has right to derogate from the grant.
4)
The period of lease in GB is restricted to 100 days.
5)
The tenant is expected to do small maintenance jobs.
5.
Tell about the system of lease in GB.

142
Unit 52
STOCK EXCHANGE
The International Stock Exchange of the UK and the Republic of Ireland
Ltd. is the body responsible for the issue aiitl marketing of company securities.
Admission to the Listed Market must be sponsored by a member of the
Stock Exchange and is available only to shares of large public companies that
have published accounts for the three years preceding the application and that
have satisfied the listing rules (the Yellow Book). These rules ensure that
sufficient information is supplied, both on admission and subsequently, to
enable investors to assess the merits of the shares.
Admission to the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) is available to
smaller companies who meet the statutory requirements.
Deals in listed shares will usually be arranged through a member ofthe
Stock Exchange acting as a market intermediary and taking a commission. Some
market intermediaries specialize in particular securities. Intermediaries who
arrange deals in these securities are called matching brokers.
Intermediaries who themselves buy or sell the securities are called market
makers, and the prices they quote are quotations.
Tasks and exercises
1. Find the words of the same root:

to admit; to apply; ensurance;
subsequent; able; statute;
to require; to make.
2. Explain the difference between matching brokers and market makers.
1) What
are the functions of the Stock Exchange?
What requirements must a company meet to get an admission to the UK
2)
International Stock Exchange?

143
C.
3)
What does the Yellow Book mean?
4)
To what companies is admission to AIM available?
5)
What does the word merits denote in the sphere under discussion?
4. Insert the preposition missing:

1)
Admission ... the Listed Market is available only to shares of large public
companies.
2)
Deals ... listed shares will usually be arranged ... a member of the Stock
Exchange acting as a market intermediary.
5.
Read and translate in the written form:

Frank soon picked up all of the technicalities of the situation. A bull, he
learned, was one who bought in anticipation of a higher price to come; and if he
was loaded up with a line of stocks he was said to be long.
He sold to realize his profit, or if his margins were exhausted he was
wiped out.
A bear was one who sold stocks which most frequently he did not have,
in anticipation of a lower price, at which he could buy and satisfy his previous
sales.
He was short when he had sold what he did not own, and he covered
when he bought to satisfy his sales and to realize his profits or to protect himself
against further loss in case prices advanced instead of declining.
He was in a corner when he found that he could not buy in order to
make good the stock he had borrowed for delivery and the return of which had
been demanded.
He was then obliged to settle practically at a price fixed by those to whom
he and other shorts had sold.
(Dreiser,
The Financier)
144
Unit 53
CRASH TESTING
Nine years ago, on October 19, 1987, the Dow Jones Industrial Average
fell 508 points, or 22.61 percent, the biggest single-day slide in points and
percentage in the history of the stock market. And October 1929 ushered in the
most extended stock-market slump of this century. The Dow, which had peaked
tit 381 on September 3, 1929, would eventually fall to 41.
Of course, the market hasn't crashed in most Octobers. The current market
rally which dates back to October 11,1990, when the Dow stood at 2365
seems unstoppable.
Markets do not collapse when stocks are cheap. Crashes occur when
stocks are at their most expensive and this market IN expensive.
Hut what causes a stock market to crash?
It's not impossible to find the big news events that set off I wo great
crashes of this century. Tragedies and traumas of every sort presidential
assassinations, the outbreak of wars, major corporate bankruptcies have
repeatedly failed to send markets Into a tailspin.
Slock market crashes aren't random events, however. They result from a
complex interplay of the mass psychology of investors and the underlying
fundamentals of the market.
Precrash periods show common patterns of excessive optimism, a
widespread use of borrowed money to buy stocks, mill a gradual but largely
unrecognized erosion of the Inundations ofthe market.
(Worth. Financial Intelligence.
October, 1996.)
Tasks and questions
1Give the antonyms from the text:
cheap
minor
145
to peak
a rally
2.
Use the correct form of the adjectives and adverbs:

1)
Crashes occur when stocks are at their (more; most) expensive.
2)
Precrash periods show a (gradual; gradually) but (large; largely)

unrecognized erosion of the foundations of the market.
3)
Bankruptcies have (repeated; repeatedly) failed to send markets into a

tailspin.
4)
October 1929 ushered in the (more; most) extended stock-market slump of

this century.
5)
On October 19, 1987 the Dow Jones fell 508 points, the (bigger; biggest)
single-day slide in points in the history of the stock market.
3.
Insert prepositions if necessary:

1)
This event couldn't set ... a great market-crash.
2)
The Dow peaked ... 381 and then fell ... 41.
3)
This rally dates ... to October.
4)
It was the biggest single-day slide ... points.
5)
October 1929 ushered ... the most extended stock- market slump of the
century.
6)
The outbreak of wars did not send markets ... a tailspin.
7)
Market crashes result... a complex interplay of factors.
8)
Stocks are ... their most expensive.
9)
The Dow stood ... 2365.
10) What
4.
caused ... a stock market to crash?
Extend the sentences using the words in brackets:

1) Market
crashes result from an interplay of psychology and fundamentals of
the market (underlying; complex)

2)
Precrash periods show a gradual but unrecognized erosion of the

foundations of the market (largely).
3)
The market rally seems unstoppable (current).
4)
It was the biggest slide in points and percentage (single- day)

146
5) The Dow would fall to 41 (eventually).
5.
Paraphrase:
1)
Stock markets do not collapse unexpectedly.
2)
What ushered in the biggest stock-market slump?
3)
What gave an impulse to two big market crashes of

the century?
4)
Markets do not crash when stocks are cheap.
5)
Bankruptcies did not send markets into a tailspin.
6.
1)
When do market crashes usually occur in the USA?
2)
Is it a regularity or a random event?
3)
Do markets collapse when stocks are cheap?
4)
Did presidential assassinations or outbreaks of war

cause any big market crashes in the USA?
5)
What do you think about the role of the psychological

factor for (in) market crashes?
7.
Read the text and answer the questions below.

... He knew instinctively the principles of pyramiding and
"kiting. He could see exactly not only how he could raise and
lower the value of these certificates of loan ... but also how
this would give him a credit with the banks, his father's bank
WAS
one of the first to profit by this and to extend him loans.

The various local politicians and bosses seeing the success
of his efforts in this direction, speculated in city loan.

The stock exchange stipulated that all trades were to be
compared the same day and settled before the close of the next;
but this working arrangement with the new city treasurer gave
Cowperwood much more latitude, and now he had always until

the first of the month, or practically thirty days at times, in
which to render an accounting for all deals connected with the
lean issue.
And, moreover, this was not really an accounting.
Since the issue was to be so large, the sum at his disposal
would always be large, and so-called transfers and balancing at
the end of the month would be a mere matter of bookkeeping.
147
He could use these city loan certificates deposited with him for
manipulative purposes, deposit them at any bank as collateral
for a loan, quite as if they were his own, thus raising seventy
per cent of their actual value in cash, and he did not hesitate to
do so. He could take this cash, which need not be accounted
for until the end of the month, and cover other stock transactions,
on which he could borrow again.
The politicians did not realize what a bonanza he was making
of it all for himself, because they were as yet unaware of the
subtlety of his mind.
(Dreiser,
The Financier)
1) What
2)
does the principle of kiting mean?
What kind of latitude did Cowperwood get from

the new city treasurer and how did he use it?
3)
Did Cowperwood break the law in his stock

transactions and other operations? If so, in which
way? Give the juridical evaluation of his actions.
8.
Prove that Cowperwood had what can be called the
subtlety of mind.
9.
Make up a dialogue on the basis of the episode taken
from the novel The Financier by Th. Dreiser and act it out
with your colleagues.
10.
Translate the text in the written form.

It's a matter of influence, went on Cowperwood. And
favoritism. That I know Drexel & Company and Cook &

Company have connects. They have men of their own looking
after their interests. The attorney-general and the State treasurer
are hand in glove with them.
Even if I put in a bid, and can demonstrate that I can handle
the loan, it won't help me to get it. I have to have friendsinfluence. <...>
How much of the loan do you want?
148
Five million.
Five million! Butler sat up. Man, what are you talking about? That's
a good deal of money. Where are you going to sell all that?
I want to bid for five million, assuaged Cowperwood,
softly. I only want one million but I want the prestige of
putting in a bona fide bid for five million. It will do me
good on the street.
Butler sank back somewhat relieved.
Five million! Prestige! You want one million. Well, now,
that's different. That's not such a bad idea. We ought to be
able to get that.
...A few days later he was introduces to City Treasurer, who promised to
introduce him to State Treasurer and to see that his claims to consideration were
put before the people. Of course, you know, he said to Cowperwood ... this
banking crowd is very powerful. They don't want any interference in this bond
issue business. You may have trouble right here in Philadelphia after you get it
they're pretty powerful, you know.
Are you sure just where you can place it? Ycs, I'm sure, replied
Cowperwood. Well ... just put in your bid. State Treasurer, with the
governor's approval, will make the award. We can fix the governor, I think.
(Dreiser,
The Financier.)
11.
Explain the words and expressions from the text above g!\ rn m italics.
Unit 54
BANKRUPTCY
Bankruptcy is the state of a person who has been adjudged by a court to be

insolvent. The court orders the compulsory
149
administration of a bankrupt's affairs so that his assets can be fairly
distributed among his creditors.
To declare a debtor to be bankrupt a creditor or the debtor himself must
make an application known as a bankruptcy petition either to the High Court or
to a country court.
If the petition is accepted the court makes a bankruptcy order. Within three
weeks of the bankruptcy order, the debtor must usually submit a statement of
affairs, which the creditors may inspect. This may be followed by a public
examination of the debtor. After the bankruptcy order, the bankrupt's property is
placed in the hands of the official receiver. The official receiver must either call
a creditor's meeting to appoint a trustee in bankruptcy to manage the bankrupt's
affairs, or he becomes trustee himself. The trustee must be a qualified
insolvency practitioner. He takes possession of the bankrupt's property and,
subject to certain rules, distributes it among the creditors.
Tasks and exercises.
1.
2.

1)
A bankruptcy petition is ... .
2)
A bankruptcy order is ... .
3)
An official receiver is ... .
4)
A trustee must be ... .
5)
Bankruptcy is the state ....

debt; credit; apply; submission; to state;
inspection; to receive; appointment;
practice; to possess; distribution; judge.
3.
Translate the phrases:

1)
The company went bankrupt because it couldn't sell its products.
2)
The bankruptcy of the government's plans became clear when prices rose
steeply.
An official appointed to take charge of the property and affairs of a bankrupt, or

to administer property in dispute is called an Official Receiver.
150
4.
Make up the sentences using the key words and expressions:

1) to
5.
place // the official receiver // the property
2)
to take possession of // to distribute // the creditors
3)
the court // to accept // the petition
4)
three weeks // the debtor // to submit
5)
to appoint // the trustee // the receiver.
Tell about the system of bankruptcy in GB.
Unit 55
MORTGAGE
Mortgage is an interest in property created as a form of
SECURity
for a
loan or payment of a debt and terminated on payment of the loan or debt.

The borrower who offers the security, is the mortgagor. The lender, who
provides the money, is the mortgagee. Virtually any property may be mortgaged
though land is the most common.
The mortgagee has a right to take possession of the mortgaged property
as soon as the mortgage is made.
In face of continued nonpayment ofthe loan, the mortgagee may sell the
mortgaged property under a power of sale, appoint a receiver, or obtain a
decree of foreclosure.
Foreclosure is a remedy available to a mortgagee when the mortgagor has
failed to pay off a mortgage by the contractual date for redemption. The
mortgagee is entitled to bring an action in Ihe High Court, seeking an order
fixing a date to pay off the debt; if the mortgagor does not pay by that day he
will be lon-closed, i.e. he will lose the mortgaged property.
However, the court has discretion to allow the mortgagor to reopen the
foreclosure and thereby regain his property.
151
Power of sale is the right of a mortgagee to sell mortgaged property if the
mortgagor has not repaid his loan by the contractual date of redemption.
Receiver is appointed by the court to obtain payment of a debt if the commonlaw remedy is inadequate.
Tasks and exercises
1.
What is the difference between the terms mortgage and pawn (pledge)?
2.
Match the expressions in A with those in B:

A
securities mortgage;
mortgage object;
chattel mortgage;
mortgage termination;
property mortgaging.
3.
Complete the definitions of the terms:

Redemption is ... .
Mortgage is ... .
Mortgagor is ... .
Mortgagee is ... .
Receiver is ... .
Foreclosure is ... .
Power of sale is ... .
4.
Paraphrase:
1) The
2)
court has authority to allow the mortgagor to regain the property.
Foreclosure is a means available to a mortgagee of the debtor does not

pay off a mortgage by the fixed date.
3)
5.
The mortgagee has the right to bring an action in the High Court.
to receive; allowance; to gain; to pay;

contract; to redeem; appointment;
152
adequate; to borrow; to secure; creation;
to lend; provision; to possess.
6.
Insert preposition if necessary:

1) It
is high time to pay ... the debt.
2) This
3) ...
mortgage must be repaid ... the contractual date.
face of continued nonpayment, the mortgaged property ... a power of
sale.
4) Who
took possession ... this mortgaged property?
5) Mortgage,
an interest... property, is a form of security ... a loan or payment
of a debt.
7.
Choose the correct modal verb:
1) Virtually,
2) In
any property (must; may) be mortgaged.
face of continued nonpayment the mortgagee (must; may) sell the
mortgaged property.
3) The
mortgagee (must; may) bring an action in the High Court.
4) The
contractual date is date by which the mortgagor (may; must) pay off
his debt.
5) The
mortgagor (may; must) ask for the postponement of the payment.

