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Composites: Part B 43 (2012) 21352142

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Composites: Part B
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Thermal-stress analysis of RC beams reinforced with GFRP bars


R.A. Hawileh , M.Z. Naser
Department of Civil Engineering, The American University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, Sharjah, UAE

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 13 August 2011
Received in revised form 8 November 2011
Accepted 5 March 2012
Available online 19 March 2012
Keywords:
A. Glass bres
B. Thermomechanical
C. Computational modeling
C. Finite element analysis (FEA)

a b s t r a c t
This paper aims to develop a 3D nonlinear nite element (FE) model that is capable of accurately predicting the performance of reinforced concrete (RC) beams reinforced with internal Glass Fiber-Reinforced
Polymer (GFRP) bars when exposed to re loading. The developed FE model is based on tested experimental data collected from the open literature. The model accounts for the variation in the thermal
and mechanical constituent materials with temperature associated with the RC beam. To study the heat
transfer mechanism and mechanical behavior of the RC beam, transient thermal-stress nite element
analysis is performed using the ANSYS. It was shown that the FE predicted temperature and mid-span
deection results are in a good agreement with that of the measured experimental data. The validated
FE model is used to conduct a parametric study to investigate the effect of the different parameters on
the exural performance of the reinforced beam specimens. The parametric study consisted of varying
the concrete cover thickness as well as exposing the FE model to different re curves. It is concluded that
successful FE modeling of this structure would provide an economical and alternative solution to expensive and time consuming experimental testing. Other observations and recommendations are also
discussed.
2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Recently, several experimental and analytical research projects
have been focused on the use of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
materials as internal bars to reinforce structural concrete members
at ambient room temperature [14]. Their high strength to weight
ratio, ease of installation and resistance to corrosion are considered
one of the many advantageous of using FRP materials instead of ordinary steel reinforcement [5]. Because of their low glass temperature and complex natural composition, it is demonstrated that FRP
materials do not perform adequately under elevated temperatures
due to their rapid loss of mechanical properties and susceptible to
combustion [69]. Hence, the performance of strengthened or reinforced structural members with FRP materials under re scenarios
draws many questions and imposes doubts in this research area.
Unfortunately, limited experimental investigations have been conducted in the previous years due to the expensive experimental setups, tremendous amount of preparation and shortage of specialized
facilities [8]. Thus, the lack of knowledge regarding the performance of such materials under thermal effects warrants further
experimental, numerical and analytical investigations.
One key difference between the behavior of externally bonded
FRP strengthening systems and internally embedded FRP bars
under re scenarios is the lack of oxygen in the later, which would
Corresponding author. Tel.: +971 6 515 2496; fax: +971 6 515 2979.
E-mail address: rhaweeleh@aus.edu (R.A. Hawileh).
1359-8368/$ - see front matter 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.03.004

inhibit the burning of the FRP bars. Until, the increase in temperature reaches the resins glass temperature then, the resin matrix
starts to soften which would reduce the amount of stress transferred from the concrete to the embedded bre reinforcement.
Such phenomena would result in the increase of crack widths
and initiation of large deections [9]. In addition, researchers [9]
tried to develop temperature-dependant relationships relating
the degradation of mechanical material properties of FRP materials
when exposed to elevated temperatures. Saa [9] proposed temperature dependent relationships to mimic the degradation of
the mechanical material properties of different FRP and steel bars
under high temperatures effects.
Sadek et al. [10] compared in an experimental program the re
resistance endurance of RC beams reinforced with steel and GFRP
bars as well as the effect of concrete compressive strength. In their
experimental program, the beams were loaded up to 60% of their
ultimate loads during the course of the re test. The re loading
was simulated using the ASTM E119 [6] temperaturetime re
curve. The dominant failure mode was mainly the re penetration
through the wide cracks developed during testing. Large reduction
in re resistance due to the use of GFRP bars was observed compared to the beam reinforced with steel bars. It is worth mentioning that Sadek et al. [10] used 25 mm concrete cover to the exural
reinforcements, which contributed to the low performance observed in their experimental program.
Abbasi and Hogg [11] conducted two full scale re tests on RC
beams reinforced with Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars

