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ITALIAN GRAMMAR.
ITALIAN GRAMMAR
WITU NUMEROUS EXERCISES AND EXAMPLES, ILLUSTRATIVE
OF EVERY RULE, AND A SELECTION OF
PHRASES AND DIALOGUES.
#0r
ibc
cist of Stljools
BY
E.
LEMMI, LL.D,
Fourteenth Edition.
EDINBURGH:
OLIVER AND BOYD, TWEEDDALE COURT.
LONDON:
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL,
AND
CO.;
P.
ROLANDI, Bernebs
Street.
'HlNTliD
Hi
PREFACE.
The
was the
We
Grammar,
own method
of teachiag.
lUilian
Grammar
Each
we
rule
is
clearly illustrated
method
by examples and
exercises
and
as
general rules for the use of verbs, in order that the pupil
may have
PREFACE.
y\
stantly to refer to
and
As
and not a
study,
treatise
we have omitted
CONTENTS.
Ceaptee
I.
II.
III.
On
On
On
On
On
the Pkoncxciation,
the Prepositions called Segnacasi,
FoEUATioN
IV. Gen-dee,
V.
On
....
of the
Plural
the Adjectite,
of
Nouns,
Cardinal Numbers,
Ordinal Numbers,
VII.
....
.
Irregular Verbs,
Transith-e and Intransitive Verbs,
vili
CONTENTS.
ITALIAN ORAMMAR.
ON THE PRONUNCIATION.
The
Italian
nounced as follows
A,
B,
D,
C,
The
N,
0,
eii7ie,
0,
P,
R,
Q,
pea, con, erre,
is
letter
H,
I,
J,
L,
acca,
e,
ee,
elle,
G,
F,
E,
fl/e,
letters,
pro-
S,
T,
U,
esse,
tea,
oo,
V,
M,
emme,
Z.
voo, dzeta.
it is
hai,
when
it,
it
as.
gives a protracted
The
letter
is
c-i,
g-e, g-i, to
sound of their
Ca
is
Ce
Che
roots.
as c^e in
...
cat.
cherry.
...
caper,
...
as ca
...
as chi in
...
chicken.
Chi
...
as
...
key.
Go
...
as CO in
...
costly.
...
...
cuckoo.
garb.
...
jelly.
...
gay.
Cu
Ga
...
as cu in
...
AH
Ge
Ghe
...
asje in
...
gain
as
ON THE PRONUNCIATION.
Go
...
as go in
Gu
...
See
...
as ^00 in
as sha in
Sci
...
as
jig.
gig.
...
gospel.
...
...
good.
shape.
...
she.
most approaches
it
is
words Anglia, Angli^ and in the verb negligere^ with its derivatives, gli must be pronounced as in English in the word negligent.
J, called in Italian
and
the beginning
when
it
lungo or long
at the end,
is
i,
pronounced like
is
yesterday
and
ajuto,
e at
like double ee
help
heneficj.,
benefits.
The vowels
other open
and
have two
Pesca, a peach,
e
Meiin, less,
e
Togliere, to take away, o
Potere, power,
o
The
conjunction e
is
is
pronounced open.
is
The
conjunction or
There
rules
we
is
one
close, the
open as in
pest.
close as in
pain.
open as in
stop.
close as in
pronounced
is
close ;
note.
rendered by o close
the verb
/ have
pronounced open.
is
no sign whatever
mark when
order to
different sounds,
as
for these
two vowels
and
o,
in
so prolix, that
think they would serve more to confuse than assist the scholar.
The
letter r,
sounded, which
The
final
is
on pronunciation.
seldom
sufficiently
When
treatise
when
may be
i.
ON THE ACCENT.
distinctly
pronounced
the
first
ON THE ACCENT.
In Italian orthography there
ployed, which
is
is
marked thus
on the
final
voice,
as in bont, goodness
virt.,
falls
virtue
It is
(').
found
When
one, these
The words
as pane, bread
vino, wine.
in
difficile, difficult
caritatevole, charitable.
he was
:/;>,
it
is
incorrect to
su, upon.
The
tinguish them from other words spelt alike, but having different
significations
a verb,
d, gives, a verb,
d, day, a noun,
, is,
si,
yes,
an affirmative,
t,
tea,
e,
and, a conjunction.
a preposition.
pronoun conjunctive.
te,
thee.
pronoun.
CHAPTEE
I.
INFINITIVE.
INFINITIVE.
Essere, To be
Avere, To have,
PRESENT OF THE INDICATIVE.
Io sono,
Io ho,
tu sei, se',
tu hai,
egli
egli ha,
]
jLi
t3-
abbiamo,
noi siamo,
7ioi
voi siete,
voi avete,
eglino sono,
eglino hanno,
%
,
employed
a, to;
di, of;
Di,
1.
The
preposition di
used in Italian
to
marks the
Un amico
di ca^a,
voce del popolo,
di Firenze,
La pena di morte,
La
Duomo
When
it
is
father's liouse.
An
Ex.
another.
3.
My
and
Ex.
Dante's poem.
eagle's wings.
which
relation of property,
Il
da, from.
of.
one noun
is
PREPOSITIONJ
English order of
tlic
tlie
tlic
two
substantives be connected by
4.
A
A
Mercanti
Wine merchants.
di vino,
Lume
Raggio
lio
Di
Moonlight.
Morning-star.
di sole,
Sunbeam.
Ita-
lian language.
Italiana,
visitare
di
sua
sorella,
mandare
la let-
to the post.
Di
Ex.
is
Ho promesso di
Ho dimenticato
6.
Castle.
Ex.
same manner.
di luna,
To
silver spoon.
5.
coxmtry house.
Edinburgh
before a vowel
an apostrophe
may be
before another
curtailed of the
this elision
and receive
Ex.
: Inghilterra,
The
The
The
'
'
EXERCISE
I have read
my
father's
letto
letter.
republic of America.
fine climate of Italy.
fleet of
England.
I.
He
sister's
2^'''^^'^
(1)
straw-bonnet.
wish
book. We have bought
a
desidero
comprato un paglia
wine-merchants.
speak
They
your
music-master.
parlare
musica
maestro.
The agriculture Scotland. He a drawing-master. You
L' agricoltura
disegno
watch. The
have a gold
and
have
una oro
un
L!
The house-door open. The dove
aperto. La colomba
L'
and the
branch. We have
country house. They have
I
il
libro.
{2>)
cappello,
are
to
al vostro
(3)
(3)
of
is
Scozia.
chain,
(3) catena,
oil
olio
of Italy
is
olivo
is
uscio
ramo.
olive
oriolo.
migliore.
olive
(3)
a silver
the best.
il
(6)
il
to
[5)
oliva
PREPOSITIONS.
A mother's
Woollen
una madre
lana
The town Edinburgh. A vase
un vaso rose
Vamore. La
Where have you put
write always with a
penna Dove
con una
messo
Grammar (We wish)
read your
my
found
trovato
una
silk
stockings.
purse.
calze.
{1)
of
of
love.
rose-leaves.
(4) foglie.
citt (6)
steel-pen.
acciaio (3)
scrivo semj)re
brother's
Grammatica
fratello [I)
aunt's
to
Desideriamo [b)
zia
letter.
IMPERFECT.
Io era^
^
^
noi eravamo,
voi eravate,
'l
elleto erario,
The pronoun
it is
tu avevi,
ella era,
7.
Io aveva,
"1
tu eri,
i-t
noi avevamo,
voi avevate,
elleno avevano, or
aveano,
^
P
essere,
Sono
io,
The
to
prepositions
to, at,
by
a.
of spring
Ex.
we
wil'
London.
Our cousin
is
home to-morrow.
at school.
infinitives,
Ex.
Come and
They
A ndiamo
10. Before
to
I shall not bo at
may
pronoun
to, at.
or
It is you.
Slete voi,
It is I.
A,
8.
He
Ex.
PREPOSITIONS.
EXERCISE
I
dine
Come
my
(will send)
son to Eton.
mander
Athens.
Andrew
(to)
and a sheet
of paper.
foglio
carta.
came
pound of
brother at Florence.
(shall
me)
tea.
give (to)
dare
(do
the doctor.
to
un amico,
buy
comprare
Parigi.
(9)
I have written to
meet
parlate
at Paris.
soon
return)
t.
scritto
una libbra
post
this newspaper.
at Eome.
Go and
Roma. Andate (9) impostare questo giornale.
incontrare
Edward a pen
Eduardo una penna
you speak ?) To a friend.
to
(5)
chi
to (see
to
To whom
my
gone
are
andati [^)
ritorner
They
figlio.
(10)
Tell
Atene.
They
son.
mio
to see
Venite {9)
desinai^ e in
II.
my
to
il
(7)
I ran
to
Corsi (9)
two years since I
due anni dach
at school to-day.
at
my
It is
son.
(7)
It
is
When we were
Quando
breakfast we have read your mother's
hope
go
colazione
spero
to-morrow
our
garden. Go and open the
was at Venice.
She was
(8) scuola
Venezia.
oggi.
letter.
to
domani
window.
finestra.
see
to
(5) atidare
letto
uncle's
zio
giardino
(10) aprire la
PREPOSITIONS.
12.
Io non so
la
mia
know my
I do not
lezione,
\
lesson.
may however be
they
omitted
mark the
when
interrogation.
Ex.
nati ?
deceived
Da,
From
//-o???, by.
is
a.
14.
is
Ex.
Andando a
Costantinopoli passai
da Atene,
Da
From
Da
April
July.
till
Carta da
is
employed
to connect
Writing-paper.
scrivere,
|
Una
bottiglia da vino,
comprato un cavallo da
due cavalli da carrozza,
So
16. B/ is translated
wine-bottle.
tutti,
da un amico,
II ritratto di Dante, dipinto da
Siamo
A
I
parti-
Ex.
ciple.
Le
sella, e
stati invitati
Giotto,
Ho
Roma
Ex.
ed a Firenze,
udito questa novella da lui e da
stato a
altri,
Farliamo spesso
sorella.
di voi e
have been at
Rome and
Florence.
bister.
PREPOSITIONS.
EXERCISE
We
do
III.
not
Paris.
Have
(14)
(11) (12) riceviamo
Raphael ?
seen at Dresden the Madonna, painted by
dipinta (16) Raffaello f
veduto
Dresda la
you
Where
is
the
letter-paper ?
painted by David,
dipinto
Napoleone
ritratto
il
Dove
portrait of Napoleon,
is
to Paris.
The
La
very interesting.
molto interessante.
The
dining
(15) bicchieri
sent.
Do not
gaio.
ogni
forma
leave flowers in
lasciate fiori
una
bed
letto
un
re-
Bring
room.
{\b) camera.
-
Portate
Rubens and
Snyders.
hope
to
see
hair-brush.
(17)
my
rivedere la mia
country
patria
again.
*
I do
(11)
not
(12)
10
is
Ex.
sonant.
II
calzolaio
ha portato
le
scarpe e gli
stivali,
I guanti
The
tropipo piccoli,
too
abbiamo passati
I giorni che
Lo
letter
s,
by another consonant.
leggi di
Lo
20.
Spartani seguirono
Licurgo vissero liberi.
its
plural gli
dei poveri
'L'amico
is
is
i.
Ex.
The
sven-
degli
turati,
Uodio
by
The
gli
is
Ex.
i libri,
are
tlie
The
maestro,
Lo stampatore sfamjja
le
in
country.
followed
Fintantoch
spent
is
Lo
the
smaH.
alla
campagna,
19,
11
pressors.
In gran parte
le Indie Orientali
sono possedute dagl' Inglesi,
used indiscriminately.
Il
or lo zio
il
mi ha regalato un
oriolo
zucchero e dolce,
22. Gli
Gli
Dei
degli
La
is
e.
Romani,
me
a present of a
The gods
\
Ex.
Romans.
and lying gods.
of the ancient
In the time of
false
parzialit tra il
povero,
Il fulmine percuote pi spesso
Velevate torri che le umili capanne,
Ve sempre della neve sulle Alpi,
il
be
Ex.
La morte non fa
ricco e
may
before a vowel
the letter
or lo
degli antichi
Al tempo
23.
is
2, il
Ex.
d'oro,
Lo or
is
The thunderbolt
There
12
EXERCISE
The
ship
of the desert
{IS) vascello m.
is
deserto
The pen
cammello m. penna
on the
The eyes
cameh
for the
is
IV.
the
'^Orientale hnetafora
in the ink-bottle.
is
metaphor
Oriental
m. {2S)
The
calamaio m.
f.
lapis
table.
f.
pencil
m.
The
soul.
The
The
blamed.
industriosi m.
antichi
Where
the
m.
The sun,
sacrifizi.
sole
maladies
malattie
f.
were
alphabet
alfabeto
sacrifices.
the sugar ?
It
(21) zucchero m.
the
are
is
in the sugar-basin.
The
Phoenicians. The
of the soul.
man.
Fenici m.
The
mind
uomo m.
CONDITIONAL.
Sarei,
saresti,
sarebbe,
saremmo,
sareste,
sarebbero.
The
f.
letters of
lettere
f.
invented by the
elevates
art.
zuccheriera
ind. 3. inventate
mind
-p.
is
stelle f
passions
va.
loro
offrendo
passioni
are
pigri m.
ant
The ancients
industria.
stars.
ma
lodati
biasimati.
industry.
industrious
savio m. [20)
influences
influisce
the
f.
culture of
coltura
f.
(on) the
13
The
24.
Ex.
Ho ricevutole
di Francia,
ritrovato l'anello che
aveva perduto,
i
cavalli che
My sister
Mia sorella ha
Avete veduto
ho com-
bought
prati ?
25. Before a
noun taken
in a general
La
libert
stato naturale
lo
is
the horses I
Ex.
used in Italian.
Liberty
del-
is
have
Vuomo,
La ragione
26.
No
article is prefixed to
nouns taken in an
is,
indefinite, that
Ex.
Un
dren.
arhoscello con foglie e
27.
The
definite
fiori,
article is
'
U Inghilterra domina
England
mari,
h' Italia
isole del
28.
alluded
in the Mediterranean.
no idea of extent
to, or
prepositions in
La Regina
Ho passato
when
and
it
di,
is
vengo
di
di
i"
di Spagna,
Borgondia,
Terra Nuova,
is
no article
Inghilterra,
l'inverno in Italia, la
primavera in Francia, ed ora
Vino
Cane
Mediterraneo,
When
Ex.
rules the seas.
is
required.
Ex.
The Queen
of England.
I have spent winter in Italy, spring
in France, and now I come from
Spain.
Burgundy wine.
A Newfoundland dog
14
Candia,
Cipro,
Creta,
Corfu,
not required
is
Ischia,
also
We
Cii^ro ritor-
nando da Creta,
Ischia e Capri sono due belle isolette,
non lungi da Napoli,
Venezia stata chiamata la regina
del mare,
Napoli il regno
il
peggio governato
EXERCISE
the music
musica
souls.
^anime.
poeti
deve
its
art.
poesia
i.
of
'^grandi
^sensibili
industrious.
industriosi.
Drawing
vero Cristiano
va.
(25) disegno m.
sua origine
progresso m.
Sardinia,
Sardegna
Greece.
in Italy.
dignit
Inghilterra
f.
Athens
is
Russia
i.-^.
f.
Atene
The love
of music
amore m.
The knights
of Malta.
cavalieri (29)
universale (28)
(25) prosperit
f.
{21) Cfreciai.
colta
England,
France,
Francia
alleate contro
Turchia'i.
pi
altre artH.'^J^l)
ancora
Poetry
filosofi.
particolarmente
f.
to the progress
still
particularly
(12) terrori
f.
owes
di essere
make men
Hunger and poverty
povert t rendono {25)
(25) fame L
Death has no
morte
prima
of the soul,
re-
V.
(25) uomini
is
della terra,
Men
name
Ex.
make men
rendono
proud,
orgogliosi
but adveravver-
fi.
15
IMPERATIVE.
Sii or sia, be thou.
him
let
Siamo,
Siate,
let us be.
be ye.
Siano,
let
Abbia,
let
Abbiamo,
let
Abbiate,
have
be.
them
be.
have thou.
him have.
Abbi,
Sia,
us have.
ye.
auxiliary
after
is
formed of the
infinitive
mood
when used
thou speak.
31. In Italian, the definite article
but
is
is
prefixed to surnames,
when
Ex.
\j illustre
in
life
Francesco Petrarca,
Avignon.
used.
Ex.
La Corinna e la Saffo,
Avete veduto la Maria
33.
Nouns
of
title,
masculine
Non
il
article.
morire,
ti
Ex.
that happened.
racconter.
The
not preceded
I ric<;Jii
35.
when
Ex.
II
34. Lifinitives
article is
meaning.
Ex.
and of
ON TUE DEFINITE ARTICLE,
16
senno
II
la
del
virtu,
ler/isla-
virtue of
sapienza ed
il
The
ability
neral.
nerale,
^ignoranza
The
he Ignorance
ignorance and
e la superstizione de-
superstition of
the Indians.
gVIdiani,
EXERCISE
VI.
Iella
poets of Italy.
When (we
(31)
speak) of pronouns,
Quando parleremo
the definite
Italian
in
Italiano
che
'^definito
^articolo
eccettuato
four
great
quattro grandi
(we
pronomi m.
article
when
except
pronouns,
possessive
possessivi
Dante
(33)
poeti
Anne of
Anna (28)
altiera
tliat
tlie legis-
lator.
tore,
La
is
m.
si
p.
shall see)
vedremo
put
mette
before
innanzi
followed
by nouns of
(sono seguiti)
nomi
lent
my music-book to
I have
prestato mio
singolare m.
(3)
(33)
Miss Mary. He is always wavering between yes and no.
indeciso
no
signorina
fra (34) s
relation in the singular.
parentela
of England (allowed)
fece
(33) Elisabetta (28)
Queen Elizabeth
know (how
to
To
to speak.)
parlare
quanto
severance
severanza
know (how
(34) sapere
The
Mary Queen
s
to listen) is as useful
ascoltare
soldati
m.
Che
io sia,
che tu
sii,
or sia,
utile
enthusiasm and
pcrentusiasmom.
{db) per-
of the soldiers.
f.
of Scot-
(33)
Che io abbia,
che tu abbi, or abbia,
ch'egli sia,
ch'egli abbia,
ch'eglino siano,
ch'eglino abbiano,
17
when
The
personal pronouns
may
must, however, be used in the singular of the present and imperfect of the subjunctive, the terminations being alike in those
tenses
when
also
placed in contrast
more pronouns
in a phrase
as
Cliio ahhia,
Ch'egli abbia,
Io avr un premio,
punito,
e voi sarete
Un
The
nant or a vowel
Uno
noun beginning
by
impure, or
tlie letter z ;
Un amico sincero,
Un figlio ubbidiente,
sincere friend.
An obedient son.
diligent scholar.
An affectionate uncle.
38.
The
modest woman.
immortal soul.
An
Vn^anima immortale.
Scozzese,
am
My
a Scotchman.
music-master is an Italian.
His cousin
My
or determined
E un medico celebre.
Nostro zio era un
arcJiitetio Scozzese,
Mary
He
18
Ex.
English.
elianto
tre
soldi la libbra,
No
41.
cento,
We
and thousand,
Ex.
mille.
The
Ho
venduto
il
EXERCISE
Gulnare,
name rendered
Gulnara (38)
i^eso
have sold
pounds.
lire,
my
VII.
by Byron, means
famoso (16)
significa
A true friend is an inestimable
famous
m.
times
a
We go
our
amici
m. aneliamo
(40)
that when a European people
hasFubeen remarked),
^Europeo Spopolo m
osservato
anno m.
to
officer.
friends three
visit
ufficiale
year.
(It
intend
to found a colony
in a
foreign
volte
tre
land,
they
if
are
'^straniero '^paesem.. se
{.
Spagnuoli fabbricano
church,
chiesa
f.
if
Dutch (they
Olandesi
construct)
costruiscono
if
an Exchange,
Borsa f.
if
English
Inglesi
ON THE
I'AIiTITlVE ARTICLE.
19
(39)
and
art
arti
f.
p.
'
'
literature.
f.
20
alcuni amici
libro Sjagnuolo,
Avr
a pranzo con me
shall
me
with
oggi,
riandatemi qualclio
ma
libro,
to-day.
non
molti,
44.
The
of quantity
it is
we simply mention
reference to quantity.
Ex.
mangiano mai
a certain
I Bramini non
we mean
evident
idea
When we
carne,
horses.
bellissimi.
EXERCISE
We
Germania
wounded at the
morning
mattina
of the
battle
battaglia
feriti
this
seen
some
veduto
have
Alma.
some
soldati
The
letters
lettere
f.
who were
soldiers
che ind. 3.
va.
painter Caracci
pittore
f,
f.
in
(42)
questa
have received
Irlanda?
ricevuto
from Germany.
VIII.
friends in Ireland ?
(44) amici
Dublin.
Dublino
when no
some mustard,
mostarda
flask.
Some
and some
f.
friends (were
fiasco
We
have no friends
2iii(]^
salt.
sale
m. Mettete
faithful)
3. fedeli
in this
country.
questo paese
Put
(to
some wine
in
this
questo
him) in adversity.
^gli
When
avversit
you go
to
andrete in
f.
town
21
buy
COMPOUND TENSES.
The compound
literally, I ajn
PAST PARTICIPLES.
Siato, m.,
been
Plur. Stati, m.
stata,
state,
f.
Plur. Avuti, m.
f.
avuta,
f.
avute,
f.
GERUNDS.
Avendo, having.
Essendo, being.
45.
The
Ex.
The
the verb
when
it is
preceded by
/ libri
Le
He
has been,
glie
Las been.
Ex.
it.
j
'
CHAPTEE
III.
to
The general
change the
final
vowel into
/.
Ex.
I cappelli,
leant.
I poeti.
Le
religioni.
I maestri.
FORMATION OF THE PLURAL OF NOUNS.
22
EXCEPTIONS.
in
1st,
Le case.
Le spose.
Nouns ending
48. 2d,
in i or
ie,
monosyllables,
IjC metropoli.
II
Ire.
re,
La
Le
the king,
Le
virtu, virtue,
and those
Ex.
virtu.
same manner
as nouns.
EXERCISE IX.*
In the Levant, it
Levante m.
is
strew
^costume m. spargere
and
to place a
moi'to m. p.
(young persons.)
giovane m.
corpo m.
flowers on the
the custom to
2^^^^^^^
m.
bunch of flowers in the
mazzetto m.
chairs,
tables, and
{4:Q) fiore
The
mano
(47) sedia
the drawing-room. The nights
sala
(48) canape m.
charming. The days
our youth.
hands
of
f.
sofas
f.(35) tavola
of
notte
f.
f.
of Italy are
(49)
f.
evitiamo
ofitaly.
difetto
m.
antico
modo
scrivere
bricks,
f.
tiles,
and tables of
trees.
albero
visitato
Theancientmodeofwritingwas on
va.
stone,
Andiamo
debitori
antenato
va. [delle
nostre) civile
* Nouns are now given in the singular, also past participles and adjectives,
which
refer.
religiosa
libert
kinds of
tliree
specie
tre
The
f.
of civil wars.
t,
diversa
in ca
qualit
and ga
and
Nouns
51.
in the plural,
porci
when
prezzo m.
Ex.
I ducili.
Le
streghe.
it
are)
f.
different prices.
differente
f.
(Here
Ecco
guerra
(25)
Nouns ending
50.
calamities
calamit
f.
23
means magi.
Ex.
it
pi.
pi.
24
Obbligo, obligation.
Pudico, chaste.
Opaco, opaque.
Parroco, curate.
Pedagogo, pedagogue.
Pelago, abyss, ocean.
Rammarico,
Pizzico, pinch.
Statico, hostage.
Presago, diviner.
Prodigo, prodigal.
Stomaco, stomach.
regret.
Bipiego, expedient.
Sacrilego, sacrilegious.
Sambuco,
Strascico, train.
Prologo, prologue.
The
Ubbriaco, drunkard.
may
following words
without an h
elder-tree.
Astrologo, astrologer.
Equivoco, equivocal.
Pratico, practical.
Reciproco, reciprocal.
Rustico, rustic.
Salvatico, wild.
Filologo, philologist.
Mendico, beggar.
Monaco, monk.
Traffico, traffic.
EXERCISE X.
The
Turks,
(51)
instead of
ringing bells
to
call
invece [suonare il campanello) per chiamare
Turcom.
their servants,
clap
their
hands.
Have you
mano
f.
They are
Scozia
carit
(52) Tedesco m.
my
friends,
(53)
against
my
suffer
to
many
molta (50)
Tuscany. The
of
[27) Toscana
t.
are
enemies.
filosofo
The
nemico m.
contro
hills
(54) colle m.
contribute
contribuiscono
The sunny
charities.
{4^S)
Germans
from
and
ricco va.
public
pubblica
rich,
m.
subjects of despotic
monarchs
suddito m. ^dispotico {50)'^7nonarcam.
soffrono molto
suffer little
si
German musicians,
Italian classics,
peaches and acorns.
hnusicova.
ghianda f^ [5') '^classico m.. ^
(50) pesca t
The intrigues of the
French
cooks, and English mechanics,
^
Inglese^ meccanico va. (20) (54) m.
^Francese ^cuoco
demagogues.
(54) m.
FORMATION OF THE PLURAL OF NOUNS.
Nouns ending
55.
in
eia,
La
La
spiagge,
le
le
guance.
Lm
Im
The
The
The
caccia, le cacce,
spiaggia,
Zrt guancia,
5G.
and gi,
lose
the
in
the
Ex.
plural.
is
scia,
25
on the
falls
shore.
i,
or
when
that vowel
Ex.
The
The
buga, le buge,
provincia, le provincie,
Nouns ending
cliase.
cheek.
lie.
province.
The
The
The
The
The
The
II deso, i desii.
lpendo, ipendii,
Lo
57.
When
io is
the terminations
the o
is
uncle.
free will.
maityrdoin.
vestibule.
glio, gio, in
Ex.
The eye.
The sheet of paper.
The beech-tree.
The watch.
The baker.
The voyage.
The kiss.
It faggio, i faggi.
L'orologio, gli orologi,
Il fornaio, i fornai,
Il viaggio, i viaggi.
Il bacio, i baci.
Observe.
dropped,*
II foglio,
Ex.
Tlie native.
i natii,
The termination
into
^'
io
from
cipe, prince
rege,
king
prin-
FORMATION OF THE PLURAL OF NOUNS.
EXliUClSE XI.
The beech
(25)
(57)
woods. Bakers
grow
heaven.
time of pestilence.
in
peste
(53)
ancient
edifices.
edifizio
The
(57)
caprices
f.
hands
mano
There
are no harmless
231
there are
The
Mediterranean.
Mediterraneo m.
compare cheeks
{^Q) paragonano (bb)
lilies,
and teeth
to
to
(57) giglio m.
f.
many
mollo
Poets
(19) sciocco m. p.
stella
f.
the
of
(silly people.)
of
Eome
vi
(55)
eyes to stars,
roses,
(25) rosa
In
of the
f.
shores
m.
(57) capriccio m.
perla
the eyes of
ancient
{bb) quercia I
(54)
rich in time * of war and famine,
[2b) [01) divengono ricco
guerra L carestia L
(51)
pearls.
moon
-trees
and doctors
to
the
deiite
m.
Princes
f.
lies.
disaffection.
We
forget
offences.
offesa
58.
f.
The
La
Lc
Slillc, thousiind,
II hue,
tlie
ox,
wives.
Mila, thousands.
I buoi, the oxen.
Gli uomini, the men.
mogli,
viiei,
tlic
my.
tuo, thy,
tuoi, thy.
When time
di guerra.
Tempo means
t Benefizio, giudizio,
giudicio, vfficio.
also w^eather
uffi-io,
are
la
prima
volta.
It is expressed
as, in the
as,
beneficio.,
FORMATION OF THE PLURALOF NOUNS.
siio, his,
suoi, his.
Dio, God,
Dei, Gods.
59.
and end
in a.
60.
The
5
6
in
the plural,
Ex.
Le centinaia, the hundreds.
Le migliaia, the thousands.
Le miqlia, the miles.
Le paia, the pairs.
Le staia, the bushels.
Xe uova, the eggs.
in the plural.
feminir
27
When
in
a they
may end
are feminine
G/i
either in
or
anella.
braccia.
budella.
?ieZZi, Ze
I bracci,
I budelli,
le
le
I calcagjii, le calcagna.
I carri, le corra.
I castelli, le castella.
I cigli, le ciglia.
I corni, le corna.
I diti, le dita.
Ifili, le fila.
_
I fondamenti, le fondamenta.
Ifrutti, lefridta.
I fusi,
le
fusa.
I gesti, le gesta.
I ginocchi, le ginocchia.
I gridi, le grida.
I gomiti, le gomita.
I labbri, le labbra.
I legni, le legna.
I lenzuoli, le lenzuola.
I membri, le membra.
must be used
for
coma
when employed
gesta
means
exploits,
great deeds.
Membri
are the
members
legna, firewood.
of a society
of the body.
FORMATION OF THE PLURAL OF NOUNS.
28
I muri,
Oli
mura.
le
ossi, le ossa.
I pomi, le poma.
I pugni, le pugna.
/ quadrelli, le quadrello.
I risi, le risa.
/ sacelli, le sacca.
Gli stridi,
le
strida.
/ vestigi, le vestigia.
/ vestimenti, le vestimenta,
EXERCISE XIL
The
games
basket of eggs.
paniere m.
(59)
simple sound
semplice suono
(fell,
A friend
eroem.
(60*)
The
walls of
lira
va.
on the contrary,)
caddero in vece
f.
ind. 3 inalzato
to the
sound of trumpets.
tromba f.
me)
(Bring
Portatemi
presa
f.
in
sei
(59)
for
ora.
(41)
(60*)
is
dono m.
six pair of
Enea
8 Bisi
Presents
gloves
from Paris.
%ianco ^guanto xn.
white
me
sent
hnandatohni
Thebes were raised by the
^
Tebe
(60^)
of the lyre
has
rice,
ol
is
used in speaking
is
preferaLle.
(1)
bellissimo
the ^neid.
poem,
beautiful
Virgil's
poema m.
The
stars,
animals,
{20) astro (35)
Eneide.
by
cervo ucciso
Prince Albert.
The horns
(60^)
must obey
Children
(33)
and pupils
genitore,
scolare
obbedire
CHAPTER
IV.
GENDER.
In Italian,
all
The gender
may
of nouns
distinguished by their
be
ter-
minations.
61.
Mascoline terminations
are
the hand
la
Sappho
Saffo,
la
mano,
Me, except
l'arme, the
weapon
hunger; la speme,*
la fame,
hope.
la coltre,
la polvere, dust
the counterpane
la scure, the
axe
la
la torre,
the tower.
il
il
in
?-e
il
or la
il
il
or
or
cenere,-];-
ashes.