Unit 56
AUCTION
A.
Auction is a method of sale in which parties are invited to make

competing offers (bids) to purchase an item.
The auctioneer, who acts as the agent of the seller until fall of Ihe hammer,
announces completion of the sale in favour of the highest bidder by striking his
desk with a hammer. Until the any bidder may retract his bid and the auctioneer
may withdraw the goods.
153
B.
It was in his thirteenth year that young Cowperwood entered into his first
business venture. Walking along Front Street one day, a street of importing and
wholesale establishments, he saw an auctioneer's flag hanging out before a
whole sale grocery and from the interior came the auctioneer's voice: What am
I bid for this exceptional lot of Java coffee, twenty-two bags all told, which is
now selling in the market for seven dollars and thirty-two cents a bag
wholesale? What am I bid? What am 1 bid? The whole lot must go as one. What
am I bid?
Eighteen dollars, suggested a trader standing near the door, more to
start the bidding than anything else. Frank paused.
Twenty-two! called another

Thirty! a third. Thirty-five! a fourth, and so up to seventy-five, less
than half of what it was worth. I'm bid seventy-five! I'm bid seventy-five!
called the auctioneer, loudly.
Any other offers? Going once at seventy-five; am I offered eighty?
Going twice at seventy-five, and - he paused, one hand raised
dramatically.
Then he brought it down with a slap in the palm of the other sold to
Mr. Silas Gregory for seventy-five.
(Dreiser,
The Financier.)
Tasks and questions
1. Define
the words on the following:
person who takes part in the auction to get some goods,

an offer of a price at an auction sale.
2.
Translate the sentences:

1) Will
anyone bid 10 for this painting?
2)
Ms Black bid 200 for the horse and so I bid 250,
3)
Is nobody else going to bid?
4)
Nick hoped to get the house but Mr. Black was bidding
154
against him.
5)
The politicians are bidding for popular support.
6)
The goods were bid up far beyond their real value.
7)
Bidding was brisk.
8)
Will no one make a higher bid?
9)
The firm decided to bid on the new bridge.
10)
Soldiers must do as they are bidden.
3. Insert the words missing, if necessary:
1) The
auction completed ... favour of Mr. Black.
2)
The auctioneer at last struck his desk ... a hammer.
3)
... the fall of the hammer the highest can get an item on sale.
4)
Mr. Morney retracted ... his bid.

Unit 57
STRIKES
Strike is a cessation of work or refusal to work by employees
ACTing
together in connection with a trade dispute to secure better terms and conditions
of employment for themselves and/ or other workers.
A trade union cannot call its members out on strike unless it has held a
secret ballot and the majority agree to the action.
Ubder terms ofthe Employment Plights Act 1996 trade union ballots for
industrial action must be fully postal and, if a ballot
members, it must be subject to independent
SCRUTINY .
INVOLves
50 or more
Seven days' notice of
the Union's intention to ballot ii members on industrial action must be given to

the employer
AND
the union must provide the employer with details ofthe ballot
result and give him at least seven days' written notice of those members it
intends to call out on strike.
A strike ballot remains effective for four weeks.
155
Tasks and exercises
1. Read
the basic text.
2.
Give the definition of the term strike.
3.
Insert the words, if necessary:

1)
A trade union cannot call its members ... on strike unless it has held a
secret ballot and the majority agree ... the action.
2)
.. . terms of the Employment Rights (1996) Act ballots ... industrial action
must be fully postal.
3)
If a ballot involves 50 or more members, it must be subject ...

independent scrutiny.
4)
4.
The union must provide the employer with details of the ballot result.
Read and explain what was wrong in the actions of the strikers?
The Trade union decided to call out a number of workers on strike. It held
a secret postal ballot. Then the trade union provided the employer with details of
the ballot result. Then the strikers gave the employer a seven days' written notice
of those members they intended to call out on strike.
5.
6.
Restore the remarks missing:

A.
Is strike a cessation of work?
B.
Yes, it is, but....
A.
A secret ballot? How do they hold it?
B.
They hold it... .
A.
I hear that the strikers must give their employer some notices.
B.
Yes ... .
A.
And how long does this strike ballot remain effective?
B.
The strike ballot...
Read the text and answer the questions below:

Trade Unions
Trade Union is an organization whose members are wholly or mainly workers

and whose principal purposes include the
156
regulation of relations between workers and employers or employers'

associations.
Unions' affairs are regulated by the Trade Union and Labour Relations
(Consolidation) Act 1992.
This provides that: secret ballots must be held for election nl union's
executive committees and before any industrial action burked by the union;
union funds cannot be used to indemnify individuals for fines imposed by a
court for a criminal offence or contempt of court; and unions' accounting records
must be open to inspection by their members, who can challenge any unlawful
use of the funds through courts.
1) What
is the principal purpose of trade unions?
2)
By what Acts are unions' affairs regulated?
3)
In which way are unions' executive committees elected?
4)
Are secret ballots held before industrial actions, such as strikes?
5)
How can rank-and-file members of the trade union control the executive
committee?
7. Read the text below attentively.

Picketing
I here is no specific legal right to picket, nor any prohibition
ON
picketing.
Pickets have no immunity from prosecution for committing criminal offences

and they have no right to compel others to stop or to listen to the pickets' views.
8. Ask your colleagues if:
there is specific legal right to picket;
there is prohibition on picketing;
pickets have immunity from prosecution for committing offences;
pickets have right to compel others to stop or to listen to their views.
157
1) What
2)
Do pickets have any right to compel others to join them?
3) Have
10.
is provided for by legislation in case of picketing in GB?

the pickets any immunity from prosecution?
Speak on the labour law problems in Ukraine.
Unit 58.
INDUSTRIAL TRIBUNAL (IT)
The Industrial tribunal hears and rules on certain disputes between employers
and employees or trade unions relating to statutory terms and conditions of
employment. The tribunals hear complaints concerning unfair dismissal,
redundancy, equu I pay, maternity rights, and complaints of unlawful deductions
from wages.
Tribunals can also hear complaints from trade union members concerning
unjustifiable disciplining by their union or unlawful exclusion from a trade
union.
Tribunals sit in local centers in public and usually consist of legally qualified
chairman and two independent laymen, although chairmen are permitted to sit
alone, without lay members, for certain types of case.
An appeal on a point of law arising from any decision on a n IT may be heard
by the Employment Appeal Tribunal.
Tasks and questions
1.
Find all the derivatives of the word to employ in I lit text.
2.
to relate
to complain
158
to deduct
to exclude
to qualify
lo permit
to hear
to employ
lo dismiss
3. Match elements from A with those of B to get collocations from the text:
A
unjustifiable
rights
unlawful
centers
local
members
independent
disciplining
lay
lay men
unfair
exclusion
maternity
dismissal
statutory
terms

1) Are
2)
chairmen allowed to sit alone?
What cases are heard by ITs?
3)Where should one file an appeal if it is a labour dispute case?

Unit 59
SOCIAL SECURITY AND LABOUR LAW
In
Ihe
1870s
Britain
passed
to
govern
housing
and
public
health. In 1902 the Education Act ended the work of building a

national system of primary and secondary education.
When the new Liberal party came to power in 1905, it made
even stronger reforms. It granted legal holidays with pay and
159
passed the National Insurance Act of 1911. Certain kinds of
workers got unemployment insurance.
Britain had copied from Germany, which, in the 1880s, was
the leader in social legislation.
In France law passed in the 1890s limited women to a 10hour
workday
and
provided
in
part
for
pensions
and
accident
insurance.
In 1906, a six-day work week was made legal.
Many other countries followed the leads of Britain, Germany,
and
France.
Russia
By
1914,
nearly
and the Balkan states
every
European
had rather
country
good factory
except
codes
and
labor laws.
Tasks and exercises
1. Put
the articles if necessary:
... Education Act;

... National Insurance Act;
... France;
... Balkan states;
... Germany.
2.
3.
What happened
1)
in the 1880s?
2)
in the 1890s?
3)
by 1914?
4)
in1911?
5)
in 1902?
6)
in
7)
in 1906?
Show
1905?
the
progressive
movement
in
the
history
of
laboui
law and social security.

4.
Correct the wrong statements:

1) By
1914 all European countries had rather good factory
codes and labour laws.

2)
In 1906 a five-day work week was made legal.

160
3)
In the 1890s law limited men to a 10-hour workday.
4)
The Conservative Party came to power in GB in 1905.
5)
Germany copied from Britain in the 1880s in social legislation.
5. Find the materials and speak on the system of insurance In GB.

6. Read and answer the questions:
Safety at work
Every employer has a common-law to take reasonable care for his
employees' health, safety, and welfare at work.
He may be sued in the courts for damages if an employee is Injured
through the employer's negligence or failure to observe the safety regulations.
The Employment Act 1989 contains legislation of the protection of female
workers. It is prohibited to employ women in a factory within four weeks of
childbirth; to employ women in a rang of processes involving lead or lead
compounds; and to employ women in a range of processes in the pottery
industry.
1)
In which cases may the employer be sued?
2)
What legislation does the Employment Act 1989 contain?
3) In which processes is it prohibited to employ women?

1)
It is prohibited to ...
2)
The employer may be sued for ...
3) Every employer has a duty to ...

161
Unit 60
MARRIAGE
Marriage is a ceremony, civil or religious, that creates the legal status of

husband and wife and the legal obligations arising from that status.
The minimum age for marriage is 16 with parental conseni and 18 without
it.
Parties to a marriage in GB must be respectively male and female as
determined at birth. It means that sex-change operations have no legal effect.
Parties must not be already married to someone else. Otherwise it will be
bigamy or polygamy, which are crimes, punishable by up to seven years'
imprisonment.
Parties must enter into the marriage freely.
All marriages other than solemnized in the Church of England must be
authorized by a certificate issued by the Superintendent Registrar of Births,
Deaths, and Marriages.
The marriage solemnized by Church is authorized by a religious license.
In a civil marriage, the ceremony takes place in a registoi office or other
registered venue, with open door, in the presence of the Superintendent Registrar
who conducts the ceremony, a registrar who supervises registration formalities,
and at least two witnesses.
In a Church of England marriage, the ceremony usually takes place in
church and is celebrated by a clergyman in the presence
of at least two witnesses.
Tasks and questions
1. Combine elements from A and B to get some collocations:
A
Legal
consent
Parental
operations
sex-change
registrar
162
superintendent
obligations
religious
marriage
civil
license
registered
office
register
venue

1)
In GB parties to a marriage must be ...
2)
The minimum age for marriage in GB is ...
3)
Bigamy in GB is a crime ...
4)
The marriage solemnized by Church is ...
5)
The civil marriage ceremony takes place ...

The religious ceremony usually takes place ...
6)

1)
When is a parental consent a must?
2)
Can two men or two women marry in GB?
3)
Is polygamy allowed/ permissible in GB?
4) Is the marriage solemnized by Church valid in GB?
5)
How many witnesses must be present at
the Church ceremony of marriage?

4. Give the words of the same root from the text:
to punish; prison; authority; solemnity; conduction;
formal; supervision; celebration.
5. Combine elements from two rows and translate the
impounds:
a)
other; clergy; super; sex;
b)
intendent; wise; man.
6. Find in the text all the derivatives

ofthe word registered.
7. Find the synonymic pairs:
venue; license; offence; hold; solemnize;

certificate; place; conduct; crime;
celebrate.
163
8. Translate the following word combinations
with the key-word
marriage:
civil marriage; valid marriage;

registered marriage; morganatic marriage;
void marriage; solemnized marriage;
repeated marriage; hedge marriage;
fictitious marriage; marriage of convenience;
marriage of minors.
Unit 61
DIVORCE
Divorce is the legal termination of a marriage and the obligations created
by marriage.
Before proceedings are initiated, either or both parties will be required to
attend a compulsory information meeting.
After a period of three months, during which the information given at the
meeting is absorbed, either or both parties may file a statement of marital
breakdown. A statement cannot be filed during the first year of a marriage.
A period of reflection and consideration begins 14 days after filing the
statement and lasts for nine months. During this period both parties actively
reflect on whether or not the marriage can be saved and consider what financial
and other arrangements need to be made for the future. It also provides an
opportunity to effect a reconciliation.
No divorce order can be made until matters relating to finance and the
welfare of children have been finalized.
Tasks and questions
1. Give the synonyms from the text:
dissolution of marriage (2 variants)
164
to regulate;
duties;
obligatory;
to send to the court;
meditation;
chance.
2. Insert the words missing in the form required by the

context:
effect; file; absorb;
finalize; initiate; marital.
1) The
matters relating to the welfare of children ...
2)
This law provides an opportunity ... a reconciliation.
3)
Both parties may ... a statement of... breakdown.
4)
The information given at a compulsory meeting is considered to ... after a

period of three months.
5)
Proceedings of divorce may be ... by either party.
3. Insert the modal verbs required:

1)
Either or both parties ... file a statement of marital breakdown.
2)
A statement ... be filed during the first year of a marriage.
3)
The parties reflect on whether or not the marriage ...

be saved.
4)
They consider what financial and other arrangements ... to be made for
the future.
No divorce order ... be made until matters of the children's welfare have
5)
been finalized.
4. Transform into the Passive Voice:
1) Alice
initiated the divorce proceedings.
2)
They absorbed the information given at the meeting.
3)
M Sam filed a statement of marital breakdown.
4) They did not save their marriage.

5) They made some arrangements for the future.
6) The judge made a divorce order.
165
7) They have finalized the matters of child's welfare.
5.
Insert prepositions if necessary:

1)
Nick reflects ... the perspectives of his marriage.
2)
Some arrangements must be made ... the future.
3)
These obligations are created ... marriage.
4)
This information was given ... the meeting. 6) It was a statement...
marital breakdown.
6.
Choose the correct variants:

1)
Either Pete or Alice (is; are) going to initiate the proceedings of divorce.
2)
Both Ted and Ann (is; are) going to file a statement ol marital breakdown.
3)
Either side (is; are) ready to initiate the proceedings of divorce.
4)
Either of them (is; are) reflecting on the consequences of this marital

breakdown.
7.
5)
Neither Pete nor Mary (agree; agrees) to reconciliale,
6)
Both parties actively (reflect; reflects) on the welfare of the children.
7)
Neither of them (want; wants) to file a statement of marital breakdown.
Now read this funny story and retell it.