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R.A. Hawileh, M.Z. Naser / Composites: Part B 43 (2012) 21352142

as their main exural reinforcement while stirrups made of steel


and GFRP were used separately as shear reinforcements. A concrete
cover to the exural reinforcement of 75 mm was used. The beams
were fully loaded up to concrete cracking threshold limit and subjected to the ISO834 re curve. The beams were designed according to Eurocode 2 [12] and ACI-440 [13] procedures. Several
thermocouples at different locations were used to measure the different temperatures across the beams sections. The beam reinforced with the steel stirrups achieved 128 min re endurance
while the beam reinforced with GFRP stirrups achieved 94 min.
Both beams managed to pass the failure criteria under load bearing
capacity that is based on BS 476: Part 20 standard [14]. The failure
criterion was achieved by limiting the mid-span deection to be
less than L/20. In addition, the GFRP RC beams passed the building
regulations for re safety by withstanding the re test more than
90 min. It was concluded that the 70 mm concrete cover to the
main exural reinforcement managed to signicantly enhance
their re resistance of the tested RC beam specimens with GFRP
reinforcement.
The authors developed in previous studies [15,16] the performance of strengthened RC beams with externally bonded CFRP
plates when subjected to re loading. The objective of this study
is to develop a FE model that is capable of predicting the re performance of RC beams with GFRP bars subjected to the standard
ISO834 [17] curve with reasonable accuracy. A coupled thermalstress analysis will be simulated using the FE code ANSYS [18,19].
The FE model is based on tested experimental data collected from
Abbasi and Hogg [11]. A parametric study is also conducted to
investigate the inuence the effect of the cover thickness and different re curves on the performance of the RC beam specimens.

2. Analysis methodology
The steps used in the FE model development and thermal-stress
analysis of this structural member are:
1. Building a 3D FE model of the RC beam having the same geometry, materials (Concrete and GFRP bars) and boundary conditions, and loading. In order to perform thermal-stress analysis
thermal and structural elements are required. Thus, two models
were developed consisting of thermal and structural elements,
respectively.
2. The transient temperature versus time ISO834 [17] re curve is
applied in the thermal model to the soft and vertical sides of
the GFRP RC beam.
3. Validate the developed FE thermal model by comparing the predicted and measured temperature at different locations within
the beam cross section taken at mid-span.
4. A gravity load is applied to the top face of the beam in the
developed structural model to simulate the service dead and
live loads during re exposure. The predicted deection due
to gravity loads is compared to the measured experimental data
in order to validate the structural behavior of the model. Temperature nodal loads obtained from the thermal analysis of Step
2 are applied to the structural model at specied time points
(load steps and substeps). This will result in capturing the
deformation history along the entire structure during the
course of re exposure.
5. Compare the predicted and measured mid-span deection for
the entire re exposure to evaluate the performance of the
developed FE model.
6. The validated and veried FE model is extended to a parametric
study to investigate the effect of concrete cover thickness and
different standard re curves on the overall performance of
the GFRP RC beam.

3. Mathematical modeling
The 3D transient heat transfer governing equation as a function
of time is presented in Eq. (1). Eq. (1) is derived from the Law of
Conservation of Energy which states that the total inow of heat
in a unit time across a certain body must be equal to the total outow per unit time for the same body [20]. Furthermore, Eq. (1)
could be solved giving initial and boundary conditions on a part
or all the boundary of the domain. The initial conditions dene
the temperature distribution over the domain at the beginning of
the heat transfer (i.e. at t = 0). The initial and boundary conditions
are given by Eqs. (2) and (3), respectively.

qc

@T
@2T
@2T
@2T
k 2 k 2 k 2 S
@t
@x
@y
@z

Tx; y; z; 0 T 0 x; y; z; 0
k

@T
hc T s  T f hr T s  T f
@u

1
2
3

where q is the density, c is the specic heat, k is the conductivity, S


is the internally generated heat on unit volume per unit time, T is
the temperature gradient, t is time, u is the direction of heat, hc is
the heat transfer coefcient of solid surface, Ts is the temperature
of solid surface, Tf is the temperature of uid and hr is the radiation
heat transfer coefcient given by

hr res T 2s T 2f T s T f

where es is the emissivity of the surface in question and r is the


StefanBoltzmann constant 5.669  108 W/m2 K4 (0.1714  108
BTU/h ft2 R4).
The FE formulation is based on the Galerkin weighted residual
method in which each element is divided yielding the rst order
differential equation presented by [20].

kfT n g cfT n g fF n g

where [k] is the element heat conduction and convection matrix, [c]
is the element heat capacity matrix, Tn is the element nodal temperature vector, Fn is the element nodal heat input vector.
The system is then summed up to collect the individual elements yielding the global system shown in the following equation:

KfTg CfTg fFg

where [K] is the global heat conduction and convection matrix, [C] is
the global heat capacity matrix, T is the global nodal temperature
vector, F is the global nodal heat input vector.
In the structural simulation Eq. (7) presents the equation that
relates the stresses with mechanical and thermal strain.