Nte, except
la gente, people
la
tors.
avi, tlie
Dido
la teiizone,
la sintassi, syntax
the combat
la Gimione, Juno.
la enfasi,
emphasis
and
EXERCISE
The
tiger
is
(61)
ferocious
XIII.
feroce
timid.
is
(61)
The
prisons
timido.
(61)
not check) the progress of liberty.
progresso
libert
(25) dispotismo non arresteranno
Hunger is a powerful incentive to crime. Tears are the
potente
incentivo
delitto, lacrimai.
(61)
of
despotism
(will
mute
language of grief.
Seneca wrote the panegyric of
dolore.
scrisse
muto linguaggio
panegirico
poverty
by the light of a gold chandelier. The rose is the
lume
rosa f.
povert f. a
(3) candelabro.
(fanatical
and
fanatico
with a
di
The
song.^
is
the
emblem
of love.
amore.
pine-apple.
ananasso.
A, except,
GENDER.
31
1st,
Names
2d,
the poet
il
62,
Pope
V artista, the
//
legista, the
Also,
artist.
il
il
Papa, the
lawyer;
il
poeta,
M, Words
Anatema, anathema.
Assioma, axiom.
Idioma, idiom.
Pianeta, planet.
Clima, climate.
Diadema, diadem.
Diploma, diploma.
Poema, poem.
Dogma, dogma.
Scisma, schism.
Sistema, system.
Sofisma, sophism.
Stemma, coat of arms.
Stratagemma, stratagem.
Teina, theme.
Problema, problem.
Programma, programme.
Dramma, drama.
Emblema, emblem.
Enigma, enigma.
Epigramma, epigram.
Fantasma, phantom.
Ione,* except
Un milione, a million.
II padiglione, the pavilion.
II piccione, th(5 pigeon.
U, except,
il
Per, Peru
Lo
EXERCISE XIV.
monarch
is
(G2)
is
beloved hj
hit;
amato
Climate
people.
popolo.
(G2)
clemency.
is
The
No
we have
exercises
che
clemenza.
*
gem of
gemma
a monarch's diadem
(62)
written are easy.
scritto
most
part, feminine.
facile.
e,
which
32
GKNUER,
When we
in the prosperity
prosperit
fortune.
fortuita.
emblem
poet.
is
vision.
It is
lawyer
first fratricide.
vowel into
is
\q
feminine by
and
ente.,
ese,
in ante
are the
same
for both
Ex.
La
La
Un Inglese, an Englishman,
Un Fraicese, a Frenchman,
Una
Una
Francese, a Frenchwoman.
Ex.
Esecutore, executor,
Imperatore, emperor.
Traditore, traitor,
66.
the
Ex.
a.
Ebreo, Jew,
Vedovo, widower.
65.
(of)
i(62)
genders.
carried
s'impadron
problem.
raramente (38)
(62)
^difficile
changing the
conflitto
rarely
is
(62)
serio
difficult
visione.
buono
The
bastion.
64.
modestia.
A
(62)
Cain was the
Caino
a
63.
enjoy
the
of modesty.
(62)
pleasure
godiamo parte
altro
restoration
viola
we
of others,
art.
restaurazione
violet is the
take
prendiamo piacere
(62)
Esecutrice, executrix.
Imperatrice, empress.
Traditrice, traitress.
the feminine in
essa:
A
GENDER.
Harone, baron,
Contessa, countess.
Conte, count,
Dottore, doctor,
Duca, duke,
Gigante, giant,
Leone,
Gigantessa, giantess.
I,eonessa, lioness.
Ostessa, hostess.
Poetessa, poetess.
Paonessa, pea-hcn.
Principessa, princess.
Profetessa, prophetess.
lion,
Oste, host.
Poeta, poet,
Paone, peacock,
Principe, prince,
Profeta, prophet,
Sacerdote, priest,
The names
G7.
33
Abadessa, abbess.
Baronessa, baroness.
Abate, abbot,
Sacerdotessa, priestess.
Ex.
fruit.
La
The
following nouns
l'arancio,
and
date,
cedro,
il
il
mean
dattero,
Papera, the
La
the tree
and
pear.
il fico,
il
limone,
fig.
EXERCISE XV.
An
is
may
[65) possono
attore
executrix
virtuoso
will,
and guardian of her
her husband's
tutore
marito (1) testamento
to
d suo
(65)
di rado
(63)
wild
with cherries.
di
a poetess.
(66)
fig-tree
''salvatico
She
stimabile.
(55)
[66)
passeggiavano
avenue of
orange-trees.
viale m.
art.
always the truth,
believed.
non fu mai
verit
(66)
dea
creduta.
Vestalem(\.2
^sacro
fire.
^
34
ON ADJECTIVES.
(65)
princesses,
princes
and
(66)
CHAPTER
V.
ON ADJECTIVES.
68. Adjectives agree in gender and
they qualify
the
The
into a.
plural of adjectives
The
The
The
The
69. Adjectives in e or
Una regina
An
An
illustre e potente,
70.
When
and
and
and
and
learned man.
learned woman.
learned men.
learned women.
illustrious
illustrious
Illustrious
Ex.
II padre ed
generous
generous
generous
generous
Illustrious
illustri e potenti,
it is
formed according to
re illustre e potente,
I re
Le
is
Ex.
Un
il
figlio
Ex.
sono orgo-
The
father
gliosi,
Il ricco ed
are
The
tiful.
71.
il
When
civili,
72. Adjectives
ri-
Ex.
may
and
civil.
ON ADJECTIVES.
and euphony being the best guide on
familiar style, adjectives which denote
s/cZ qualities,
35
point
this
taste,
however, in
/ cavalieri
The
Una bandiera
bianca
il
segnale di
white flag
tregua,
Un uomo
ha Vudito
cieco
acuto,
Le
legioni
soggiogare
Caledoni,
Two
73.
The Roman
'mai
or
Un
An
Una
EXERCISE XVI.
The
generoso
ospitale
spira
enemies, but
(54)
(73)
poetico (61)
lofty sentiments.
elevato sentimento
nobile
of great
sacrifices.
grande (57)
sacrifizio (27)
many
was
for
ind. 3
per
Poland
Polonia
An
amiable
temper and a good education are more valuable
amabile [Ql) carattere
educazione
jjregevole
than great
riches
or
ricchezza
che
celebrated
Irish
pompous
pomposo
titles.
titolo
Dr.
(33) Dottor
provato
Irlanda
(61)
^Cristiano ^origine
uso
retentive
ferreo
Petrie, the
round
(72) rotoido
served in
servivano a
the
campanile (17)
fortilizio
vedetta
36
ON-
ADJECTIVES.
vivace
in conversation.
sliine
conversazione
brillare
patriot
patriottu
The
74.
when governed by
number
vie di
few.
Boma,
difficile
little,
Tmito, so mucli.
Altrettanto, as much.
L'esilio molto penoso,
Quanto
Vimpararea parlare
settimana prossima,
75.
How
is
rendered by quanto
Ex.
tempo.
How long
do you intend
to
remain on
the Continent ?
sul Continente
How long
liano
76.
LITTLE
is
expressed by un poco
di.
Ex.
ehall suc-
EXEKCISE XVII.
The
Italian painters
(72)
pittore
have
never
been surpassed
sorpassato
they
ON ADJECTIVES.
have many imitators, few equals, and
imitatore (51) eguale
(74)
slaves
diverrebbero
schiavo
vicenda
How many
letters
the
their lot
last ?
^durb
He
much
pleased
perduto
cautious
is
a folly.
little,
and
a
lavoro
Many
are very
momento
is
The labour
follia
in
earns
a few moments.
in
lost
persons
(with ourselves)
di
noi stessi
contento
years was
many
guadagna (74)
scontento
debolezza
Few
concert
dissatisfied
(74)
many
(76)
'^concerto
in life.)
To be too much
(34)
power.
potere
little
spends much.
spende
Many
oggi
(75)
of
they had a
subj. 2
(74)
contento
no
superiors.
nessuno superiore
support
with patience the
sopportare
to
vita
Not many.
if
tiranno se
;^7
(74)
careless
choosing
in
trascurato
a friend.
Mezzo,
77.
7;r/(/;
when
Due
Due
used substantively
79.
The
invariable,
Two
libbra,
mezzi scudi,
Half
is
Ex.
declinable.
ore e mezzo,
Una mezza
78.
is
adjective bello
is
is
\
'
Two
half-crowns.
expressed by met.
Ex.
pure
before a vowel
apostrophe.
fT)}
Un
it
Ex.
Bei palazzi.
Begli specchi.
Btgli occhi.
im-
and receives an
ON ADJECTIVES.
The
80.
adjective
grande
mas-
an
This
elision does
Gran j)opoU.
Gran flotte.
Un
final letter
Ex.
if)i
Grandi scofli.
Grand' imperi.
last syllable
San
Pietro,
Buono
The
I
vowel or a consonant, an
impure excepted.
Un buon architetto,
Un buon pittore,
Un buono scultore,
83.
when
II santo sepolcro.
Santo Stefano,
82.
Ex.
good architect.
good painter.
good sculptor.
notizia certa,
EXERCISE
news which
is
certain.
XVIII.
fool
is
a great mis-
dis(37) imbecille
The good people of this great city. Saint George is
f )rtune.
grazia.
(81) Giorgio
(82) popolo
the patron saint of England, Saint Patrick of Ireland, and Saint
^tutelare
Andrew
Andrea
(61)
of Scotland.
Scozia.
Patrizio
Polite
men
(83)
Irlanda
(83)
ON NUMERAL ADJECTIVES.
The Athenians
Ateniese
laurel,
and
39
and
laurel.
How
di edera
alloro
Two
years
and a
*
disegno
pound* of
coffee.
caj^.
fa
long
{lb)
half.
Half
i'^'')
soldiers.
soldato.
a
*
Cupid
Cupido
represented
as a beautiful child with a bow and a quiver.
arco
rappresentato come
faretra.
(79) fanciullo
is
The
holy
office
of the Inquisition
(81) uffizio
Inquisizione
Dominic.
The countryf of great men.
Domenico.
(83)
Numeral Adjectives
numbers.
40
CARDINAL NUMBERS.
have
lost
pearl necklace.
He
lutti,
is
man who
speaks
ill
of every
one.
85.
When
must be
before,
the noun
is
in the singular, as
it
it
Vendnia
is
h'ra,
by
in,
which is used
Ex.
it
comes
Ex.
are rendered in
&e.,
the preposition
it
Twenty-one pounds.
Twenty-one pounds.
but when
Lire vent'una,
In speaking of years,
87.
was
8xty-.si.\,
pound.
libbra,
The
sible in Italian.
is
not admis-
Ex.
He
britta-
battles.
fflie,
Furon fatti
Three-and-thirty
prisoners
were
taken.
88.
may
The
translated
by quanti
is
How
He
used instead of
IIoio old
to
is
Ex.
fratello ?
Ha venti anni,
diecianni.
is
not rendered.
Ex.
is
One
is
CARDINAL NUMBERS.
41
KXERCI3E XIX.
the
of the tliree
largest
pia grande
broad
high, and 1028 feet
great pyramids is 512 feet
in circonferenza
piede m. alto
planets,
Herschel, the most distant of the
at the bottom.
resto
pia piccolo
base.
Urano
make his
piti distante
[0)2)
pianeta
Saturn
Saturno
giro
a fare
29 years 5 mouths, and 17 days; Jupiter 11 years 10 months
takes 84 years to
revolution
mette
Giove
Marte
(85)
year; Venus, 7 months 14 days; Mercury, 2 months 27 days.
Venere
Mercurio
Virgil
Brindisi
avanti
ind. 3 sepolto
Christian Era.
2
The
Temple
of Diana, at
tempio
was sixty
13
feet high.
4
How
(39)
kings; each
ogni
(48)
At Marathon
Maratona[2>^)
army,
of a hundred thousand men, was defeated by ten
armata, forte
disfatto
(58)
thoxisand Athenians.
In 1859.
Ateniese
(86)
43
ORDINAL NUMBERS.
ORDINAL NUMBERS.
Primo,
ORDINAI, NUMBERS.
Eighth
his
he,
Elizabeth,
son
Edward
Eduardo
morirono in
tutto
lieu,
and Queen
(33)
Cardinal Kiche(33) Cardincde
on a Thursday.
died
all
43
of
of
appellato
third act
atto
ap-
plaudito
contadino
Sisto
guardiano di porci
the
son of a
tradesman
mercante
himself;
hog-driver)
(a
John
egli
xii,,
Giovanni
che aggiunse
and wore three crowns,
(began
cerchio
by
mending
shoes)
col
raccomodare
scarpe
and Adrian
life
aveva cominciato
corona
port
iv.
of a
beggar,
mendicante
92.
The
dates of the
in Italian
by the
number
in
is
used.
Ex.
On
II,
93,
dates,
The
is
omitted in Italian.
94.
A
A
What
o'clock is rendered
is
On
Ex.
powder
On Saturday
by che
|
ora.
At what
At what
next.
Ex.
ORDINAL NUMBERS.
41
The word
95.
in the phrases
by the
ber, preceded
understood, being
Noi facciamo
jranziamo
il
article
all
that
colazione
alle
alle
prendiamo
which translates
ora,
is
may be
omitted
num-
le,
otto,
cinque e mezzo,
at half-past five,
meno un
dicci e un
we take tea
we sup
te alle sette
o'clock,
at a
at a
Ad
One by
Two
uno ad uno,
due a due,
Tutti c due,
Una coppia,
Una dozzina,
Bimestre,
Trimestre,
Semestre,
Biennio,
Triennio,
otto
couple.
dozen.
Two
months.
Three months.
Six months.
Two
years.
Three years.
Five years, or a
Una
Due
Once.
Twice.
Each, or a head.
Ten
volta.
volte,
Ago
or a testa.
is
rendered in Italian
by/a;
quindici.
Lasciammo
fa,
A
A
Quinquennio, lustro,
Decennio,
Per uno,
97.
one.
by two.
Both.
this
lustre.
years.
this
Ex.
la Scozia quindici giorni
We
left
or sono,
Oggi a
Fra
quindici
vacanze,
giorai
avremo
le
we
shall
re-
have vaca-
lions.
EXERCISE XXI.
On
(93)
(58)
attacked
attaccarono
Eome
Roma
respinto
ON AUGMENTATIVES AND DIMINUTIVES.
leaving in the hands of the Komans,
lasciando
Romano
(61)
condotto
prigioniere
valoroso
45
by the
led
Garibaldi,
valiant
who were
officers.
Mi
six.
casa
troverete
In
ufficiale.
called
Passai
We
We
Entramyno
the
girotta
passage
passaggio
by two.
[divenne pi
At what
This day
walked
leave
train
We
spent
London
departure
[11) partenza
pound each,
spendemmo
cambiato.
for
Hreno ^parte
arrivo
were changed.
two
camminammo
largo)
(97)
ind. 3
and we
(94)
(96)
{nelV inoltrarci)
(96)
widened,
(96)
CHAPTER
VI.
may be
modified in various
;
nouns so modified
98.
The
and imply
terminations one,
size, strength,
campana,
II ragazzo,
il
il
otto,
vigour
Ex.
campanone,
ragazzotto,
The
The
bell,
ugliness.
Ex.
46
Un soldato, soldataccio,
Un poeta, poetastro,
poet,
La
People, mob.
man, a despicable
gentaglia,
uomo, omicciattolo,
f/ente,
Un
100. Ino,
a poor rhjmster.
icello, eretto,
little
man.
Ex.
The
The
The
The
Un
meschino, meschinello,
Il fiume, fiumicello,
Un
vecchio, vecchierello.
101.
Some
adjectives
in
Ex.
similar manner.
Ricco, riccone.
Fresco, freschetto,
Bello, bell7io,
Bianco, bianchiccio,
Maria, Marietta, Mariuccia,
Mary,
little
Mary.
Ex.
very little.
Softly, very softly.
Well, pretty well, very well.
little,
The
list
EXERCISE XXII.
in
walk
along a small stream,
Every evening we take a
Ogni
facciamo passeggiata lungo [100) ruscello
play.
which a thousand little fish
You speak Italian
cui
well,
pesce sguizzano
(41)
your
parlate
This
(102)
piece of music
pesso
sonata
(1^2)
at the beginning,
principio
and
little,
very
little
for
ruy
at the
faster
end.
pia presto
doll
fantoccio
little sister.
little
(100)
fine
little
is
che
led
by a nice
little
money
to the poor
danaro
dato
(99)
man, who
(100)
47
buy a
I will
art.
old
Her
little
porta
(100)
strong lad rings the great church
*
(98) suona
condotto
Avery
on Sundays. She pronounces
pronunzia
(98) (93) Domenica.
should read a very
A
bell
little
dovrebbe
(100)
poor little
Margaret.
(101) Margherita.
slower.
piiX
great dog
CHAPTER
frightened
ha spaventato
adagio
VII.
less,
mono
in-
and
than by di or che.
103.
I'/'ian
and numeral
Xon
is
generally translated by
adjectives.
(Z/
Ex.
Do
pounds.
104.
The
Ex.
48
ON COMPARATIVES.
She
Eglino sono
stati
But when
pi saggi
di
is
me,
wiser than
I.
by a verb, of which
it is the subject, than is rendered by che, and the pronoun is
used in the nominative, as in English. Ex.
La
io
non credeva,
The
Italian language
I thought.
is easier
than
meglio salvare
condannare un
Faceva pi caldo
un colpevole che
innocente,
ieri che oggi,
to
It
day.
It is better late
I suoi
Her
caplli erano
biondi,
than
pi bianchi che
Vi s'incontrano pi uomini
che
donne,
One meets
women.
many
than never.
hair was more white than
there
fair.
may
a comparazione, in comparison of, is understood, and when che is employed, the verb of the proposition, accompanied by non, can be
repeated if the sense of the phrase does not admit of this reEx.
petition, che is not to be used.
is
Cfcsar
pey-
is
Pompeo,
meno paziente (a comparazione) della donna, or che [non
L'uomo
)
107.
it IS
Men
women.
la donna,
When
than
is
I grandi della
terra son
meno da in-
The
infinitive,
Ex.
to
be
ON COMPARATIVES.
EXERCISE
Silver
preziosailOQ)
argento
robbers.
is less
He
[bl] usuraio
perch
(103)
than to revenge, In the
forgive
better to
XXIII.
is
ladro.
is
49
peace
is
pace
pericoloso
transient than
beauty.
incanto
is less
grazia
poor than
is
believed.
(107)
si
crede.
tlian to merit.
Many
centuries the
secolo
feigned
[12) simulato
Nothing
more
is
coltivato
allettano
It
passeggiero
attract
first
happier.
Niente
aperto
The
is
He
faultless forms.
He
perfetto forma.
owes his success more to chance
piil
deve
caso
successo
strive to obtain
really
merito.
cercano ottenere
realmente
(107)
want,
and to appear better than they are. You are richer
sembrare migliore
abbisognano
(105)
than
but I
I,
am
Greater virtue
hnaggior
bad, Croesus had more gold
(103) (104)
(is re-
Cyrus
Creso ind. 2
^si ri-
oro
conqueror
108.
The
following adjectives
Buono,
Cattivo,
good,
bad,
* Migliore, peggiore,
things
ciali-
War
is tlie
Possession
is
may
Ex.
are
better.
worse,
worst of social
il
50
ON COMPARATIVES.
pi grande^ or maggiore^\
Graide,
Large, great,
larger, greater.
Piccolo^
Small,
smaller.
must be
used,
My
Ex.
garden
is
vostro,
La
110.
The
is
Bene,
The moon
Ex,
COMPARISONS OP EQUALlTV.
the desire
fare
desiderio
lucertola
crocodile
is
coccodrillo
but of the
lizard,
51
The
(110)
same
Xenophon
of doing better.
fatoily.
(109)
acquired greater
Senofonte
stesso
acquist
(108)
(many modern
2
COMPARISONS OF EQUALITY.
111. Comparisons of equality arc formed as follows
SECOND TEEM.
FIRST TERM.
Come, as.
Quanto, as.
much.
Tale, such,
Pi, or quanto
Meno,
pil,
the more,
Quale, as.
Pi, or tanto pi, the more.
Meno, or tanto meno, the less.
Ex.
tit!/.
Ve
lo
seen
Pi, or quanto pi,
pi, or tanto pi,
giudicare,
uno
uno
e ignorante
j)'''onto
The
112.
if
first
non
Non ha
ready one
The
less
gonzo
come ne ha
l'aria,
is to
is,
the moro
judge.
less
you
will
know.
inhabitants
it.
maybe
Ef]li
many
as Paris.
servant's eye never sees so well as
a master's.
This room is as long as yours is
broad.
I will describe it to you as I have
He
He
Ex.
sister.
He
judged him
to be.
we
COMPARISONS OF EQUALITV.
52
La povert
solo
il
sono
114. Al
par
di,
man
is
numerous as
when governed by
equally, as,
noun,
.a
Ex.
loro sudditi,
Poverty
tale, quale,
I tiranni hanno
may be
used instead of
cosi,
come
Ex.
tanto, quanto.
Si mostrarono valorosi
par degli
al
antichi Spartani,
sarete ricompensato al par di
vostra sorella.
Non
as valiant as
the ancient Spartans.
shall not be equally rewarded as
You
your
sister.
EXERCISE XXV.
The
country.
She
is
not so
proud
as her sister.
This
orgoglioso
other.
Aristides
was
as valiant
as
valoroso
Aristide
are not so high as they
appear in
*
distanza.
sembrano
others
(we praise ourselves,) the more we dispose
alto
ci
our defects.
He was such
as a good
to criticize
a criticare
and happy man should
disponiamo
lodiamo
art. altro
dovrebbe
be.
as his enemies
la
condotta
The more he
studiava
rappresentarono
felt
veneration for
sentiva
(25)
more he
represented.
of the
their officers,
Creator.
The
soldiers
58
ON 6UPEELATIVE8.
ON SUPERLATIVES.
The Superlative Absolute
By changing the final vowel of
formed,
115.
is
Is/,
adjectives
and adverbs
into
Ex.
issiiuo.
Grande,
grandissimo.
Great,
very great.
Piccolo,
piccolissimo.
very
Little,
Observe
jectives,
little.
Adverbs which
are formed
Learned,
By
final
to ad-
vowel of the
cjrandissimamente.
grandemente,
Great,
Dotto,
very well.
Ex.
Grande,
malissimo,
very badly.
benissimo.
by adding mente
adjective,
2dly,
Male,
Badly,
Bene,
Well,
greatly,
very greatly.
dottamente,
learnedly,
dottissimamente.
very learnedly.
He
Ex.
teemed family.
When
grieved.
red.
rossa,
ca and ga, which take an h in the plural (see 50, 51), also
take
it
before issimo.
Ex.
very wise.
very rich.
Larghissimo, very wide.
Savio,
wise.
Savissimo,
Bieco,
rich.
Biechissimo,
Largo,
wide.
117.
A few adjectives
Ex.
Misero,
miserable.
Celebre, celebrated.
Acre,
bitter.
Integro, honest.
Salubre, salubrious.
Miserrimo,
Celeberrimo,
Acerrimo,
Integerrimo,
Saluberrimo,
very
very
very
very
veiy
miserable.
celebrated.
bitter.
honest.
salubrious.
ON SUPEKLATIVEB.
54
EXERCISE XXVI.
Tlie study of languages
studio
(25)
is
liouis the
Spagna
(91)
(96)
cruel
and very
title
of very
Christian,
nondimeno
perfido
and
quegli
(the latter)
men have
spesso fatto
very rich
(116)
Very
(116)
mistakes. He
Cattolico.
savio (58)
assunse
of Catholic.
questi
wise
assumed the
is
Michael
Michelangiolo
(117)
Napoleon
made
architetto.
^pittore scultore
(117)
very favourable laws for the Jews, and during his reign
durante
Ebreo
regno
favorevole legge
many
and
architect.)
It is
much
(117)
example.
esempio.
118.
easier to
facile
11
T^ixx
Il
meno
grazia
sea air
is
very
(3) aria
teach
by precept than by
insegnare per precetto
il
La
The
valore.
is
formed by placing
il piii^
Ex.
The happiest of men.
The least gay of the party.
Grace
is
bellezza,
Ex.
may
A
ON SUPERLATIVES.
Kossuth
55
Kossuth
nostri tempi,
il cittadino pi grande
che abbia prodotto l'America,
Washington
is
America has
proihiceJ.
Ex.
superlative relative.
// maggiore,
il
The
the least,
121.
gree,
greatest,
The
minore,
il
migliore,
the best,
peggiore.
the worst.
il
EXERCISE XXVII.
The language
of a people
is
their history.
sua
Gold
storia.
is
(25)
monument
of
monumento
popolo
The
most
contento
satisfied.
slander,
is
delitto
it
often
ruins the
it
disunites
the
most intimate
intimo
peaceful
conscience
^tranquillo ^coscienza
fine
is
the
highest
happiness
of
man.
5G
ON SUPERLATIVES.
The
(121)
is to
Nature
is
(25)
The
seat of true
sede
religion
is
the
homage
public expression of
heart.
Public worship
{&\) cuore
[^'2) religione
to the
omaggio
the
is
cidto
Sovereign
of the universe.
Monarca
(62)
ADDITIONAL EXERCISE.
weaken
(48) Avversit
(57)
^spirito
redouble
raddoppiano
changes are always dangerous.
who
indeboliscono
and
lives
indefinitely,
vive
indefinitamente
representations
in
^rappresentazione
in
Europe.
four.
mosaics
Heatrale
two
o'clock,
and
(95)
of
Rome
are
tlje
(53) mosaico
Florence
produce
inlaid woods.
man
1667 theatrical
(86)
at
{simile a)
ever.
The
repentino
like
is
cominciavano
(28)
ended
at half-past
terminavano
most famous
Humanity
(25) umanit
learns
In
impara
France
began
Sudden
Mosaics
(79)
may
a kind of painting,
be called
pittura
{si possono appellare)
{intarsi in legno)
landscapes
being formed of atoms of stone,
atomo
{51) paesaggio
south
marble, or wood. The twilight in the
is much
mezzogiorno
crepuscolo
the figures and
(106)
north.
settentrione.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
CHAPTER
Vili.
57
58
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
Third Person
Fern.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
on the pronoun
Ex.
me
voi
Enrico,
The
123.
and
ho promesso
le
there
they
is
one
are placed
lo cajnsco,
le
when
same phrase,
in
English.
The master
negligente,
Farlo a
59
tragedie
deW Al-
fieri,
'
EXERCISE XXVIII.
The
maker
zolaio
his boots?
disse
answered
bad poet
(99)
to
him.
My
the shoe-
bonnet.
cappellino
verses
cal-
me
cost
very
(H^)
costare
stivale
(123)
said a
little,
him
sent (to)
Has
me my
sent
mandare (123)
modista
to
me
or to her ?
The
letter
risposto
(123)
(122)
was addressed to me, but was brought to
indirizzare (122)
portare
met
them
this
morning
in the
incontrare
recognise
me.
charter,
and they
Men
did not
(to)
fede
called
it
Magna
-chiamare Ha
carta
Carta
I have
Charta.
brother.
galleria
riconobbero (123)
(to)
my
who
those
who
flatter
us.
love
them
but religion
(25)
*
The
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
60
you
(to)
die dette
he gave
me.
(to)
Have you
better
is
{110) rilegare
(122)
di quello che
invited her ?
(123)
124.
2ia(\
joined to
1st,
it
When
the final re
if it
in
which
ends in rre,
Ex.
omitted.
is
infinitive,
and
He had begun
il
to teach
me
drawing.
disegno,
le
Ex.
off.
2dl>/,
With
Eipetetemi la lezione.
Consigliatela
Ex.
ad andare
sid Conti-
nente,
Prestatemi
With
il
Lend me your
vostro temperino,
penknife.
when used
Ex.
soggetto,
Do
not speak to
me any more
on this
subject.
Le dica la
Mi dicano
125.
Let him
verit,
quello che
When
hanno fatto,
an accented vowel, or
is
composed
is
omitted.
Ex.
of
is
joined ends in
gli, is
initial con-
first
PEIISONAL I'KONOUNS.
Appena
ci vide, invitocci
As
a pranzo,
CI
to dinner.
Fammi
il
Do me
lettera in Inglese,
is
on the
piano.
EXERCISE XXIX.
us,
makes us healthy and happy.
Mirth, by cheering
* rallegrare {\2i) rendere [l^Z) sano
gioia
felice.
me
you see
my
to her
ripetere (123)
occupied.
words
Do not speak
occupare.
when
me when
quando
Give
me
(125)
Lord.
Signore.
to
me
take
sailh the
dice
to Italy
promesso
condurre (124) in
In praising you he
shall be able) to speak Italian.
*
*
lodare (122)
potr
(I
by railway
either
[colla strada ferrata)
o
(124)
steam-boat. It was customary amongst the ancient
or by the
{battello a vapore.)
costume
fra
praises himself.
se stesso.
Gauls
to
Gcdlo
make them
strong.
rendere
shall
(to)
insegnare
thee
bless
him
teach
benedire
fui;
Teach
onde
science,
and his
life
shall be use-
(124) scienza
Let them
viorte
me
write to
often,
and
answer
to
(to)
rispondere
them.
126.
objective pronouns
Zo,
it.,
them,
aie
w-hich in this
which
tlie
it relates,
62
PHK30NAL PRONOUNS.
U mio
Chi ha preso
ha preso vostro
ombrello
Lo
zio,
Non
Idajete la lezione
Who
Do you know
la so,
know
Chi vi ha dato questi
Who
bei fiori ?
it.
flowers ?
Li ho comprati,
Sulla piazza di Palazzo Vecchio a
Firenze vi sono delle bellissime
statue ; le avete vedute ?
The
127.
final i into e
in
statues.
ti,
change the
lo,
li,
ne.
le,
me hfece vedere,
Nel mostrarmelo, egli mi disse.
Ve ne abbiamo avvertito in vano.
Dove avete comprato questi aranci
Ce li ha regalati il nonno,
showed it to me.
it to me, he said to me.
warned you of it in vain.
Where have you bought tliose
Our grandfather has
oranges ?
made us a present of them.
Tlie keeper
II custode
In showing
We
:
Non posso
prestarvelo,
I cannot lend
So ne sono
jjentiti,
Observe
By the above
examples
it
will
it
to you.
of
it.
used instead of
me
Ors
Mirtillo,
vada.
G.
lo, te lo,
ce
lo,
tei,
lo,
Mirtillo, it is time
&c., are
Ex.
ce ne, &c.
P. Fido.
Zan.
Dio vel perdoni,
Temo cen privi. Tasso.
Non
ve
mei jermise.
When
it
to
you
me.
this.
it.
same pronouns, the pronouns are generally repeated with each verb. Ex.
Niuna accademia si puo attribuire No academical body can arrogate the
128.