The lawyer was sitting at his desk, so absorbed in his work that he did not
hear the door as it was pushed gently open, nor see the curly head that was thrust
into his office. A little sob attracted his notice, and turning, he saw a face that
was streaked with tears and told plainly that feelings had been hurt. Well, my
little man, did you want to see me? Are you a lawyer? Yes. What do you
want?
I want and there was a resolute ring in his voice - I want a
divorce from my papa and mammas.
8.
Read another funny story. Open the brackets and put the verbs in the correct
form:
166
In a Charlotte, North Carolina, domestic-relations court, the Jndge (to
listen) intently to both sides in a case against an elderly man who (to charge) by
his wife with non-support.
After all the evidence was in, the judge (to tell) the defendant: You
haven't (take) proper care of this good woman and I (to tin) Id give $ 25 a
month.
The defendant (to beam) with pleasure. That's mighty nice of your
honour, he said, and I (to give) her a dollar or two from time to time myself.
Unit 62
ADOPTION
Adoption differs from fostering in that it affects all the
PARENts'
rights and
duties and it is a permanent change. After adoption the natural parents are no
longer considered in law to be the parents ofthe child, who is henceforth
regarded as the legal child of the adoptive parents.
The first consideration in deciding whether or not a child should be
adopted is whether the adoption would safeguard mill promote the welfare ofthe
child.
Normally a child cannot be adopted without the consent of each its
parents or guardians, but in some cases the court may make an adoption order
without the parent's consent.
But the court makes an adoption order against the parents' i wishes it is
in the child's best interests.
An adopted child over the age of 18 has a right to see a copy of his
original birth certificate in order to find out who his natural parents are.
The Registrar General must keep a register containing details of all
adoption orders.
167
Tasks and exercises
4.What is the difference between adoption and fostering?
5.Translate the following words and expressions:
alimony
settlement of alimony;
alimony in gross; reduction of alimony;
exact of alimony; to sue for alimony;
to recover alimony;
paternity
to recognize paternity; recognition of

paternity; establishment of paternity;
to establish paternity; to disprove
paternity; the contestation of paternity;
child
abandoned child; still-born child;

illegitimate child; adopted child;
vagrant-child; child born in
wedlock; orphan child; natural child;
guardian
guardian by law; guardian by will;

joint guardian; legal (testamentary)
guardian; to appoint a guardian;
to remove a guardian;
guardianship to be under the guardianship;

termination of guardianship;
restoration of guardianship.
3.Find the pairs of synonyms:

renouncement; minor; guardianship; tutor; issue;
alimony; fatherhood; guardian; infant; wardship;
descendants; agnatic; allowance; parentship;
consanguineous; abdication;
4.Give all the derivatives of the word 'adopt'
used in the text.
5.Combine the elements from A-and B
to get the collocations used in the text:
A
parents'
parents
natural
right and duties

168
Permanent
child
Legal
change
Birth
certificate
6. Paraphrase:
1)
A child cannot be adopted without the agreement of

each ofthe parents.
2)
The register contains facts of all adoption orders.
3)
An adopted child over 18 has a right to get to know

who his or her natural parents are.
4)
After adoption the child becomes a legitimate son or

daughter of the adoptive parents.
5)
The adoption is permitted if the welfare of the child is

guaranteed.
7.Answer the questions:

1) Can
court make an adoption order without the parents'
consent?
2)
Have adopted children any chances to find their natural

parents?
Unit 63
WILL IN GB
A will is a document by which a person called the testator
ipjiomts executors to administer his estate after his death, and

illinrts the manner in which it is to be distributed to the
beneficiaries he specifies.
To be valid, the will must comply with the formal
Hrtjnm-inents ofthe Wills Act of 1837 and the testator must
have testamentary capacity when the will is made.
A will can be amended by the execution of a codicil or a
duly executed alteration. It can be revoked by the testator and
replaced by another will.
The state in which a person dies without having made a will
disposing of all his property is called intestacy. A total intestacy
169
occurs when the deceased leaves no will at all or a will that only appoints
executors but does not dispose of any property A partial intestacy arises when a
will deals with only part of the testator's estate.
Tasks and exercises
1.Explain the difference between the terms testate and testator.
2.
Translate the following words and word combinations. In case of necessity
use the law dictionaries: testacy; testament; inofficious testament; testamentary

guardian; testamentary intent; testamentary instrument; to die intestate.
3.

1)
A person who makes a will is called ...
2)
The will must comply with ...
3)
A will can be amended by ...
4)
An addition to a will is called ...
5)
The will can be revoked by ...
6)
A person appointed by a will to administer the testator's estate is

known as ...
4.
Read and insert the words from the table:

A probate is a certificate issued by the Family Division of the High Court,
on the application of... appointed by a will, lo the effect that the will is ... and
that the executors are authorized to ... the deceased's estate.
When there is no apparent ... about the will's validity, probate is granted in
... form.
When the will is disputed, probate in solemn ... is granted
Probate action helps to determine the validity of thtf disputed ....
Valid; executor; doubt;
Administer; common; form; will
170
5.
Give the synonymic expressions for A from B:

A
6.
parol will
to contest a will
to draw up a will
to executive a will
to challenge a will
holographic will
to administer a will
to make a will
autograph will
nuncupative will
double will
testing
testamentation
reciprocal will
Match the words and expressions from A with those
from B:
A
1)
B
a) codicil
2)
b) testamentation
3)
c) testacy
4)
d) probate
5)
n) nullification of
a will
6)
7. Translate
f) will executor
into Ukrainian:
devise deviser (devisor); right of longlife

enjoyment by devise; devisee;
right of statutory share irrespective of
devise points; to make a devise;
to propound a devise.
8. Define what kind of devise is meant:
a)
... and the rest of my real

property to C;
b)
my house to A;
c)
all my real property to B.
(specific devise; residuary' devise; general devise).

9. Compare the pairs of words.
What is the difference between them:
171
testator testatrix;
devisor devisee;
executor executrix.
Unit 64
TYPES OF OFFENCES
Offences suggest different breaches of law.
Offences against international law and order affect the proper functioning
of international society. They include, for example, piracy, hijacking, and war
crimes.
Offences against property affect another person's rights of ownership. The
main offences against property are theli, offences of deception and making off
without payment, criminal damage, arson, forgery, and forcible entry.
Some offences against property, such as burglary, robbery, and blackmail,
may also contain elements of offences against the person.
Offences against public order affect the smooth running ol orderly society.
The main offences against public order are riot, violent disorder, affray,
threatening behaviour, stirring up racial hatred, public nuisance, and obstruction
of highways.
Crimes that involve the use or threat of physical force against another
person are called offences against the person. The main of them are homicide,
infanticide, illegal abortion, causing death by dangerous driving, torture, rape,
wounding, causing and inflicting grievous bodily harm, assault, battery,
kidnapping, and offences involving indecency.
Offences against the state affect the security of the state as .1 whole. The
main offences against the state are treason anil misprision of the treason,
sedition, incitement to muting, offences involving official secrets and acts of
terrorism.
172
Tasks and exercises
1. Find
the words of the same root in the text:
to offend; to break; to own; thief; to deceive; burglar; to rob; order;

threat; legal; decent; to incite; pirate.
2.
Combine elements from A with elements from B:
dangerous
abortion
main
driving
official
offences
illegal
harm
bodily
secrets
forcible
entry
3. Arrange all the offences in four groups:

A.
Offences against the person.
B.
Offences against the state.
C.
Offences against property.
D.
Offences against public order.
riot; treason; theft; violent disorder; affray; torture; public nuisance; forgery;
threatening behaviour; illegal abortion; mulilion; wounding; terrorism; assault
homicide; forcible entry; infanticide; arson; battery; stirring up racial hatred;
incitement to muting; kidnapping; blackmail; burglary; deception; robbery.
4.Give the negative forms:
decency; legal; order.
5.Give the synonyms from the text:
injuring; beating; crime; conduct; heavy; corporal; rebellion; brawl.
6. Give the words on the basis of their definitions:
1) a
fight in a public place, causing or likely to cause a disturbance of the
peace;
2)
a betrayal ofthe country or ruler;
3) words
or actions intended to make people rebel against authority; disobey
the government;
173
4)
an
open
rebellion
against lawful authority;
especially
of
soldiers
or
sailors
5)
violent
outburst
of
lawlessness
by
the
people
in
into
district.
7.
Translate the following sentences:

1)
The tyrant rioted in cruelty.
2)
The riot was put down by the police.
3)
To read the Riot Act means to read part of this act

officially to disorderly persons after which, if they do
not disperse, they can be arrested for felony.
8.
4)
The enemy's positions were taken by assault.
5)
20p for a cup of coffee is daylight robbery!

1)
Assault and ... mean beating and hitting.
2)
The charging of excessive prices is called day light..,
3)
Nick died of grievous ... harm.
4)
The cashier made ... with the firm's money.
5)
Sam's
actions
were
qualified
as
...
entry
building.
9.
Speak on the types of offences accepted in GB.
Unit 65
CRIME
Crime is an act or a failure to act that is deemed by statuw
or by the common law to be a public wrong and is there fori
punishable by the state in criminal proceedings.
Every crime consists of an actus reus accompanied by a
specified mens rea, and the prosecution must prove these
elements of the crime beyond reasonable doubt.
Some crimes are serious wrongs of a moral nature (e.g.

murder or rape); others interfere with the smooth running of
society (parting offences).
174
Crimes are customarily divided into indictable offences (for trial by judge
and jury) and summary offences (for trial by magistrates). Some are hybrid
crimes, that is they are triable either way (as indictable or summary).
Crimes are also divided into arrestable offences and nonarrestable
offences.
The punishments for a crime include death (for treason), life
imprisonment (e.g. for murder); imprisonment for a specified period, suspended
sentences of imprisonment, probation; binding over, and fines.
Tasks and exercises
1. Give the definition of the term crime.
2. Explain the Latin terms actus reus and mens rea.
3. What does the expression to prove beyond reasonable doubt signify?
4. Comment on the synonymic chain:
crime - wrong misdeed offence
5 Give the definitons of the indictable offences and the summary
offences. Why are some crimes called hybrid ones?
1)
What punishments are called arrestable and nonarrestable?
2)
What kind of punishment is binding over?
3)
Is probation widely practiced in this country?
4)
Is death penalty provided for treason in GB?
5)
What does the word suspended mean in the

expression suspended sentence of imprisonment?
7.Give the words ofthe same root from the text:

to arrest; trial; prison; punish; custom; sum; interference;
to run; to proceed.
8. Find the corresponding names ofthe following offences:

1) Breach
of the peace.
a) Forgery and
counterfeiting.
175
2)
Vagabondage, begging,
b) Embezzlement,
loitering.
3)
Willful or malicious destruction, c) Robbery,

injury, disfigurement, or defacement
of any public or private property,
real or personal, without consent
of the owner or persons having
custody or control.
4)
The taking or attempting
d) Vagrancy
to take anything from the care,

custody, or control of person
or by force or threat of force or
violence and / or by the victim
in fear.
5)Misappropriation or
e) Vagrancy
misapplication of money or
property entrusted to one's care,
custody, or control.
6)
Making, altering, uttering,
f) disorderly conduct
or possessing, with intent

to defraud, anything false
in the semblance of that
which is true.
9.
Read and qualify the crimes described using the phrase:
They committed + the name of the appropriate crime
The list of the possible variants is given below:

1)
they broke the window of his car and stole the

radio;
2)
they sold painting that they knew weren't

genuine masterpieces;
3) they
4)
illegally carried drugs into another country,
they held a pistol at the pilot's head and ha had

176
to do what they said;
5)they set fire to the hotel;
6)they took some things off the shelves and left the supermarket
without paying for them;

7)they took away the rich man's son and asked him for a lot of money;
8)they hit the man on the head as he was walking along the street, and
stole all his money and credit cards;
9)hey took her purse out of her handbag as she
was standing on the crowded platform waiting for the train.
shop-lifting; kidnapping; drug smuggling; mugging; hijacking;
fraud; pickpocketing; theft; arson.
10. Read the text:
Crime Statistics
Regular crime surveys are undertaken in GB. M.my crimes go unrecorded by
the police, mainly because mmI nil victims report what has happened to them.
The surveys win I II m that the majority of crimes are against property, in the
form of theft or vandalism.
Analyse and comment on the following table, presenting the offences
recorded in England and Wales in 1994.
Offence group
Recorded
Crimes
crimes
cleared up
(Per cent)
Violence against the

pnson
219,744
168,534
(77)
177

Sexual offences
31,987
24,399
(76)
Burglary
1,261,387
268,893
(21)
Robbery
60,016
13,053
(22)
Theft and handing

stolen goods
2,560,705
606,714 (24)
Fraud and forgery
146,144
75,623
(52)
Criminal damage
708,262
123,631
(17)
Other
47,709
45,668
(96)
Total
5,035,954
1,326,505 (26)
1) What can you say about the crime clearance rate in England and Wales
2.
in 1994?
3.
2) Which crimes remain undisclosed especially often?
4.
3) Does the Home Office try to conceal any figures? Do they set the
figures too high or do they put them too low?
4) Which crimes have the highest clearance rate?
11. Read the text and insert the words missing from the
frame.
Money laundering is the process by which illegally obtained
property from drugs or arms ... , terrorist activities or other
serious ... is given the ... of having originated from a legitimate
source.
New powers to clamp down on money ... came into force
in 1994, with heavy ... for those who launder money gained
from any sort of serious crime.
appearance; penalties; trafficking; launderers;
crime
178
11. Read the text and put 10 questions:
Manuals on bomb making still sold
United States Army manuals describing how to make bombs from
household materials are on sale in London six months after being reported to the
Home Office.
Frustrated by the Home Office's explanation that it is powerless to ban the
books, Mr. P. Scheibner, a historian, has decided to show how to make homemade napalm, plastic explosives, nail bombs and booby traps at a hall in
Lewisham, south London, on April 13.
The instructions are so simple that they can be followed by any child of
limited intelligence, he says.
The manuals, published by the US Defense Department for members of
the armed forces, are available at modest prices from at least three outlets in
London.
11.
React to the statements. Agree or disagree:

1)
In London one can buy manuals which describe how to make bombs from
the old guns.
12.
2)
The Home Office at once banned the manuals on bomb-making.
3)
Mr. Scheibner was a general.
4)
Even children can make a bomb using the instructions.
5)
The manuals on bomb-making are very expensive.
What factor is conducive to the increase of crime rates?
Unit 66
CRIMINAL
Of all crimes which become known to the police, most do not result in any
arrest; and a very small percentage of all crimes known to the police finally
result in a formal conviction in a court of law.
179
Moreover, to call someone a criminal merely because he is accused of
having engaged in a crime or because he has been arrested or held for grand jury
or even placed on trial is, in itself, to engage in criminal behavior (slander or
libel) if tinman so described is not convicted.
Crime is prohibited, punishable behavior, the criminal is the judicially
proven, culpable perpetrator of the crime. Countries with an Anglo-Saxon
heritage developed a rather precise set ol conditions governing what evidence is
admissible in determining the guilt or innocence of an accused person by and
large, the rules seem reasonable.
At an earlier time in England history, very different techniques were used
to prove whether the accused was n punishable offender. The so-called ordeals
were, in effect, legal trials and tests of truth. The ordeals included hot iron,
boiling water, and fire.
If in any of these ordeals the suspect developed blisters on his hands or
feet, this was tantamount to a finding of guilt and he was instantly punished. A
near-miracle would be necessary for anyone not to be found guilty. However, in
the cold-water ordeal (in this ordeal the accused, bound hand and foot, was
lowered onto a pond; if he sank to the bottom, he was considered innocent) the
basic laws of nature operated in favor of tin- defendant.
Tasks and exercises
1.
Find in the basic text the synonyms for the following words and
expressions: offence; defamation; in general methods; equal; at once.

2.

1)
... large, these rules are reasonable.
2)
The accused was bound ... hand and foot.
3)
The accused sank ... the bottom.
4)
Thos crime did not result... any arrests.
5) Sam was accused ... two crimes.

180
3.
Give the words ofthe same root from the text:

to behave; inherit; to admit; to punish;
to defend; per cent; to convict; to offend.
4.
Insert the words from the frame below:

1)
Crime is prohibited, ... behaviour.
2)
The criminal is the culpable ... of the crime.
3)
Different techniques were used to prove ... of the

accused.
4)
The ... included the hot iron, boiling water, and fire.
5)
The suspect was ... on trial.

placed; ordeals; the guilt;
perpetrator; punishable.

1) The
ordeals included ...
2)
In the cold-water ordeal ...
3)
If the suspect developed blisters ...
4)
A near-miracle would be necessary ...
5)
The criminal is ...
6.Match the names of law breakers (A) with the appropriate

definilion (B):
A
arsonist
B
1) attacks and robs people, often
shop-
in the street;
2) sets fire to property illegally;
lifter
mugger
offender
3) is anyone who breaks the law;

4) breaks into houses or other
vandal
buildings to
steal;
5) steals from shops while acting
burglar
murderer
as an
ordinary customer;
6) kills someone;
7) deliberately causes damage to
kidnappe
property;
8) steals things from people's
pockets in
crowded places;
181
pickpocket 9) gets secret information from another country;
accomplice 10) bugs and sell drugs illegally;
drug dealer 11) takes away people by force and demands
money for their returns;
spy
12) helps a criminal act;
terrorist
13) uses violence for political reasons;
assassin
14) causes damage or disturbance in public

places;
hooligan
15) hides on a ship or plane to get a free journey;
stowaway 16) takes control of a plane by force and

makes the pilot change course;
thief
17) murders for political reasons or a rewand;
hijacker
18) is someone who steals;
forger
19) makes counterfeit or false money or

signatures;
robber
20) is a member of a criminal group;
smuggler
21) steals money by force from people or places;
traitor
22) marries illegally, being married already,
gangster
23) is a soldier who runs away from the army;
deserter
24) brings goods into a country illegally

without paying tax;
bigamist
25) betrays his or her country to another state.

Unit 67
TORT
Tort is a wrongful act or omission for which damager can be obtained in a

civil court by the person wronged. The law of
182
tort is mainly concerned with providing compensation for personal injury
and property damage caused by negligence.
It also protects other interests, such as reputation (in case of i le
Tarnation), personal freedom (assault; false imprisonment); title to property
(trespass), etc. It must usually be shown that tin- wrong was done intentionally
or negligently, but there are .ume torts of strict liability.
Most torts are actionable only if they have caused damage, but torts whose
main function is to protect rights are actionable without proof of damage.
The main remedy for a tort is an action for damages.
Some torts are also breaches of contract. Negligent driving hy a taxidriver that causes injury to his passenger is both the tort of negligence and
breach of the contract to carry the passenger safely to his destination. The
passenger may sue either IN tort or for breach of contract, or both.
Many torts are also crimes. Assault is both a crime and a tort. Dangerous
driving is a crime and may give rise to an action
IN TORT
if it causes injury to
another person.
Tasks and exercises
1)
What is the difference between the terms tort and crime, if any?
2)
What is the main remedy for a tort?
3)
Are breaches of contract qualified as torts?
4)
Is assault a crime or a tort?
5)
How do they qualify negligent driving?
2. Explain the meaning ofthe word actionable in the text.

3. Give the words of the same root from the text:
wrong; to omit; main; to compensate; negligent; to
imprison; intention; liable; to drive.
4. Write out all the adverbs with the ending 'ly' and translate llirin.
183
5.
Read the article below and answer the questions:
How should one qualify the case described?
Is it a crime or a tort?
Give your comments.

6.
Read and retell the article:
Assault charges dropped against aging televangelist

New York, AP Television preacher Robert Schuller who was accused of
shoving a male flight attendant, isn't too old to learn a lesson.
Prosecutors agreed Wednesday Aug, 13. to drop a misdemeanor assault
charge against the televangelist if he completes six months of federal
supervision.
A misdemeanor criminal complaint said Schuller argued with the flight

attendant on a Los Angeles-to-New York United Airlines flight in June, then
grabbed the man by the shoulders and vigorously shook him.
Schuller's Hour of Power syndicated TV program reaches 20 million
viewers in more than 180 countries.
Unit 68
GAMING
There are various restrictions on gaming. If the premise! are uncontrolled,
it is illegal to play a game, unless the ga!it|i takes place in a private house in the
course of ordinary family life.
One cannot play roulette with a zero in uncontrollw premises, but one may
play such games as bridge, whist, poker.
Gaming in any street or any place to which the public
access is illegal,
except for dominoes, or any game spccittlM authorized in a pub.

184
Casino-type games may be played on controlled premises for commercial
profit if permission has been obtained, but only by members of licensed or
registered clubs and their guests.
No one under 18 may be present when gaming takes place. It is illegal to
use, sell, or maintain gaming machines without a certificate or license.
Tasks and exercises
1. Translate
the words and expressions:
gaming; gambling; roulette; bridge;

whist; poker; premises;
controlled promises; access; casino-type games; licensed club; registered
club; gaming machines; certificate; license.
2.
1)
What restrictions are there on gaming?
2)
When is gaming considered illegal?
3)
What does the uncontrolled premises mean?
4)
Is it banned to play dominoes in the street?
5)
Are people under 18 permitted to watch the gaming?

Is gaming a crime?
6)
3. React:
1) It
is illegal to play bridge and whist in uncontrolled premises.
2)
Roulette with a zero is permitted only in the street.
3)
Children are allowed to play and watch any games.
4)
One can play any game in a pub.
5)
At home you may play with your relatives any games without a
certificate or license.

1) It is illegal to play a game, unless ....
2) Gaming in any street...
3) Casino-type games may be played ...
4) Only members of licensed clubs may ...
5) It is illegal to sell, use or maintain ...
185
Unit 69
POLICE ADMINISTRATION
IN GREAT BRITAIN
The primary duty of a police authority is to provide an adequate and
efficient police force for police units under its control. In order to enable it to
carry out this duty it is empowered to appoint the chief constable and deputy or
assistant chief constable; to determine the establishment of the force and the
number of officers in each rank; to provide anil maintain buildings and premises
required for police purposes and so on.
A chief constable is not subject to higher authority in relation to the

deployment of his men nor to the action that he takes in individual cases, but he
is generally responsible to the police authority for the efficiency with which he
uses his force anil the equipment provided, and is required to submit a written
annual report.
He may also be requested by the police authority at any time, to report in
writing on some matter connected with llie policing of the area.
The larger police areas may be split up into divisions anil sub-divisions,
each with its own complement of officers. Smaller forces may operate as a
single unit.
The direction and control of county is vested in the chief constable, whose
primary duty is to see that order is effectively maintained and the law
impartially enforced in the area
I HI
which the police authority is responsible.

(The Police Service
in Britain. L., 1969.)
Tasks and exercises

1)
What is the primary duty of a police authority?
2)
What are the functions of a chief constable?

186
3)
For what is a chief constable responsible to the police

authority?
4)
Who controls the deployment of the policemen?
5)
What documents must a chief constable submit to the

police administration?
6) What is the structure of the large police areas?

2.

1)
A chief constable is not subject to ...
3.
2)
A chief constable is generally responsible for ...
3)
A chief constable is required to submit...
4)
A chief constable may be requested at any time ...
5)
The primary duty of a chief constable is ...

Give
the
words
of
the
same
root
from
the
text
Police
Administration:
impartial; efficiency; able; power; appointment;
to deploy; submission.
4.
Match the elements from A with those given in B:

A
annual
unit
police
constable
single
areas
chief
report
primary
cases
individual
duty
Unit 70
TRAINING OF THE POLICEMEN
In England and Wales entry to the police force is open to

men and women over the age of 18 and a half.
Candidates must be either British or Commonwealth citizens,
physically fit and have good eyesight. There are no longer any
187
minimum
height
requirements.
There
is
an
educational
by all candidates regardless of educational achievement.

All police officers go through a basic training course lasting
several months and spend a total of two years as probationers.
Training for probationer constables is a combination of onthe-job training and work at residential training centres.
test
taken
After the initial two years as probationers, they can apply

for promotion to sergeant provided they have passed the
qualifying examination.
After two years' service as a sergeant an officer can apply
for promotion to the rank of the inspector if he has passed the
inspector's examination.
Senior officers are trained at a special Police Staff College
at Bramshill.
There is also the accelerated promotion course available for
officers with strong potential for rapid promotion to senior ranks.
Tasks and exercises
1.
Put the tick against the names of those who can become
a policemen in GB:
1)
Sam has good eyesight.
2)
Ted is under 18.
3)
Mike is short-sighted.
4)
Nick is not very tall.
5)
Charles is a good boxer.
6)
Ann is over 20 years old.
7)
Ned comes from Iran.
8)
Den is a citizen of Australia.
9)
Jeff is a Welsh.
2.
Explain the meaning of the term probationer.
3.
Paraphrase the sentences:

1) Training for probationer constables is a combination
of on-the-job training and work at residential traimii
centres.
188
4.
Whose rank is higher: that of a sergeant or of a
probationer?
5.

1) There
is an educational test for all candidates regardless
... educational achievements.

2)
All police officers go ... a basic training course.
3)
The probationers can apply ... promotion to sergeant.
4)
There are special accelerated courses for rapid
promotion ... senior ranks.

6.
7.
Combine elements from A with the elements from B.

A
senior
officers
qualifying
eyesight
good
course
accelerated
training
educational
examination
strong
achievements
on-the-job
potential
residential
centers
Expand the sentences using the words from brackets:

1)
After two years as probationers, they can apply for

promotion to sergeant (initial).
2)
There are no longer any height requirements (minimum).
3)
All police officers go through a training course lasting

several months (basic).
4)
There is a test taken by all candidates (educational).
5)
Senior officers are trained at a Police Staff College at

Bramshill (special).
6) There is also the promotion course available for officers

with strong potential for promotion to senior ranks
(rapid; accelerated).
7) Candidates must be fit and have good eyesight

(physically).
189
8.
Give the words of the same root from the text: probation; to exam; quality;
acceleration; to promote; to require; entrance.
9.
Give the synonyms from the text: access; mixture; fast; local; demands.
10. Paraphrase:
1)
You should be in a good physical shape to become a policeman.
2)
Both men and women have a chance to become policemen if they are
over 18 and a half.
3)
All police officers must attend a basic training course.
4)
Probationer constables train at their departments and at local training

centers.
5)
After two years probationers may claim to the promotion.
11. Arrange
the ranks according to the principle of seniority:
sergeant; probationer; inspector.

What kind of training is required of candidates for these positions/ranks?
Unit 71
POLICEMEN ON THE JOB
The heart of policing is the work done by police constables who are in
constant contract with the public. They patrol the streets on foot, sometimes on
bicycles or in cars, give advice and deal with disturbances.
They also work at the local police station, handling enquires and dealing
with arrested people. Some specialize, for example, as dog handlers or mounted
police.
Every force has its criminal investigation department stalled by specialist
detectives.
There is also a traffic division which operates road patrol units.
190
At the heart of most police stations is the control room equipped with hightech computer and radio equipment.
Tasks and exercises
1. Explain
the notions:
mounted police; traffic division; dog handlers; detectives; the control-room.

2.
Insert the first elements of the word combinations:

to ... enquiries; to ... with arrested people;
to ... advice; to ... the streets; to ... with disturbances;
to ... as dog handles; to ... road patrol units.
3.
Tell about the main functions of the policemen.
4.
Insert the prepositions missing, if necessary.

The Work of the Police in Great Britain
All regular police forces have a department which deals primarily ... the
prevention of crime and the protection of life and property, and a criminal
investigation department, primarily responsible ... the detection of crime and
bringing offenders . justice. Most forces have additional departments ... dealing
with special aspects of police work.
Because the visible presence of a constable is regarded as nn important
check ... crime and disorder, and because a police officer must be immediately
accessible ... the public if he is to five effective help when it is needed, most
members of a police force are officers in uniform.
The function of such officers is to be ... the look-out for any breach of the
law or any incident which requires their attention. ... the course of their duties
they may have to arrest people committing offences of (in certain cases)
suspected of acting ... an unlawful way, prevent disturbances or obstruction
ofthe highway, deal with road accidents, give first-aid to sick oi injured,
escort ... children or elderly people across busy streets and give assistance or
information to any member ofthe public who asks ... help.
191
Police officers are assigned ... regular beats in which they are
encouraged to live (so that they may establish close contacts with the public),
and which they patrol ... foot.
(Boop W. and Schultz D. Principles of American
Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. USA,
1972).
5. Read this funny story and retell it as if you were a lieutenant:
On Finnegan's first day as a regular on the police force, the lieutenant told
him, Finnegan, I'm giving you an easy beat to start with just from the station
house to that red light and back. Finnegan disappeared for two days. Where
the devil were you? roared the lieutenant. Didn't I tell you your beat was just
from here to that red light? You did, agreed Finnegan, but that red light was
on the back of the truck.
Unit 72
POLICE OFFICERS AND FIREARMS
Police officers in GB do not normally carry firearms. Uniformed officers
may carry wooden truncheons to help protect themselves against violence.
Firearms may be issued only to specially trained police officers, known as
Authorized Firearms Officers, and then only on the authority of a senior officer.
Authority is given when an officer is likely to face an armed criminal or is
deployed to protect a person who may be at risk of attack.
Officers may fire weapons only as a last resort if they believe that their
own or other lives are in danger. Each officer In personally responsible for the
decision to fire and may he required to justify this action before the courts.
192
Tasks and exercises
1.
Restore the situations round the following words and expressions:

1) to
carry firearms;
2.
3.
2)
wooden truncheons;
3)
the authority of a senior officer;
4)
at risk of attack;
5)
as a last resort;
6)
to justify one's action before the court.