Lo amiamo
e lo
stimiamo,
We
love
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
G3
EXERCISE XXX.
Fear
warns
us
composure to us.
calma
(123)
exercise, read
me, and
(12G)(127)
having written a
Pope examined
to
it,
and
better.
he has not
The
it
cos
bookseller begged
(127)
Dante
me
(72)
tosto che
it
Either
on a throne.
pose
[sul trono)
Courtiers
or lend
its
cradle,
it
m.
and
cuna,
tell
hide
to
it
them.
dicono
gli,
when followed by a
relative pronoun,
i,
Ex.
I will
give
it
to
bim
willingly.
confidence.
confidenza,
130. Glie
sell
from monarchs
cortigiano nascondere
a
storico
send
mandare
The pronoun
you that
fut.
trovare
(128)
to tell
pregare
yet
you
to
129.
sent
it
corretto
inf.
ancora
placed
(99)
having corrected
after
dopo
accertare (124:)
me.
A bad poet
correggere
libraio
to
it.
rimandare
the author, assuring him that thus corrected he would
much
them
scritto
fat.
correct
*
sell it
satire against
(12G)
back
When
I will
to
it
them,
and restores
rendere
removes
firmness
of dangers,
is
Ex.
le,
when
fol-
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
64
ama
mando
gliene
Avith or
and
fiori,
ed
io
sovente,
Dovete darglielo
avete promesso,
131.
x>oicli
to them, serves
foi-
huoni
consirjli,
132.
When
a conjunctive
there
is,
is, it
to her.
used
is
it
Ex.
them good
It is useless to give
ad-
vice.
ecco, here
it
is
to
promised
loro,
word
know my
You must
voi glielo
Ex.
it.
Eccomi iironto a
Dove sono
servirvi,
gli altri
Eccoli,
Here I
am
Where
are.
Here we
Eccoci giunti,
arc
an
is
not literally by
L'ho tradotto io,
Gli ho parlato io
Ella stessa
134.
ci
ha
me
stesso,
sgridali.
But when
riposai
aWomhra
di
ti, si,
una guer-
Ella
si
abbigli elegantemente,
si
Ex.
cia,
In vano
Ex.
Mi
&c.
I translated it myself.
I spoke to him myself.
She scolded us herself.
lusingano di persuaderci,
We
fate.
EXERCISE XXXI.
The
onde
(51)
home, forbid
proibire
(to)
them
(131)
oblige
costringere
to
wear shoes
(58)
Your
He wrote
portare
in the house.
sister
scrisse
wished
desiderare
to
see
tho
TEIISONAL PKONOUNS.
pictures that I
have bought
65
quadro
to her.
(126)
on
(to)
the
them with
(131)
inf.
coll'
(130)
(25)
tual confidence
devole 'Sfiducia
by inspiring
^'"<^
mu-vicen-
contrary,
separates
them, by
opposto
dividere
(1'23) col
keeping them (on their guard one against the other.) Here is a
inf.
in guardia gli uni contro gli altri
(132)
(124)
letter for your master, have the goodness to give it to him.
bont
padrone
(129)
Where
are
my aunt's
show
I will
gloves ?
guanto
zia
it to
her,
but
mostrarei. (130)
I sent
them
(130)
can not give it to her.
posso
(124)
it
to you.
Here we
Here
are,
it
(132)m.
ready to
(123)
r/fZ/m. (133)
seguire
Ci, Vi,
Ne.
we
when they
they
may
However
conjunctive pronouns.
135. Ci and
upon
them.
it,
Quando
vi,
ci
Prima
ma
d'intrapreidere
convien
136.
Ora die
non pos-
una
ci
andremo
They
alla fine,
vi
to,
it.
Xoi
cosa
riflettervi,
Used
cf,
Ex.
(pianto
imma,
Now
Ex.
G6
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
137. In order to prevent repetition, vi and ci are substituted
Vi
Ex.
each other.
for
ci
there.
sevo,
I
Ne
138.
is
from a
them, away,
it is
of,
place.
employed as a
also
in
ci,
relative pro-
answers
It
to the
French word
it,
en.
Ex.
Ne ho
^Q
tanti che
mi
bastano,
parliamo costantemente,
Dopo
Efjli
il
primo
1 htave quite
enough of them.
We
it
speak of
constantly.
atto se ne and,
interest.
Ne
Avete danari ?
139.
in
Ne
English
is
is
ho,
employed
to
have some.
often understood.
Ex.
Have you any
Italian books ?
Una
One misfortune
I will give
one.
often brings
many.
seco molte,
EXERCISE XXXII.
Flchier
was of low
basso
extraction
estrazione
bishop
having once
vescovo
(96)
alluded
to it with contempt, he replied
(My lord,) there
rispose Monsignore
disprezzo
fare allusione {135)
is this difference between you and me, if you (had been) born in
:
my
father's shop,
fra
you would be there
fool
sezocco (34)
ficult if
foste
nato
It is characteristic
pensare (135)
to
proprio
ancora
This rule is not difit.
[1) bottega
of a
still.
it.
You
regola
will succeed in
If
It
it.
riuscire (135)
will
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
G7
funeral
to recite
orations at the
women
burial of old
(it
[si
Eome
in
weep
it.
for
it.
who
Cicerone che
Some
Chi
(138)
piangere
abhre-
inf.
ad usare)
si dice
one at the
Stenografia ossia
cominci
said)
is
first to recite
(139)
or the art of writing in abbre-
Stenography,
was used
viation,
viatura
was the
Cajsar
Cesare inch 3
funerale
s.
laugh at
some
it,
ridere (138)
libraries in this
town?
biblioteca
There are
are
three.
(139)
fine
to
your
bello noce
(132)
{\2A.)
{n^) per
voi
little sister.
(100)
art.
ON POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
SINGULAR.
MASCULINE.
PLURAL.
FEMININE.
MASCULINE. FEMININE.
Mio^
nna,
miei,
mie,
Tuo,
Suo,
Nostro,
tua,
tuoi,
tue.
thy, thine,
sua,
suoi,
sue.
nostra,
nostri,
nostre,
our, ours,
Vostro,
vostra,
vostri,
vostre.
your, yours,
Loro,
loro,
loro,
loro.
their, theirs.
my, mine,
by the
II
definite article.
mio dovere,
la vostra giustizia, lo
My
He
loro virt.
Egli
amo
la stia
vita,
141.
life.
The
article is
is
used.
Ex.
In the plural,
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
C8
Tua madre
my
Il loro
When
142.
by an
My
is
lettera
La sua
vostro
al
per
fratellino
143.
The
dis-
His disagreeable
pleases me.
gave your
may
possessive pronouns
ter-
Ex.
little
is
sister
always
dis-
Ex.
the pronoun.
L'Eccellenza vostra,
II padre nostro,
II dover mio, Vonor suo,
The
preceded
you.
mi fa sempre
144.
is
voi,
sorellaccia
now
Your
una
jnacere,
and
brothers are
dato
my
by a diminutive or augmentative
amorosa madre,
Ho
and
sisters
in Italy.
adjective, or modified
aunt's.
Vittoria,
Your Excellency.
Our father.
My
when they
La mia genitrice,
instead ofjmdre,
Il tuo germano,
La tua germana,
Il suo sposo,
Il suo consorte,
La
La
vostra sposa,
vostra consorte,
,,
madre,
father.
mother.
fratello, brother.
sorella,
sister.
marito,
husband.
moglie,
wife.
EXEUCISE XXXIII.
Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi,
said
to
disse
as
"There
her friends
(140)
are
f.
my jewels."
gioiello.
mostrare
(132)
(131)
Holiness Pope Adrian the Fourth, the only Englishman
[III) Santit
solo
Adriano {l\)
mentile
His
che sia
his
memory
(140) memoria
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
G'J
be burned.
to
*
bruciare.
ad
infame
" If you lose your colours,
round
rally
to
be sure
raccogliervi intorno
stendardo [non mancate)
my
white
feather
you
ever
will
find
sempre
pennacchio
road
to
cammino
di
in the
it
(12G) su
(35)
Henry
celebre
(141)
before the
truppa innanzi
Give
my
compliments
Fare
your
to
saluto
Jews, that
the
was distinguished by
per
distinto
their
Cato,
Catone
and
inflessibile integrit.
He
by
il
La
mio,
il
was
not go.
il
tuo,
non prendete
pi grande
&c.
their antecedent.
vostro cappello,
mio,
il
sua casa
It
is
not required
lettere,
egli vi consent,
Era
The
is
Ex.
146.
the
in Italian
obstinacy
ostinazione
(17)
costume
your aunt.
his
When
to
Ebreo
145.
and
(141)
aumentare
austerit
battaglia
(142)
(It
little sister
of Ivry.
battle
della
Ex.
Here
is
His house
is
nostra.
Conosco
suoi fratelli,
ma
non
know
vostri,
147.
When
these pronouns
Ex.
essere, the
70
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
148.
The
my friends,
&c., having a
When
am
He
friend of yours.
One
of
my
servants
is sick.
bj' a numeral
by a demonstrative or an indeterminate pronoun, with
the exception of tutto, or when followed by a noun in the vocative,
the article is omitted.
Ex.
149.
adjective,
Due
Two
Give
le vostre
my
of
fellow-students are
now
to this friend of
mine.
gano.
My
dearest friend.
EXERCISE XXXIV.
The customs
antenato ind. 2
than
ours.
friend of
(103) (146)
(148)
Greek, in place of a brother of theirs.
iiominare
The
the glory
It is
is his.
my
zoppo
opinion, and
(147)
so lame,
clic
labour
was mine,
vece
we cannot
it is
vours
"(146)
also.
drive
[andare
One
of our horses
is
'pure.
in legno)
to-day.
do
fare
this
lo
for
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
71
your sake.
One of my favourite studies is lotany. I was at
1
2
botanica.
(145)
your house tbis morning.
I have seen one of your nieces, and
"
^
(148) nepote
have spoken to her. The ribbons that you have sent to tlie
nastro
milliner are
modista
If
take mine.
Your
sister's
exercise
150. In Italian,
lia
i\iQ
male
when
Ex.
perduto
He
When
in
your pocket.
is
by the verb
falls
on
its
guasta
la salute col
troppo stu-
diare.
subject,
is
used
He
della filosofia,
study of philosophy.
152. But
when
They bathed
He
gli taglio
Il chirurgo mi rimise
mano,
il
case.
capelli,
braccio,
is
strinsi la
in
Ex.
reflectively.
Le
mo.
siibject,
lost liis
foot pains
si
has
tion.
My
al licde,
indicating mental
Egli
be omitted and
151.
may
possessive pronouns
zione,
Ho
is
(110)
fan,
ventaglio
(146)
Egli
(147)
is
not directed to
its
Ex.
The hair-dresser cut his hair.
The surgeon set my arm.
I pressed her
And
in this
hand.
way he saved
their
life.
72
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
EXERCISE XXXV.
He
his
lost
a naval engagement.
"navale ^battaglia
life in
perdere (loO)
having
sculptiiretl
scolpire
hnried
the
Michael Angelo
statue
when
was found,
it
(it
sotterrare
to be
a precious
relic
of
che fosse
reliquia
soon proved it to be his own
*
hen tosto
(147)
when
was thought)
si credette
Grecian art;
Greco
had my purse my
(150)
yonr house. He cut my hair too
I left
work.
opera
in
(152)
^neas
p.
abandoned
his wife and saved liis father.
corto
Enea abbandonare (150)
salvare
A brave soldier having lost both his arms, his colonel offered
short.
colonnello offrire
(96) (150)
(to)
ghinea
my
hand.
The
153.
my
Do
not
sub. 1
hurt
lost
have
(61)
mettere
boots.
stivcde
possessive pronouns
il
vestito.
mio,
il
sometimes
party, followers,
Szc.
He
has squandered
all
his fortune.
Andra a
Parigi,
Quando
154.
nostri
avranno
When
h>'s,
tutti votato,
her^
He
When
do not refer
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
when
di
lei,
i3
of him,
his umbrella.
loves his sister and her sons.
He
Anthony found
The
lui,
Ex.
155.
same pro-
tlie
prononns di
lier
ring in a path in
the park.
relation
is
mo fratello,
Io non gli sono amico, instead
non sono suo amico,
10
le
of,
Ex.
Egli
He
is
my
brother.
Io
am
Io son sua
am
her daughter.
of,
figlia,
156. One^s
own
is
to
but
To
I
may
added
is
be trans-
Ex.
own
if
thy, &c., it
confess one's
own
fiiiills
is
the
propri occhi.
Me
lo
porse
colle
He
gave
it
to
me with
his
own hands.
sue mani,
EXERCISE XXXVI.
He
is
charitable
to
caritatevole verso
(They endeavoured)
to
persuade
me
not to
S'ingegnarono
I
know
her
by
am
but
storico
own.
(153)
my
claim
ripetere
sight,
The
(148)
all
Caesar's assassins
uccisero
74
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
my
family.
She
lent
mc
reward
her honesty.
ricompensare [l-)
her sister-in-law.
cognato
(154)
The games
her
seal.
liis
{\5i)
(153)
Their
He
He
my
is
gave her
liis
purse to
diede
sigillo
sposare
are always beaten
sailors
by
ours.
marinaro
own hand.
Remember that he
(156)
is
ref.
your relation.
(155) parente.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
157. Questo, this; cotesto, quello,
</?af,
used as adjectives,
Ex.
e quel collegio,
quello
di vostra sorella,
J tiranni
Un-
d'Italia, e quelli di
gheria e di Polonia,
Ex.
questa crema,
Questi ^7tt, e queste ^esc7(C,
e
159. Cotesto points out an object near the hearer, and distant
Ex.
Where
Dove
160.
who
Quello
Quello, and
its
may
in
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
The formation
to those
tliat
are very
ancient.
We
olive dalfrutlaiolo,
161,
noun.
These
of-
Bohemian
glass.
162.
singular to express
this
orchard belong
monks.
anticJiissimi,
fu
by
one; in
questo, co-
Ex.
quello.
Questi
of the femi-
Ex.
is resfular.
Comprammo
75
felice,
This
quegli or cotesti
sfortunato,
man was
unfortunate.
who
Asking
Quale
AVliich of these
questo
di questi
quello ?
163.
The former,
volete
mazzolini,
liim,
you have,
the
latter,
may be
is this
may be
will
in speaking
Ex.
Un
lisce,
lacine e Corneille
one ?
expressed by quello,
man
two bouquets
hanno rappresen-
EXERCISE XXXVII.
che
a defect of style.
stile
weakens
the vigour of a
[indebolisce)
The models
of these statues
narration.
Is
narrazione
were
ind. 2
Roman
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
7C
That spendthrift
scialacquatore
tradesman. When Crossus
peasants.
lias
contadino
poor
showed
alcuno
(163) disse
than yours, he will be
(1^8)
This
padrone
(103)
us that honesty
teaches
2)robit
insegnare (123)
know
morning that we
this
sapere (158*)
(to)
mostrare
bottegaio
is
fiction
favola
We
did not
[120)politica
should sec
you this evening.
(^avremmo veduto)
Diogenes
to
schiavo
this
scialle
That
one
and
bigotry,
pride,
We
are
body and
idleness,
soul, the
command.
164.
Those
knives,
(159)
coltello
forks,
this
man.
Costei,
this
woman.
Costoro,
Colui,
that man.
Colei,
that
Coloro,
me.
caratterizzare
and spoons.
cucchiaio
women.
woman.
women.
for
(161) forchetta
Costui,
che
former
(163)
stolto
latter
is
which characterize
pigrizia
is for
(162)
is,
to
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
word
the English
fellow, loretch
77
to
pcsons.
Ex.
Elettra
Io
serbo,
ancora
Oreste,
Nomar
2n madre
we
Al-
dajipoi.
Electra
sort,
Here Electra makes use of the word colei, in speaking with horror
of ber mother, by whom her father had been killed.
Che farem noi, diceva l'uno aW alWhat shall we do with this fellow
said one to the other.
not follow that woman's
tro di costui ?
Non
Do
ex-
ample.
Coloro sono appunto usciti di pri-
prison.
gione,
Colui
mi
disse che
non era
That man
ricco,
told
rich.
man
who, the
woman
ed
Oriente,
ad assistere
il
quale^
He who
Ex.
really loves virtue practises
it.
She who
left
malati,
and wounded, in
i feriti.
166.
He
Those who
rarely
forgive
offend,
che, quelle
che,
hy
used
Ex.
Tutti i soldati ricevettero una medaglia, quelli che si distinsero ricevettero
una
croce,
quello
EXERCISE XXXVIII.
scelto
his
(150)
eyes,
78
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
reason.
Fortune often
pursues
those
{corre dietro a)
He who
(165)
bog. The man
is
often obliged to
a mendicare
not
proud
too
is
who do
seek
cercare
(165)
work
to
who
assassinated
Henry
(165)
Clement.
" (How
Donde
liked
by every
grata a
Dante
is it)
avviene
(164)
one, and
{non
one another."
Common
2
amare
rarely
meet.
That man
incontrare
(164)
the eyes
is
who resemble
happy are
so.
True
sense
is
si
that which
we most
(igc)
^j/ii
That which
pleases (to)
taste
is
(134)
that which
leads
(166)
conduce
(to)
seccatore
gusto
lo
is
(one another)
somigliare
bore.
(57)
fool,
a prince asked
is
lo siate)
(165)
like
is
saocco sub. 1
you
tutti
who
is
beautiful.
(100) ragazza
the
mind
These
who
to
little
(161)
repeated the
(166)
hymns.
inno.
167.
di quello
pi
clie necessario,
Ex.
by
ci,
when
which
is
Ex.
DEMoNSTPwVTIVE PRON'OUXS.
Di
ci
Kon mi
ricordo di aver
mai
detto ci
'\^''e
I do Dot
that.
That
170.
Di
Le expressed by
is
tiilto
not gold.
not well.
is
may
Ex.
79
all
dissuade
are expressed
by quanti,
Ex.
mi piace.
Tutti quelli che, or (\\\m\\ predicano
il vancjelo dovrebbero seguirne i
precetti,
171.
phrase,
Which, used in
expressed by il
is
il
reference
che
to
a clause of a precedine
Ex.
che.
ci
He
left
surjirised us all.
tutti.
gli
When
EXERCISE XXXIX.
Modesty
is
to merit
(25)
painting.
what shadows
ombra
are
to the figures of
merito [1^1)
in
sajjienzcc
knowledge
quindi
which
is
comfortable, and,
comodo
finally,
all
is
that
finalmente (109)
RELATIVE PE0N0UN3.
80
is
leads
that virtue
From
to happiness.
conduce
that we may
conclude,
[168) possiamo concludere
Homer informs us, that in
Omero informare
a
his
la
dote
(58)
Germans (used
to do) (also).
-costumare
Tacito
of a sovereign
is to
sovrano
he has not.
(171)
The
^pure
policy
politica
has no character.
easily
cambiar e facilmente
that which springs from the heart, and
(167)
True eloquence
is
nascere
(166)
enriched by the imagination.
The highest courage
immarjinazione
arricchire
(121)
is
eloquenza
which
is
is
that
RELATIVE PRONOUNS,
Chi,
NoM.
Who.
who.
Chi,
Gen. Di chi,
Dat. a chi,
whom, whose.
whom.
whom.
Ace. Chi,
Abl. Da chi, from whom.
172. The pronoun who, when used without reference
antecedent,
is
of
to
rendered in Italian by
chi,
You
suoi scolari
He
He
Xon
indovinereste
mai
disse
chi
erano
any
and
Non posso
told
me
has acknowledged to
benefactress
fattrice,
lo
to
invariable,
pupils.
prediletti,
che
is
elected.
eletto,
Mi
which
Ex.
le
signore
proteggono,
Da chi avete
avuto queda
a chi V avete ripetuta ?
notizia,
ed
me who
his
is.
news, and to
peated it ?
re-
REr.ATIVF,
Chi may
173,
man
PRONOUNS.
81
when em-
ci
ama
Ex.
ci dice i nostri
difetti,
tell
us our defects,
Whoever has
who
flatter
that
was
will
told
you
il
cammino,
You
will
find
174.
The
interrogative pronoun
Da
who
rendered by
is
persoiiified.
Who
Who
Who
waj'.
is
your milliner
who
failed in the
new
dis-
are they
opera
Whose
it is
subject to be in the
Ex.
Who are
Chi
si
chi... chi.
un
una
may
be
Ex.
sione, chi
and
is
rendered by
chi,
Ex.
alle
profes-
altra.
Some
are
engaged
in
commerce,
EXERCISE XL.
blindly
their
own
(156)
(175) ciecamente
"Who has sent (to) you
to lead others.
(173)
flowers?
Who
fit
atto
those beautiful
(123) (159)
(79)
82
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
fortunate
fool ?
The
man who
Sfortunato
fears the
who
generally he
knows the
least of virtue.
for
Whose
reward.
ricompensa.
fault is
it
Who
colpa
(To) some
like
me may
pu
(get ready.)
first
reformers ?
riformatore
(to)
vuol
(173)
allestirsi
first
hunger
felt
told
you
Whose
^
this,
(168)
(173)
not admire
Who
Who relishes
gustare
patire
sqfrire
inf.
Whoever has
it ?
(126)
sonno
cibo
praise nor
blame
biasimare
with
were the
(l'^5) ind. 3
one author,
[11 Q)) piacere
some
(173)
of virtue,
bene
is
Whoever does
neither
seeks
[non) cercare
ne
love
the
err,
errare
(165) conoscere
good
least to
(HO)
(1^3)
Who does
tragedia
(173)
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
Che, Quale,
singular.
NoM. Che^ il
Gen. Bi cui,
quale.,
who, which,
that.
whom, of which.
Dat. a cui, cui, al quale, to whom, to which.
Ace. Che, cui, il quale, whom, which, that.
Abl. Da cui, dal quale, from or by whom or which.
del quale, of
RELATIVE TRONOUNS.
83
PLURAL.
NoM.
Che,
Da
Abl.
When
177.
cui, i quali,
Ex.
relates.
Uuomo
article,
is
che or
il
quale valuta pi
allo stolto,
jmrlato,
The master
of
whom
I have spoken
to you.
Lc farfalle
che or
le quali
avete ac-
chiappate.
L'uomo
Man
is
what
who knows
is right,
wrong.
The country in which we
is
live.
formed with
cui,
accompanied by prepositions
The man
to
of
whom
daughter,
Il fiume
da
cui
il prato
the latter
may
in
Ex.
irrigato,
The
river
my
friend.
by which
the field
is
watered.
is
Luomo
Conosco
padre,
and
Ex.
not che.
84
REr-ATIVE PRONOUNS.
180,
When
le cui
ravigliare il mondo,
Il chimico alle cui scoperte la scienza
va tanto debitrice,
La regina
cui
il
whose discoveries
science owes so much.
The queen whose name shall never
be forgotten, and whose reign was
to
so glorious.
When
ha
asto-
dimenticato, ed
to
Ex.
required.
is
The chemist
glorioso.
181.
gesta
it is
and no preposition
may be
article,
must
clearly understood
Ex.
refers.
The
la quale
natura,
EXERCISE XLI.
Voltaire used
to say, I
solere ind. 2
the friends
who
love
have three
kinds
of friends;
(48) specie
me, those to
(160)
detested. In
whom
am
indifferent,
and
{111) amare
those
by whom
am
detestare
countries, says
all
Ugo
tutto art.
who command,
comandare
who
serve.
Persons
persona
or
who
The
historian
relates
storico
narrare
may
happen.
Humility
is
[possono) accadere.
art.
men
learn to
know them-
a conoscere
A
85
IIKLATIVE PRONOUNS
selves.
The
Christian
2
religion,
whose origin
(180)
an occasion
in
divino. {37}
three words on
used
in
impiegare
having
for
inf.
divine.
is
sufficed.
[sarebbero bastate.)
England honours.
The
onorare.
watch-key
you bought on
that
ind. 3 (93)
Saturday.
182.
means what.
Which
What
gli
ivhat a
la
!
I
may be
are translated
by che
What
What
mankind
a channing view
a beautiful flower
Ex.
quale
colla
grondante sangue,
185. Quale
is
le viti,
They were
in
a pitiable
condition,
* Such a is translated by un
man, un tal uomo.
Ex.
hope you
will find it
described
such a
we do ?
Ex.
belfiore!
184. Quale
shall
is for
La
last
tively.
ieri sera al
?
Che
^Vliich of
prefer?
teatro ?
che,
Ex.
it
such as I have
to you.
True philosophy
consists in
seeing
such ai
sfortune,
una
tale
sventura;
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
86
186.
Onde
is
&c.
P.
regno^oni'io la corona atfevdo, B.
Onde salvar la patria, Bruto si finse
pazzo,
punto
[disse al
was beginning
*
a
we have not a
peccato
see
vessels.
What a divine
poich
What
(185)
to
have
sncli
a brother.
(185*)
felicit
(183)
we might
(186)
when
spettacolo
(183)
in order that
telescope,
What a happiness
inl{l&0)lastimento
they are.
such as
cannocchicde
those
'^offrire
Christians forab-
sake
handonare
What a
portare
tutto
chiasso
of these
was time
che dovessi
ind. 2
pity (that)
XLII.
di)
things
to see
my
I fed
deatb, It
liis
Ex.
that.
EXERCISE
said at
order
heart.
Un
Fontenelle
in
to,
cuore,
il
desks
(56) leggo
I tell
Which do you
Sfanno
make
you
(182)
this in order to
Pagano
prefer
preferire
show
you
mostrare
dico
What
(182) potente
(182) pw
than great genius united to great modesty ? Historians reprerajjpremodestia
(80) genio
sent men such as they are, poets depict them such as they
dipingere
sentare
(185)
should
be.
Conscience
{dovrebbero)
coscienza
corpo
87
lowed
storia di tutti
le
definite article,
The
costumi di tutte
paese
il
lated
all
the customs of
When
by
al
piange,
lo
]a flotta fu dispersa,
188.
history of
nations.
nazioni.
Tutto
Tutta
used adjectively,
the whole,
by the
Ex.
refers to.
it
La
all,
in Italian
tutti,
189. II tutto*
is
AH
wished
to
it
trans-
is
would obey.
All did their duty.
tutto
Ex.
all.
Hanno
They have
whole.
confessato tutto,
Noi slam
confessed
tutto,
all.
Ex.
We
quished.
Observe
translate
Tutto quanto,
tutti
quanti, &c.,
may
All perished.
* Observe
tutto,
all.
the particle
Ex.
Tlie iclwle
used adjectively,
also be used to
Ex.
all.
preceding
tutto.
tlie
is
wJwle
is
rendered by
il
tutto,
tho
ON INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.
die andate voi cercando a quest'ora
What
tutti e tre ? B.
Tutti e quattro venfjon chiamati
Evangelisti,
EXERCISE
of
flatterer,
adulatore
If
you
give
non potete
of the
eloquenza
Courts in
Corte
all ages,
me
in all countries,
must
fall
ridicolo deve
imitators.
moved
orator
imitatore
(78)
the whole nation.
(187)
lead
the fashions,
{introducono)
vioda
^affezione
come
pity,
joy,
gioia piet
beatity,
whilst
bellezza
mentre che
the half.
su
affections,
me
(189)
oratore [commosse)
and
The
(120)
the flowers in our
(124)
et
cos
the worst.
is
all
(60^)
cannot
The eloquence
all
all
XLIII.
{1S7) ^domestico
has destroyed
grandine
guastare
you
hour
domestic enemies,
all
hail
garden.
are
this
(jli
the bad
all
All virtuous
^
add
aumentare
deform
the
passions
to
[contraffanno)
countenance, and
fisonomia
stesso
legge
all
people. It
is
sign
a great
segtio
p.
of
folly
follia
per
to
laugh
at
(34)
ridere
di
everything.
(189)
it
is
of both genders,
takes no article.
Ex.
La
suoi divertimenti,
War
begets every
Every science
I
every age
89
evil.
its
194. Ognuno,
Ognuno
is
every
one,
conveys a
it
colui
un
distributive idea.
ti-
ranno,
Ciascun paese ha i suoi costumi,
Ciascheduno dinoi ha dei doveri da
adempiere,
195.
The
collective
pronouns
Vun
each.
Ognuno
dove,
ciascheduno,
ciascuno,
and
enjoyments.
Ex.
call
that
man
tyrant.
Ex.
l'altro.
Nonfuron mai
divisi.
EXERCISE XLIV.
great men have protected literary men and
"
grande
{protetto) letterato
encouraged arts. Every century, every generation, and every
In every age
"'
secolo
generazione
(192) secolo
remarkable for some useful discovery. The customs
incoraggiare arte.
country,
is
rimarchevole
of each country
utile
differ,
differiscono
conform, as
much
as
scoperta.
(194)
uso
dimorare.
should
{dovrebbe
pu
ON INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.
90
Beveivance.
fico
liis
Every
life
Wherever
difesa
beautiful
see
citizen
should
willingly
sacri(82) cittadino dovrelbe di buon animo sacri-
ficare {150)
we
good
(193)
and picturesque
views.
prospettiva.
{ci
we
turn
voltiamo)
separare
d'Otaiti)
allegoria.
velo
which
.^
to
Ex.
relates.
it
altri
argo-
menti,
197.
When
it
another thing
else.,
expresses nothing
Parliamo
198.
un
other
arguments.
sorpresa vi attende,
Altro speranze ed altre cure,
C'ji'altra
else.
indefinite
altro, altri.
masculine singular,
accompanied by the
Ex.
speak of death,
but another to die.
Have you nothing else to toll me ?
Let us speak of something else.
It is one tiling to
il
tZ'altro,
The
is
pronouns another^
by
Ex.
Un
and signify
jn
soyne... others.
\
may
be used
in
Ex.
Some
some were
A
0\ INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.
200. Altki
qualcun
altro,
In a familiar
altri,
91
is
style, altri is
sometimes joined
for
Ex.
Noi
We
Voi
You
children
noun
to
which
prepositions
o/and
may
it
to.
relates,
it
play.
is
may go and
article,
means
or d'altrui,
L'altTuigloria or la gloria vitnn non
deve renderci invidiosi, ma stimolarci ad acquistarne noi pure,
Chi desidera l'altrui si rende moralmente reo di fur to,
Ex.
property of others.
the
He
difetti altrui
others.
The
EXERCISE XLV.
to others
as
long procession of
ants
ind. 2
[da seguirsi.)
tune of others.
Other
else
(197)
^
anything
else
(197)
with them ?
people's opinions
to do.
'He
left
for-
the other
da
(78)
others
(201)
Charity rejoices at the good
godere di
We had nothing
(201)
out,)
partire ind. 2
formica (199)
returning, all active and industrious.
Have
they brought
The
92
cess.
We should respect
tlie
{Dohbiamo)
rect they
(may seem)
others
to
sembrare sub.
roneo
is
the
us.