1)
Officers may fire if...
2)
Authority to use firearms is given when ...
3)
If an officer is likely to face an armed criminal ...
4)
Specially trained police officers are called ...
5)
Uniformed officers may carry ...

Power of search
The 1984 Act empowers the police to stop and search any person or
vehicle found in a public place for stolen or prohibited atticles and to detain a
person or vehicle for such a search.
If out of uniform, the police officer must produce evidence ofhis status.
He must always give his grounds for the search if asked.
Under the Theft Act 1968, for example, police may obtain a warrant to
search for stolen goods when there are reasonable grounds for believing that
they are in someone's possession or on his promises.
Under certain circumstances the police are given powers of search without
any warrant. It concerns such cases as the Misuse ui Daigs and Prevention of
Terrorism.
A constable in uniform may stop and search any person for Ihe purpose of
seeing whether that person is carrying an nl tensive weapon or an instrument
that has a blade or a sharp point.
193
Failure to stop is a summary offence punishable by our
month's imprisonment and/or a fine.
The police also have a general power, when arresting

someone for an arrestable offence, to enter and search any place
in which the suspect is believed to be.
4. Read the text below and define:
What was wrong in the actions of the policemen?
When discussing the problem use the phrases:
He should ...
He sought to ...
Ted, a local policemen, had a wonderful suit on. He
WH
coming back home after the party. Suddenly he noticed a limit

who was carrying a sack. The man looked around as if he was
doing something unlawful. Ted came up to him and pul his
hand on the man's shoulder. Without any explanations he seized
the sack and looked into it.
There he found potatoes. The man explained that he was
carrying this sack of potatoes to his brother. The potatoes were
his own and he had gathered them on his own land-plot.
5. Read the dialogue and act it out:
Policemen: I'd like to ask you a few questions, if you
don't mind.
Sam:
About what?
Policemen: About the murder that someone committed

next door two nights ago. Did you hear
anything unusual that night?
Sam:
I heard nothing at all!
Policemen:
Did you see anything out ofthe ordinary?
Sam:
No, I saw nothing, officer.
Policemen:
Someone fired six shots with a revolver, but

you heard nothing ... A man ran through
that door five minutes after the crime, but
you saw nothing ... . It all sounds very
194
suspicious to me, sir. Have you anything to
add?
Sam:
Nothing at all.
Policemen:
But you won't get away with it.
Sam:
Why do you try to intimidate me?
Policemen: We shall proceed with our enquiries.

6. Define whether the policeman intimidated Sam. Prove
your point of view.
Unit 73
THE FEDERAL BUREAU
OF INVESTIGATION
The FBI is considered by many to be the finest investigative
hody in the world. American policemen hold it in such esteem
that it is often referred to as The Bureau. The FBI is responsible for the investigation of all the federal cases not assigned
to other agencies and for violations committed on the
Govcrnment property and Indian reservations.
Thefts of government property are also investigated by the
FBI. In addition the FBI's jurisdiction includes matters of
inirmal security (espionage, sabotage, treason); bank robbery;
kidnapping; extortion; interstate transportation of stolen autos,
aircraft, cattle, or property; violation of election law; civil rights
violation; and assaulting or killing a Federal officer or the
President of the United States.
The FBI also operates a national crime laboratory for its use
and publishes the monthly Law Enforcement Bulletin.
The FBI collects crime statistics and publishes them, and
maintains a central fingerprint repository. The Bureau engages
In the training of local police officers through the National
195
Academy and through schools conducted by traveling teams <>l agents. FBI
agents often possess law degrees.
(Boop W. and Schultz I > Principles of American
Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. USA,
1972).
Tasks and exercises
1.
Give the words of the same root from the basic text:
investigation; estimation; spy; assignment; to violatr, thief; to export;

month; to force; finger; state.
2.

the investigative ... ; crime ... ; the federal ... ; fingerprint ... ;
Indian ... ; law ... . internal ... ; stolen ... ; bank ... ;
3.
Insert the propositions, if necessary:
1)
American policemen hold the FBI ... great esteem.
2)
The FBI is often referred ... as The Bureau.
3)
Some violations were committed ... government property.
4)
... addition the FBI's jurisdiction includes matters of internal security.
5)
The FBI also operates a national crime laboratory , its use.
4.
1)
The FBI is considered ...
2)
The FBI is often referred to ...
3)
The FBI is responsible for ...
4)
Thefts of government property are investigated
5)
The FBI jurisdiction includes ...
6)
The FBI operates ...
The FBI collects ...

196
5.
Cross out the wrong statements:

1)
All kinds of theft are investigated by the FBI.
2)
Crimes in Indian reservations are investigated by the

local police stations.
3)
The FBI's jurisdiction includes matters of espionage

and treason.
4)
The FBI investigates the cases of interstate transportation of stolen autos.
5)
The FBI publishes the annual Law Enforcement

Bulletin.
6.
6)
The FBI maintains a central fingerprint repository.
7)
All FBI agents possess law degrees.

1) Do
you believe that the FBI is the finest investigative
body in the world? Give some facts to refute or

support the idea.
7.
2)
What matters is the FBI empowered to investigate?
3)
How are the FBI agents trained?
Tell about the FBI. Find some interesting facts of

its efficient or inefficient work.
Unit 74
BAIL
Most accused people are released on bail pending trial. They me not remanded
in custody except where strictly necessary. Unconditional bail may be withheld
only if the court has nlislantial grounds for believing that accused would
abscond, Minimit an offence, interfere with witnesses, or otherwise obstruct the
course of justice.
A court may also impose conditions before granting bail. If I mi I is refused,

the defendant may apply to a High Court judge in in the Crown Court for bail.
197
In some cases a court may grant bail to a defendant on condition that he or
she lives in an approved bail hostel.
The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 gives the police powers of
immediate arrest for breach of police bail ami removes the presumption in
favour of bail for people alleged to have offended while on bail. It also restricts
the right to bail lor someone charged with murder, manslaughter or rape if
previously convicted of the same offence.
Tasks and exercises
1. Read the expressions, translate them and make up sentences of you own:
Bail to release on bail; unconditional bail;
to refuse bail; to apply for bail;
to grant bail; approved bail house;
to appose bail; police bail; presumption
in favour of bail; to offend while on bail,
right to bail.
2.

1)
Most accused people are released ... bail.
2)
These people are not remanded ... custody.
3)
The accused was not going to interfere ... witnessed
4)
The defendant may apply to the Crown Court ...

bail.
3.
5)
Was Sam charged ... murder?
6)
Nick was convicted ... manslaughter.

1)
A court may impose conditions before ...
2)
If the bail is refused, the defendant may apply ...
3)
The police have powers of immediate arrest ...
4)
This Act 1994 restricts the right to bail for ...
5)
A court may grant bail to a defendant on a condition ...
4.
React to the statements (agree or disagree):

198
1)
The accused may be released on bail only in exceptional cases.
2)
If the court believes that the accused may abscond the bail may be
withheld.
3) The
5.
defendant may apply to Queen if the bail is refused.
4)
Courts grant bail only if the accused lives in an approved bail hostel.
5)
The right to bail is restricted if the accused is charged with theft.
Read the dialogue and act it out with your partner. Be ready to restore the
situation of communication:
B.: You are the lawyer my old man hired?
V.: That's right. My name's Vernon Wedge.
B.: When do I get out of here?
V.: You don't, not until the trial. They've refused bail.
B.: When's the trial?
V.: Don't rush it. We need every minute of delay. We can get. Don't think
this is going to be easy.
(Based on the story Thicker than Water by H.Slezar).
6.
7.
Answer the questions on the dialogue (task 5):

1)
What can you say about the profession of Vernon?
2)
Was Vernon ready for the trial?
3)
Did Benjy have a chance to get out of prison before the trial?
4)
Why did they need a delay?
Now read the second part of their conversation:

V.: Why do you carry a knife, Benjy?
B.: It's no switchblade, Mr. Wedge. It's more like a boyscout knife. I mean,
they sell'em all over. I use it for whittlin' and stuff like that.
V.: Whittling?
B.: Look, whose side are you on. I didn't Kenny, Somebody else did. I
swear I didn't kill him!
199
V.: Take it easy. I'm not making accusations, kid, that's the court's job. Now
sit back and relax.
(Based on the story Thicker than Water by H.Slezar).
8. Answer the questions on the second part of the dialogue (task 7):
1)
Do you believe Benjy? Why?
2)
Does Vernon believe that Benjy did not knife the boy?
Unit 75
THE COURT SYSTEM IN GREAT BRITAIN
Supreme Court of Judicature is a court created by the Judicature Act of

1873-1875 to take over the jurisdiction of all the higher courts, other than the
House of Lords. It does not sit as a single court but comprises the High Court of
Justice, the Court of Appeal, and the. Crown Court.
Its practice is regulated by the Rules of the Supreme Court.
Court of Appeal exercises appellate jurisdiction over all judgments and
orders of the High Court and most determination', of judges of the country
courts. In some cases the Court ol Appeal is the court of last resort, but in most
cases its decisions can be appealed to the House of Lord. The Court is divided
into a Civil Division presided over by the Master of the Rolls , and a Criminal
Division presided over by the Lord Chief Justice The High Court ofJustice is
divided into the three Divisions the Queen!s Bench Division (QBD), Chancery
Division, anil Family Division.
The Queen's Bench Division's principal business is the trial of civil
actions based upon contract or torts. It also has important appellate functions in
relation to appeals from magistrates' courts and certain tribunals and exercises
supervisory
200
jurisdiction over all inferior courts. The Admiralty Court and Commercial
Court are part of the QBD.
The work of the Chancery Division is principally concerned with matters
relating to real property, trusts, and the administration of estates. It also deals
with company law, patents and other intellectual property.
The effective head of the Division is the Vice Chancellor , although Lord
Chancellor is nominally its president.
Family Division is concerned with family proceedings and noncontentious
probate matters. The chief judge of the Division is called the President
The Crown Court has an unlimited jurisdiction over all criminal cases
tried on indictment and also acts as a court for ihe hearing of appeals from
magistrates' courts.
Tasks and exercises
1.
Fill in the schemes:
201

1)The Court of Appeal is divided into ....
2)
The Admiralty Court and Commercial Court are ...
3)
Family Division is concerned with ...
4)
The Queen's Bench Division's principal business is ...
5)
Matters relating to real property, trusts arc considered ...
6)
3.
The Court of Appeal exercises ...
Make up sentences using the words below according to the model:

The head of the Family Division is President.
1)
The Chancery Division Lord Chancellor (Vicc Chancellor).
2)
The Civil Division of the Court of Appeal tin- Master of the Rolls.
3)
The Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal the Lord Chief Justice.
4.
Speak on the structure of the Court System in GB.
5.
Read the text and answer the questions below.
Civil and Criminal Court in Great Britain

Civil Courts exercise jurisdiction over civil rather than criminal cases. In
England the principal civil courts of fit si instance are the county courts and the
High Court.
Magistrates' courts have limited civil jurisdiction, mainly confined to
matrimonial proceedings.
Criminal Courts exercise jurisdiction over criminal ratlin than civil cases.
In England all criminal cases must be initiated in the magistrates' courts.
Summary offences and some indictable offences are also tried by magistrates'
courts. Hit more serious indictable offences are committed to the Crown Court
for Trial.
202
Questions:
1)
Why does the author use the word rather when he describes the
functions ofthe Courts?
2)
What is the difference between indictable and summary offences?
3)
What is the principal function of magistrates' courts: to hear criminal or

civil cases?
4)
What civil matters do magistrates' courts usually deal with?
5)
What courts of first instance hear civil cases?
6)
What are the main spheres of the High Court and of the Crown Court?
Which of them hears mostly civil cases and which of them hears mostly
criminal cases?
Unit 76
CORONERS' COURTS
Coroners in England and Wales investigate violent and unnatural deaths or

sudden deaths when the cause is unknown. An inquest is, however, not
necessary if a sudden death was due to natural causes.
The coroner must hold an inquest if the deceased died a v mlent or
unnatural death or died in prison or in other specified circumstances.
It is the duty of the coroner's court to establish how, when and where the
deceased died. A coroner may sit alone or, in certain circumstances, with a jury.
Tasks and exercises
1.
Copy out and translate all the words with the negative prefixes.
2.
React to the statements (Agree or disagree):

1) A coroner always sits alone.
203
3.
2)
The duty of the coroner's court is to establish the cause of the death.
3)
Coroner investigates all cases of death natural and unnatural.
4)
Coroners investigate all cases of sudden death.

1)
A coroner's inquest is not held if the death was due ... natural causes.
2)
A coroner investigates the case if a person died ... prison.
3)
If a person died ... specified circumstances the coroner must hold an

inquest.
4.
Use the expressions Then the coroner must or Thctv is no need for the
coroner ... when reacting to the statements:

1)
Mr. Black died in prison last week.
2)
Mr. Brown was found dead in his cottage though he was only 40 years
and did not complain of any diseases.
3)
Mrs. Denvers was 92 years. She died in her sleep ill home.
4)
Samuel, aged 32, a journalist was found dead in his hotel-room after the
promise to publish sonu- sensational materials.
5)
Mr. Demnis who ran for a governor, was found dead by his wife in the
bathroom.
6) Sir Rolph, a businessman, fell tripped over the stone and crashed his skull
when he was escorted by his bodyguards to the office.
7) The pensioner had a heart attack when he was working in his garden.
5.
Read the article given below and answer the questions

1)
Do you believe that the prisoner committed suicide?
2)
Why was the coroner involved?
3)
Are there any suspicious facts in this case?