To
first
(201)
now go and
play.
(9) divertirvi.
When
none.
negative, but
the verb
after,
must be preceded by
Ex.
nan.
Non
when placed
v'
There
nessuno in casa.
is no one at home.
no triumph for an eagle to
vanquish a dove.
No one is a prophet in his own
It is
country.
words must be preceded by non, but when they come before the
verb, the nee:ative
Non ne
is
omitted.
Ex.
so nulla,
Nulla mi
si
potesse
far di
It
of
it.
better done.
meglio,
Clii
know nothing
He
disse.
non azzarda
nulla, niente
gua-
204. Niente and nidla are often used with the signification of
something, anything,
always /oZ/ow,
is
when
da me ?
Se io 2}Osso far niiWa per voi, comanVolete nulla or niente
datemi,
205. Nothing
Ex.
Do you want
may
also be rendered
me ?
me
know.
I pigi
anything from
by che
Ex.
or cosa,
accom-
Non
amico,
un falso
There
is
friend.
false
He
sortito,
93
Ex.
article.
EXERCISE XLVI.
An
who was
artist
artisla
a painting
criticising
criticare
matrimonio
is
(203)
The
[a farsi)
best society
is
inire
(103)
that in which no one
The Eomans
seeks
to
said
they, no one
ind. 2.
(202)
God
more
dries
the
town? "We
sfuggire
corrompente
Nothing
(165)
Do you
(Possiamo)
di
pericoloso
corrupting
its
from nothing.
(206)
tears.
Those who
learn nothing.
(204) imparare (203)
arme
first
more dangerous
is
earth
quickly than
lagrima.
prontamente
observe anything,
'^osservare
pu
(202)
created
(203)
can escape
no one
ind, 3.
asciugare
are pleased.
all
Nothing
per
inf.
influence.
and
shine,
brillare
contento.
(188)
(202) cercare
placed the temple of honour beside the temple
tempio
accanto a
(posero)
of virtue, because,
from
wliicli repre-
quadro (177)
more difficult to make
ind. 2
wish
never
^mai
^noi
anything
(204)
desiderare
against
arrogance,
contro (25) arroganza
which
no
(177) (202)
virtue
is
safe.
sicuro.
(8ee 43.)
94
207. Alcuno,
alcuni,
qualcheduno, are
Ex.
qualcuno,
some one
If
ditegli d'attendermi,
at the door.
calls for
me,
him
tell
to
wait.
Non
they
refer,
any., are
know nobody
in Ireland.
Ne ho
datteri prendetene.
presi, grazie,
Non ho spille, bisogna che ne compri,
Ecco dei
Ex.
Ambo
le
morsi, D.
I bit for
tion.
Ex.
Non vidi n l'uno n
Non perdoneranno
Italian,
l'altro,
all'uno
211.
both
my
hands.
to death.
l'altro,
when preceded by
They
all'altro,
my
Both of
gi-ief
chicchessia,
whoever,
may
refer to
Chiun-
que
is
the
first
Ex.
212.
Per quanto,
or simply per,
is
in
ON INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.
whatever
is
VJ
indeclinable, but
it
it
precedes.
Per
However
posals
advantageous
may
your
pro-
false,
Mill
be.
che siano,
falso
or, per
trover dei difensori.
sia,
some srerms
corrupt,
of virtue.
EXERCISE XLVir.
blind.
The
supersti-
vam't
(209)
(51) cieco
tious believed that any crime whatever was expiated by giving
ind. 2
[2\\) [venisse) espiare * doiare
largely to monasteries and churches.
The law will punish
monastero
punire
them
both.
The
should
(211) {dovrebbe)
be the perfection of the intellect and of the body.
Some persons,
oggetto
(209)
(207)
be,
always
are
dissatisfied.
scontento
(212)
Some laws
are
suitable
in
opportuno
others.
luogo
Some
unsuitable in
disconveniente
whoever was
Draco,
Bracone
(211)
convicted
convinto
of
wilful
True
imitate.
was
volontaria
poverty
of
96
ON THE PARTICLE
SI.
ON THE PARTICLE
213.
Si,
when used
SI.
the French on, and in English io people, one, they, we, some, &c.,
employed with an indeterminate signiflcation. Ex.
Non
si
stato
prima
out
scolare,
first
Insegnando n'impara,
We
Nei paesi
il
carattere di
un pojwlo,
learn
people.
The
214.
particle
si is
accompanies
si
facilita le abitudini,
glorie dei nostri antenati
Le
the dishonest.
sold cheap.
Wheat is
si
We
ricor-
215.
si.
The
co?rtpowji(7
of our
Ex.
216.
When
si is
it
is
the nomi-
singular ; but
it
when
si is
dono
si
i fanciulli.
Ex.
il
terre-
ON THE PARTICLE
97
SI.
is
Ex.
Vengono or sono
i^ersuas
not
si
They
are persuaded.
Men
are considered
they are rich.
happy when
sold.
EXERCISE XLVIII.
Gold
is
by
tested
men
by gold.
are tested
Beer
(216) con
is
is
birra
drunk by those
contadino
(214)
of Italy.
life.
fire,
con
Perfect happiness
attained in this
is
never
2(214) ^non ^mai ^raggiungere
The
arts
are
cultivated in peace.
One becomes
conspi-
(214)
(213) {diviene) rimarcuous, and even ridiculous, by not following the fashions of the
*
chevole
anche
noda
day.
We
admire
talents,
we
praise beauty,
which
for
this
reason
are
called
is
we honour
scopo
(177)
They
bello
(214)
justly punished in presence of the whole army.
(187) armata.
tranquilly
in
tranquillamente
a free country.
^
The
virtue,
title
titolo
were
(217)
People live
(213)
of laws
was
i(214)
formerly
written with a kind of red wax, called rubrica,
"
^anticamente
specie (72)
cera
from this (is derived) the expression rubric.
They have been
viene
rubrica.
(168)
(217)
invited to spend a week with us.
a passare
98
ON THE PARTICLE
When
218.
the pronouns
/,
SI,
comandare, promettere, &c., the personal nominative proin Italian by the dative.
Ex.
You were
Mi
si promise, r vi fu promesso, vi
venne promesso,
si comanda, or mi comandato,
mi vien comandalo,
Gli si domanda, or gli domandato,
gli vien domandato,
When
219.
am
lie
promised.
ordered,
is
asked.
by uno,
Uno
si
One
oziosa,
idle
220. Si
may
Ex.
accustoms one's-self to an
life.
Alcuni si persuadono,
gente si lusinga,
L'uomo si dimentica spesso,
La
Man
forgets often.
Non
The adverbs
vi, ci,
and,
it,
si.
when
Ex.
not feared.
The coast from Eeggio to Gaeta is
thought about the most delightful
part of Italy.
temesi la morte,
Credesi che la marina da licggio a
Gaeta sia quasi la pi dilettevole
parte d'Italia, B.
221.
easily
according to the
si.
is
comes
Vi
ni
Ex.
se.
Troppo
se
Non
se ne
222.
is
principally
spoken there.
Francese,
Non mi
am not told.
Too much has
dice,
ne parlato,
parla pi,
When
the particle si
is
the passive or active verb, and the accusatives, him, her, them,
it,
if
the verb
Ex.
ON THE PARTICLE
We
ciet, e si
99
SI.
ance.
all'ignoranza,
Si veduto a corte,
We
EXEPX'ISE XLIX.
The
is
secolo
spectacle of
human
(221)
(177) (214)
intelligence struggling with superstition and
[che lotta)
tyranny.
that
(215)
produce tvrants.
'
mobs
canaglia
town.
The
(213)
for
them
* digiunare durante
the year
We
riches ? or
ricchezza
fast
see
They
them seldom.
(222) raramente.
It
avvenisse
(to)
them.
has
One
(219)
The barbarous
lets
(167)
*
sport
(80)
tlie
inf.
of the bull
divertimcito
known what
lasciare
fight
to
[permise)
to
were allowed
(218)
never been
\2lb)'^nonhnai
happened
religion of
elemosina
be to
how
for
poich
fare
alms
(193)
negare
(48)
was made
perform ablutions
(221)
of the desert
tribes
tribii
Mahomet
liberty, and
producono
They speak of it everywhere in
It has
toro [B)
Arabs, amongst
Aralo
ON THE PARTICLE
100
SI.
ADDITIONAL EXERCISE.
(Merchants from
2
all
One
finds
fi;
In nature, one
utile.
cercare
(221)
m vain the model of it. Often one does not follow the path
sentiero
(221)
(11) (220) Sfatare
of virtue, because at the beginning it is found thorny and painspinoso
(214)
fui
but one should reflect, that as the first
rays of the
dovrebbe riflettere
(.57) raggio
one
until
sintantoch (219)
dispiacevole
abituarsi
?,\ih.\.
j222)
They say
that Italian
them
land.
is
music spoken.
to
A man
portare
sbarcare.
moment;
come unsought
dovere
spontaneo
be secured, because they seldom return.
Nothing
worth
[die valga la
having
pena
no
can
be gained without
di possederlo) ^ ^(214)
real
enjoyment without
(202) vera
south
is
mezzogiorno
its
The
and there
twilight
in
is
the
crepuscolo
travaglio.
northern countries
the days
settentrionale
with
effort,
sforzo-^.
labour.
talons
and
summer
shorter.
(17)
its
beak.
lOX
CHAPTER
IX.
OX VERBS.
known by
In'
the termi-
The
may
which
that in
all
te,
tions, in no.
tive,
might love
sentite, sentiste,
che
sentiste.
The
first
is
amerei,
Szq.
Remark.
sons
The
besides tu
wards those
Italians
and
whom
voi,
ella.
if
for a lady.
to
;
le
that
is
is,
REGULAR VERBS.
102
TABLE OF CONJUGATIONS.
REGULAR VERBS.
1st Conjugation,
104
REGULAR VERBS.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Do
not thou
bui/,
REGULAR VERBS.
That I
migiil
have
That I
bought, &c.
Che
io avessi
prato
vi/'r/ht
sold,
com- Che
io
have
To hnj,
&c,
avessi veu-
tinto
INFINITIVE MOOD,
lOi
Che
io avessi
imito
REGULAR
106
the indicative, in
tive, as follows
PRESENT
tlie
imjoeralive,
VERr.S.
IRREGULAR VERES.
107
lo go; pres. io
vado or
vo,
Fare, to do
pres. io
fo
or faccio,
The
derivatives
are
conjugated
in
stavamo;
pret. io stetti,
tu stesti,
sono
stato,
io stari),
steste,
N.B.
N.B.
to remain
pres. io sto, tu
stai, egli sta, noi stiamo, voi state,
eglino stanno; imp. io stava, noi
Stare,
lURDGULAR
108
VEIIBS.
The
sJiort,
on account
Table of Conjugations,
Accendere, to kindle
prct.
102.
p.
accesi,
accendemmo,
accendesti, accese,
ac-
do; part,
past, acceso,
-i,
-a, -e.
cogliere.^
Accorgersi,
mi
v.
giungere.
Agere, to freeze, p.
has only the
preterite ahi, &c.
Alludere, to allude, v. deludere.
Ammettere, to admit, v. mettere.
Ancidere, to kill, p. v. recidere.
Angere, to afflict, p. has only 3d
person singular of the present,
ange.
Anteporre, to prefer, v. porre.
;
to
accorsi,
ti
perceive,
ref.
accorgesti, &c.
pret.
part,
past, accortosi.
addotto.
Affiggere, to post up, v. prefiggire.
Affliggere, to afflict ; pret. afflissi,
])art. past,
affliggesti,
&c.
Ajjjendere,
to
hang up
preterite,
&c.
part, past, arso.
Arrendersi, to surrender, ref.
v.
rendere.
Arridere, to smile, v. ridere.
Arrogere, to adjust, to add, hns
only the sing, of the third person
present, arroge.
Ascendere, to ascend, v. scendere.
Ascondere, to hide
pret. ascosi,
ascondesti, &c.
part, ascosto, or
;
ascoso.
* Observe that the verbs ending in rrc, as addurre, trarre, belong to this conjugation.
t
The
marked thus:
is
The
v.
means
vedi, see.
its irre-
IRREGULAR VERBS,
Assistere, to assist
sorto.
Assumere, to undertake
sumi, assumesti, &c.
;
pret. aspast,
part,
assuiito.
v.
trarre.
v.
chiedesti,
&c.
part,
past,
chiesto.
Circoncidere, to circumcise,
v.
re-
cidere.
chiu-
Conoscere,
pret. connessi,
part, connesso.
know
to
pret.
conobbi,
conoscesti, &c.
part, conosciuto.
Conquidere, to afflict, to cast down,
;
V. recidere.
Consumere, to consume,
Contendere, to
Contorcere, to
Contrapporre,
Contrarre, or
v.
assumere.
dispute, v. tendere.
distort, v. torcere.
to oppose, v. porre.
contraere, to contract,
V. trarre.
Circonscrivere,
to
circumscribe,
v.
scrivere.
Cocere, to cook, v. cuocere.
Cogliere, or corre, to gather, v. sciov. metter.
to affect, v. movere.
Corrompere, to corrupt,
v.
rompere.
gliere.
Commettere, to commit,
Commovere,
v.
dere.
connettesti, &c.
tingere.
compromise,
to
mettere.
tito.
V.
109
Compromettere,
grow
Crescere, to
v.
prendere.
Comirrincre, to compress, v. ojypri-
cesti,
&c.
Crocifiggere,
fissi,
crocifiggesti,
crocifisso.
&c.
pret. croci-
part, past,
IRREGULAR VERBS.
TIO
Cuocere, to cook
cosse,
tere.
v.
pingere.
Dirigere, to direct, v. erigere.
Disapprendere, to unlearn, or forget,
V. prendere.
Discendere, to descend,
ersi, ergesti,
Erigere, to raise
past, eretto.
desti
part. \ast,
fenduto or fesso.
v. scendere.
Disciorre, and disciogliere, to untie,
V. sciorre.
divert
to
v.
trarre.
Distruggere,
leg-
gere.
to
destroy,
v.
strug-
gere.
frangesti, &c.
Tpart. franto.
Frapporre, to intermeddle,
Friggere, to
flessi,
v.
porre.
fry, v. affliggere.
kneel
pret. genugenuflettesli, &c. part, genu-
Genuflettere,
to
flesso.
IKKEGULAK VEKBS.
Infraiif/ere, to break, v.
frangere.
Offendere,
Ill
oflend
to
pret.
offesi,
part, offeso.
offendesti, &c.
Ommettere, to omit, v. mettere.
Opporre, to oppose, v. porre.
Opprimere, to oppress pret. oppressi,
opprimesti, &c. part, ojyprcs.so.
pret. pascei, pasPascere, to feed
part. ^;asci^o.
cesti, &c.
Percorrere, to run over, v. correre.
;
Percuotere, to strike
pret. percossi,
part, percosso.
percotesti, &c.
pret. 2^^''^<^^
Perdere, to lose
persi; t^uv. perduto ov perso.
Permettere, to permit, v. mettere.
;
v.
frangere.
Fingere, or pignere, to paint; pret.
part, pinto.
pinsi, piingesti, &c.
Porgere, to present pret. porsi, porpart, porto.
gesti, &c.
Porre, or pionere, to put, to place,
&c. pongo, poni, pone, ponghiamo
or poniamo, ponete, pongono ; imp.
pret. posi, jwnesti,
poneva, &c.
pose, ponemjno, poneste, posero ;
iat.jyorro, &c.; ivn^er.2wni,j)ongu,
pongJiiamo or pianiamo, ponete,
pongano ; pres. subj. che io ponga,
jmnga, ponga, p)ongiiamo or 2^011iamo, ponghiate or poniate, pongano ; imp. subj. che io ponessi;
;
Zeso.
lessi, leggesti,
Manomettere, to
ill-
tere.
pret. mersi,
Ilergere, to plunge
part, merso.
mergcsti, &c.
Mescere, to mix pret. mesciuto.
;
ponendo;
Posporre, to postpone,
Prefiggere,
dere.
part.
posto.
v.
porre.
pjrefiggesti,
prefix
&c.
pret.
prefissi,
part. p)refisso.
scegliere.
Presumere, to presume,
IRREGULAR VERBS.
112
Prosciogliere, or prosciorre,
dere.
ab-
to
part, protetto.
part, punto.
Rabbattere, to diminish, v. battere,
laccendere, to light again, v. accen-
dere,
lacchiudere, to enclose, shut up, v.
chiudere,
laccogliere, or raccorre, to collect, v.
cogliere,
liadere,
to
shave, &c.
radesti, &c.
prot.
rasi,
part. rasa.
Eaggiungere, raggiugnere, to
rejoin,
V. giungere.
Eavvolgere, to envelop, v. volgere.
Ecassumere, or riassumere,
to
re-
assume, V. assumere.
pret. i-ecisi,
Eccidere, to cut
part, reciso.
cidesti, &c.
re-
pret. redensi,
part, redento.
redimesti, &c.
Eeggere, to rule pret. ressi, reggesti,
&c. part, retto.
Eendere, to render, restore ; pret.
part. reso.
rendesti, &c.
resi,
Some conjugate this verb lik<i
vendere, regular.
;
Pi,
anew, v. scrivere.
Eesistere, to resist, v. assistere.
Eespingere, or respignere, to repulse,
V. spingere.
cogliere.
Eedimere, to redeem
nascere.
rincresciuto.
inUEGULAR VEKES.
Biporre, to replace, v. iJorre.
lUprenJere, to reprove, to retake,
gano ;
v.
reproduce,
to
v.
ijro-
durre.
Eipromettcre, to promise again,
v.
oiiettcre.
spingere.
Ritrarre,
to
describe
or
draw,
v.
trarre.
Rodere, to
&.C.
gnaw
part. roso.
to
&c.
ptesti,
break
;
pret. ruppi,
rm-
part, rotto.
che io sciolga,
Rompere,
subj.
part, sciolto.
in'cndere.
Jiiprodiirre,
V.
&.C.
113
pres.
sceglie,
scegli,
pros.
scegliamo,
or sciorre, to untie, or
loosen
pres. sciolgo, sciogli, scioglie, sciogliamo, sciogliete, sciolgono;
Sciogliere,
;
future,
scioglier or sciorro; imper. sciogli,
sciolga, sciogliamo, sciogliete, sciol;
mungere.
Smuovere, to
stir, v.
movere.
sospendesti, &c.
part, sospeso.
v.
spingere.
Sottintendere, to be understood, v.
tendere.
Sottomettere, sommettere, to submit,
V. mettere.
Sottoporre, to subdue,
y.
porre.
114
IRREGULAR VERBS.
spento.
Spendere, to spend pret. spesi, spendesti, &c.
part, speso.
Spergere, to disperse
pret. spersi,
;
spergesti, &c.
part, sperso.
Spingere, or spignere, to push pret.
spinsi, sjnngesti, &c.
part, spinto.
Sporgere, to project, jut out, \. por;
gere.
sciogliere.
Torcere,
bend,
to
v.
cocere.
v. vol-
gere.
Stringere, or strignere, to squeeze, to
press
pret. strinsi, stringesti, &c. ;
;
trassi,
traesti,
trasse,
cidere.
up
pret.
traemmo,
traggi,
&c.
Trascendere,
part, stretto.
pret.
imper.
twist
to
traeste, trassero
surmount,
to
v.
scen-
dere.
transgress, to run
over, V. correre.
Trascrivere, to transcribe, v. scrivere.
Trasfondere, to transfuse, v. fondere.
Trasmettere, to transmit, v. mettere.
Trasporre, to transpose, v. porre.
Travolgere, to invert, v. volgere.
Uccidere, to kill, v. recidere.
Ungere, or ugnere, to anoint, v. pungere.
Vilipendere, to despise, v. sospendere.
Vincere, to vanquish
pret. vinsi,
Trascorrere,
to
vincesti,
&c.
Vivere,
to
&c.
fut.
part, vinto.
live
pret. vissi,
vivr
vivesti,
part, taciuto.
tesi, tendesti,
Volgere, to turn
&c.
The
part, volto.
of the accent
falls
dovre,
instead
S:c.,
of the
antepenultimate,
as
iu prdere,
IRREGULAR VERD8.
crscere^ lggere, fndere, fingere, &c.
115
but
tlie
aire.ij,
it is
not a
errnj.
sit
assisi, ti assidesti,
assiso.*
bevuto.
Bevere is regular, and
generally used in prose.
Cadere, to fall pret. caddi, cadesti,
&c. ; fut. cadr, &c. cond. cadrei,
&c. part, past, caduto.
Calere, to care, to be concerned for,
p.; has only: pres. ?iit cafe; imp.
mi caleva; pret. mi calse; pres.
subj. che mi caglia.
Compiacere, to comply with, to please,
ref., V. piacere.
Condolersi, to condole witli, ref., v.
;
dolere.
Decadere, to decay,
Except
in the preterito
aud
dolgasi,
duoliti,
tevi,
dolgansi
Equivalere,
be
to
equivalent,
v.
valere.
Lecere and
licensed.
licere, to
parliciple, assidei il
is
be permitted or
uut
useil,
singular of the
but iakre.
IRBEGULAB VERDS.
116
Ottenere, to obtain,
v. tenere.
rimangono ;
sappiamo,
gliate,
ciple
as, io
fui
sapete,
sanno
fut.
pret,
sapr, &c.
solito,
customed, &c.
Soprassedere, to supersede,
was
ac-
v. sedere.
Sprovvedere,
to leave destitute, v.
vedere.
Tenere, to liold pres. tengo, tieni,
tiene, teniamo, tenete, tengono; pret.
;
v. vedere.
nete,
imper.
tieni, tenga,
tenuto.
Trattenere, to entertain, v. tenere.
Travedere, to see double, v. vedere.
Valere, to be worth ; pres. vaglio or
valgo, vali, vale, vagliamo, valete,
vediamo or veg-
IRREGULAR VERBS.
or veggano; pres. siibj. che io veda
or Jcgga ; comi, vedrei, &c.
part,
past, veduto or visto.
Volere, to be willing; pres. voglio or
;
VI,
vuoi,
vuole,
vogliamo, volete.
117
voluto.
pret. apparii
comparire.
Aprire, to open, like servire ; but in
the pret. aprii or apersi, apristi,
&c. part, past, aperto.
;
sorbito or assorto.
Avvenire, to arrive, v. venire.
Benedire, to bless, v. dire.
empia, &c.
Escire, to go out, v. uscire.
Gire, to go, p., has only the following
imp. giva or
tenses gite, you go
gia, givamo, givano or giano ; jiret.
giste,
girono ;
gisti, g orgia, gimmo,
imper. gite, go che gissi, &c., that
gito, gone.
I might go
Instruire, to instruct pret. instrvssi,
instruisii, &c., or regular, instruii
&c.
part, past, instruito and in:
.;
strutto.
Interdire, to prohibit, v. dii-e.
Intervenire, to intervene, v. venire.
Ire, to go, p., has only ite, go
iva,
ho went ivano, they went iremo,
we shall go irete, you will go ;
;
and
(]ire
gone.*
or
* Ire and
ito,
rile,
of a better aound.
Disconvenire, to disagree,
gire
muojano
or
morano
jircs.
mvoja, muoja
mora, muojamo or moriamo, mo-
same verb the letter g being added in some instances for the sake
The prosaic verb for to go is andare. Ancient writers have made use ol
are the
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Ili
riate,
muojano
or
muorano; cond.
part, morto.
imp.
bury
to
Seirpellire,
part,
past,
seppellito or sepolto.
nire.
This
poetry, has
introduced in
only riedi, thou returnest; riede,
verh,
he returns.
Riapparire, to reappear, v. apparire.
Riaprire, to open again, v. aprire.
Ribenedire, to bless again, v. dire.
Ricoprire, to cover again, v. co2)rire.
venire.
remember,
to
ref.,
v.
t^enire.
veniamo,
viene,
venite,
imper.
vieni,
venite,
vengano
venga,
venga,
&c.
venga,
;
vengono;
verro;
fut.
veniamo,
venga, veniamo,
cond. verrei;
veniate, vengano;
part, past, venuto.
pres.
to go out
uscite,
esce, usciamo,
imp. usciva, &c.
pret.
uscisti, usc, &c.
imper.
uscii,
esci, esca, usciamo, uscite, escano;
Uscire
esco,
or escire,
esci,
escono;
past, uscito.
TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERPS.
TRANSITIVE
Verbs
AND INTRANSITIVE
119
VERBS.
namely,
transitive
and
intransitive.
223.
When
an object,
to
it is
lia
un
is
compound
tenses with
cervo,
the subject,
its
the mur-
derer to death.
il reo d^ omicidio
Il cacciatore ha ucc
224.
and forms
Ex.
killed a stajr.
Sono
La
it is
Ex.
of cow-
ai-dice.
and forms
intransitive,
liarv essere.
dom
mente amato,
225.
its
compound
Ex.
venuto a j^assare
il
mese della
He
month
When
Sono
partiti
in the country.
the leaves have fallen.
tak-
addio.
Sono
by
a vapore,
the steamer.
Camminare
1}
Passeggiai
Cenare,
Desinare,
Pranzare.
to walk.
to sup.
[-to dine.
Regnare,
to reign.
Ridere,
Riposare,
Sbadigliare,
Sorridere,
to laugh,
to smile,
to rest,
to
yawn,
Dormire,
to sleep,
Stranutire,
to sneeze,
Gridare,
Peccare,
Piangere,
to cry.
Tossire,
to
to sin.
Vegliare,
to
Viaggiare,
to travel.
to
weep.
cough,
watch,
TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS.
120
The
227.
following verbs
may
is
Avendo
when an
tro loberto,
Having run
after
Hearing
thy friend.
die-
T>.
tluat
after Eobert.
La
La febbre
losa.
The
Abbiamo dimorato
Wo have lived in
of Circe.
Abbiamo passato
We
il
Siamo
teatro,
He
He
Abbiamo
sceso
We
We
lias
ascended the
hill
monte,
have descended the mountain.
Abbiamo vissuto giorni felici,
il
We
liJgli
un pla-
tano,
We
You were
plane-tree.
EXERCISE
L.
it
Wc
have ascended
(227)
We have
lived in
America
(227)
three years, and have received
cans.
They have
the Anieri-
gentilezza p.
grown
crescere
so
much
(74)
(that) they
TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS.
nised.
Marat
was
come
to Paris
killed
uccidere
from Caen
Carlotta
irr.
We have
(a questo fine.)
and sound.
safe
-salvo
'^sano.
has
(225)
irr.
121
had sculptured on
inf.
Adirano fare
number
arrived
(225)
Adrian
(225)
all
his
tomb,
"
He
of his physicians."
medico.
Since
From
day by day
decreased.
have
watched.
We
have
(226)
(222)
survive
(to) them
sopravvivere
their virtues
solo
p.
;
(225)
in Italian
ti,
The compound
with essere.
si in
all their
tenses with
ci, vi,
Ex.
INFINITIVE.
Divertirsi^
Divertendosi,
Essersi divertito,
Essendosi divertito,
si
amuse one's-self.
amusing one's-self.
to have amused one's-self.
having amused one's-self.
to
122
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Mi
diverto,
amuse myself,
Ti diverti,
Si diverte,
Ci divertiamo,
Vi divertite.
we amuse
ourselves,
Si divertono.
PAST INDEFINITE.
j\Ii
I have
amused myself.
IMPERATIVE.
Non
divertire,
ti
Si diverta,
Divertiamoci,
Divertitevi,
Si divertano, &c.,
229.
it is
When
essere.
may
The English
Wo
used reciprocally,
mutually
is
Ex.
Voi vi vedete,
Eglino si vedono, &c.,
230.
thyself,
amuse thyself.
let him amuse himself.
let us amuse ourselves.
amuse yourselves.
let them amuse themselves.
Divertiti,
l'altro, or
reciprocamente, reciprocally.
Noi
We
LI.
ancients were
(semidei)
themselves by extraordinary
2)cr straordinario
EXERCISE
scamhievohnente,
Ex.
distinguished
distinto
The
Athii-
wit
prided themselves on their
spirito
gloriare
di
and learning.
one's
(156) dovere
They
on the guitar.
chitarra
con
Spagnuolo
have fought
possess
(165)
much
are not
who
rich as those
so
little.
accustom
should
(229)
content
(Ill)
ourselves
{Dovremmo) avvezzare
blame ourselves, people
biasimare
we
inf.
accompanying herself
accompagnare
duel, and they have
di
We
having done
Men
irr.
themselves with
his
adempiere
a
(228) battersi in duello
(230)
Those who
perform
to
one's-self after
to
He
sapere
123
gente
everything.
to
a
believe more than we
(107)
than
s.
possible.
presto possibile)
less
When
we
we
say.
They
(110)
fatigued themselves too much.
have
(228) stancare
231.
Many
(74)
Addormentarsi,
to hasten.
'
iSpici
y''^''Levarsi,
)
to get
Maritarsi, '}
Annoiarsi, to get tired.
rsi,
to lean.
which
Ajprossinarsi, )
Accostarsi,
Y ^o approach.
Avvicinarsi,
Arrendersi, to sun-ender.
Astenersi, to abstain.
Attristarsi, to get sad.
to fall asleep
Alza
Ammoqliarsi,
reflected,
-,
marned.
Avanzarsi, to advance.
Avviarsi, to go forward.
Bagnarsi, to bathe, to get wet.
Compiacersi, to take pleasure.
Contentarsi, to be satisfied.
Crucciarsi,
Adirarsi,
Arrabbiarsi,
"
> to get
I
angry.
REFLECTED AKD RECIPROCAL VERBS.
124
Opporsi, to
Dilettarsi, to delight.
Dimenticarsi, . p..
^ ^^'^et.
Scordarsi,
\ |
Dolersi, to grieve.
Fidarsi, to trust.
Pentirsi, to repent.
"*". {;:rpi;'.r
Imbarcarsi, to embark.
Impadronirsi, to get possession
IiifaMidirsi, to get weary.
Ingegnarsi, to endeavour.
Rallegrarsi, to rejoice.
Ricordarsi, to remember.
Riposarsi, to rest.
Rompersi, to break.
Sentirsi bene, male
to feel well,
unwell.
of.
Svegliarsi, to awake.
Vantarsi, to boast.
Vergognarsi, to be ashamed.
take offence.
EXERCISE
in
LII.
depicting
battles.
Since
you
Poich
(231)
e/;/co
We
should often be
(231)
(228)
ashamed
Narciso (231)
awoke
di
When we
(156)
are
we remember with
come to-morrow
{di
(231)
he did not carry
porre
it
irr.
Eepenting of
early.
buon ora)
into
effect.
in
esecuzione
Pietro
his project,
(231)
servant ran to
tell
on
fire
Speak about
{in fiamme)
to ray wife,
irr.
in
from his
inf.
desk,
scritloio
laden
ricolm.0
(231)
it
(138)
inf.