204
4) What would you do if you were a coroner?
Newcombe found hanged in prison cell

Brian Newcombe, charged with the murder of a Scottish woman and a
Yorkshire man after a nationwide hunt, was found hanged in his prison cell early
yesterday, the Home Office said.
He was found hanging from the bars of his cell window by prison staff
who tried to resuscitate him without success. A doctor certified him dead at
12.40 a.m.
An inquest will be held into his death. Mr. Newcombe had been in Leeds
prison on remand since September 4. He was charged with the murder of
Margaret Me Onie from Glasgow, and Jack Shuttleworth from North Yorkshire.
His death, in Armley jail, is the sixth among remand prisoners awaiting
trial at the prison since May last year.
The Yorkshire Evening Post newspaper in Leeds said that a suicide note
was found nearby which specifically exonerated The prison service.
The published note read: The prison authority is in no way to be held
responsible for my demise. They have treated me with kindness and
consideration. They are blameless.
The Home Office spokesman would make no comment or confirm or deny
the existence of the note. He said that the coroner had been informed and it
would be prejudicial to give any information before the inquest was held.
The other five detainees who committed suicide were aged between 17
and 19.
205
Unit 77
COURTS IN THE USA
The third branch of the federal government, the judiciary, consists of a
system of courts spread throughout the country, headed by the Supreme Court of
the United States.
The power of the federal courts extends both to civil actions for damages
and other redress, and to criminal cases arising under federal law. Ordinarily,
federal courts do not hear cases arising under the laws of individual states.
U.S. judges are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate.
Congress determines the pay scale of judges.
The Supreme Court is the highest court of the United States, A decision of
the Supreme Court cannot be appealed to any other court.
Congress has the power to fix the number of judges sitting on the Court
and decides what kind of cases it may hear.
The Constitution is silent on the qualifications for judges. There is 110
requirement that judges be lawyers.
The complement of the Supreme Court is fired at one chief justice and
eight associates.
The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in only two kinds of cases:
those involving foreign dignitaries and those in which a state is a party. All other
cases reach the Court on appeal from lower courts.
Of the several thousand cases filed annually, the Court usually hears only
about 150.
A significant amount of the work of the Supreme Couii consists of
determining whether legislation or executive acts conform to the Constitution.
The second highest level of the federal judiciary is made up of the courts
of appeals, created in 1891 to facilitate the disposition of cases and ease the
burden on the Supreme Court.
The United States is divided into 11 separate appeals regions, each served
by a court of appeals with from 3 to 15 sitting judges.
206
The courts of appeal review decisions of the district courts within their
areas.
Below the courts of appeal are the district courts. The 50 states are divided
into 89 districts so that litigants may have a trial within easy reach. Additionally,
there is one in the District of Columbia and one in the Commonwealth of Puerto
Rico (part ofthe US).
From one to 27 judges sit in each of the district courts. Depending on case
load, a judge from one district may temporarily sit in another district. Congress
fixes the boundaries (if the districts according to population, size and volume of
work. Some of the smaller states constitute a district by themselves, while the
larger states, such as New York, California and Texas, have four districts each.
Except in the District of Columbia, judges must be residents ofthe district
in which they permanently serve.
Tasks and exercises
1. Answer
the questions:
1)
What are the functions of the federal courts?
2)
Do federal courts hear criminal cases?
3)
What court is the highest one in the USA?
4)
What is written in the Constitution about the qualifications forjudges?
5)
Who appoints U.S. judges?
6)
How many judges sit on a court of appeal in the USA?
7)
What courts are below the courts of appeal?
8)
May judges from one district sit in another district?
9)
What factors stipulate the boundaries of the districts?
10) Does
every state has only one district court?
11) Where
2.
must district judges live? Are there any exceptions?
Explain the terms:
redress; dignitary; complement; disposition of cases; litigant; associates.

207
3.
Retell the texts using the words and expressions:

ordinarily; temporality; usually; additionally;
depending on; except ...; permanently
4.
Paraphrase the following sentences:

1)
The Constitution is silent on the qualifications for judges.
2)
The Supreme Court determines whether legislation oi executive acts

conform to the Constitution.
3)
The courts of appeal ease the burden on the Supreme Court.
4)
Litigants may have a trial within easy reach.
5)
The power of the federal courts extends both to civil actions and criminal
cases.
5.
Choose the corrected prepositions:

1)
This power of the federal courts extend both (on; to) civil actions for
damages and criminal cases.
2)
Federal courts do not hear cases arising (from; undei) the laws of
individual states.
3)
Congress fixes the number of judges sitting (at; on) the Court).
4)
The Constitution is silent (about; on) the qualifications of judges.
5)
The complement of the Supreme Court is fixed (nl on) one chief justice
and eight associates.
6.

1) The
7.
second highest level of the federal judiciary is
2)
The courts of appeal were created in ...
3)
The courts of appeal review ...
4)
In the district courts sit...
5)
A judge from one district may sit ...
6)
Congress fixes ...
7)
Judges must be residents ...
Prove that in the District of Columbia operate speciIn rules related to the
Court System.
208
8.
Read the article below and answer the questions:

1)
What is a V-chip and its functions?
2)
What punishments were suggested by the Congress in

1996 for those who put indecent or offensive words or pictures online?
3)
Did the Supreme Court support the congressmen? What was their
argument? Does it sound convincing?
U.S. Supreme Court voids Internet porn ban
Washington - In its first free-speech ruling for the computer age, the
U.S. Supreme Court said Thursday June 26 that a congressional attempt to keep
pornography off the Internet violated the Constitution's First Amendment.
The government cannot limit adults to seeing only what is lit for
children, the justices said.
Congress' 1996 legislation would have made it a crime to put indecent
or patently offensive words or pictures online where they could be found by
children. Violators could have been sentenced to two years in prison and a $
250,000 fine.
President said he will meet this week with industry leaders, parents and
teachers in search of a solution as powerful for the computer as the V-chip will
be for the television and that protects children in ways that are consistent with
America's lice-speech values.
The V-chip is a device that allows parents to black out explicit television
programs.
9.

.

.

,
209
' ,
,
.

.
18 . ,
' 6 .

, 40 ,
10 ,
20 .
9
.

.
Unit 78
SOLICITORS AND BARRISTERS
a. Solicitor is a legal practitioner who normally takes a three year law
degree at university, then a one-year legal practice course and examination at a
law college, followed by two years as an employee under a training contract.
Only after that he oi she is admitted as solicitor.
They have rights of audience in the lower courts but may in not act as
advocates in the Supreme Court or the House of Lords.
210
A solicitor may be sued for professional negligence and owes the duties of
a fiduciary to his client; these include the duty to preserve the confidentiality of
client's affairs.
Commentary
The right of audience is the right of an advocate to be heard in legal

proceedings.
b. Barrister is a legal practioner admitted to plead at the liar. Barristers
normally take a three-year law degree at university, followed by a one-year
course at Bar school after which they are called to the Bar.
Barrister have the right of audience in all courts.
The primary function of barristers is to act as advocates for parties in
courts and tribunals, but they also undertake the writing of opinions and some
ofthe work preparatory to a trial.
Commentary
To be called to the Bar is to be admitted to the profession hy one of the
Inns of Court.
Tasks and exercises
1. Read
the text and insert the words required:
Advocate is one who argues a case ... a client in court. In

magistrates' courts ... barristers ... solicitors have the right to appear ...
advocates.
In most Crown Court centers, the High Court, the Court of Appeal, and
the House of Lords barristers have exclusive rights . audience. However, the
provisions of the Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 allows solicitors with
appropriate experience
TO
qualify ... rights of audience similar ... those of
barristers. In many tribunals there are no rules ... representation, and laymen
may appear as advocates.
2.
Define who only pretends to be a solicitor or a barrister.

1) Mr.
2)
Black, solicitor: Tomorrow I shall sit on the Crown Court.
Mr. Smith, solicitor: I shall argue a case for Sam in the county court.
211
3)
Mr. Good, barrister: Tomorrow I shali meet my client and get my fee
from him.
4)
Mr. Crazy, barrister: I shall take part in the session of the Court of Appeal
in two days.
3. React to the statements (agree or disagree):

1)
To become a barrister one must take a three-year law degree at university.
2)
Barristers have the right of audience only in the Com l of Appeal.
3)
Only solicitors undertake the writing of opinions.
4)
Solicitors must fulfil the duty of fiduciary to his clients
5)
Solicitor may act as advocates in the Supreme Court
5. Who performs the function of solicitors and barristers.

in Ukraine? Compare the system of advocacy in this country and
abroad.
Unit 79
WHAT ARE THE JUDGES LIKE?
Judge is a state official with power to adjudicate on dispuiri and other
matters brought before the courts for decision.
In English law all judges are appointed by the Crown on the advice of the
Lord Chancellor in the case of circuit judges and Hight Court puisne judges and on
the advice of the Prime Minister in the case of judges of the Court, of Appeal and
the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary.
All judges are experienced legal practioners, mostly barristers, but
solicitors can be appointed if they possess the relevant advocacy qualification.
The higher judges can I" 1 removed from office only by a resolution of both
Houses of Parliament assented to by the Queen. Their salaries are a charge on the
Consolidated Fund and are not voted annually.
212
Circuit judges who sit in the county courts (sometimes in the Crown
Courts) may be removed by the Lord and by invitation of the Chancellor, in the
High Court may be removed by the Lord Chancellor for incapacity or
misbehaviour. All judicial appointments are pensionable and there is a

compulsory retirement age.
Justices ofthe peace (JPs) are appointed on behalf of and in the name of
the Queen by the Lord Chancellor and may be removed from office in the same
way. On reaching the age of 70 they cease to exercise any judicial functions.
Their principal function is to sit as magistrates in the magistrates' courts
but they may also sit in the Crown Court. All High Judges are ex officio justices
of the peace for the whole of England and Wales.
Magistrate is justice of the peace sitting in a magistrate's court. Most
magistrates are lay persons and have no formal legal qualifications: they receive
no payment for their services hut give their time voluntarily.
There are also stipendiary magistrates in London and other major cities.
Stipendiary magistrate is a barrister or solicitor of not less llian severs
years' standing, appointed by the Lord Chancellor lo sit in a magistrates' court
on a full-time salaried basis.
They have power to exercise alone any jurisdiction that can he performed
or exercised by two JPs, except the grant of transfer of any license.
In other respects their powers are the same as of other justices.
Commentary
Lords of Appeal in Ordinary or Law Lords are up to 11 persons, holders of
high judicial office or practising barristers of at the least 15 years' standing, who
are appointed to life peerages under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 to carry
out the judicial functions of the House of Lords.
213
Tasks and exercises
1. Choose the corresponding term from the table for denoting judges:
1) who mostly sit in the county courts.

2) who mostly sit in the High Court.
3) who mostly sit as magistrates in magistrates' courts.
4) who hear the cases in the House of Lords.

puisne judges; justices of peace; Circuit judges; Law
Lords

1)
Who appoints all the judges in GB?
2)
On whose advice are judges of the Court of Appeal appointed?
3)
Are circuit judges appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister?
4)
What qualifications must have stipendiary magistrates?
5)
By whose resolution can the higher judges be removed?
6)
Can stipendiary magistrates exercise any jurisdiction alone?
3. Explain the term ex officio.

4. How is the abbreviation JP deciphered?
5. Read the joke and explain the gist of the pun:
While a judge was trying a case he was disturbed by a young man in the rear of the
room lifting chairs and looking under things.
Young man, said the judge, what's all the noise about?, Your honour, replied
the young man, I've lost my overcoat, and I'm trying to find it.Well, said the judge, people often lose whole suits in here without making all that
disturbances
6. Act out the dialogue above.

214
Unit 80
JURY
Jury is a group of jurors (usually 12) selected at random to decide the facts of a
case and give a verdict. Most juries are selected to try crimes but they are also used in
coroner's inquests in some civil cases (e.g. defamation actions).
The judge directs the jury on points of law and sums up the evidence of the
prosecution and defense for them, but he must leave the jury to decide all questions of
fact themselves.
He also explains that they must acquit the defendant unless they feel sure that he is
guilty beyond reasonable doubt. The verdict of a jury should be unanimous, but if they
cannot reach a unanimous verdict, a majority verdict is acceptable.
Each juror must swear that he will faithfully try the case and give a true verdict
according to the evidence.
Jurors are chosen from the electoral register. They must be aged between 18 and
70 and must have been resident in the UK a period of at least five years since the age of
13.
The following are ineligible for jury service:
(1) past and present holders of any judicial office;

(2) solicitors, barristers, members of a court staff, police officers, and other concerned
with the administration of justice if they have held the office within the preceding
10 years.
(3) clergymen;
(4) the mentally ill.
Members of Parliament, full-time members of the armed forces, and
practicing doctors, chemists, and vets may claim excusal from jury service.
Anyone who has ever been imprisoned for 5 years or more, who has been
imprisoned for more than 3 months within the preceding 10 years, or who is on
bail, is disqualified from jury service.
215
Tasks and exercises
1.

1)
Jurors are selected ... random.
2)
The judge direct the jury ... points of law.
3)
The judge sums ... the evidence of the prosecution and

defense.
4)
They felt sure that he was guilty ... reasonable doubt.
5)
Jurors are chosen ... the electoral registrer.
2.
Show who is ineligible for jury service:

1)
Mr. Brown is a solicitor.
2)
Mr. Black is a bishop.
3)
Mrs. Tent spent two years in a mental asylym.
4)
Tom is 19 years old.
5)
Mrs. Green is 72 years old.
6)
Mary arrived in the UK from Nigeria two years ago. Now she
is 15.
3.
4.
7)
Mr. Breakman is on bail now.
8)
Mr. Nickolson spent 8 years in prison.