Although
(to)
irr.
or
Do not
(jioventit
(231)
forget to
old,
(57) vecchio
(231)
(231)
(231)
own
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
tunc.
A Roman who
friends
wbo
made ? does
well
it
not
well ?
fit
stare
irr.
it
125
me
hurts
(231)
Frederick
the First,
Federico idi)
far male
and Alexander the Great died after
Alessandro
river of
fiume
Eed
called
beard,
nominare
(72) barba
having bathed in a small
(228)
(231)
inf.
Armenia.
Armenia.
IMPEESONAL VERBS.
232. Impersonal verbs are, properly speaking, only conjugated
in the third
noun
person singular
The
subject.
following are
Accade,
Avviene,
Interviene,
Pare, it appears.
Si addice, it becomes.
Fa di mestiere, "|
-.^^^^^^^^.^
it
^ it
Conviene,
^it
Grandina, it hails.
Tuona, it thunders.
Bisogna,
Disdice,
it is
Gela, it freezes.
Digela, it thaws.
Sembra,
it
233.
The compound
happens.
is
d'uopo.
snows.
noun
Piove, it rains.
Pioviggina, it drizzles.
Nevica,
In
it is
necessary.
needful.
unbecoming.
seems.
it is
Ex.
in Italian
12 fi
IMPERSONAL VRRHS.
One must
perdonare le offese,
Adesso dieci siamo divertiti, conJjisogaa.
Now
when
235. But
that
forgive offeucea.
played,
we have
wc must
work.
vien lavorare,
is
any other
by
subjunctive, preceded
Bisogna ch'io
vi dica la
che,
mia
Ex.
must
opi-
con-
you
teli
my
opinion.
nione,
Conviene che
sigli del
malato segua
il
medico,
Quando
il contadino
ha arato il
campo, bisogna che lo semini se
vuol raccogliere.
Some verbs
236.
Ex.
Mi
dispiace che,
am
we
Ci dispiace,
sorry that.
are sorry,
Ti dispiace,
Vi dispiace,
you are
Gli dispiace,
he
Dispiace loro,
Le
she
dispiace,
is sorry.
She
gli riuscito di
to read
the
They want
I
EXERCISE
enough
to
(232)
dently.
much
He
persuadermi,
It is not
very
likes
Italian classics.
Italiani,
Non
sorry.
is sorry.
How do you
gloves.
want a pair
of boots.
LIII.
town
It rains, thunders,
and
(232)
(236)
all at once.
This dress becomes you very well.
lightens,
{al tempo stesso.)
vestito (232)
Do you think (that) it freezes now? It is necessary to study
{22,&) parere
mythology
in
sub. 1
order
understand the
to
mitologia
sufficient to love virtue
(232)
(232)
classics.
classico.
;
not
You must
It
is
it.
(235)
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
ink.
127
Despots abhor
and
progress,
it
(15)
suffices
man
for a
che
(232)
to
per
sub. 1
What
has
happened
to
(182) (233)
florid than is becoming
fiorito
composition.
It
you
Michelet's
style
is
perhaps more
stile
storico
for
a thing
be obtained.
In the life of a man
a (214)
there are two cardinal points which
insure
his happiness or
cardinale^
(177) assicurare
his unhappiness
his birth and his marriage
it is not enough
*
* matrimonio
(232)
because
it
appears
difficult to
'
for birth to
che
(236)
foreign
yoke.
'^straniero ^giogo.
inf.
speaking^
speak
238.
When
the English
or continuation,
auxiliary to be
venire^
and
parlava, I spoke.
io
I
may
stare.
Ex.
still
iiicomplete, the
128
Andava errando
tutta la notte
He was
per
la foresta,
239.
wandering
Ex.
night in the
all
forest.
mi venia
The
ser-
untouched
may be
must be used.
compound
tenses essere
Ex.
He
He
is
praised.
True worth
modestia,
is
accompanied by mo-
desty.
Essere in grado
To bave
di,
it in one's power, or
be able.
be in a critical position.
be in readiness.
be good for nothing.
to
Essere
Essere
Essere
Essere
Essere
To
To
To
a mal termine,
all'ordine.
un poco di
u buono.
uuono
'\
in procinto
lo di,
per,
'
punto di, )
buon concetto,
To be on
the point
To have
j"
racter.
of.
Esse^e sul
Essere
Essere
Essere
Essere
Non
in
in cattivo concetto,
To
To
a grado,
d'accordo.
a grado,
agree.
They
e seria resistenza.
Se vi
If
i^rendetelo,
EXERCISE LIV.
It is not
is,
is
or of
We
will
used to translate
to go,
in
speaking
of
to see
OBSERVATIONS ON ESSERE AND AVERE.
129
(at least)
almeno
irr.
History proves
Mediocrity
precedere
(239)
is
mediocrit (238)
Some
ball
von
all
to the
I will
go
with
(239*)
viale
(238)
sure to an amusing discussion while you were dancing.
*
dilettevole
mentre
not in
my
power
to
All
It is
(240)
(187)
ligions agree in
giving (to) music and poetry a place in Paraposto
(240) art. inf.
Ossian has always been reputed the
dise.
Homer
of the
High-
Omero
lands.
241.
When
Ho
Ho
to
have or
to be, it is
expressed by a or
Ex.
da.
a.
(la
Non
il
cattivo
bave
have
He
to
to
130
When
242.
an
a.
adjective^ alone, or
accompanied by a noun,
preceded by
is
to is
expressed by
Ex.
facile a credersi,
It is
243.
When
easy to be believed.
by dovere.
Ex.
was
You
to eat.
convey an idea of
I
I
pranzo,
to be
to look at.
to
go
to town.
:-
To remember.
To have a thing
at hand, or in
readiness.
Aver
caro,
Aver
cervello, giudizio,
To be happy.
To be angry with a person.
To be warm, cold.
To act prudently, to be sensible.
Aver fretta,
Aver fame, sete, sonno,
Aver fama, voce di,
Aver luogo.
Aver l'intenzione,
Aver male.
Aver paura.
Avere piacere.
Aversela per, or a male,
Abbiatemi per iscusato,
Aver ragione.
Aver torto.
Aver voglia.
Aver buona cera,
Aver cattiva cera,
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
be in a hurry.
be hungry, thirsty, sleepy.
To
To
To
wish.
look healthy.
look unhealthy.
be afraid.
be glad.
take offence at.
Pray excuse me.
To be right.
To be wrong.
131
EXERCISE LV.
known
not
is
co7ioscere
(214)
difficult
malattia
(of them).
be
(241)
(138)
tlie
to
(242)
It is not to
(214)
are
soil
paese sub.
dolent.
to
denied that
men.
Modera-
(164)
(203) (241)
tion is
be
to
estremo
(241) (214)
It is to be deplored that genius has not always been
blamed.
sub. 1
they are
(173)
(244)
always right are sure to be often in the wrong. I advise you
consigliare
(244)
Do not be afraid
(as a) friend to be more prudent in future.
da
(244)
to censure at all times the profane
(244)
even although he
scoffer,
quando
have a mind
beffardo anche
should
take offence at your
reproof.
rimprovero
dovere sub. 2 (244)
di
go
to
in
accompanied
me
thither.
Our
to
(244)
if
you
sub. 2
Some of
us
and
rest.
me
if
What cause
we
and I
noon,
mezzo giorno
historians
want
are all in
to
be angry with
am
in a great hurry.
(244)
have to
tell
dire
me ? Excuse
(244)
(243)
of refreshment
ristoro
had you
motivo
I leave you,
(244)
(176)
are thirsty, some are sleepy
the truth.
letters
before
Satirists
and
scrittore di satire
132
to time
or person,
and
is
often
Ex.
To
|
speak, to sing.
is a source of great misfor-
Gambling
tune.
'
Ex.
JS^oi
lavoriamo,
The
we work.
distinction
N'oi studiamo,
made
we
study.
245.
1st,
remained
still
2d,
To
Metastasio soleva
dire,
"mi
costa
rondini
To
we speak was
habitual
Ex.
ox frequently repeated.
alle
le
the state or
its
Ex.
duration.
La Regina
crudele,
ma
grandi qualit,
246.
rito cavalleresco.
cruel,
The Preterite
is
pleted at a period quite past, and of which no part remains unexpired, so that this tense cannot be used in speaking of to-darj^
this
week,
this
year.
Ex.
ON MOODS AND TENSES.
Perdettero nella loro giovent
Thcy
i geni-
133
their
parents
in
tlieir
killed
lost
youth.
tori,
suo
e uccise
his brother.
fratello,
Licurgo
fece
uno
amo pia
stato che
di ottocento anni,
The Past
247.
Preterite Indefinite
or
is
used in speaking
Abbiamo
un
dimorato
anno
Boemia,
ha mostrato una rara
Mi
We
in
is
it
hap-
a rare collection of
butterflies.
also used
time not
He showed me
collezione
di farfalle,
It
which
Ex.
pened.
when
Ex.
coriipletely elapsed.
Abbiamo pranzato
We
oggi
prima
had an interview
this
morning
v.-ith
the consul.
dined to-day earlier than usual.
del
solito.
EXERCISE LVI.
When we
we bathed every
(245)
was
mentre
beautiful, not
antiquity.
if
Ferdi-
left
Egypt under
Egitto
Ebreo
(27)
I visited the tomb of Virgil last year
at Naples.
The
sensibilit
(51)
only equalled but excelled all the nations of
solo eguagliare
sorpassare
antichit
as
in
(245)
(28) Ispagna
America.
The Jews
scoprire (246)
day.
(231)
Spain at the time that Co-
nascere
come
two great minds.
To censure
(34)
is
stare
inf.
134
that hope
better. I read to-day Plato's remark,
Platone osservazione
(247)
when we
are awake.
Louis
sveglio
is
when Damiens
palace of Versailles
at-
(246)
corte
tempted
our dream
sogno
assassinate
to
him.
War
is
which
like a law-suit,
processo
tentare
win.
The court of Louis
ruins
even those who
rovinare pure (173) (175) guadagnare
the Fourteenth was most brilliant, and in accordance with the
armonia
(115) brillante
(91)
taste of that
in all
gusto
things,
(H^)
di
circondare
age.
tempo
The Future
by such words
used to express
ti
when, quando
future action
if,
when preceded
Ex.
be employed.
Quando
as
Ex,
you to-morrow.
We ai-e going to shoot woodcock at
the end of the month.
I will call on
verrete, sarete
il
When
hen venuto,
shall be wel-
come.
Se tu crederai
al
mio
consiglio, tu
non
uscirai oggi,
The Conditional
Ex.
Vi
tanto occupato,
non fossi
would write
to
not so busy.
you oftcncr
if I
were
ON MOODS
249. The
A.ND TENSES.
135
Ex.
E sar vero ?
Can
A\rk forse
He
Sarebbe
il
250.
it be true ?
has perbaps bis reasons.
Has tbe doctor returned ?
sue ragioni,
medico tornato ?
le
is
first
ini seccare,
Do
EXERCISE
it is
Ex.
infinitive.
Teach thy
and
when
accompanied by a negative,
Non
exhorts, entreats,
the alphabet.
little sister
LVII.
As
me
let
know
(it).
If you
come
my
me
from Italy.
Perhaps he
"
di
He has
Forse
fears to dis-
(249)
with you.
I will let
it.
had
time, I
would go
sub. 2
fare
do
If
undertake
(248)
to do,
do
it
to
irr.
well.
intraprendere
The Subjunctive
is
the
mood
of uncertainty,
and
is
always
it
136
The
251.
subjunctive
is
command,
Comand
siate contento,
che attaccassero
il
It
He
nemico,
Bench
lo
prosperi,
is
happy.
I allow
you
Do you
desire
to go.
me
to
solo,
or con-
Ex.
sent.
whoever
il
primo, the
first
qualunque, whatever.
il
chiunque,
Ex.
Truth
guarir,
will cure
posaa dare
ai nostri simili,
verit la sola cosa che non si
alteri col tempo,
Parlate, chiunque voi siate,
Qualunque sia il vostro dolore, il
la miglior lezione che si
lo
the last
l'ultimo,
also after
La
tempo
go
se,
if,
grief,
time
it.
bocca ! esclamo
un poeta
quale
il
tartagliava.
Se Vira non vi accecasse,
Egli parlo come se dubitasse della
vostra sincerit.
254.
The
subjunctive
is
Quando non
r)
vi dispiaccia, io
del vostro nome.
vogliate,
27
who stammered.
He
spoke as
if
he doubted your
mi var-
sin-
cerity.
Ove
exclaimed a poet
when
Ex.
If you do not object, I will
of your name.
If you wish it.
make
use
When
255.
negative before
137
a noun having a
refers to
Ex.
know nobody who
Non
Non
There
The
256.
subjunctive
is
is
although
more proud
woman more
not a
kind
than she.
is
than he.
such as quan-
finche., until
others.
Bench
ella sia la
pi potente regina
della terra,
Quantunque
io
abbia sperimentata
Even
EXERCISE
The
who
first
LVIII.
(252)
Cesalpino,
(38) Toscano
the
first
(256)
who proclaimed
(252)
united and
proclamare
free, what a powerful
state she
it).
If Italy
(138)
(253)
would
be.
(183)
It appears
(251)
amare
were
if
ac7;e(254)
(231)
boldly
invoke
arditamente
we
favola.
{dovremmo)
138
Aspire
to perfection,
Aspirare
has placed you.
fate
fato
irr.
monarch
is
if
which
in
(252)
The only power which can support
potere
(252)
The
who
last person
o,
could
suddito
influence
my
decision.
(252)
Constantinople, seen from the sea, pre-
view
(252) mai
If men were
be forgiven.
potere irr.
(253)
be happy. I have found nobody who
(256)
good, they would
all
(202)
can teach
(255)
me
Chinese.
Chinese.
irr.
When
or the subjunctive.
may be employed
when
may
first
or governing
certainty
is
uncertainty or doult
is
denoted.
is
required
Ex.
So che
know he
Non
do not know
giunto in citt,
so se sia in /scozia,
258.
the conditional,
may be
is
come
if
to town.
ho
is
in Scotland.
when preceded by an
replaced, the
by the imperfect
first
by
of the subjunctive.
Ex.
Temo
ri-
We
come
till
the end
tornereste,
Ex.
is
often
employed
in place of
139
awake me
E inutile che
It is useless to entreat
earlj.
him.
garlo,
260.
The English
expressions, were
first
by
se,
I to, had
/,
Ex.
Se noi vi pregassimo,
Se eglino studiassero,
Se egli avesse avuto ])rudenza,
la
Se voi ne aveste parlato,
261.
The
Had you
spoken of
it.
is
After
depends.
it
the present and future of the indicative, the jyresent of the sub-
junctive
is
Voglio che
generally used.
me
Ex.
wish you to give it to me.
I will praise you, provided
I
lo diate,
Vi loder purch
lo meritiate.
serve
you de-
it.
we use
the im-
He
Ex.
wished I would
tell
him.
settimana, scorsa,
last
week.
EXERCISE LIX.
It is
origin to the
its
(214)
barbaro
and of the neighbouring towns,
Padova
amongst some
{a refugiarsi)
fra
rocks and islands of the Adriatic, where they might live in
to take refuge
circonvicino
Adriatico
scoglio
safety.
believe
sicurezza
although
(256)
men do
that virtue
potere
is
preferable
(257)
they thought
not act as if
agire
(253)
to
wealth,
ricchezza
so.
He ordered
cos
(261)
140
knew
their address.
sapere
I would not
You would
Indiano
exists.
Were
you
less
precipitoso
(260)
blunders.
Had
(57) sbaglio
you
to
I not
known
(260)
this secret.
and
endo
in
262.
When
preposition^
compound
;
Credendo, believing.
Cadendo, felling.
Udendo, hearing.
Sentendo, feeling.
is preceded by a
by the infinitive^ and by the
preceded by the prepositions dopo^
translated in Italian
of the infinitive if
for.
Ex.
it is
per*
in
Cantando,
singing.
Cominciando, beginning.
after
if
(253)
indirizzo
forgave him.
he
hesitate to write
esitare
(259)
is
sumption.
After walking two bours,
rested.
we
pre-
riposammo.
avere agito
may
for acting so
bravely.
cosi valorosamente.
o?i,
by the prepositions
more commonly accompanied by the article nel, col,
Ex.
may
only
when a past
be used in English
iloJug, or for
having done
action
Era
so.
is
is
translated
lodato
per averlo
fatto,
Quavio tempo
si
141
How much
perde facendo or
visits
There
ricevere,
del
264.
is
On
infinitive
by a noun. Ex.
La stampa yi< inventata
as a
noun
with the
in English,
definite article,
or
Il
Il
When,
265.
by another verb,
Ex.
accusative
finitive.
it
When
266.
is
able.
that,
in the
by the
in-
We
pronoun
governed
translated in Italian
mood with
or without the
prefer-
is
Ex.
The dog
La
is
mine.
embroiders,
is
my
cousin's
ho-
trothed.
267.
sive
pronoun,
is
English by
in
infinitive
egli
parlato dispiacque
alV assemblea,
Lo
is
posses-
changed into
Ex.
infinitive.
II
is
a.
preceded by
molto piacere,
L'andar voi ogni sera al teatro ci fa
dispiacere,
fa
Her writing
so often gives us
much
pleasure.
to the
142
When
268.
\q
the
noun
to
participle present
is
termination do
is
it is
Una
A falling
11 viso ridente,
La
stella
cadente,
The
luna sorgente,
star.
rising
moon.
EXERCISE LX.
The
squall,
in *
porto
" Are there no children in Athens?" said a Spartan, on seeing
fanciullo
(263)
The Druids chose the misletoe
an Athenian caressing a dog.
prevedere
burrasca
Ateniese
(265)
appunto perch
tree.
In
Druido
growing
beccare
fruit.
vischio
so rarely
on that
(266)
painted a cluster of
grappolo
Apelle
Apelles
(263)
grapes so naturally, that birds, on seeing
(263)
irr.
it,
flew
round
it,
volare attorno (135)
Formerly
tlie
Doge
of Venice
granello p.
solere
(263)
(267)
(135)
more he
is
is
perfect, the
essere
(111)
Before
capable of feeling pleasure and pain.
(262)
men
Avanti che
A weeping willow. He
(268)
master's
My having
were transmitted
tramandare
to posterity in verse.
was dismissed
licenziare
for
salcio.
(267)
is
a proof of
my
143
269.
Ex.
it relates.
fiori appassiti,
Le battaglie vinte dai
Turchi nella
in
passata guerra,
lidio,
270.
in
ma
Una
signora
due
fu
gli
He was
altri
leggermente
Wben
i\xQ
slightly
271.
were despised.
ferita,
wounded, and
killed.
it
wben placed
Le
wben
it
before.
Io ho impostato
date,
272.
nouns
it
che
and
is
it
invariable
mi avete
given me.
Wben
lo, la,
pbrase,
le lettere
object,
may
li,
mi,
ti,
ci, vi,
is
mo
from
childhood.
ho vedute pas-
le
seggiare insieme,
Che
belle trote;
dove
le
avete pescate?
What
fine
trout;
caught them
273.
Tbe
past participle
have no
object.
Ex.
its
of
intransitive verbs,
conjugated
ON MOODS AM)
114
274.
essere,
The
ticiple, in locutions
They have
|
present participle
may sometimes
TI'-NSES.
He
He
slept.
of the
auxiliaries
and
avere
Ex.
The
E cos detto,
allies
sians at the
Alma, went
to besiege
Sebastopol.
B.
lo bacio,
275.
is
meaning of when,
Ex.
ing a compound tense.
in such case, the
il
after, or as
soon
che,
having,
as, preced-
When
motivo, egli ci
As
EXERCISE LXI.
(274)
both arms.
(209)
immortal.
The
to the
enemy's
fire,
he was wounded
he had
formerly
saved
when
killed
his
own
(163)
father.
(262)
irr.
the Athenians
life
(180)
altra volta
uccidere
is
irr.
had overturned
atterrare
his
statues,
(274)
remarked, " They
osservare
them
irr.
to
Socrates
said,
How
much
145
me,"
death,"
(272)
gained us
procurare
(not) often
slept
(122)
fine
We have
clothes have
(273)
irr,
Our
The
left
friends,
postilion
partire
(274)
having made us a
polite
(274)
was a
civility
vestito
(74)
She has
and
attention
civile
bow,
inchino ricusare
it
(265)
holiday,
giorno di festa.
When
276.
woidd,
will,
may, might,
Italian
but when they are used as separate verbs, they are ex-
pressed
by
Volere,
Dovere,
Potere,
il
To will, to be willing.
To be obliged, must,* ought, to owe.
To be able, to have the jiower, can.
You
He
dolore,
lo
raccoman-
May
Vi dobbiamo cento
277, Dovere
or prohahility.
recommend
lire,
is
Ex.
him?
derete ?
to study
owes
We
in the sense of to
Abbiamo bisogno di
libri
146
Fu
Re
giudicato dal
La
dover essere
Dav.
eccellente ministro,
to
he an excellent minister.
S.
so
much animosity
day
to produce
clearly
knew
to he likely
some great
one
evil.
volere
is
is
to like, to wish,
used in Italian
must be translated
in Italian.
Ex.
Non
il
concerto ?
toill
to wish, to like,
is
translated.
will have,
giorno,
sapere, to
habit
lasciare, to
know
allow
let or
udire, to hear
when
d^Europa,
le
principali citt
make
or
intendere, to hear
;
solere, to be in the
Ex.
They wished
of Europe.
WILL, SHALL, CAN, MAY.
Dohl'amo moderare
We
nostri desi-
must
147
dera,
Potete venire
convenient
is
to 3'ou.
EXERCISE
We
courages
ref.
divide
LXII.
as
should encourage the Beautiful,
poich
Bello
(276)
itself.
{da se
them
Sentiments
stesso)
man
join
Useful en-
the
Utile
man, opinions
to
unire
(25)
from opinions
spring
we
if
risultare
could
(253)
Many things
(167)
we cannot do alone,
eva
noi
A
(201)
ance of others.
may
be
(276) (214)
soldier
effettuare
to
obey blindly
(276)
I
(that)
(276*)
to
aloud ?
The Queen
is
(280)
the
ever.
(57) laccio
tratto
expected
(277)
break
(175) rompere
bear them for
portare
Id8
IDIOMS
AND REMAEKS ON
VERBS.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
281. Verbs ending in care and gare take the letter h before
the vowels e or
z.
Ex.
Peccare,
pecco,
To
I sin,
sin,
Pagare,
To
pay,
pecca,
he sins,
pecchiamo, &c.
paghi,
paga,
thou payest, he pays,
paghiamo, &c.
pecchi,
thou sinnest,
pago,
I pay,
we
we
:
sin.
pay.
Andare a piede,
Andare in legno, in carrozza.
Andare a cavallo.
Andare a vele gonfie.
Andar dietro a,
Andare a male,
Andare a marito.
Andare a vuoto,
Andare in estasi.
Andare in collera,
Andare in mal ora,
Andare alla lunga,
To walk, to go on foot.
To drive.
To ride.
To prosper.
To follow.
To decay, to decline in health.
To get a husband.
To fail.
To fall into ecstasies.
To get into a passion.
To go to ruin.
To last a long time, to go on
Andare
To end
slowly.
alle corte.
quickly, to
come
to a
decision.
To be proud, haughty.
To like.
To sink.
To cross one's mind.
To get worse and worse.
To get better and better.
Andare altiero.
Andare a genio.
Andare a fondo.
Andar per la mente.
Andar
Andar
di male in peggio.
di bene in meglio,
lungo andare,
exercise
(Old people) like
(57)
vecchio
what
(167)
is
lxiii.
useful,
that
and think
glitters,
of the end.
little
risplendere
(169)
want
mancanza
(282)
and
of light
occupies.
The
Naples
state of
now
In the long-run,
are
liars
hugiardo
even when
anche
meritar fede
when
to
be
pitied,
(241) (214) compiangere
they tell the truth.
The
them some
Law-suits
they often
processo
air.
while
Sardinia steadily
mentre che Sardegna
(282)
may
These flowers
fine.
luce
improves, and
149
From the
shore
we saw
perde
People who
(173)
never
the
argue,
as passion blinds
disputare
accecare
weapon
first
principale (61)
to ask favours
ously.
All
requisite
for
reason,
and so deprives us of
*
togliere
an argument.
I do not like
necessario
from strangers.
Our
affairs are
going on prospcr-
a
their
plans
have
failed,
and
their position
is
get-
prorjetto
Every crime
begins with a
criminal
^delittuoso
thought, which
at first
crosses
da prima
returns to tempt
its
victim,
stealthily
alia sfuggita
who in
its
promptings,
instigazione
and
blindly
ciecamente
goes to ruin.
150
Dare,
to give.
to,
and ridare^
Dare means
also to strike.
vha
che
egli fatto ?
Dare addosso ad
Dar fede
Dare ad
Dar
uno,
nella rete,
Dare il cuore,
Mi da V animo
a,
a,
To
del voi a,
a.
alla luce,
Darsi pensiero
di,
To promi
la
a,
allo studio.
ad
tutto,
uno.
flight.
Darsi a fare.
Dar
Dare
a,
del lei
Darsi
To believe.
To make believe.
To address one in
Dar
Dar
Why
di fare,
intendere
Dar
Dare
or V animo
a.
del tu
Darsela a gambe,
Dar
Ex.
To lend.
To set on fire.
To give chase to.
To begin, or to finish.
To account for.
To apply one's-self to study.
To meddle in everything.
To enjoy one's-self.
To console, reconcile one's-self.
To give one's-self much trouble.
To throw the blame on one.
IDIOMS AND REMARKS ON VERBS.
Dar
To
To
To
To
retta a,
Dar mano a.
Dar una mano
Dar luogo a,
a,
151
mind, to listen, to
begin to do.
lieed.
help.
EXERCISE LXIV.
The
first
person
who was
(214)
was Julius
Cassar.
The
Giulio Cesare
person feminine
(284)
singular,
was introduced
cavalry
Italy
by the
cavalleria
promised
into
War gives
Spagnuolo
our
the od
in
irr.
Spaniards.
in
(61) costume.
(284)
us
to
(284) (123)
the time of our
first
parents, every
From
{Fin da)
salotto
The
Do
mortalize
name.
his
(194)
themselves.
have not
"To
(284)
his law-suit.
sell
(72)
the heart to
tell
glow-worms
which the
(178)
him
(284)
for
lucciola
lite
Italian proverb, of
not heed
meaning
significazione
lamps,"
lanterna
is,
is
a pretty
that people
(213)
try
volere
152
make
to
(280) (284)
(233)
Fare,
285,
suit
The
to
make,
to do.
disfare, to
undo
soddisfare,
to
with Fare:
Farsi animo,
Far animo.
Far
capolino,
Far all'amore
Far alto.
Far pompa,
con.
Fare il grugno.
Sul far del giorno,
Sul far della notte,
Far
di mestieri.
Farsi innanzi,
Farsi in qua,
Farsi in l, indietro,
Far brindisi.
Fare la spia.
Fare il sarto, il calzolaio, &c.
Fare una visita.
Fare una passeggiata,
Fare ini bagno,
satisfy
confare, to
To take courage.
To give courage,
To peep in.
To make love to.
To halt.
To boast.
To sulk.
At
At
contraffare, to
encourage.
To be necessary.
To advance.
To draw near.
To draw back.
To drink a toast.
To be a spy.
To be a tailor, shoemaker.
To pay a visit.
To take a walk.
To take a bath.
To be fine.
To bo bad weather.
To be cold, warm, damp.
To breakfast.
To lunch.
To pretend.
To display.
To please.
To replace, to represent.
To be wrecked.
To set sail.
IDIOMS AND REMARKS ON VERBS.
Far
Fare
accoglienza,
Farsi
Fare
153
da mercante,
V orecchio
beffe di,
attenzione,
Far vedere,
Far inale a,
Far parola di.
Far prova di coraggio,
EXERCISE LXV.
Alexander
killed
Alessandro Kccidereirr.
of
(286)
Never
Giove
good advice.
We
are often
more inclined
consiglio
than to
(105)
die of
to ridicule misfortunes
a (286)
disposto
them.
pity
disgrazia
than
a merchant
be
rather)
preferire
nobile
averjnetcl (138)
hunger
(286)
at Venice, Florence,
[anzich] (286)
lignaggio
of Christianity.
We were
(286)
ordered to halt at the close of the
filosofia
(218)
(286)
evening, and to (set out again) at break of day.
ripartire
they will
cheat
you.
Do
(286)
not mention
ingannare
On
(286)
Be
careful or
(286)
(of) it to
any
one.
chicchesia
(286)
(286)
the reign of Louis XII., people dined
(91)
supped almost
cenare quasi
courage,
my
when we
breakfast,
lunch.
and
(286)
(213)
despair
(286)
(286)
(286)
friend,
when we
In
is
unworthy of a Christian.
disperazione
The
154
IDIOMS
coast.
Queen Henrietta
the Irish
(286)
(286)
misled
every one,
ingannare
(194)
displaying great moderation in her religious views.
(33)
disposed
towards
and
Protestants,
opinione
(286)
Stare,
The
287.
by
to be distant
to
remain.
Distare,
soprastare or so-
and contrastare
stare
trastare
means
to contest either
by word or
Stare in piedi,
Star bene, or male,
To stand.
To be well,
or unwell, to be well
off.
Sta lene.
Star su,
Stare a sentire,
Stare a sedere,
Star per.
Star bene a cavallo.
Star di casa.
He
How
is
well.
To get up.
To listen.
To be seated.
To be on the
To ride well.
To reside.
Do
point
of.
are you ?
tell me.
This dress does not become you.
not
That
is
not right.
To be on
one's guard.
To remain
idle,
with
crossed.
Stare a vedere^
To
wait, to do nothing.
arms
IDIOMS AND REMARKS ON VERBS.
Star
il
in dubbio, or in forse,
fra To be
155
in doubt, wavering.
si e il no,
To bold firm.
To agree together.
To be quiet.
To be silent.
To cheer up.
To let alone, not to
Star saldo,
Stare in pace, d'accordo,
Star fermo, quieto,
Stare zitto, cheto,
Star allegro, di buon animo,
Lasciare stare,
Sta a me, a voi, &c.,
my
It is
for
touch.
me,
it
is
for you.
EXERCISE LXVI.
vigilia
died.
We
(243)
remained standing
all
(244)
we were
Queen's presence.
That
child cannot
(288)
The
in tlie
(288)
(77)
(288)
(253)
gates of the city to the victorious army of their enemies.
porta
vittorioso
like
am
not well.
(288)
ease.
Arabo
Turks remain
all
(288)
dreaming. People
sognare
('288)
grazia
disinvoltura
who
fumare
want
firmness are perpetually
mancare di
in
166
IDIOMS
doubt.
Misers
live
always
poorly
to-day to be well off tostentatamente
per
avaro
morrow.
Those who
listen to
what
(237)
site
In Dresden we
oppoDresda
dirim A great misfortune
lived
petto a
ambasciatore
threatens
sventura
palazzo
reasons,
(287)
decide.
it
is
for
you
to
(288)
was
Caisar
in
doubt
if
he should
cross
Rubicone
SECOND CONJUGATION.
289. All words that have the diphthong mo, drop the u when
the tonic accent
falls
singular,
and the
first
in lere,
as volere, dolere,
in the first person
the indicative, and in all the persons of the present of the subjunctive.
Ex.
Che
vogliate, vogliano,
we wish, they
I, thou, he, we,
wish.
I, we, they are in the
That I, thou, he, we,
I wish,
That
wish.
you, they
may
habit.
am
in the
first
plural of the present of the indicative, and in all the three per-
REMARKS ON VERBS.
IDIOMS AND
157
sons singular and third person plural of the present of the sub-
Ex.
junctive.
Rimango, rimangono,
Che rimanga, rimanga, rimanga,
rimangano,
Tengo, tengono,
Che tenga,
That
may
hold.
292. All verbs ending in lere and nere double the consonant
Ex.
To be
To
would be worth.
hold, I shall hold, I
would
hold.
293. Let the pupil observe that the preterite of irregular verbs
is
only irregular in
i\iQ first
first
person,
person plural.
Ex.
Scrissi,
Scrisse,
Scrissero,
I wrote.
he wrote.
Presi,
Prese,
I took.
he took.
they wrote.
Presero,
they took.
Lessi,
Lesse,
I read.
he read.
Lessero,
they read.
EXERCISE LXVII.*
hung
In the captivity of Babylon, the virgins of Judah
schiavit
Babilonia
Giuda appendere
on willow-trees and wept. Benvenuto Cellini wrote
salice
(150) arpa a
(293)
his biography at 60 years of age.
The reasons that they adduced
their harps
addurre
biografia
are
not convincing
enough.
convincere (268)
witnesses.
testimone
He
He
preferred an obscure
(brought forward)
six
produrre
and tranquil
anteporre
* Irregular verba are no longer marked.
life
(73)
to
the
158
splendour of a throne.
arono
ginning of spring.
We
They are
will
(292)
fino
in the habit
of
two months
for
the sea-shore.
to
presso
by the Inquisition
torturare
teoria
(289)
number
of
moves
pure
the Edinburgh Review
it
does move."
will contain
an
round
ref.
intorno
The next
article
on the
Rivista
Some
arts.
294.
To KNOW
Sapere implies
is
to
in
Sapere la
lezione,
Io conosco vostro
zio,
to
know through
but not io so
vostro zio,
295.
Focili
To know
Conoscere implies
To KNOW how
know your
Ex.
uncle.
is
felicita
che posseggono,
To know by heart.
To displease.
To be clever, cunning.
I
can
toll
you.
Ex.
Vi so dire,
the lesson.
the senses.
IDIOMS AND REMARKS ON VERES.
Sapere
Ex.
of.
is
159
EXERCISE LXVIII.
"
How
all
know ?"
(169)
" I would give much more to
(74)
conceited pedant to a lady.
all
know
answer.
witty
Charles
said
iv.,
how much
" Prince, I
they have
to
the
Emperor
know
all
it is
for
you
done
operare
;
in
Petrarca
medals
valuable ancient
medaglia
prezioso
(263)
know
Petrarch,
spiritoso
presenting some
said a
to imitate
know
them."
(288)
(74)
This
Camellias are beautiful flowers, but they have no smell.
Camelia
(296)
(79)
oranges smell badly.
These
dish has very little taste.
vivanda
(296)
(57) arancio (296)
command
others.
bridle their
to
capace
(173)
frenare
Dolabella
own
(156)
said to
Cicero,
"
Do you
Cicerone
know
that I
am
" I ought to
know
(89)
it,"
answered Cicero,
" for
dachi
telling
it
it
is
(7)
to
me."
to
(127)
everything without studying anything.
(189)
better than
La
{gli uomini)
(262)
(202)
Bruyre.
It displeases him that you were not
(296)
160
ne
kuew how
(295)
had the
ne
to
It
said that
is
(214)
dress
vegetables in such a way that they
cucinare (57) erbaggio
(185*) guisa
The
polio
ottava
peculiar
melody.
particolar
melodia.
(31)
Tenere da uno,
Tenere a bada,
Tenere in contrario,
Tenere uno per galantuomo
Tenere le lagrime,
Tener le risa,
Tener conto di,
Tenere a battesimo.
Tener mano.
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
back one.
with.
be of different opinions.
believe one an honest man.
restrain one's tears.
and Mettere
to.
To love, to like.
To hate, to dislike.
One must have.
Voler bene a.
Voler male a.
Ci vuole.
Si vuole.
It
is
said,
they pretend,
they
believe.
Voler dire.
Mettersi a,
Mettersi a dormire,
Mettersi a tavola.
Mettersi a sedere,
Mettersi in testa.
Mettersi all'ombra.
Mettersi in via, in viaggio,
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
mean.
set about, to begin.
go to sleep.
go to table.
sit down.
take into one's head.
go in the shade.
set out on a journey.
exercise lxix.
to
himself on
IDIOMS AND REMARKS ON VERBS.
a
stone
opposite the
pietra dirimpetto
served in Florence.
servare
when he began
still
is
Duomo
^(214)
pre-
^ancora ^con-
to
(298)
before evening.
finish it
Cathedral, which
161
In
(263)
carriage overturned, and as
vettura
we were
not hurt,
rovesciarsi
from laughing.
He
took
it
into his
head
to
(298)
We recommended him
honest man. He
with
alone.
to you,
ascend Vesuvius
Vesuvio
(297)
(297)
said
we thought him an
as
trifles
It is
we
(286)
the type
but
\nQn \he
is
2
(298)
To be an accomplice a crime
a
(297)
begin
same
commit
a (298)
che
than
an enemy. mean that one must have
(105)
(298)
(298)
precepts
be
good
The
come pure precetto per
Queen was godmother
the
In order speak
of their national character.
in
carattere
is
the
as to
friend
to
inspiration
delitto
it.
to dislike a
It is easier to
like
to
to
princess.
poet.
ispirazione
(297)
or to
to
(66)
write well, one must have ideas and words present to the mind.
(298)
(297)
(297)
beth never ceased to hate a French
(298)
ridiculed her French pronunciation.
pronunzia.
(286) (154)
won.
He had
Queen
vncere
Eliza-
(33)
162
THIRD CONJUGATION.
299. Idioms formed with Venire
To faint, to fail.
To be esteemed.
To be blamed, praised.
To come to blows, to a
conclu-
sion.
To
He
wished
to travel.
I remember.
The
tears
come
to
my
eyes.
occhi.
To come
to light, to appear.
He was
Convenire may
Ex.
person.
esser egli
also
mean,
uomo dabbene,
Convenire is used
Ex.
assemble.
imper-
life.
to
him.
man.
Udire,
to
is
by another
to save liis
la vita,
Convengo
be necessary,
after it if followed
sonal,
to hear.
They met
Sentire,
in the market-place.
to feel.
verb
to
person,
rendered by ricever
Udirono, or sentirono
Io mi sento male,
Abbiamo
una
voce,
to feel.
lettere, or notizie.
I
They heard
I feel
We
To hear from a
Ex.
a report.
ill.
AND REMARKS ON VERBS.
IDIOMS
163
EXERCISE LSX.
I agree with
(173)
(300)
must be a good man.
said, that
to
per
They
met
in
but
a friend's house,
(300)
(300)_
separated without agreeing (on anything), having nearly come
quasi (225)
di
nulla
separarsi
(300)
Cato, at eighty, fancied for the first time to learn
to blows.
(299)
(299) Catone
Gothic ruins on the banks of
viewing the
Greek. In
riva
(263) contemplare
(50) Gotico rovina
the Rhine, we remembered the famous robbers of the thirteenth
Reno
(299)
whom
century, against
secolo
towns agreed
to
form
a league,
The
first
stampare
lega
(300)
hundred
(41)
printed books that
We hear
(301)
Tasso was once
to cease
writing at
(300)
having no candles
night,
from
hunger.
Xenophon
blamed
is
Senofonte (299)
with a
pen.
novelist's
rendere
of ignorance
to
fit
To
writing
for
govern men,
it
is
necessary to
(300)
be governed, by dissipating the darkness
capace
and
history
(262*)
Per
romanziere
make them
faint
(299)
tenebra
superstition.
The
ambassadors assembled in
(300)
settle
the dispute between Switzerland and Prussia.
per comporre
Svizzera
fra
Newspapers first appeared under the aristocratic government
Paris to
gazzetta
(299)
aristocratico
REMARKS ON VERBS.
IDIOMS AND
1G4
To Play.
The English verb
302.
different significations,
to play, which
must be rendered
To play a game,
To play upon an
To play a part,
To play on one,
To play false,
To ^play,
in the
"
amuse one
To
To
is
used with so
many
by a
Ex,
parti-
in Italian
various significations.
its
Giuocare
a.
Suonare
instrument.
il.
Prendersi giuoco
Ingannare.
di.
s-self,
Fare una
play a trick.
To TAKE,
303.
prendere,
is
take away.
'^
by levare, portar
T'"^'
^y
^'""''^ ^'^
Take the
Take
To UNDERSTAND, TO
He
off,
me
to
pay a
visit.
table-cloth.
in the following
ways
stato detto,
305. It is said, it
^^''^^'-
this book.
vien riferito,
Sento che,
took
*^'
Ho sapulo,
Mi
Mi
via, to take
Ex.
^^'sMla
304.
celia, burla.
I
I
am given to understand.
hear or learn that.
is
It is reported that
soon be dissolved.
Parliament will
IDIOMS
165
EXERCISE LXXI.
The
Svizzero
long
played,
(so
much)
bramare talmente
was forbidden to play it
proibire
Henry
service.
of
iv.
the
Bans
own
des Vaches,
in the
country, that
rivedere
-inf.
it
air,
nazionale aria
^(263)
a
France used
(280)
(303)
soothe
Saul's
back.
David played on the harp to
per
{150) spalla p.
fury.
The fountains played all day at Pots-
dam.
Spanish
(302)
Spagnuolo
for
esiliare
becillit
false,
vergognosamente
them.
perdere
solved to ruin
sador, because
Louis
when he had
re-
an ambas-
suddito (38)
he played
billiards skilfully.
Do
bigliardo abilmente.
fool.
sciocco.
The
(305)
Spaniards brought chocolate
Dutch
Olandese
and English
claim
(302)
has (broken out) in Sicily.
scoppiare
Sicilia.
from
Mexico, and
Messico
the
attribuirsi
166
first
IDIOMS
to
your
sister.
giacinto
(303)
Socrates was not ashamed to phiy with children. In Louis
Socrate
(231)
(302)
in
and
{\bO) stivale
spurs.
Mazarin,
sjrone.
took
Mazzarini
A bbisognare
Abbondare
dl
danaro,
di provvisioni,
Adornarsi
di
gemme,
To want money.
To abound in provisions.
To perceive a mistake.
To adorn one's-self with jewels.
To grieve for the misfortuneB
of
others.
Appagarsi di poco,
Ardere di sdegno,
Arrossire
vergogna,
di
Aver piet
degli infelici,
Avvedersi elVinganno,
To
Caricare
Colmare
di
di gentilezze,
is
neces-
sary.
Coprire di un velo.
Decidere della vittoria.
Diffidarsi
eW adulazione.
Empire
di confusione,
Guarnire di velluto,
Innamorarsi di una persona,
Intendersi di
belle arti,
Ingombrare la tavola di
Languire d fame,
fiancare di buon senso.
libri,
IDIOMS AND
REMARKS ON VERBS.
Cagionare
di politica,
Rammentarsi
)
i n
^^^^^^ Promessa,
incordarsi
\
Ridersi delle censure.
Ringraziare ei favore.
To remember
the promise.
To laugh at censure.
To return thanks for the favour.
To resent an injury.
To surfeit with food.
To decrease in popularity.
To revenge a betrayal.
Risentirsi di un'ingiuria,
Satollarsi di dbo.
Scemare
167
di jjopolarit.
Vendicarsi di wn tradimento.
EXERCISE LXXII.
We
tortura
(306)
they refused to reveal the names of the conspira-
erede.
with death,
if
svelare
tovi.
In
cospira-
tore.
Ifigenia
(268)
in the faces of the spectators every
esaurito
spettatore
volto
Those who
(306)
who
is
The best
(306)
the future.
robes
veste
are not so
(165)
content themselves with little, To laugh at
(306)
the censure of the world
is
(306)
ermellino
rich as those
the past,
Regal
much
possess
hid
art,
ulteriore
(306)
In
way
(306)
Italy,
to
it
is
forget
(34) Conte
(306)
IDIOMS AND REMARKS ON VERBS,
168
and
thirst before
he died.
The
island
abounded in
(306)
inf.
provisions,
but the
natives
on
lived
fruit
game
and
cacciagione
and on
roots.
(306)
Simonides perceived such a connexion between painting and
Simonide
fra
(306)
poetrv, that he called painting mute poetry, and poetry speaking
(268)
painting.
ai
Appigliarsi ad un partilo,
Appoggiarsi
al
muro,
ApprossimaTsi^^^^
Avvicinarsi
Badare
'
To draw near
alle
al coccJiiere,
Dispiacere
ai genitori,
Domandare ad un
or approach the
fii'o.
'
conseguenze,
Credere ad wn impostore,
Dire
propri doveri,
amico.
rispetto,
Nuocere al prossimo,
Pensare ai lontani,
Perdonare ai nemici,
Permettere ai lavoranti di far festa,
Pervenire agli onori,
Piacere ai buoni.
Proibire ai nostri figli distare oziosi,
Bassomigliare ad una persona,
Pesistere alle tentazioni,
Ribellarsi aXVopressione,
Piflettere all'avvenire.
Rinunziare al mondo.
Rispondere ad una lettera.
Rubare
ai viaggiatori.
Ubbidire
reju-
ai genitori,
To obey
one's parents.
reputa-
IDIOMS AND REMARKS ON VERBS.
169
EXERCISE LXXIII.
it.
to
to
resist temptation ought
(276) (280)
(280) (307)
chose for the device of his shield a
*
Spartano scegliere
divisa
scudo
(276)
A Spartan
evitare
size,
and being ridiculed by his friends, he
fly
of natural
grandezza
mosca
"
answered them,
I will approach the enemy so closely, that he
[da vicino)
(307)
shall see clearly
enough
this
mark."
Dante
says, that
it
is
We
to reflect
(307)
di (307)
cision.
Bacchus was
the
first
on our
offer
ojerta
to teach
men
(262)
Bacco
The
water,
vite
Virgil
a glass of
(307) Virgilio
he was passing through their city, displeased the
as
mentre
per
(237)
(307)
name
of
Pythagoras believed
in the trans-
Pittagora
tras-
(of)
servirsi
them
for food.
(138)
degree of splendour.
grado
The
Siracusa
cibo
cdto
(307)
(263)
(307)
the vices of his youth, and faithfully performed all the duties of
Martial music
(307)
confidence. Christianity
the only
(307)
his position.
'^marziale
is
Cristianesimo
(252)
and
soldato
religion
170
to ininre
no one, and
(307)
It
tion
(307)
(202)
before infinitives,
is
And when
the preposition to
motion, by
a.
308.
The
(See
rendered in Italian by
is
9.)
no motion
is
'}
Condannare a viver
in esilio,
Continuare^^^j
Cominciare
although
'
To accustom
one's-self to study.
To
continue to liem.
J
)
Principiare r'^''"'^''''''
Dilettarsi \ ,
Divertirsi r^''''''^''
Dare a raccomodare,
Esibirsi
'"<".
Froferird} '
S;;-.-i
-/"'.
To begin
Impiegare a copiare,
Incoraggiare a parlare,
Insegnare a ricamare,
Invitare a venire,
Obbligare
Costringere > a chiedere scusa,
to print.
To amuse
one's-self fishing.
To
give to be mended.
To
offer to teach.
To expose
To
Forzare
a,
expressed.
Abihiarsi
Accostumarsi
studiare,
Assuefarsi
Avvezzarsi
Adattarsi a vivere senza lusso,
Aspirare ad imitare,
Attendere a cucire,
Seguitare
(See 5.)
d.
one's-self to sulTer.
learn to sketch.
To employ to copy.
To encourage to speak.
To teach to embroider.
To invite to come.
To
oblige to apologize.
Occuparsi a fortificare,
Perseverare a negare.
Prepararsi a viaggiare,
Proseguire a querelarsi,
To be occupied in fortifying
To persevere in denying.
To prepare to travel.
To continue to complain.
To remain
Tenersi pronto
!x
partire,
sitting.
To be ready
to start.
IDIOMS AND REMARKS ON VERBS.
171
EXERCISE LXXIV.
beside
that of
morte accanto a
sleep, in order to
accustom themselves
sonno
as the
self
to consider sleep
and death
(308)
same
thing.
Domii'ian,
Eoman
Domiziano (38)
and killing flies
catching
acchiappare
(308)
in
his
imperial palace.
ammazzare
palazzo
Joan of Arc, who, under the walls of Orleans, defeated the
(60'')
Giovanna
sconfiggere
English, and forced them to raise the siege of that town,
levare
assedio
(308)
having afterwards fiillen into the hands of her enemies, was
quindi
(225)
condemned
be burned as
to
(308)
Rouen.
From Horace
to love virtue
was invited
(38) Strega
(3)
to give a
(308)
(on being asked)
code
of laws to the
codice
why he
domandatogli
town
of Gyrenes, and
Cirene
(308)
per (308)
seguire
Daring the siege of Constantinople, the inhabitants, instead of
Durante
assedio
in vece
thinking of the common danger, were occupied disputing
pericolo
contrastare
(308)
about theological questions, and before (that) they
accanitamente sopra
(307)
bitterly
controversia.
172
CHAPTER
X.
manner, &c.
Giunsero
tardi,
Dimorano
B09.
..
They
j.^
live
well.
Grande, grandemente,
Great, greatly.
Diligent, diligently.
'
o,
that vowel
is
changed
Ex.
Oscuro, oscuramente,
Bieco, riccamente,
Empio, empiamente,
311.
arrived late
Ex.
Diligente, diligentemente,
into a.
of time, place,
vicino al ponte,
Many
They
...
Ella
Mia
_ parla
mente.
some circumstance
Ex.
When
'
Obscure, obscurely.
Eich, richly.
Impious, impiously.
Amorevole, amorevolmente,
Particolare, particolarmente,
le
or re, the e
must be sup-
Ex.
Loving, lovingly.
Particular, particularly.
Ex.
Piangendo
forte,
'
Weeping
bitterly.
Non
La
mai
rideva mai,
Previdenza tace
or
I
talvolta,
ma
dorms mai,
non
|
giammai
after.
Ex.
He
never laughed.
Providence is sometimes
never sleeps.
silent,
but
signification of ever, or at
lire
Ex.
173
ADVERr.S.
Chi
mai pensato
vi avrebbe
Fu il pi
contento
uomo
Who
He
che giammai
fosse, B.
ever was.
orders to the women, that
they were never to reveal to any
one who they were.
He gave
comandT), che ad
alcuna persona mai manifestassero
chi fossero, B.
Alle sue
315,
femmine
Mai
sJ,
no,
when
it
is
Ex.
Una parte
del
Mai sempre
hrine, P.
It is a part of the
316.
both languages.
rendered by
s,
yes
alike in
Yes
is
di
Ex.
di no, no.
Noi vedesti tu
Non
si
is
lo.
No,
lo conosco,
No.
yes,
when
EXERCISE LXXV,
is
stima
lights
easily
and
accendersi
like
{simile
fire
ad)
of
straw,
which
paglia
can
estinguersi
properly
be called virtuous
unless
it be fully
proprio (310) (214)
(a meno che)
pieno (310)
approved of by one's own conscience. The best champion of
*
(156)
(121) campione
liberty
is
he
(165)
devotedly the laws.
devoto
Then
Allora
(171)
ever have thought, that a
(314)
(313)
man
Who
(172)
{poco fa)
(314)
would
would
174
ADVERBS.
by a corrupt
heart.
welcome novelty.
accogliere
his
The
The
Friendship
human mind
is
is
never
(313)
ready to
ever
(315) iironto
whom
Cardinal to
Ariosto dedicated
novit
sarcasti-
(307)
(622) ironico
cally, " My good fellow, where did you ever find such nonsense?"
[caro mio)
corbelleria p.
(310)
(624)
Physicians
cure
sometimes,
guarire
cheer their patients.
rallegrare
malato
relieve
often,
and generally
sollevare
A Spanish king
obstinately refused to
The
317.
a,
From
From
Quindi,
Quinci,
Up here.
Up there.
Down there.
There below.
Up and down.
e gi,
When
318.
no particular
is
used
the place
is
adverb of place,
ci or vi
Ex.
ployed.
Andate
tLat place.
this place.
Where.
Whence.
Dove,
Onde, donde, di dove,
Quass,
Lass,
Quaggi,
Su
:-
Here.
There.
qui, qua,
col,
Go
no room.
posto,
Chi ia?
Or
fvjstarvi tutto
Who
there?
Now that you are there, I advise you
to remain all the winter.
is
ADVERBS.
319. Qui or qua
speaker
we
is
175
is
cost, cost,
L,
col,
ivi,
quivi,
Let
whom
to
a place
Ex.
is
mark
time there
we
selves here.
When
veniste,
EXERCISE LXXVI.
Skins for the use of writing were
pelle
gamus, in
gamo
dressed at Per-
first
are in the habit of going there every year for three months.
(318)
(280)
He
addurre
when
long
Here
Do you intend
(318)
remain there
(132)
(that)
we
to
(319)
are the verses (that)
When we were
in
(318)
lived
near the cathedral
dimorare presso
duomo
and afterwards we
Since
you are
Poich
there,
you should
visit
(319)
we proceeded on
a
spent the night.
mines.
coal
the
[carbon fossile) cava
(317)
neighbouring town, where we
vicino
pursuing
correr dietro a
passare
From thence
a mirage called
fantasma
happiness, which
is
176
320. Ora, iow,
Allora, composed of
Finora,
Qualora,
Till
Early.
Since tben.
Fin d'allora.
D'ora in ora.
In mal ora,
Per ora.
D'allora in
From hour
From
poi.
in poi,
then
is
employed
is
Just now.
used when
tlien signifies
for consequently,
Era
allora costume
pranzare
nella
mattina,
Slamo dunque
vero,
ceived me.
322.
No
longer
pi lungi, non pi
is
non pi innanzi.
oltre,
In both
the
It
nato.
Non
when
is
Ex.
sit,
Se do
that time.
Henceforth.
321. Allora
to hour.
In an unlucky hour.
D'oggi in poi,
Or
now.
Whenever.
buon'ora,
D'ora
expressions
a quella ora,
Ex.
Di
many
is
oltre,
non is
pi innanzi,
cases,
Ex.
liazione,
is
I will encourage
tensions.
locii
Ex.
Di quando
n-itempo
Ui
Da
US go no farther.
Ij(it
oltre le
vostre pretensioni,
in quando,
.^
tempo,
quando in qua,
in
Fino a quando,
Quando... quando,
'
-,
now and
then.
since when,
how
how long
is it
since ?
long.
17'
ADVERB,
Egli venne di quando
He
in (quando
carne
to see
vederci,
land
now on
on
foot,
horseback.
EXERCISE LXSVII.
Louis the Sixteenth then mounted the
(321)
the following words to the people
seguente
enemies
my
I wish that
scaffold,
and addressed
indirizzare
palco,
(91)
death"... The
farther, as
ing.
How long
The
(323)
is it
since they
(265)
have
let
their
house?
appigionare
(323)
Gauls were then husbandmen, and were easily subdued by
Gallo
agricoltore
soggiogare
the warlike
Romans.
bellicoso
is
now
semplice
(323)
seen the " Pilgrim's
Pellegrino
"When you hear from
your
(320)
me know
fare{\21)
(it.)
ceives early
(248)
(301)
its
aspettare
you hourly.
(320)
324. Merc, signifying by the grace or kindness
of, is
followed
178
by the genitive, and is sometimes preceded by the definite article.
Ex.
I came here, where, by the ^xaq,q of
Q me ne venni, dove, merce d'Iddio
1
e di questa gentildonna,
325.
God and
scampato
sono, B.
lady, I
more used
in
iion
am
in safety.
prima, as soon
an elevated style
as,
no sooner, are
appena or
Come
dered.
lo
As
are
Ad
Da capo, again.
Da senno, seriously.
Da solo a solo,_ |tgte.-tte.
Con comodo,
A
A
buon'ora, early.
caso, by chance.
destra, to the right.
Ad onta,
in spite
malincore,
> unwillingly.
3Ial volentieri, )
Di mano in mano, gradually.
Di nuovo, again.
gara, in emulation.
AlVimprovviso, unexpectedly.
AWincirca,
i
i,
i.
un di presso,
Almeno,
r^'-'^^'"'^''''^at least.
Al pi
A
A
A
^mquadro,^
Alia rinfusa,
A
A
r>a banda,
disparte, i^''"^^-
Dirottamente, heavily.
In avvenire,
\ through and
j
in future.
{^">
tin short.
Jn somma, )
In fretta, in a hurry.
In un batter d'occhio,
marno
In un attimo,
|
In vece, instead.
Niente
Di nascosto,
i ui
Di soppiatto, r^'^'^^^'^Di presente, presently
Di rado, seldom.
'
tempo, in time.
Cio, vale
In
^^^
sufficienza, sufficiently.
A un
,
\ ,.
i'^^^'^'Sb-
of.
^gr-^';^^}now-a-days.
quattro occhi.
Di buon grado,
Di buona voglia,
Di mala voglia,
all
went
andarono incontro,
through.
179
Prima
Su due piedi,
at once.
Tanto pi,
much
so
the more.
^^'''^'.]-sooD, byandby,
'
A
momenti, j
'
'
much
more.
EXERCISE LXXVIII.
The language
of the heart
and of truth
linguaggio
palaces.
Hail
is
seldom spoken in
is
(214)
rain crystallized
cristallizzare
the earth.
Taste
is
dono
(326)
shovdd rather die than commit a dishonourable
gusto
of art.
One
action.
Play
(213) (276)
that piece of music again.
The
(302)
(326)
vented by Pythagoras, a native of Samos
Pittagora
Samo
y was
in-
ramo
letter
vice, the
(163)
The
gladiaRomans. From
gladia-
left.
former
tore
(326)
that time he has by degrees increased his savings, and
'
risparmio
(320)
(326)
enough
to retire
from commerce.
now
A word
ritirarsi
of advice given in
season,
may
just be
consiglio
life
(326)
of repentance.
As soon as we opened cur trunks, the
than we expected.
attendersi.
(107)
It
much more
rigour
(326)
180
PKFPOSITION8,
is
She wept
bitterly as soon as
(326)
(325)
read aloud in a foreign language
Straniero ^
(326)
To
CHAPTER XL
PREPOSITIONS.
We
have already treated of the prepositions di, a, da^ employed as segnacasi, in the first chapter but as prepositions are
often used in Italian in a way differing altogether from the
;
some
of
327. In Italian, di
is
of.
to, after
Voi
l'erede di
siete
ima gran
You
for-
Ex.
tuna,
TI
The Prince
of Prussia
is
nephew to
the king.
328.
When
if
is
mentioned,
da
is
is
we
menused.
Ex.
This gentleman is from Dublin.
The Medicis of Florence.
Raphael a native of Urbino.
Leonard a native of Vinci.
La
Leonardo da
329.
Vinci,
When
the preposition
Additatemi
Vho
in Italian
la strada di
Livorno,
it
to Pisa.
181
PREPOSITIONS.
330.
Di
is
Esser adorno
carico
contento
dotato
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
di,
di,
di,
di,
provveduto
di,
soddisfatto di,
sorpreso
di,
stupefatto di.
Viaggiar di giorno^
di ?2oe.
A,
The
be
be
be
be
be
be
be
be
:-
adorned with.
laden or loaded with.
pleased with.
endowed with.
provided with.
satisfied with.
surprised at.
astonished at.
travel by day.
travel by night.
live
to, at.
preposition
voi.
We
Andare
Andare
Andare
a due a due,
al buio,
sWoscuro,
alla volta di
Roma.
Cantare a maravialia,
Cvcinare alla Francese,
ko,..
Darsi a conoscere,
Fare sW^ peggio, alla meglio.
Giungere n\Y impensata,
Morire a
is
centinaia.
To go two by two.
To go in the dark.
To go towards Eome.
To sing wonderfully well.
To cook, in the French fashion.
To make one's-self known.
To do one's worst, one's best.
To arrive suddenly.
To die by hundreds.
To set oif by stealth.
To spend foolishly.
To remain open mouthed, with
one's head hung down, with
downcast eyes.
182
PREPOSITIONS.
Trovare
Vestire
le
W Italiana,
&c.,
Vivere &\Vantica,
Un battello a vapore,
Un bastimento a vela,
Un mulino a vento,
Un cannone carico a metraglia,
A
A
steam-boat.
A
A
wind-mill.
cannon loaded
sailing-vessel.
with grape-
shot.
Un fucile
carico a palla,
balls,
EXERCISE LXXIX.
Almost
This
all
macaroni
maccherone
Parmesan
dressed
is
cheese.
promotes
his
Napoletano
One
Parmigiano formaggio
own
French fashion.
the
in
(332)
p.
in the
who
(173)
happiness
is
(330)
but one who
is
endowed with
promuovere
1
vegetables.
The
hills
are
collina
so
great
that
we
The
Brahmins live on
Bramino (330)
covered with snow. The heat was
neve
(330)
by
slept
day and
travelled
bv night.
(330)
The
eagle,
aquila
giudice
claws,
[51) artglio
The
preda
plains of Babylon, and those
pianura Babilonia
destinare
of
and
sharp
Eng-
provided with
(330)
beak,
is
clearly
tagliente
shepherds
pastore
who
Egypt, seem
Egitto
to
inhabited the
183
PREPOSITIONS.
first
devote
themselves to the contemplation of the stars.
consacrare
to
giant.
The Swiss
gigante
Svizzero
(332)
on the Neapolitans (with) cannons loaded with
a -wind-mill for a
Chisciotte prendere
soldiers
fired
far fuoco
grape-shot.
sailing-vessels.
The
(332)
musical scale was invented by Guido, a
*
(332)
(332)
will be
scala
We
(328)
happy
are
to hear that
(244)
you are pleased with your new home. The road to Portici
dimora
(330)
(329)
crosses
charming hills, covered with vines, from which (the
ameno
attraversare
(330)
vite
Cristi,)
(is
made).
1(214)
Da, from.
333.
The
is
and dependence.
it
conveys an
movement, separation,
derivation,
Ex.