1)
What happens if the verdict of the jury is nol unanimous?
2)
What instructions does the judge give the jurors?
3)
Are juries used in civil cases?
4)
What oath does every juror give?
5)
What categories of citizens can claim casuals?
Read the text. Make up a dialogue on the basis of the remarks given
in the text and act it out with your colleagues,
A jury to try the case was now quickly impaneled twelve- men out of
the usual list called to serve for the month and was then ready to be
challenged by the opposing counsel.
The business of impaneling a jury was a rather simple thing so far as this
court was concerned. It consisted in the mandarin like clerk taking the names of
all jurors called to serve in this court for the month some fifty in all and
putting them,
216
each written on a separate slip of paper, in a whirling drum, spinning it
around a few times, and then lifting out the first slip which his hand
encountered, thus glorifying chance and settling on who should be juror Ne I.
His hand reaching in twelve times drew out the names of twelve jurymen, who
as their names were called, were ordered to take their places in the jury-box.
Cowperwood observed this proceedings with a great deal of interest. <...>
A small, sharp-nosed, sharp-chinned commercial man of some kind, he
immediately disliked.
I hope I don't have to have that man on my jury, he said to Steger,
quietly.
You don't, replied Steger. I'll challenge him. We have the right to
fifteen peremptory challenges on a case like this, and so has prosecution. <...>.
It being the prerogative of the attorney for prosecution to examine and
challenge the jurors first, Shannon arose and began to question them as to their
trades or professions, their knowledge of the case before the court, and their
possible prejudice for or against the prisoner.
By twelve o'clock, a jury reasonably satisfactory to both sides had been
chosen.
(Dreiser, The Financier).
6. Read about the work of the jury described by Dreiser in his novel
Financier. Paraphrase the text, trying to replace the words in italics.
After reaching the conclusion that Cowperwood unquestionably deserved
some punishment, there was wrangling as to whether the verdict should be guilty
on all four counts, as charged in the indictment. Since they did not understand
how to differentiate between the various charges very well, they decided it
should be on all four, and recommendation to mercy added. After word this last
was eliminated, however; either he
217
was guilty or he was not. The judge could see as well as they could all the
extenuating circumstances perhaps better. Why tie his hands?
As a rule no attention was paid to such recommendations, anyhow, and it
only made the jury look wabbly.
6.
Explain the terms, used in the text above:

extenuating circumstances; mercy; indictment verdict; on all four
counts; charges.
7.
Now read the extract from the same novel and answer the question:
Can you agree with the following statement of Th. Dreiser?
Men in a jury-room, like those scientifically demonstrated atoms of a
crystal which scientists and philosophers love to speculate upon, like finally to
arrange themselves into an orderly and artistic whole, to present a compact,
intellectual front, to be whatever they have set out to be, properly and rightly
compact, sensible jury.
Unit 81
KINDS OF TRIAL
Summary trial is a trial by magistrates without a jury. Some offences
triable either way are also tried in this way. The latter include offences of
deception, theft, bigamy and sexual intercourse with a girl under the age of 16.
218
Offences triable either _way . are called so because they are crimes that
may be tried either as an indictable offence or a summary offence .
When an offence is triable either way, the magistrates' court must decide,
on hearing the initial facts of the case, if it should be tried on idictment rather
than summarily. Even if they decide that they can deal with the matter
themselves, they must give the defendant the choice of opting for trial upon
indictment before the jury.
An indictable offence is an offence that may be tried on indictment, i.e. by
jury in the Crown Court.
Tasks and exercises
1.
Guess the terms on the basis of their definitions:

1) It
is an offence tried by jury in the Crown Court.
2) It
is a trial by magistrates without a jury.
3) It
is a crime that may be tried either as an indictable offence or
a summary offence.
2.
The defendant was given the choice of opting ... trial ... indictment... the
jury.
3.
Give the words ofthe same root:
Indictable
noun
to try
adjective
to defen
to deceive
n o u n
noun
4.
Speak on the three kinds of trial mentioned in the text.
5.

The court system (Court-room)
He (Cowperwood) at once took in the nature of the scene, which had a

peculiar interest for him. Before him was the as yet empty judge s rostrum, and
at its right the empty jury-box, between which, and to the judge's left, as he sat
facing the audience, stood the witness-chair where he must presently sit
219
and testify. Behind it, already awaiting the arrival of the court, stood a fat
bailiff, whose business it was to present the aged, greasy Bible to be touched by
the witnesses in making oath, and to say, Step this way, when the testimony
was over. <.. .>
Judge Payderson came in after a time, accompanied by his undersized but
stout court attendant, who looked more like a pouter-pigeon than a human being;
and as they came, Bailiff rapped on the Judge's desk, beside which he had been
slumbering, and mumbled, Please rise. The audience arose, as is the rule of
all courts. Judge Payderson stirred among a number of briefs that were lying on
his desk, and asked briskly, What's the first case, Mr. Profus? he was speaking
to his clerk.
During the long and tedious arrangement of the day's docket and while the
various minor motions of lawyers were being considered, this courtroom scene
till retained interest for Cowperwood.
6.
Point out the words which help, to create the atmosphere of the
monotony and routine in the court-room.
7.
Explain the meaning of the words used in the text given in point 5:
docket; testimony; court attendant; jury-box; witness-chair; bailiff;

judge's rostrum.
8.
Read the text and insert the words from the frame:
Prosecution
The prosecution is deeply involved in a case by the time it reaches the

preliminary examination phase of the criminal justice system. This procedure is
sometimes described as a mini- trial. It is an investigation by a magistrate of the
facts and circumstances surrounding a ... who has been charged with a crime
(felony) and arrested, in order to determine whether there are sufficient grounds
to hold him for trial. It is here that a preliminary testing of the ... takes place,
after hearing the
220
evidence, the magistrate may find no basis for the charges and ... them, or he
and the prosecutor may agree that the charges are not too serious or
unsubstantiated by the evidence and agree to a ... of the charges to some
lesser ... .It should be noted that in some jurisdictions there is no ... preliminary
hearing for misdemeanors.
If there is a reasonable ... in the opinion of the magistrate, that a crime has
been committed and that the accused was involved, the case is certified to the
trial court and the prosecutor is given a number of days ... formal charges
against the defendant. The charge is filed on the basic of information from
citizen ... and police investigations.
(Felkenes G. The Criminal Justice System. USA.,
1973)
complaints; to file; evidence; dismiss; a reduction;
offence; separate; belief; suspect
8.
Read the joke and answer the questions below:

1) Judge (in dentist chair): Do you swear that you will pull the tooth, the
whole tooth, and nothing but the tooth?"
Do you remember the official words of the judge who asks the witnesses
and the suspect to tell only the truth? Cite them!
9.
Retell the joke to you colleagues:

A lawyer just out of college was pleading his first case. The nasty railroad
company had killed twenty-four of his farmer client's hogs. The young lawyer
was trying to impress the jury with the magnitude ofthe injury.
Imagine twenty-four hogs, gentleman! Twenty-four! Twice the number
there are in the jury-box.
221
Unit 82
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
The abolition of capital punishment in England in November 1965 was
welcomed by most people with progressive ideas. Still the problem remains
the problem of now to prevent murders. The important thing in the prevention of
murder is to eliminate as far as possible the weapons and instruments, the guns
and knives, with which these crimes are committed and to stop the dangerous
influence of violence in books, films and television.
We have plenty of examples from real life, in every country, to prove that
few criminals are born: they are made by our standards of so-called
entertainment; Cowboys and Indians, Wild West films which are only exciting
when guns are shooting and bad men are being killed, spy stories of the James
Bond type with death in every form, bank robberies and perfect murder
stories with killings on every few pages or in every few minutes of film.
Anybody who wants to commit a murder has no difficulty in buying a knife, a
gun, or some interesting poison. Life is cheap in fiction; no matter how many
people are killed the more the marrier the main thing is that the hero and
the heroine remain alive to enjoy the happy end.
So the practical way of reducing the number of capital crimes is to close
the gunshops and to make it a criminal offence for the man in the street to
possess a lethal weapon.
Tasks and exercises
1. React to the statements:
1)
Mild sentences are a sign of a civilized society.
2)
Capital punishment is a deterrent to murder.
3)
Scenes of violence in films encourage crime.
4)
Legalized selling of firearms stimulates murder.
5)
Legalized selling of weapons ensures security.
6)
The instinct to kill is basic to human nature.

222
2.
Read the dialogue:
Mrs. A.: You know, my neighbour was shot dead last week .
Mrs. N.: You don't say so! It's terrible. No wonder, when killings are on every
page and in every few minutes of films!
Mrs. A.: I think they must close all the gunshops to reduce the
numbers ...
Mrs. N.: And they must stop this violence in books, fdms and television.
Mrs. A. Yes, life is so cheap in fiction.
3. Speak
on the prevention of murder. Give your suggestions as to the
problem. Do you know any practical way of reducing criminality?

4.
Choose three main factors causing tense criminal situation:

1) frequent amnesties; 2) bad police work;
5.
3)
mild penitentiary legislation;
4)
connivance with the criminals;
5)
almost open possession of the firearms.
Read the dialogue and translate it.

Act it out with your colleagues:
V.:
What do you say, Benjy? You see the way things

are going? I'm pulling out the whole bag of tricks, and I'm not
fooling anybody.
B.:
Try harder!
V.:
If I knew how to work miracles, I'd work one.

Look, this state doesn't like to hang kids, but it's happened before.
B.:
Hang? You are craggy!
V.:
Even if you got life, know what that means?
Even if you got paroled in twenty years, you'll be thirty-seven years old, almost
middle-aged, with a record. Plead guilty, Benjy, it's not too late.
223
B.:
No, I didn't do it!

(Based on the story
Thicker than Water by H.Slezar).
6.
7.
Explain the notions of the following expressions from the dialogue:
to get life;
to get paroled;
to be with a record;
to pull out the whole bag of tricks.
Act out this dialogue (point) with your partner.

Unit 83
TYPES OF PUNISHMENTS
About 80 per cent of offenders are punished with a fine. The maximum
fine that can be imposed by a magistrates' court in England and Wales is
normally 5,000.
When fixing the amount of a fine, courts are required to reflect the
seriousness of the offence and to take into account the financial circumstances of
the offender.
The courts may order an offender to pay compensation for personal injury,
loss or damage resulting from an offence.
The police have discretion to charge an offender or caution him or her.
Cautioning is a form of warning and no court action is taken. Properly
used, it is an effective deterrent to those who have committed minor offences or
who have offended for the first time.
Tasks and exercises
1. Speak on the following topics:
1)
Fine as a form of punishment.
2)
Cautioning as a form of deterrent.

224
2.
3.

1)
The Minor offences are punished ... a fine.
2)
The courts take ... account the financial circumstances of the offender.
3)
Sam had to pay compensation ... personal injury.
4)
This damage resulted ... the manager's offence.
5)
Cautioning is an effective deterrent... minor offenders.
Expand the sentences using the words in brackets:

1)
80 per cent of offenders are punished with a fine (about).
2)
The maximum fine imposed by a magistrates' Court

is 5,000 (normally)
3) Cautioning is a deterrent to those who have committed minor
offencers (effective).
4.
5.
6.
1)
The police have discretion.
2)
Cautioning is a form ...
3)
The courts may order ...
4)
Courts are required to reflect...
5)
The maximum fine to be imposed ...
Which statement's are false?

1)
About 90 per cent of offenders are punished with a fine.
2)
The maximum fine is about 1,000.
3)
The seriousness of the offence is reflected when fixing the amount of a fine.
4)
Cautioning is an effective deterrent to those who have committed felony.
Give the words ofthe same root from the text:

serious; finance; person; to warn; proper; minority; to lose.
7.
Combine the elements from A with the elements from B:

A
minor
injury
effective
offences
225
personal
circumstances
financial
deterrent
8. Give the synonyms from the text:

warning; threat; authority; to state; to consider.
Unit 84
PROFILE OF CORRECTIONAL OFFICERS
As official methods of dealing with inmates are progressively upgraded,
the caliber of correction officers also must be raised.
Corrections personnel need thorough training and a knowledge of human
behaviour to deal with inmates often lacking self-control. Officers who
specialize in negative types of discipline such as brute force, only reinforce the
antisocial attitudes of the offenders. Prisons can no longer afford to have
custodial personnel with less training and ability than animal keepers in a zoo.
Reform-minded psychologists say that when guards and inmates act out
adversary roles, the tension hardens the inmates.
It is not surprising that conflict exists between correctional officers and
the reform-minded psychologists in today's prisons.
Both have different concepts of what correction should mean. The
correctional officer tends to believe that the inmate needs restraint and discipline
as the only method of rehabilitation he understands and to which he can
respond. The psychologist tends to believe that most inmates are emotionally or
mentally disturbed and therefore not really criminal but in need of psychiatric
rehabilitation and less control. Ideally psychologists and correctional officers
should be working together on this mutual problem of how best to handle the
inmate.
(Felkenes G.
The Criminal Justice
System.USA, 1973).
226
Tasks and exercises
1.
Read
of
the
the
text
above
guard-inmates
and
relations
be
ready
with
to
you
discuss
the
colleagues.
problem
Put
10
questions to the text.

2.

correct... ; human ... ; antisocial ... ;
negative types ... ; brute ... ; custodial ... ;
animal ... ; reform-minded ... ;
adversary ... ; psychiatric ... ; mutual ....
3.
Copy out
them.
all the adverbs with the ending ly and translate
4.
Insert the prepositions missing:
1)
Some officers specialize ... negative types of discipline.
2)
Psychologists
and
correctional
officers
should
be
working
together ... the mutual problems.

3)
When
guards
and
inmates
act
...
adversary
roles,
the
tension hardens the inmates.

4)
Some guards dealing ... inmates often lack self-control.
5.
6.
1)
Inmates need ...
2)
The psychologists tend to believe ...
3)
Conflict exists between ...
4)
Correctional personnel need ...
5)
Reform-minded psychologists say ...
Give some recommendations to the guards using the
structure:
You should ....
7. Read the text and speak on the first jails in the USA.
The Development of the Correction System in the US
In 1632, a small wooden structure was erected in Boston to serve as a jail
for the Massachusetts Bay Colony. This building served for eighteen years until
jails were built in other towns.
227
In 1655, the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony ordered that
there shall be a house of correction provided in each county at the counties
charge to house the idle drunkards and other petty offenders. The socially inept
and indigent sentenced there were to be taught useful skills.
Unit 85
PRISON LIFE
Full-time education of 15 hours a week is compulsory for young offenders

below school-leaving age. For older offenders it is voluntary. Some prisoners
study for public examinations.
Physical education is voluntary for adult offenders but compulsory for
young offenders. Practically all prisons have physical education facilities.
The Health Care Service (HCS) for Prisoners is responsible for the
physical and mental health of all those in custody.
Prisoners may write and receive letters and be visited by relatives and
friends. They have a right to make telephone calls.
Privileges include a personal radio, books, periodicals and newspapers,
watching television, and the opportunity to make purchases from the prison shop
with money earned in prison.
Women prisoners do not wear prison uniform and there is a clothing
allowance to help pay for clothes while in prison.
The Prison Services have mother and baby units, which enable babies to
remain with their mothers when it is in the best interests of the child.
Tasks and exercises
1. Answer the questions on the text:
1)
What is compulsory and what is voluntary for offenders?
2)
What privileges have the prisoners got?

228
3)
Do women prisoners wear uniform?
4)
Do you think that all the requirements are obeyed in prisons? When
answering this question take the facts from the text Anger Mounts over
Brixton jail deaths and other articles from newspapers and journals.
2. Read and translate the word combinations:

Remand
remand in custody; remand home;

person on remand.
Issue
issues of the case; issue of / in law;

to raise issues.
prison
prison breach; female prison;

male prison.
prisoner
- a close prisoner; a refectory prisoner;

a discharged prisoner; an escaped
prisoner.
3.
Cross out the odd words:
a)
self-inflicted injuries; deaths, hangings; watch.
b)
inmates; prisoners; convicts; sentenced; senior officer.
c)
a prison officer; supervision; observation; watch;

horrific.
4.
Speak on the conditions of detention in our prisons.

Find the articles and other materials related to the theme.
Be ready to discuss the facts given in these texts.
5.
Fulfil the tasks:
1) Ask
your colleagues about the main aims and purpose
ofthe HCS.
2)
Ask your colleagues if it is difficult to prevent suicides

in prison.
3) Ask your Coroner's colleagues what measures should

be taken to reduce suicide risks.
229
4)Ask your colleagues what groups of inmates are inclined to self-infliction
or suicides.
5)Ask your colleagues what cases are heard in Courts of GB.
6. Read this funny story and retell it:
Governor Hunt of Wyoming tells this story on himself. He visited the
State Penitentiary one day, and when the prisoners assembled for the evening
meal, the warden unexpectedly asked him to make a few remarks. Without
thinking he began, Fellow citizens. Their smiles reminded him that all of them
had lost their citizenship when convicted. He tried again. Fellow convicts.
This was worse. As a last resort, he explained hastily, Well, men, I don't know
what to call you but I am certainly glad to see so many of you here.
Unit 86
ANGER MOUNTS OVER BRIXTON JAIL DEATHS
Outraged reform groups were yesterday demanding action to clean up
Brixton Prison after it was revealed that 10 men died there in the last 12 months.
Nine of the prisoners were unsentenced or unconvicted men on remand
awaiting trial. Seven were found hanging in their cells while the other three
either died of natural causes or self- inflicted injuries. Two of the deaths
occurred last month.
Tony Ward of Inquest, a group campaigning against deaths in custody,
said he was quite staggered by the figures.
It is horrific. It is beyond anything that we have ever encountered
before.
Mr. Ward said the most deaths in a prison the group had discovered in one
year were four at Canterbury prison in 1982.
230
A spokesman for Radical Alternatives to Prison, said the fact that nearly
all the prisoners were on remand made the figures all the more shocking.
On Wednesday, Southwark Coroners Court heard evidence about one man
who hanged himself in his Brixton cell in November.
It was revealed that prison officers were unable to open cell doors at night
by themselves to save inmates who might be dying. Keys were kept in a sealed
package opened only by a senior officer.
The RAP spokesman said this was a problem in all prisons and one that
cropped up time and time again with many prison hangings.
Brixton Prison operates special watches for prisoners believed to be
suicide risks. Special Watch A involves constant supervision, often in an open
ward, and Special Watch B involves observation every 15 minutes in cells in the
prison's medical wing which is really indistinguishable from any other
wing.
Gareth Peirce, a lawyer who handles custody deaths at inquests, said
earlier this week that prisoners at Brixton have complained that the 15 minute
watches were not kept and that prisoners were often (deft banging all night
without ever seeing a prison officer.
By Don Monteith.
Tasks and exercises
5) Why
did the reform groups demand action to clean up Brixton Prison?
6)
Were all the deceased old timers and recidivists?
7)
What made the figure all the more shocking?
8)
Why were the prison officers unable to open cell doors?
9)
What special watches are operated in Brixton Prison?
10) Were
15 minutes watches kept in fact?

131
2.Make up a dialogue on the theme using the expressions:
It is horrific!
It is beyond anything that we have ever encountered

before!
All the more shocking!
This problem crops up time and time again.
left banging all night without ever seeing a prison officer!
quite staggered by the figures
3.
Explain the expressions: to be on remand; self-inflicted injuries.
4.
Give the synonyms:

inmates; to crop up; watch; in custody; outraged; to demand; trial;
staggered; to reveal.
5.
1)
All the prisoners who died were ... remand.
2)
This problem of hanging cropped ... in many prisons.
3)
The reform groups demand action to clean ... the prison.
4)
Sam died when ... custody.
5)The medical wing is really indistinguishable .... any other wing.

Unit 87
PAROLE
Parole, or release on license is the conditional release of prisoner from
prison. Under the Criminal Justice Act 1991, anyone sentenced to imprisonment
for between 12 month and 4 years must be released on license after serving onehalf of the sentence. Those imprisoned for 4 years or more must be paroled after
serving two-thirds of their sentence.
232
Local review committees in each area consider all cases and advise the
Home Secretary, who may either release the prisoner himself or refer his case to
the Parole Board. This Board includes a judge, a psychiatrist, a person
experienced in caring for discharged prisoners, and a person trained in the
The Board considers reports and evidence relating to the prisoner and
defines the conditions under which he may be released.
The Home Secretary may recall the prisoner on parole to prison at any
time, either on the recommendation of the Parole Board or whenever he thinks it
necessary to do so without consulting the Board.
Tasks and exercises
1. Explain
2.
the notion parole.
Give the corresponding verbs or nouns:

V
N
sentence
3.
parole
to release
review
advice
reference
to discharge
to define
Insert the suitable words from using them in the correct forms:
1)
The prisoners were glad to get their ....
2)
The accused man was found not guilty and ....
3)
The members of the Jury were ....
4)
Sam was ... from prison on license.
5)
The superintendent got an order for Ted's ... from prison.

233
4.
6)
The Home Secretary recalled Pete who was on ... to prison on Tuesday.
7)
Sam was ... after serving 3 months.
8)
The ... of the offenders leaves much to be desired.
Define if it is possible to release the following prisoners on bail:

1)
Sam was sentenced to 5 years and served 3 years.
2)
Mike was sentenced to 7 months and served 2 months.
3)
Alice was sentenced to 4 years and served 1 year.
4)
Nick was sentenced to 8 years and served 4 years.
5)
Ted was sentenced to 10 years and served 8 years.
5.
What is the Parole Board like? What are its functions?
6.
Insert the correct prepositions.
The Parole Board includes a judge, a psychiatrist, a specialist who knows

how to care ... discharged prisoners. It also includes a person trained ... the
The Board considers reports and evidence relating ... the prisoner. It defines
the conditions ... which the prisoner may be released.
7.

1) -
, ,
' 4 .
' 4 , -
2)

'.
, '
3)
- .
8.
Read the dialogue and answer the questions below:
9.
V.: I want you to cop a plea.
B.: What?
234
V.: I want you to plead guilty. Believe me, it's the only sensible thing to do.
You put this case to a jury, I swear you'll be spending the rest of your
life in a cage. Plead guilty, and the worst you'll get is twenty years.
That's not so bad as it sounds; you'll be eligible for parole in five.
B.: I won't do it! I'm innocent. I'm not goin' to jail for something I didn't do!
(Based on the story
Thicker than Water by H.Slezar).
dialoque
1)
Why did Vernon try to persuade the prisoner to plead guilty?
2)
Are his arguments worth following?
3) Is it possible to get a parole in five years if the accused is sentenced to 20

years (according to modern legislation in GB) ?
235
Contents
Unit 1. Law at the University of Buckingham ...4
Unit 2. Odessa National Academy of Law .........5
Unit 3. The notion of law ....................................8
Unit 4. The notion of the written and unwritten laws
11
Unit 5. The main ancient systems of law .........14

Unit 6. Roman law............................................16
Unit 7. English Law..........................................19
Unit 8. The Constitution of the USA. Part I ....22
Unit 9. The Constitution of the USA. Part II ...24
Unit 10. The Declaration of Independence ......26
Unit 11. The Weimar Republic Constitution ....28
Unit 12. Monarchy or Republic? ......................30
Unit 13. The Dreyfus case ................................32
Unit 14. Fascists in Germany ........................... 34
Unit 15. The European Convention for the.
Protection of Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms.........................37
Unit 16. The Bill of Rights...............................41
Unit 17. Female rights......................................43
236
Unit 18. Monarchy in Britain . ......................... 45
Unit 19. Queen and Commonwealth ................49
Unit 20. Presidency in the USA ....................... 50
Unit 21. Parliament of GB................................52
Unit 22. Betty Boothroyd................................. 56
Unit 23. The legislative power in the USA ......57
Unit 24. Procedure of passing Bills in Great Britain
Unit 25. Passing the Bill in the USA ................64
Unit 26. Political Parties of Great Britain ........66
Unit 27. Political Parties in the USA ...............68
Unit 28. The Italian Fascist Party ....,...............69
Unit 29. Elections in Great Britain ...................71
Unit 30. The executive power in Great Britain 75
61
Unit 31. The local government in Great Britain81

Unit 32 Draft of Declaration on the deepening
and strengthening of detente....................87
Unit 33. The ceremonial of presenting credentials90
Unit 34. Visits of Heads of State...................... 93
Unit 35. European Union (EU) .........................97
Unit 36. The European Economic Community 98
Unit 37. The United Nations. Part 1 ...............101
Unit 38. The United Nations. Part II ..............103
Unit 39. UNESCO. Part I................................105
Unit 40. UNESCO. Part II.............................. 108
Unit 41. The North Atlantic Treaty ................ 110
Unit 42. Terrorism...........................................113
Unit 43. Genocide........................................... 116
Unit 44. Where do drugs come from? ............118
Unit 45. Territorial waters...............................121
Unit 46. Pollution............................................124
237
Unit 47. EUCC................................................128
Unit 48. Maritime law and arbitration ...........131
Unit 49. Ownership........................ ....... .......134
Unit 50. Sole proprietorship ......................... 138
Unit 51. Lease................................................. 141
Unit 52. Stock Exchange ................................ 143
Unit 53. Crash testing.....................................145
Unit 54. Bankruptcy ........................................149
Unit 55. Mortgage...................... ...................151
Unit 56. Auction..............................................153
Unit 57. Strikes............................................... 155
Unit 58.. Industrial tribunal (IT) .................... 158
Unit 59. Social security and labour law.........159

Unit 60. Marriage............................................162
Unit 61. Divorce............................................. 164
Unit 62. Adoption........................................... 167
Unit 63. Will in GB.........................................169
Unit 64. Types of offences ..............................172
Unit 65. Crime................................. ..............174
Unit 66. Criminal .................................................. 179
Unit 67. Tort....................................................182
Unit 68. Gaming..............................................184
Unit 69. Police administration in Great Britain186
Unit 71. Policemen on the job........................190
Unit 72. Police officers and firearms .............192
Unit 73. The Federal Bureau of Investigation195
Unit 74. Bail....................................................197
Unit 75. The Court system in Great Britain ...200
Unit 76. Coroners' Courts...............................203
Unit 77. Courts in the USA............................ 206
238
Unit 78. Solicitors and barristers ....................210
Unit 79. What are the judges like?.................212
Unit 80. Jury....................................................215
Unit 81.. Kinds of trial....................................218
Unit 82. Capital punishment...........................222
Unit 83. Types of punishments .......................224
Unit 84. Profile of correctional officers .........226
Unit 85. Prison life..........................................228
Unit 86. Anger mounts over Brixton jail deaths 230
Unit 87. Parole.................................................232
239

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Mizetska V.

Environmental Law and Policy;

1. Choose from the list presented 3 or 4 options for youself. Explain

Read and insert the words missing:

b) At Buckingham they offer a qualifying law degree which includes the

The Academy consists of four basic faculties: the Faculty of Public

Tasks and exercises

What are the core subjects at your Law School?

Are there any law options?

Is it necessary to take and pass any exams to be admitted to your

What is your specialization?

Is there a part-time department at your Law School?

additional Law Course abroad?

Is the ability to speak any foreign languages among the attainments

at your Law College?

Are there any places of entertainment to visit at your Law School?

Who is the head (rector; president) of your Law School?

Where do the students take their practice course?

Explain your choice:

Insert the words from the frame below:

Now tell about yourself and your profession.

Now prove that the profession of a lawyer is quite diversified.

Answer the questions:

Is it possible to become a judge on graduating from the Law

Faculty of the University?

Is it possible to become an assistant of a judge after the Law

What are the requirements for those who want to become

Is it possible to become a defense counsel just on graduating

from high school?

Tasks and exercises

Find in the text the words of the same root:

to describe; prescription; behaviour; to relate; observation; official; to

Answer the questions:

What is the difference between prescriptive and descriptive

Are customs formal rules of behaviour?

Do people suffer any penalty when they break customs?

When can people remain in isolation?

What may happen to a person who does not obey laws?

Is there any difference between the terms 'an offender' and a

Complete the sentences:

The person who breaks the laws is called ....

The people who do not observe customs may ....

Laws are rules that ...

The whole system of punishments exists for those ....

Descriptive laws simply ....

Prescriptive laws show ....

Make up sentences using the key words and expressions:

to break // to suffer penalty // unofficial rules

isolation // to remain // not to observe

the system of punishment // not to obey // to exist

offender // to call // to break the law

to regulate // relations // prescriptive laws

Retell the text.

Retell this funny story in detail.

Learn the dialogue:

Good morning, Mr. Brown!

Good morning! What can I do for you?

Will you attend to my corporation matter?

Sorry, but I am too busy with other cases.

Maybe you will manage to sandwich my case in between the others

If you wait a little...

The case is not urgent and I can wait.