I will not go
nemico,
si
334.
to,
Da
when
person.
is
away from
my
country.
tliey
way
La
to express
is
directed
at,
is
Ex.
I will take
di
to Teresa.
184
niEPOSITlONS.
But
if
person
who
Vado a
casa,
is
going,
it is
We
understood
is tlie
Ex.
am
335.
movement
You
zio, or
going home.
are goiug to your uucle's
but
we must
say, partir
da
lui,
citt
liouse.
being
partir da loro.
Ex.
Abbiamo
We
have received
letters
from Lon-
don.
I
336.
The employment
non
We
He
Abbiamo da
vivere,
abbiamo molto
beneh
da. fare,
Lo ha
trattato da amico.
have done
To
To
it
alone.
human.
is no laughing matter.
good-for-nothing man.
It
A
A
good or
I speak to
worthy man.
you as a master, and yen
me as a servant.
you as an honest man.
over "here near me.
should obey
I swear to
Come
EXERCISE LXXX.
Sympathy
said to
is
simpatia (214)
situation
with
those
arise
nascere
who
excite
our compassion.
eccitare
on
(334)
him
to-day, but
called
passare
Sublime and
pas-
185
PREPOSITIONS.
sionate eloquence
of Cicero,
birth
before the
Crasso
nascita
by
Sulpitius.
The
first
Sulpizio
France
is
and died
hero,
He
lived
as a Christian.
He
did
it
alone.
as
Pireneo
A2)e
(336)
went
to
(336)
eat
me something
and drink.
They
to
(336)
as
friends.
The
(336)
(336)
(280)
From tyranny
arises
free
of
tirannia nascere
liberty despotism returns.
Con, with.
337,
The
a desinare con
meglio sdrucciolar
coi
colla lingua,
This preposition
nouns mi,
se.
ti,
si
is
is
achieved.
Ex.
noi,
lo
piedi che
It is better to slip
Ex.
N
te,
con
186
PREPOSITIONS.
Se varrai meco,
egli
ritorner teco,
in citt,
Imparo Vltaliaiw
we wish
to
To
is
He
He
Ex.
zc.
live in town.
in,
:
when
in
em-
Ex.
surface.
I pesci
Fish
II pranzo
Aveva
il
The
in tavola.
cappello in testa,
un amilo
on his finger.
in dito.
Come
by
Ex.
in.
se in Francia, o in Ispagna,
alcun altro luogo lontano,
o in
andar
volesse,
As
if
to
B.
he wished to go to France, or
Sixain,
is
may be
Vivere in campagna,
Essere in giardino, in cucina,
in
it
in English, as
in
the kitchen,
in the parlour.
salotto,
Avere
or
place.
|
To have
mano.
in the
hand.
EXERCISE LXXXI.
Our propensity
to
is
dolore
The
for operas
was introduced
When wo
Gnd no happiness
into
taste
gusto
gioia
in ourselves, it
is
useless
to
inutile (34)
seek
it
187
PREPOSITIONS.
elsewhere.
There
is
altrove.
art cannot
Amongst
attain.
Eomans,
the
parricides v/ere
raggiungere
legare
made
the
first
many branches
step in
snake
summer
his hand.
in
staff,
dorare
asta
with
(flowers-de-luce.)
(57) giglio.
Will
me
is
to
(340)
with a
Esculapio (238)
The royal standard of France was a
stendardo
silk
flag
seeded with
di
(72) bandiera spargere
not
If you do
find them in the garden, go
white
(248)
look for them.
cercare *
Esculapius
serpente (339)
gilded
ramo
jKisso
France
sea.
gettare (339)
sacco
and
One
(341)
learns with one's
(213)
The Seine
own
(156)
into
falls
Senna shoccare
the sea.
The
sticks,
which they
(51) stecco
two
ivory or
avorio
ebony
ebano
The
little
by, in.
preposition
He
is
after
now
travelling
in
France,
Italy.
danaro per
la
ill.
188
PREPOSITIONS.
343. Per
action
it
as, about,
is
may sometimes be
from,
some
out of ; and in
in,
Andate per
cases,
when
joined to an
Ex.
present participle.
Go
fatti vostri,
From
an
great joy.
able to keep from laugh
Not being
risa,
ing.
344.
When
la strada,
the preposition
to,
Lo fari)
in
met bim
in the street.
which precedes an
order
on account
to,
infinitive,
of, it
must
Ex.
1 will (lo
you.
They
it
are in
prison on account of
having robbed.
345.
is
The
employed
Andar
Andar
per il dottore,
per terra, per mare,
ci che io vi dico,
]peT
parte del
To rise early.
To pay ten shillings
Pagare
say to you.
It
re.
I will
do
it for
a-piece, a-hcad.
his sake.
By way
of
amusement.
alike.
gli altri,
He
pretends to be learned.
To
To
retail.
EXERCISE LXXXII.
When
King
Paolo
Emilia
189
PREPOSITIONS.
glory of
tlieir
measure, one's
conqueror.
own
True
interest
generosity sacrifices,
to
(344)
was
the marriage
to
tell
of
naufrago
(243) (280) (244)
went about the streets begging and singing, with a
old
antichit
tavoletta
mendicare
(343)
hung
tablet
round
their neck, on
lost
rectly in
distress,
to compassion.
for
At
logic.
(for
dipingere
public
pubblico
his
mathematics and
collo
move the
(344)
examination
{Non pass a) (150) esame
He
us
Write
(344)
The shipwrecked
passport.
take place.
to
is
He
passaporto.
(262)
when
some
in
vostro
a pound a piece.
The father
(345)
was the
enemy
avowed
of poets
dichiarare
written on the door of his palace, he sent for the poet, and
(345)
Su
literal signification.
rest, reliance,
Ex.
Riposiamoci svAVerha,
Riposate svi[\& mia parola,
Col pastrano sopra le spalle,
With a
190
I'REPOSITIONS
347
Up
Su per la collina,
State sa,
In euWalba,
Towards dawn.
Sulla sera,
At
348. Sopra
is
hill.
Stand up.
the
of evening.
fall
more
Twenty
sopra Firenze,
Fra
su, in su,
Ex.
than, against.
Ve7iti mit/lia
the
Ex.
life.
tra loro
ad aver
fi'a i
They
to consult
among them-
selves.
siglio,
Ex.
They hegan
corir
Between two
To
piaceri,
also
between two
mark a space
objects.
live
friends.
amidst pleasures.
of time between
two
dates, or space
Ex.
pay you in two months.
Between the library and the bedroom,
there was a dressing-room and a
I will
bath room.
350. Fi^a or
midst
of,
tra,
Ex.
Then almost
tired,
down
to rest.
saw you
for
you.
is
translated
by parlare
tra se.
Ex.
Egli aveva il costume di piasseggiar
solo, e parlar tra se ad alta voce,
He
used to walk
aloud to himself.
alone,
speadng
FKEPOSITIONS.
191
EXERCISE LXXXIII.
Amongst
(349
first.
Jupiter
frequently
is
Giove
(22)
sormontare
(239)
omicidio
his
In
palace
day. have read
victorious.
Henry
and an
sceptre, also
avorio (3)
the
that
that
(347)
iv.,
King
children on
of France, used to
his
(280)
back. A country house, situated in the
(150) spalla p.
midst of groves and flowers.
There
is
a flower which, at a
boschetto
(350)
{da
bee
resting on the cup of a
ape (266) riposare
calice
often speaks to himself in the street.
Amongst the
resembles
a
lontano) rassomigliare
distance,
He
flower.
(351)
Iroquois, the language with
Irocchese
their resolution
linguaggio
at a distance
crescere (347)
gives
owls begin to
civetta
of evening,
bats
and
pipistrello
appear.
sortir fuori.
The
352.
following
is
list
di
is
di, a,
jective,
ployed
fall
or da, or the
may
noun
in the ob-
often be promiscuously
em-
192
PREPOSITIONS.
Accanto,
allato,
accosto,
al, \\
appresso,
fuoco,
Addosso ad uno,
A guisa, a modo, a foggia,
mezza luna,
Al di l del, dal mare,
Al di qua dei, dai monti,
Alla volta
Near, by
di
una
fii^.
Beyond the
On
Firenze,
Appi della colonna,
Avanti, davanti, innanzi, dinanzi,
alla, la
side of the
tlie
On
di
sea.
Towards Florence.
At the foot of the column.
In the presence of the Queen.
regina.
About twenty
miles.
Against me.
Against the enemy,
lu the trunk.
Behind the door.
alla
chiesa.
Dopo
Dopo
di voi.
la colazione.
Fuori
di casa,
Senza danaro.
Senza di me, senza me.
Sopra del, al, il letto,
Verso il cominciar di primavera.
Verso, inverso,
di,
After you.
After breakfast.
Until Easter.
I will accompany you as far as Paris,
Out of the house.
Round the table.
Towards me.
In the middle of the street.
Far from one's own country.
Along the
shore.
Besides, moreover.
Before me.
On
the bed.
a me.
of spring.
EXERCISE LXXXIV.
Numa
Pompilio
pretended to be
near
fondatore
advised
consigliare
ninfa
a mysterious fountain.
(352)
Black Sea
The
fleet
flotta
set
(286)
whom
sail
he met
towards the
(352)
Hospitality was a
ospitalit
193
CONJUNCTIONS,
Caledone
sacro
friends,
my
house, and
The church
The bees
castle.
Demosthenes
gave the
roses.
title
Filippica
Filippo
in imitation of
Mark Anthony.
They have
Jifarco Antonio
name
to those
he wrote against
built
fabbricare
hill,
(352)
(352)
ing to the king's order, they were
sells
it
Accord-
(59)
led
to
Palermo.
The brewer
menare
(352)
flew
of Philippics to
Demostene
(352)
opposite
ape svolazzare
castello
round the
(352)
is
wholesale
birraio
all'ingrosso
Bourbon
Alps.
Murat
the
partenza
(352)
(352)
The vineyards and olive-groves along the Arno.
vigneto
oliveta
CHAPTER
(352)
XII.
CONJUNCTIONS.
353.
The
is
varied
and
difficult.
Pure
is
Ex.
and ne pure
for
194
CONJUNCTIONS.
It
B.
I
Ma,
is
used
arrabbiato,
j)ure
non
volea
sentir ragione.
Pur troppo
pur
Ex.
trojypo vero,
Pure
Pure
is
He
also
was put
Do
Ed
if,
more
force to the
si
pray eat.
How
true
it
is,
man
that
The
affair
happened just
future.
is
never
so.
certainty or condition
ci
is
content.
is
des-
Ex.
Mangiate pure,
354. Se,
to death.
action
Ex.
Se
Se
how-
for
Ex.
ever.
is to
If the action
be employed.
is
present,
Ex.
month.
Se
Se
generazione,
io dico ci j^er vostro bene,
355. The
verb
to
If our forefathers
tion.
If I say that
it is
for
your good.
be in the subjunctive
the
195
CONJUNCTIONS.
Accnoche,
-Ji,
Dato
Un
befon
che,
J-
Bench,
Ancorch,
unless.
Supposto
) although.
Quantunqu
ique,
Conciosiach,
ach,
Avvegnach,
such time
till
as, until, as
>
Finch,
long as.
Sinch,
J
Nel caso che, in case that.
Non che, not that.
Nonostante che, notwithstanding.
supposing, proPosto che,
"I
that.
Posto il caso che, >- vided
AiHinti che.
Anzi
che,
Fer
tema che, )
.-,.
Fino a tanto che,
Prima che, J
A meno che, except,
admitting that.
che,
Di tema
order that.
Perch,
e,
)
,.
,
_^^^_^
condition
A condizione che, > npon
tliat, provided
patto che,
[if.
Purch,
i
he,
Affinch.
j^ ^^^^ ^,^^^^
Quando
che,
in case.
.}if;incase.
_
che,
whenever,
if,
though.
EXERCISE LXXXV.
"
May
I die
if
(354)
Euclid's brother to him
(a Euclide suo fratello)
force
you
to love
me
vendicare
" and T," replied Euclid, "
again."
The
blind.
the
(102)
Tarquinio
ciliation
(190)
(355)
(355)
Eoman
predicare
As long
cieco
I do not
might preach
(355)
the earth.
if
(163)
Yes, he
scacciare
replied,
rejoice that
my
(231)
provided he
good
son
is
in
(355)
hen
nevertheless
nondimeno
condemned
to
2(353)
196
CONJUNCTIONS.
Cartaginese
he knew (that
a) certain
him
awaited
death
(355)
at his return to
attendere
the enemy.
Vespasian
to
he happened to
yawn whilst Nero was
venne fatto)
sbadigliare
Nerone [237)
death, because
[gli
If
it
not true,
is
it
is
well
(354)
it
coljm
fintantoch, fino
to
Wait
poderetto.
Non
One
si deve ne con pa
parole n con
azioni far danno al prossimo,
1
357. Anzi,
on
this
conjunction
is
moreover
Ex.
i'ather.
Non
Volete
slioiild
due sparagi
Anzi mi far
They
With
Vlio incontrato, anzi
gli
ho parlato,
pleasure.
Egli che
ricco anzi
358.
tions
The
che no,
He who
is
rather rich.
common
conjunctive locu-
CONJUNCTIONS.
197
Olt radiche.
Almeno, at
A fine
order
di, in
Cio, that
besides that.
Oltre che,
0...0, oppure.. .oppure.
(either
Ovvero... ovvero,
|...or.
least.
to.
Ossia... ossia.
is.
Tosto che,
> as soon as.
Contuttoci,
Di
maniera che,
Talmente che,
In modo
che,
Infine,
In .wmma,
Mentre che,
Tanto
Nemmeno
-,
io,
in conclu-
sion.
die,
so that.
in short,
")
Neppure
>
Appena
voi, &c.
che,
Nondimeno,
\ nevertheless, how-
Nulladimeno,
Tuttavia,
Tuttavolta,
)
\
nevertheless, yet, at
all events, however.
ever.
EXERCISE LXXXVI.
The
inventor of
gunpowder
was neither a hero nor a
schioppo (15) polvere
eroe
(356)
soldier.
Danger
does
dannt
not
the war-horse
intimidire
contrary,
it
(357)
(idle
appears only to
add
new
aggiungere
(232)
man) counts
ozioso
fire to his
Metaphors
metafora
on
the
courage.
man)
An
scarcely
industrioso
(358)
may
destriero
(214)
It is a great misfortune
(34)
to
be
silent.
(288.)
Since you
(358)
senno
are not able to defend your opinion, you
DELLA INTERIEZIONE.
198
it.
No
(202)
(358)
Apostles,
(358)
soon as a
(358)
to adopt
new
it.
fashion appears,
moda
The imitation
however
ridiculous,
(212)
ridicolo
male
free-will,
like
best.
3(236)
we
As
are ready
superare
(358)
istituire
is
Man has
bene
volont (358)
CHAPTER
XIII.
DELLA INTERIEZIONE.
Le
359.
affetti
dell'animo.
Le pi
me
Oh
liberalit di
Oime
Natan quanto
P.
se'tu maravigliosa.
mal ora
B.
iacqui f
B.
accenna la miseria,
propriet di linguaggio.
pili
buono a nidla.
Fra Ahi
mi
si
si
pone
Oh poverino
la
me
ch'io
Firenzuola.
frappone talvolta alcuna voce dinotante mag-
giore effetto.
Ahi
lassa
me
come
io
ti
sia
poco cara
B.
all'inglese />ra^,
DEL RIPIENO.
suole .iver dopo di se
vocativo
il
Guai, Interiezione
199
vuo'tii
B.
di minaccia, o di dolore
che ha dopo di se
dativo
parte
Cos cresca
E cos vada,
s'
il
pur mio
destino.
P.
P.
DEL KIPIENO.
360. Chiamansi Ripieno alcune particelle completive proprie
della lingua Toscana, le quali
alla tela
ma
che
Noi
d forza
suole
si
al parlare,
l'operazione, ed affetto
Ecco,
adoperare in principio di
tio,
al-
per
tal
dis-
al
Talvolta
Calandrino
si
:
bene.
si
ed ora
Disse
B.
B.
port cinquecento
he.'
fiorini d'oro.
Le
B.
B.
eificacia alla
negazione
Una ne
dir,
200
dell'apostrofo.
dopo
B.
cos.
si
generi e numeri,
anche senza.
esso noi.
B.
Le
ai verbi
mi
senza necessit,
credo, che
Che
le
ma
tu con noi
ti
Non,
guaggio
si
Io
B.
n' caro.
B.
B.
si
:
accompagnate
lin-
B.
DELL'APOSTROFO.
361. Chiamasi Apostrofo quel piccolo segno a guisa di virgola
al termine, o al principio
mancamento
e,
di lettere.
manca
lo indica.
si
dell'apostkofo.
201
si
possono
si
un uomo senza
ma non si
un anima senza il contrassegno della mancanza
non potendosi scrivere un donna, ma ima donna;
apostrofo, poich
dovr scrivere
della vocale a,
si
Quindi
scrive
si
pu anche scrivere un
libro,
&c.
Le
Lingua Toscana
parole della
per,
in,
da
Ond', che
si
troncano
le
parole in
fine, e
segnansi di apostrofo.
I
nomi
Italiani
fedeV amico.
Non
Le
essendo
canti,
le
si
non
si
si
non
si
tron-
tamente.
La
Le
vanno
Bench'effe /osse
B.
si
ammette troncatura
suoi componenti
meile
sua
non parlate.
cella.
Non
Passavanti.
Firenzuola.
come
pi
specijca-
B.
dell'apostrofo.
202
le
?i,
/,
r, e la
tolto
da un
B.
lavato.
ri
nome
conosciuto.
Le
voci
cedono immediatamente
innanzi a consonante
Le
B.
che
ad ogni altro, grande, e presto versiFra Puccio non andava mai fuor della terra. B.
Fu,
portato aveva. B.
ficatore.
il
oltre
i si
Si cominciarono
innanzi a consonante.
ad
di modo. B,
Molte parole
finienti
in lo,
lunga ne sospinge. D.
e lieti
so, si
La sera
amanti. P.
Questo far
troncano dell'ul-
Andiam, che
io volentieri, sol
la
vii.
mettiate. B.
Le
il
Ilo,
mio,
si
dell'ultima sillaba.
La
innanzi a consonante
si
questo sia
infino
nome
proprio
immediatamente
Venutosene per
a San Giovanni. B.
Cittadino, Zanobo
Roma ad
Antonio.
il
Santo.
Uno
lo
al
suo sustantivo, e
antichissimo nostro
Salvini.
Andiam
Vescovo, e
/ miracoli
di Sant'-
Le
si
203
l'apostrofo.
come
a Guelfi avversario, fu
B.
lui.
si
accrescono le parole in
l'iato,
Quando
la parola finisce
comminci da
appresso,
in
da un'altra consonante,
s segi;ita
iscoglio
Le
si
Voi mi avete
colto in iscambio.
particelle a,
si
B.
pu
si
per raddolcir
Di
scoglio in
andando. B.
e, o,
un d ; et la
un r: Vi cominciarono
caso
i,
accresce di
ad accender lumi,
fiumicello.
Radunare
B.
ad adorarlo. B.
Senza far
Viotto
Ed
particella su in simil
le
ivi
genti
s.
andare, e
presso correva un
ad amico, od a parente.
B.
una piazza.
Segni.
I Poeti accrescono talora le voci, che
tima
ecco
sillaba,
di un'e, o di
pi andar mi
onde Piegava,
tolse
un
Vei^ba, che'n
Fer
le
un
o,
rio,
hanno l'accento in
il
sull'ul-
verso
Ed
Che quasi un
bel
tenebre mie. P.
coniugazione.
UECAriTULATOIlY EXERCIBEb
204
IIECAPITULATOKY EXERCISES
ON ALL THE RULES.
the vigour of
Caledone
(54)
the body
pregiare
swiftness in the
race,
They
(60^)
(245^)
anche
(213)
and
limbs
mcmhro
(35)
corso
velocit
strength,
(310)
heroes.
alto
it
Sforza
it
indizio
(was useful)
in
valer molto
per
the
frightening
atterrire
2*1
(262)
inf.
in spite
titude of
(228)
dispetto
(25)
(17) (35)
war a mul-
(263)
deserts.
entitled
impresa dar
unaccompanied by
quando andar disgiunto
if
This
make themselves
(131)
heard,
tlieir
(140)
quality, the
pregio
justice
diritto
and humanity.
(17)
ON
The
THE
Al.I,
violent,
sopraffattore pi.
pi.
were generally
pi.
The
205
KUl.ES.
and the
tyrannical,
erne], the
title
oscuro
perpetuo
an injury
in order to revenge
intraprendere
torto
(186)
per
particolare
talora
They always
sent to declare
(213)
war
(2452)
a lance, shakes
it
to the
scuotere [12Q)
If the
sfida
him
to
whom
he was
sent
{21A.) inviare
(165)
The
tunate or oppressed
pi.
who came
pi.
to ask
(9)
help
suited
convenevole
from the
attitude
cdteggicnnento
pi.
to their situation
unfor-
soccorso (307)
indicated
it
the former
(163)
an emblem
per *
of
RECAPITULATORY EXERCISES
206
their misery
and
despair.
capo
them, he presented
(to)
them with a
*
(124)
help
soccorrere
symbol of hospitality
shell,
conca
and friendship.
In war they did
in
not
make
(11) (12)
a mountainous country.
^
They always
"
mention
far memion di
^paese
the
horses of the strangers," which shows that the few they hai
straniero
quello
(171) (286)
to
go sometimes
contuttocib (245^)
talora
The
nobles,
a chariot, either on
in
sopra
dividere
common
as with
(311)
^solo
particularly
mancanza
young men,
giovane
and sup-
a
All the warriors, and
chase
fiera
207
became a
term of reproach.
rimprovero.
The
The
was singing.
(264)
carried farther
enthusiasm for poetry and music could not be
(214) spingere (322)
(25)
those rough but sensitive mountaineers.
Their
than
by
sensibile
(to the
funebre
dead
;)
by singing they
(214)
^pl.
(231)
with songs they went
(213)
to
meet
[incontro a)
and honoured
the guests,
ospite
and
whether serious or
serio
may
pleasing
it
vivere sub. 2
'
abolishing
After
Vabolimento di
Druido
them
bardo
in
was
to
da
(180)
celebrate in verse the most brilliant deeds of the nation, and of
luminoso fatto
the heroes.
eroe.
bad
Each
chief, or distinguished
member
presso di se
of the tribe,
trib
(192)
they followed
RECAPITULATORY EXERCISES
208
whom
da
(193)
fare
Their character was
ambasciatore
respected,
(17)
and
usurpatore
their
lays
'^
To
preserve the
life.
(196)
memory
(60*)
(344) conservare
Caledonians used to erect a stone, which was called by them
rizzare
(239)
" The stone of memory^^ and this event was accompanied by
(214)
(16)
songs and
particular ceremonies.
A warrior, followed by
(16)
col
fatto
immortalize he
volere (280) immortalare
oak-trunk,
to
and with
(308)
trophy of their descendant's
(108|)
glory.
this
he
witness this
riguardare
Under the
was
stone
(214)
trofeo
placed
rings
cerchio (57)
collocare
then
surrounded by a
heap
of earth.
All
cumulo
(239) (321) attorniare di
this proceeding was executed in cadence, the movements of the
operazione (214) fare
warrior (being in accordance) with the musical notes of the bards,
"
'
a
adattarsi
songs.
(123)
those " stones of
memory"
are
still
(214)
It
209
some
said that
is
of
(214)
(to be found) in the north.
trovare
nord.
known
not clearly
is
(256)
2
in
what
it
occurs,
it
itrovarsi
(255)
wish of both parties formed or dissolved a marriage.
volont
matrimonio.
(214)
the simple
In marriages
An
Irishwoman
it
(232)
to
ob-
Irlandese (64)
dote (239)
tain a divorce from
her
(141)
claim
the
pretendere
flocks.
greggia.
(78)
appears that a
and
ratto
relations
and
rivals,
congiunto
of
Hospitality was
common amongst
them practised
it
This duty
(126) anche
was
sacred,
help
in families.
Every guest
(192) ospite
from another in his perils
they
;
soccorso
in
(256)
210
RECAPITULATOKY EXERCISES
If,
in the
padre
(On
this account)
Quindi
cowardly act to reveal
^codardo ^
svelare
enemy, as
it
was considered
it
(214)
one's name, or to
seek
reveals his
name
to the
that of the
ricercare
(156)
seemed a pretext to
the conflict
escape
and
the
cimento
sottrarsi a
man who
as a
che
(165)
contempt.
ignominia.
had
(251)
any knowledge of
*
arts,
conoscenza
It
is
unknown what
liquor
they
made
use of for
(214) ignorare
drink,
in shells,
and from
bevanda
conca
(239)
phrase in Ossian, " The feast of shells."
(50)
this
comes the
(168)
They
liked to invite
amare
feasts,
destinare
oak, as candles were
(72)
unknown.
ignoto.
confiaccola
acceso
211
was
burned,
which
abbruciare
(they apparently) reserved for this use, and called " The trunk
tronco
sembrava
a
the
nities,
of the feast."
It
oak
an
trunk of
entire
(to
is
allegrezza
parte
(25)
tion
we have
already said,
(1'''9)
made
is
(214) (313)
danze
a
naturale (311)
(256)
all
strict
nations
'uso
(187)
has rendered dancing inseparable from poetry and music.
It
(264)
seems that the Caledonians had no distinct notions of
gion
reli-
(251)
(232)
(214)
l^er
We
valere
dicated a class of
spirits,
which seem
of a superior order to
^
spirits
of the
dead
(19)
they bear no particular name, but are
avere
(214)
pi.
only
denominated
the
of nature in which
it
da
soltanto
is
(214)
They considered
to
them
all
the
phenomena
spirits,
di
of nature.
The
(131)
immortality of the soul was one of the principal points of the
RECAPITULATORY EXERClSKa
212
doctrine of
tlie
the Caledonians
after death
their
them
in this
life.
hunt
amidst
andare a caccia
could
(123)
the
clouds,
aerial
stags,
were
hasten wherever
accorrere ovunque
to
conservavano
summoned them.
it
chiamare
Greeks
and the Eomans, consiGreco[bi)
but
as the greatest misfortune not to be buried
The Caledonians,
dered
or continue
di aereo cervo
nuvola
like the
seppellire
(121)
the shades of
ombra
(25)
the departed could not enjoy that species of beatitude which the
godere di
trapassare
this
was considered
estinto pi.
was paid
to the spirits,
rendere
and
The funereal
^
freed
spirit ascended to the highest
elegy (being sung), the
i(274)
spiv'gionare
^elegia
air,
who had
'
nanimous
distinguished themselves
(whilst,
per
(268)
superbo
contrario
lo
terrified
(228)
actions,
smiling aspect
were
213
Valor-
spaventare
oscuro
far
scacciare
Finally, cowards,
^poi
who
and
all
(make use
per
usare
phrase
espressione di
those
^(25)
of)
fit
* degno
dentro
prestare
^fede
a presagio
any
warning
voices of spirits.
arpa
ammoiiitore {Qo)
agitated a
scuotere
little
forth) a
mandare
of a shade,
avvisare
gli astanti
The howling
of dogs, the
faint
Heggiero
sound, this
^
urlare
bounding
lontano
wagging
s/anc2bpl. (57)
believed that those animals could see from afar the shades of the
(251)
(276)
214
RECAPITULATORY EXERCISES
Sometimes they imagined (they saw) a rain of blood
dead.
di vedere
pi.
(171)
death.
religious respect,
^
which did
for the
not,
'
worship
culto
their exploits,
and
at every
impresa
(192)
inf.
heard them. They retired to their mountains with the intenref. sopra
inf.
(128)
they also invoked them before
tion of conversing with them
(262)
war, and in the most important solemnities, not, however, as
;
beings that could give them aid, but only as witnesses and
ente
(276)
(131)
friends.
From
Su
were in doubt as to
*
whom
it
should
(172) dovere
to
be
confided the
command
of
{2U)
solere (280)
quindi
to
ref.
215
battle.
(245^)
attitude,
faith-
and
(35) atteggiamento
voice of the spirits they
had seen
(211)
was
It is pro-
genere
(251)
sound of the wind and in this they were not more absurd than
;
(106)
from the entrails of victims,
viscera
(traevano gli auguri)
(168)
the Romans,
who
augured
Finally,
manders
the
rival
tano
(263)
champions, followed by several
retired
ref.
to
sopra
hill
capisingers,
vario (56)
gagliardo
The
dead,
pi.
own
warriors v/ho
216
had
RECAPITULATORY EXERCISES
fallen,
but also
enemy
to those of the
and
to sacrifice this
(225)
pious observance to resentment would have been deemed an expio
riputare
uffizio
compiacenza
(108*)
The
mode
of interment
was
this
dug
they
scavare
seppellire
fossa
deep
the bottom was then covered with fine earth,
profondo
'^fino ^creta
(306)
on which they lowered gently the body of the defunct. If he
adagiare
eight feet
had been a
him
his sword,
and the
(352)
points of twelve arrows.
punta
m.
strale
cadavero
stendere
cacciatore arco
estre-
bigio
mities
mit
are
to
mark
the
of the tomb.
size
Those stones
am/nezza
(48) (344) segnare
frequently mentioned in the poetry of Ossian,
and are
pi.
In their centuries of
secolo
talora
many
Ossian.
is
not mentioned in
called
217
the sepulchre
was
called
(239)
'
to visit
(by them.)
i
It
lutto
funebre
(214)
renewed each year, and autumn was the season devoted
Immediately
to this
destinare
(251) (192)
annual
commemoration.
^
^anniversario
revealed
trapassato far vedere
ombra
Mi
and
e
light)
di lume
2(131)
They sometimes
came
to
demand
'^funebre
share
prender parte
Halora
soffio
witness
funereal honours, or to
in
their
assistere
in order to
glory
was
partenza
oscurit
in
scorta
their departure
the exploits
impresa
their
comparsa
vicino
lasciare
come
As
III
to the
vecchio.
quanto
it
seems they
fattezza
fair
complexion
they had
bianco carnagione
long
hair,
and thought
it
a particular ornament to
vezzo
218
let
down
it fall
lasciare
in
to
hair.
The
capelli.
(72)
with blindness,
opprimere da
rivalled
In
the
beautiful
cecit
comparabile
may
be found of the manners, customs, opinions, and obserpotere (214)
vances of the people who have been slightly sketched in the
leggermente tracciare
preceding exercises
and
to the
poems
of Ossian
we
therefore
(268)
refer
the student who may desire to acquire a further know*
ulteriore
rimandare
"
ledere of
The Customs and Habits of the Ancient Cale-
219
Arti e Mestieri.
11
MERCANTE Vende
all'ingrosso
a minuto
compra,
l'avventore
L'agoraio
fa gli
spilli
gli
sells
wholesale
pins
and needles.
aghi,
L'argentiere lavora
cesella
l'argento,
getta ogni
specie
d'argenteria,
di armi,
monta
&c.,
The
silver-smith works in
ver,
sil-
kinds of plate.
The armourer makes, repairs,
and polishes all kinds of arms,
as swords, daggers, sabres,
foils, guns, pistols, &c., sets
blades and fits them in scabbards and handles.
all
tole,
The tradesman
le
lame e
L'arruotino arruota
forbici,
coltelli,
e affila le
temperini,
barriere rade,
i
fa la
il
barba
coreggina, il bacino,
sapone, e lo sciugatoio.
calderaio
rasoio,
la
Il
il
fa e racconcia le
caldaie e le casserole,
Il
knives,
sharpens
penknives,
ciabbatino racconcia
vecchie scarpe,
his imple-
ments are a
razor, a strop, a
basin, soap,
and a towel.
The
boilers
il
knife-grinder
scissors,
&c.
&c..
Il
The
le
mends
220
II
cANDELOTTAio vencle
dele di sevo
Il
gabbie,
vimini,
le
can-
di cera,
CANESTRAIO fa
strini, zane o
ed
vende Cane-
culle, panieri,
lavori
altri
di
Il
CAPPELLAIO
Il
fa e tinge
cap-
carrozze,
barocci,
calessi
CARTARO fabbrica
nella car-
turchina,
da mu-
e rigata
CHiAVARO
fa
chiavi,
le
le
serrature o toppe.
Il
COLTELLINAIO
bici,
Il
sells baskets,
The coachmaker
builds
car-
and
all
kinds of conveyances.
mon,
and
blotting-paper
The locksmith
makes
keys,
and key-holes.
cutler
makes knives,
locks,
fa coltelli, for-
temperini,
lancette,
The
scissors,
penknives,
lancets,
razors, &c.
rasoi, &c.,
Il
or
paper.
sica,
11
tallow
makes and
cradles, ham-
Tlie basket-maker
and caps.
pelli e le berrette,
rozzi,
The
leather.
The
Il
DORATORE indora
metalli,
frames, &c.
Il
FALEGNAME
fa tavole, sedie,
armadi,
ed ogni mobiliare,
Il
FILATORE lavora
e
fila seta
The
presses,
al
filatoio,
The
cap-
The
filo,
makes
carpenter
tables,
and
all furniture.
La MODISTA vende
cuffie,
bonrib-
nets,
donne,
ladies.
artificial
VETRAIO
fornaciaio di vetri
vetro, e ne
bot-
cam-
il
FUNAIO
fa le funi, la corda,
con
canapi, &c.,
napa
Il
pietre
aiineli di
incastra
vende
vezzi,
imbianca
L'iiiBiAN'CATORE
le
e le cornici
in
il
le-
figure,
fogliami, &c.,
La lavandaia
lava i pannilini,
che insapona, lava, sciacqua,
torce, e stende per farli asciugare, inamida i pi fini, e
poi col ferro da spianare li
stira.
Il
le
MURATORE
costruisce
brica le case ed
mattoni o
sassi, e
L'ombrellaio
fab-
i muri con
con calcina.
ombrelli
per parar la pioggia, ed i
paraseli per preservare dal
fa
gli
sole.
Il
pellicciaio fa
le
pellicce o
jeweller
stones
precious
sets
ear-rings,
and
ornaments,
for
necklaces,
bracelets,
and rings of
emeralds,
dia-
rubies,
the
The
coiner
and
strikes
stamps
off
them
coins,
in
The mason
the
builds houses
and
and mortar.
The
The
furrier
makes
articles
of
mar-
hemp
mint.
zecca.
Il
ropes,
The
monds,
diamanti, smeraldi,
gno
glass,
sells
ed
orecchini,
braccialetti,
makes
or flax thread.
ornamenti,
it
di lino.
GIOIELLIERE incassa
le
ca-
di
fila
glass-blower
The
and blows
soffia
fa
221
mellino,
di
coniglio,
&c.
he
&c.
222
II
SARTO
fa
gli
nette
cuce,
abiti,
taglia
colle forbici
il
The
makes
tailor
dresses
he
bastes
sews
together,
it
or gives
it
to his
it,
workmen
to
sew.
ranti,
The
scavenger
cleans
and
sweeps the streets and street
crossings.
Lo SPAZZACAMMINO
The
The
spazza
puliscC
cammini.
chimney-sweeper cleans
and sweeps the chimney.
printer prints manuscripts
with type of various sizes,
with capital letters, small
and
italic letters,
and other
signs.
Quadrupedi.
Quadrupeds.
L'asino un animale da
da basto mangia i cardi,
ha le orecchie lunghe e ra;
The
it
ass
is
a beast of burden
and brays.
glia,
Il
cinghiale o cignale
una
Il
si
fredde
chiamato
animali,
l'architetto
pell'artifizio
pig,
its tusks.
Il
The
The
bull
the
The
buffalo
or
wild
the
beef.
bull
is
regions
and roars.
The beaver
it
grumbles
has been
c.illed
degli
col
PllRASES
I
GATTI ed
AND DIALOGUES.
gattini miagolano,
11
Il
mew
kittens
and
scratch.
e sgraffiano,
II
223
and
Cats
domestici, vi
The
there
shepherds'
;
sono
cani da guardia, da
pecorai, mastini, levrieri o
barboni, cani da
fermo, &c. I cani ringhiano,
veltri, alani,
dogs,
mastiffs,
Dogs
&c.
greyhounds,
and squeal.
yelp, howl,
squittiscono,
naso
11
FANTE
i
la
si
sporgono
The
the jaws.
The ermine
La VOLPE
The
in
fuori
are ivory,
dalla
is
mascella,
is a little animal,
with a white skin and black
tail.
mente
acchiappa
&c. In
d la caccia,
sua lunga coda il
Inghilterra
e
la
trofeo
destra-
polli, conigli,
le si
della
caccia
essa
it is hunted in
England, and its long tail or
brush is the trophy of the
rabbits, &c.
chase
it
yelps or cries.
gagnola.
La GIRAFFA
si
addomestica
la pelle sua
macchiata come quella del
leopardo, ed ha un collo
facilmente
lunghissimo,
una
testa
The
its
giraffe
skin
is
is
easily
spotted
tamed
like
the
head.
piccolissima.
Quando
somiglia
il
lupo,
in
is
called a leveret.
The hyena
cious,
221
11
RICCIO
lo SPINOSO coperto
di spine o pungiglioni, e si
rannicchia come in un gomitolo, quando da alcuno vien
The hedgehog
and
is
covered with
up like
when any one touches
quills,
a ball
rolls itself
it.
toccato,
CAVALLO
Il
domato o
scoz-
The
cavalcatore,
Il
trotta, e
ombreggia,
leva la
The
and
kicks,
mano
away
nitrisce.
il cavallo
cavalcatore
Il
gallops,
restive,
is
horses neigh.
The
whip.
L'agnello chiama
pecora
la
col belare,
The lamb
the sheep by
calls
bleating.
The
La SCIMMIA
The monkey,
has
lioness
which
no
distinguishes
mane,
her
these animals
roar.
molti
riguardi
somiglia
all'uomo,
cerca d'imitare,
La
pelle
della
ch'essa
zibellina,
gran prezzo,
sorcio o topo
di
Il
non
in
man,
many
whom
respects,
it tries
The
to
cially
the
sable,
is
very
costly.
stride,
like
imitate.
martora, spe-
cialmente della
is
sia acchiap-
The mouse
furniture
is
rinoceronte ha un corno
Il
sua
grossa
pelle quasi impenetrabile.
ratto pi grande del
sul
naso,
la
The
its
is
The
PIIKASES
sorcio,
sua gran-
per la
AND PIALOGUF.S.
TARANDO
Il
adorna di corna
la sua testa
maestose. Cerviatto
il
Lo
si
chiama
giovane cervo,
SCOIATTOLO,
animaletto
dotato
salvatico,
di
una
very
ferocious.
il
225
mouse, and,
un uc-
The
reindeer
is
cello,
La
pelle
Il
quando
digrigna
LUPO
tigre picmacchiata
della
chiettata
irata ruggisce,
denti.
suoi lupi-
cini,
and
gnashes
it
teeth,
its
in
The wolf
ferocity.
La ZEBRA
cavallo d'Africa,
listata
giallo
maschio,
nero nel
femmina,
The
Rapina^
black
white
acutissima,
possa fissare
e
il
ha
si
sole
is
if
Birds.
Notturni,
or the horse of
striped yellow and
male, and black and
if female.
zebra,
Africa,
Volatili,
Uccelli di
speckled
passion.
lupa difende
urla, e la
The
la vista
che
vive di
dice
;
The
226
lives
mon-
eyrie
inaccessibili d'altissime
L'astore
cellare
accessible mountains.
tagne,
si
di
l'aquila
la sua preda,
un
uccello
essa
squittisce.
stride
poeti
la
La
devastatrice de'seminati, pi
piccola del corvo
essa grac-
goshawk
resembles
in
L'avvoltoio
La CIVETTA
The
hawking.
in
The
and
the
used
as
screeches.
chia,
pasce
Il
Il
carname, e crocita,
cuculo si pigro che eziandio
le sue uova non vuol covare.
si
di
Il
Il
one.
Havvene
di pii specie
girifalco
falconi
gambe
and croaks.
The
cuckoo's indolence
is prothat it
does not even hatch its eggs.
Its note is the sound cuckoo.
verbial
it
ha
il
il
supremo dei
becco
le
said
is
The falcon
is armed with a
beak, and with bent and
sharp claws it was used for
hawking. There are several
;
species of
e variet,
Il
The raven
it.
The gerfalcon
is
cies of falcon
its
;
beak and
it is
strong,
va tubando
fuoco,
mura
dia,
Il
Il
diroccate.
dolente
e su
tetti
Il
volgo
l'o-
PIPISTRELLO
turno,
un animale not-
mezzo topo
uccello
mezzo
esso stride,
The
flies
roofs
disliked
consider
its
whoop an
evil
omen.
The
kite,
The
bat
a nocturnal animal,
half bird.
It
is
half mouse,
screams.
Singing Birds.
Uccelli Cantatoli,
Il
22?
The
is a pretty little
yellow bird, that sings very
called the
is
it
sweetly
Canary sparrow from the
Canary Isles, from which it
comes.
The playful tomtit, with its
pretty little head, is seen ic
the fields while it sings sweet-
CARDELLINO,
The
CANARINO
un uccelletto gen-
che canta
dolcissimamente dicesi pure
passera di Canarie dalle isole
di questo nome, donde ei
viene,
canari/
ly.
Il
nn uc-
celletto piccolissimo,
da noi
L'Americano colibr
is
va succhiando
ers, it
their cups.
its
The
colours of
tiful.
Il
The
of
hemp-seed
about the
aroes fluttering
228
che trova,
La GAZZA, o PICA, garrula e
loquace, imita maravigliosa-
mente
la favella
umana,
La LODOLA, O ALLODOLA,
da'
lena,
lodi
il
Signore,
PASSERO
si
mattina va
pispilando.
up any grains
it finds.
chatterer,
human
The lark,
voice.
by the Latins
(probably from a
laude Dei, praises to God),
because, soaring towards heaven, it is lost from sight, and
its sweet lay, which appears
called
Alauda
sung
ahme
heard.
blackbird has
beak, and sings.
is
La
Il
rooms, picking
Tlie
The
ortolan,
with
is
its
yellow
delights
alive,
a great delicacy.
The parrot.
all
are
The sparrow
likes to be soli-
heard.
Il
va a posarsi sugli
quivi,
col
alberi,
picchia (donde
flies
by
starts,
vermi-
PIVIERE ha per
solito, bianca la testa, nero il petto, e
gialli i piedi, se la fa per le
sabbionose rive dei fiumi,
La QUAGLIA ha
le
chiettate, e talora
fetto
il
penne
ha il
picciuf-
stoppie
la
il
229
feeds.
generally a
white head, black breast, and
yellow feet, and frequents the
sandy shores of rivers.
The quail has speckled feathers,
and sometimes a crest
it
;
straight
flies
lives
in
fields
corn
and
forward,
and
stubble
excellent.
its flesh is
sita,
La RONDINE,
un uccello
RONDINELLA,
di passo, e traver-
diterraneo in
men
Essa prende
la
di
24
Meore.
sua pastura
volando, e costruisce il suo
nido di creta con mirabile
The
sicalloiv is a bird
sage,
of pas-
maestria,
Il
ROsiGNUOLO
un
uccelletto
sulle
manda
egli
suoi pi melodiosi
al
lume
TORDO
Il
tordo d'America, detto Canoro, vince qualunque altro uccello per la soavit e facilit
di cantare, contrafiacendoli e
superandoli
so
si
tutti.
Il
suo ver-
trutilare o zirlare,
Uccellame Salvatico
Domes-
sweetness
of
its
song.
tico,
230
nuota.
Le salvatiche hanno
vari nomi
come quello di
Mestolone, dalla forma del
suo becco Tuffetto, dal con;
constantly diving,
(fee.
La
little
and
cackles.
Il
11
I poeti fin-
dicati a questa
Dea.
I pic-
The
fair
neck
in parks.
it
death.
is
Il loro
verso tubare.
colombaccio
colombo
il
selvatico,
Il
Il
GALLO ha
un ampia
The pheasant
ants.
The
The
a
Tronfio e
confined and
;
la testa adorna di
sproni ai piedi.
is
young
bred in preserves
pheasants are fattened on
cock's
fine
spurs.
head
is
adorned with
feet bear
crest; its
Haughty and
pre-
si
Il
231
time to tune.
ruota a guisa di
parte ante-
posteriore
leone
di
con
quattro piedi,
GRU, o GRUE, volano a stor-
Le
descrilettere
trails
The
its
griffon
is
a fabulous bi-
feet.
Cranes
fly in
flocks,
one after
e figure,
L'ibi,
Il
PAVONE ha
collo di serpente,
il
Sacchetti.
Esso vagheggia la sua occhiuta coda che spiega facendo ruota, e si va pavoneggiando,
Il
PELLICANO
The
ibis is
on which
l'Asia Minore.
pi grosso uc;
un
it
feeds.
was
Egyp-
It
tians.
Who
are
for writing.
the neck of a
angels' wings, the
voice of a demon, and the
stealthy feet of a thief.
Sacchetti describes it thus.
It
admires its own starry tail,
which it displays in a fan,
serpent,
and
il
cello acquatico
a kind of Egyptian
The pelican
tic
bird
is
it
is
a native of
Asia Minor.
It has in the
lower part of the neck a
232
cibi trangugiati,
ch'egli
si
ferisca
petto col
il
La PERNICE ha
gambe
come
piedi
quelli
tuba,
gave
tore its
own
breast with
blood.
It
this account, as a
symbol of
maternal love.
Hha partridge has red eyes, and
is very cunning in misleading
the sportsmen from its young.
The
wings like
them while
it
runs.
The
turtle-dove
is
geme,
Dei Pesci.
FiSH.
nuo-
tano,
chie respirano
loro ossa
le
There are
and fresh-water fish.
si
pesci di
sea-fish
il
its
guscio
Le acciughe,
nicchio.
alici, o
sardelle
si
pescano
The
si
ranean,
233
and are pickled
in
brine.
lamoia,
L'anguilla
un pesce d'acqua
Le
anguille
nell'Oceano,
(ove sogliono passare in infinite frotte ;) per il solito si
salano, o si seccano, e si afcerte
stagioni
The
The
slippery skin.
are
larger,
sea eels
conger eels.
Herrings, which are caught at
certain seasons in the ocean,
(where they float in immense
shoals,) are generally salted,
dried,
and smoked.
fumicano.
Il
BAccAL
MERLUZZO, sorta
disseccato.
Prima
mette in acqua
ad ammollare,
di cuocerlo si
La
BALENA
smisurata
un
pesce
grandezza
di
il
estrarne
Il
chiettate di rosso.
Il
salted.
it is
it.
The whale
is a fish of gigantic
the chief of the cetaceous species.
It is caught in
the Northern Ocean, where
it abounds, in order to extract the oil.
The vessels
size,
this
The carp
is
a very
delicato
fish,
covered
fresh-water
with
silvery
fine
speckled with red.
scales
The
is
mullet, called
cans muggine,
spawned
by the Tus-
is
in
fish
that
rivers,
and
234
col
lume
gliano
che infilzano
pesci,
colla fiocina,
Il
DELFINO va
ed.
in schiera, e salta
fuori dell'acqua.
Il
GAMBERO, ed il GRANCHIO,
sono del genere dei testacei,
La LAMPREDA
UH
delicatis-
mare
di
fiume
della
The
The lamprey
is a very delicate
but indigestible sea and river
dolce, noto
l'anguilla,
ma
la pelle
non ha squame,
ha macchie bian-
it
must
It
have
about
700
teeth.
The lamprey
fish, is
i?,
a Mediterranean
found
in
rivers,
days out
resembles the
and
several
lives
water.
It
has no
of
eel,
scales
its skin
spotted white and black.
;
is
che e nericce.
Il
una navicella,
L'orata pesce di mare,
le cui
L'ostrica un mollusco
Il
bi-
valve notissimo,
ROMBO pesce piatto, una
specie di sogliola.
L'aletta
SALAMONE
SERMONE
The
nautilus has so
tilages, that
many
car-
on appearing on
sole species
tail.
UH
The salmon
fish
The
is
the flesh
is
exquisite.
che
all'incliiostro,
invisibile
suoi
ai
becomes
mies.
nemici,
La SOGLIOLA
distingue per
si
The
sole is
known
l'irregolarit del
suo piatto
occhi
ha da un
its
corpo
gli
mai
ca
le
gran pesce di
mare, rimontai fiumi, amando
la sua carne
l'acqua dolce
Con le sue uova
ottima.
Lo STORIONE,
in
salate
botti,
se
ne fa
il
caviale.
Il
235
TONNO
body
The
which enters
fresh water.
is made with
eggs salted in casks.
The tunny is the largest eatable
fish
it weighs
sometimes
400 to 1000, and even 2000
pounds, and is very voraci-
cellent.
Caviar
its
il
mangiabile.
pi grosso pesce
Pesa 400
e fino
libbre,
ous.
La TROTA
ne'laghi
se
per lo pi
d'acqua chiara
la fa
The
generally lives in
It leaps
two or three feet out of the
water to catch insects.
ti^out
insetti,
Insetti,
Insects.
mele
e la cera.
alveario regna
Neil' arnia
suprema
la
mento.
The bee
is
remarked
working
bees.
Bees sting
exquisite food.
236
II
The
silk-worm, in becoming a
up in a
covering of silk which
spins.
They are fed on
mulberry leaves, and are
kept in great quantities in
it
Lombardy.
Il
ERUCO
s'incrisalida, sfarfalla,
Eode
e diventa farfalla.
verdura,
suol
guasti agli
far
The
becomes a
and bursts out a
caterpillar
la
chrysalis,
gran
butterfly.
It
eats
leaves,
orti,
CALABRONE
Il
Una Specie
di
The hornet
is a large kind of
wasp, with a sting, and
buzzes loudly.
fortemente.
La CAVALLETTA, O LOCUSTA,
di varii colori e
ha
le
gambe
grandezze
le
ale pi
La
tate, col
molto infesta
all'udito.
La FARFALLA
suggendone il mellifluo
Secondo i poeti,
umore.
l'emblema dell'anima,
fiori,
The
locust
a torto o a ragione,
vien reputata l'insetto il pii
industrioso, infaticabile, ed
accorto.
Le
differenti Fj)ecie
si
of various sizes
;
cricket.
It is very
and a swarm commits the greatest ravages.
The grasshopper, in the heat
of summer, with its sharp
note irritates the ear.
The butterfly springs from the
which,
greedy caterpillar,
after being transformed into
a chrysalis, becomes developed, and, bursting from its
covering, flies forth a beautimanyful butterfly, with
coloured wings, which sports
amidst flowers, extracting
their honeyed juice. According to the poets, the butter-
of the
voracious,
fly is the
La FORMICA,
is
and colours
its legs and
wings are longer than those
The ant
is
emblem
of the soul.
considered, falsely
prudent of insects.
The
and
dif-
muovono
lare,
La LUCCIOLA
che
un vermicello,
buio sfolgora pi o
meno, secondo che apre o
chiude le sue alette. Ce ne
sono pure senza ale,
al
La MOSCA,
mili
ria,
il
MOSCHERixo,
e si-
tutti
l'a-
molta noia
237
ferent families go to
war with
less in
annoying us
all,
by flying
into
throat.
bocca, in gola,
Il
RAGNO,
bile
industria,
tesse
suo
il
little
animaletti, e cibarsene,
feeds.
La SANGUISUGA,
MIGNATTA,
The
its
insects,
leech
is
web
on
to catch
which
it
Flowers.
Fiori,
L'amaranto
un
fioretto au-
L'anemone
un bellissimo
fiore
di
porporino o piuttosto
variato di pi colori. I poeti
fingono che l'anemone nascolor
Adone,
La balsamina
estivo,
un vago fiore
bench inodorifero,
di vivacissimi colori.
gJTiaria delle Indie,
ori-
The amaranth
an autumnal
is
little
The
fancied
that
the
anemone
238
LacAMPANELLATURCHiNA cresce
spontanea nei campi e
si;
per
The
grows wild
blue-bell
fields
and on
in
hills.
le colline,
Il
CONVOL VOLVO
VILUCCHIO
SI
long stem
it
its
covered with
is
lori,
ha
L'eliotropio
gentilissimi
che danno
fiorellini bianchi,
in turchino
Il
sa di vainiglia,
altri di viole
gli
ed
la
and smells
white blossoms
like vanilla.
Il
forma
The
queen
some smell of
some of violets the
shape and colours of this
as the rose is called the
for its
beauty
cloves,
vaghissimi,
Il
GERANIO
quale
le
si
il
II
stima
la
giardini e
pi vivo scarlatto
muschiato vulner-
tinti del
si
adornano
sale,
il
fiori
doppi,
turchini,
bianchi,
Il
The
lily has a
strong scent
;
pleasing but
flowers ma-
it
jestically at the
summit
of its
sun.
sole.
Il
and rooms
and yellow.
gialli.
Il
scempio o doppio,
The
stock gillyflower
is
simple
or
239
double
clustered,
smell.
La MARGHERITINA
ha
rosa,
PRATELLINA
bianchi tinti di
nasce spontanea nei
fiori
The
campi;
Il
MIRTO
la
MORTELLA
Un
ha
fiori
MUGHETTO ha
fioretti
gentilissimi
bianchi e campani-
The myrtle
is an evergreen,
with white blossoms and a
sweet smell.
The ancients
dedicated this plant to Venus,
The
formi.
L'orecchio d'orso, pianta Alpina che comparisce in Italia nel mese di Febbraio
le
fronde della doppia pianta
sono vellutate, ve ne sono di
;
pi specie,
Il
it.
juice,
bella,
di
ha
spine
il
;
The
rose,
though
beautiful, has
the rosebuds, at
open into
un vago
vivacissimi.
fiore di colori
tulipani
co-
a vedere.
spira intorno
a se un profumo squisito, e
il
first
closed,
The
is
tulip,
full
although scentless,
a pretty brilliant-coloured
Tulip-beds, covered
with these flowers, look very
flower.
pretty.
La modesta viola
riceve
contains a
is
the
which
La ROSA, bench
gambo coperto
Il
The
suo
nome
dal bel
The modest
240
fioretti,
flowers.
DrALOGIII,
Oh
buon giorno
ella
giunge
Ah,
sono
me
Dialogues.
you are
good morning
;
us.
La ringrazioinfiiiitamente;
ma
sweet
zione,
its
lo permette,
caff.
infred-
Many
thanks, I have
break-
but if
you will allow me, I will take
a cup of coffee.
How are you all at home ?
Not very well some have colds,
some headaches, some sore
throats, and I have had for
some days severe toothache.
fasted
giorni,
Non
di
You
che lo possono,
dovrebbero fare una passegtutti quelli
look very
well notwith-
am
standing, and I
cera,
glad to
giata,
Mi
stamattina
di
credeva
buon'ora che sarebbe piovuto,
ma poi s' rischiarato, ed ora
fa
un tempo magnifico.
Mangi un bocconcino
posso
uova
delle
della
carne
t,
thought
this
cleared,
is
che cosa
ecco
offrirle ?
fresche,
glorious.
Eat something
coffee.
e del caff.
il
sale.
little
I will
water.
I will trouble
and
butter.
you
The
servant has
Abbia
compiacenza
la
eli
suo-
Be
211
so kind as to ring.
nare,
Little
un panino,
volentieri nella nuova
latte caldo ed
Come
sta
casa ?
mente
Ha
il
salone,
ma
ragione,
mente
Mary, what
will
you take
for breakfast ?
zione ?
Del
tutti
disgraziata-
roll.
How
cammini fanno
tunately
all
the
chimneys
Non vi in nessuna,
Come si chiama il suo padrone
None
gas?
di
is
casa?
Mi ha
of them.
What
He
Natale,
portato questi giocattoli per
i fanciulli
non sono ancora
;
mezzo
tutti
alle
sette e
I ragazzi saranno
ben contenti
for
ones
up
the
little
We
all rise
in winter,
di presentarle
The
are they
and at
six in
sum-
with your
C-,
mer.
nell'estate,
Mi permetta
wish you
yet?
alzati ?
Ci leviamo
By
Ho
has told
now
il
un
Signor
gifts.
212
Ho
PIIUASES
AND DIALOGUES.
dremo
ci
ve-
spesso,
tempo prima
di andare nelle
am
been in London ?
No, I lived here a long time
before going to India.
Indie,
Come
non mi
Ha
S,
si
confaceva.
l'intenzione di ritornarvi?
ma fra cinque o
anni spero di potermi stabilire in Europa,
mio amico va a passare un
poco di tempo in Dublino, e
le sarei molto tenuto, se ella
potesse favorirgli alcune letfra poco,
sei
Il
tutto
il
piacere
in
My
Europe.
friend
is
going to spend a
mi
dis-
Most willingly
letters
that
migliori amici
are just
trovino ora
but I regret
life ?
of introduction.
tere d'introduzione.
Con
How
Pretty well
but the climate
did not agree with me.
Do you intend to return thither?
Yes, shortly but in five or six
years I shall be able to settle
fuori d'Irlanda,
It is time
tempo di uscire,
Dove vanno ?
Andiamo a fare una passeggiata
a cavallo prima di pranzo.
Faccia i miei
complimenti alla sua signora
madre.
Ho appunto preso in affitto una
rivederci.
You may
do
Where
We
all I
we were going.
are going to
before
dinner.
remember me
I have just
take a ride
Good-bye
your mother.
taken an unfurnished
house, and
nish
it.
to
now
must
fur-
La
proprietario
ma
il
243
The
affit-
less.
want
am
mana,
sa male
Mi
non potere
di
assis-
Ecco
in
cartello d'appigionasi,
Le
bill.
mi fanno, e la
casa non mi va a
stanze non
padrona
di
There
I
genio.
Dove dimorate
Where
adesso ?
Non
agli scac-
giuoco n all'uno n
al-
are
am
staying at my brother's,
but as I think of settling
here for some time, I must
take a house.
Let us have a game of chess or
draughts.
I do not play either.
I
l'altro,
Do you
Quando
Very seldom.
Do you play the piano ?
When I was in Italy I used
now
play, but
am
to
out of
practice.
The
all
den
them
call
in
now
to
lunch.
Siete disposto a venire a
delle visite
Molto
ftir
meco oggi?
purch siamo
di ritorno prima delle cinque.
volentieri,
Andremo
in citt in legno, e se
pay some
with me to-day ?
provided we
Certainly,
home by
We
to
shall
are
five.
we
then, if
ritornare a piedi,
may walk
back.
244
Facciamo un
the
in
essi sclierzano,
They
alla locanda.
Siate
pivi
rispettoso
verso
le
Pay
persone attempate,
have paid
proposito
mi
stato
re-
d'Italia,
ella
sa
Una
Una
I
aged
to
five
pounds
;
for this
how much
galato,
respect
cameo brooch
vostro ?
Nulla, poich
more
people.
With
we
all
If
you like
always
poets.
poetry
is
very
and as I am only
a beginner, I must content
Could
myself with prose.
you tell me the different
ways of expressing in Italian
the word /afr.^
difficult,
With
pleasure.
Pay
attention
you
will learn
how
hela signora.
carnagione bianca^
A fair
fair lady.
Fair
complexion.
hair.
and
to trans-
the word in
various significations
late
capelli biondi.
my heart.
shall henceforth
all
:
its
Un
prezzo giusto,
Questa
quando
parola,
ha
sostantivo,
un
fair price.
When
it is
a substantive, this
significa-
la
245
zione
in Italian
is
fiera.
fiera,
La
ringrazio infinitamente, e
cercher di trar profitto dai
di lei cortesi schiarimenti.
Bisogna che la lasci per
adesso, a rivederci a questa
Many
profit
tion.
sera,
ella Inglese ?
Is
Son nato
Germania, e
alle-
vato in Francia,
Sta ella pi volentieri in
citt,
in
in
campagna
or country ?
Se potessi seguire
starei
il
l'inverno
mio gusto,
in
citt,
campagna.
chiederle un favore,
l'estate in
Ho
da
vuol'ella accordarmelo ?
Che me lo
in mio
non
glielo
If I could
vestirmi per
vestito
si
il
onde
pranzo.
metter oggi
want you
Paris
ieri
la
to
take
me
to
go
there.
day
Quello che ha riportato
modista,
taste,
so.
Che
my
ricuser certo,
Desidererei
mento
follow
The
lias
246
Portami
my
il
ven-
Bring me
meco
tutti
guanti ed
taglio,
Non
portar
posso
questi
me
li
Vuol
prima di uscire ?
Ho bevuto una tazza
Non
stanco, e
siete
di caff,
non avete
hurt
my
my arm
severely,
and
foot a little.
piede.
Ho
gran fame,
Tanto meglio;
in
stay and
dine with us.
Sit down in the arm-chair.
Lie down on the sofa.
Do not stand on ceremony.
I am overjoyed to see you again
di
When
a pranzo
con noi.
Si accomodi sulla poltrona,
Si adagi sul canap,
Non
Ho
faccia ceremonie.
buona
Francia
ella
good health.
did you return
France ?
in
salute.
Quando
am very hungry.
So much the better
I
resti
ritornata
from
What
paese,
cortesi
They
French
Sono
molto
verso
civili
forestieri,
say of the
polite to foreigners.
Sono
stato tutto
tempo
il
in
Parigi
nell'andarvi sono
passato per la Normandia,
e al mio ritorno, per la
Piccardia,
in
Si vede che
giorni cominciano
a scorciare,
to shorten per-
ceptibly.
Kon sempre
247
abbiamo
noi
pai^TED
II
y OMVEl!
It
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