frg Dfe  eT g

where {r} is the stress vector, [D] is the stiffness matrix used in the
structural simulation, {e} is the strain vector and {eT} is the temperature related total strain.
4. Finite element model development
The developed 3D FE model has the same geometry, material
properties, boundary conditions and loading as the GFRP RC beams
tested by Abbasi and Hogg [11]. The RC beams with GFRP bars have
a rectangular cross-section with height and width of 400 mm and
350 mm, respectively. The effective depth was 325 mm and the
clear concrete cover from the soft of the beam to the exural
reinforcement was 70 mm. The total length of the beam was
4400 mm with an effective span length of 4250 mm as shown in
Fig. 1. The beams were reinforced with nine 12.7 mm diameter

R.A. Hawileh, M.Z. Naser / Composites: Part B 43 (2012) 21352142

(Agfrp = 144.85 mm2) GFRP bars, seven at the tension side and two
at the compression zone of the beams cross-section. In addition,
9 mm diameter stirrups were used as shear reinforcements spaced
center to center at 160 mm.
The FE model was developed and simulated using the FE software, ANSYS 11.0 [18]. Fig. 2 shows a detailed view of the developed FE model. One quarter of the RC beam specimen was
modeled taking advantage of the symmetrical nature of the geometry, loading and boundary conditions resulting in a tremendous
reduction in the computational time. The symmetrical boundary
conditions were developed by applying vertical restrains (rollers)
in the two planes of symmetry, the transverse and longitudinal
directions.
Different thermal and structural element types were used in the
development of the FE model. The thermal elements used were SOLID70 and LINK33 [18] and the structural elements used in the
stress analysis were SOLID65, SOLID45 and LINK8 [18].
Both concrete material and steel supports were modeled in the
thermal simulation using SOLID70 [18]. SOLID70 has a 3-D thermal
conduction capability and eight nodes with a single degree of freedom (SDF) at each node, dened as temperature. The GFRP bars
were modeled using the thermal spar element, LINK33 [18].
LINK33 is a uniaxial element with the ability to conduct heat between its two nodes. The element has a one SDF, temperature at

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each node. In addition, both thermal elements are applicable to a


3-D steady-state or transient thermal analysis [18].
As for the structural simulation, the concrete material was modeled using SOLID65 [18]. SOLID65 is used for the 3-D modeling of
solids with or without reinforcing bar. The element is capable of
cracking in tension and crushing in compression. The element is
dened by eight nodes, having three degrees of freedom at each
node: translations in the nodal x, y, and z directions. LINK8 [18]
is used to model the GFRP bars. LINK8 is a spar uniaxial tension
compression element with three degrees of freedom at each node:
translations in the nodal x, y, and z directions. The element has
plasticity, creep, swelling, stress stiffening, and large deection
capabilities. The supports were modeled as rigid supports using
SOLID45 [18] elements. SOLID45 [18] is generally used for the 3D modeling of solid structures and is dened by eight nodes having
three degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the nodal x,
y, and z directions [18]. Since, there has not been reported any
bond-slip failure in the experiment conducted by Abbasi and Hogg
[11], and according to recent study by Ra et al. [20], perfect bond
was assumed between the GFRP bars and surrounding concrete by
allowing the elements to share the same nodes. Further investigation on the bond-slip between GFRP bars and concrete at elevated
temperatures is warranted. The total number of elements used in
the developed model was 20500 elements.

(a) Details of the tested RC beams

(b) Loading set-up


Fig. 1. Geometry and loading set-up [11].

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First plane
of
symmetry

First plane of symmetry

Second plane of
symmetry

GFRP Bars

(a) Isometric view

(b) Cross section view


Uniformly distributed load
Second
plane of
symmetry

(c) Side view


Fig. 2. The developed FE model.

5. Material constitutive models


It is evident that most materials mechanical properties tend to
degrade at elevated temperatures [5,7,8]. The developed FE model
herein requires temperature-dependant mechanical and thermal
material properties as inputs. Table 1, provides mechanical and
thermal properties for the concrete and GFRP bars used in this
study at ambient room temperature.
There have been many well documented data on the behavior of
RC structural members at elevated temperatures [2026]. The
thermal material properties for density, specic heat and thermal
conductivity of concrete as a function of temperature were taken
from Eurocode 2 [12] and shown in Fig. 3. The coefcient of thermal expansion as a function of increasing temperature was taken
from a study conducted by other researchers [7] and presented
in Eq. (8).

ac;T 0:008T c 6  106

Where ac,T is the coefcient of thermal expansion (1/C), Tc is temperature (C).


The thermal material properties in the transient analysis for the
GFRP bar material were taken at room temperature due to the lack
of experimental thermal material data for this material at elevated
temperature.
In the structural stress simulation, the degradation of both
strength and stiffness of concrete was accommodated by using
the proposed reduction factors of Eurocode 2 [12] and factors given
by Zhou and Vecchio [26]. The concrete material was modeled
using the nonlinear constitutive concrete material model of
Williams and Warnke [27]. This model takes into account the nonlinearity of concrete in tension by allowing the concrete elements
to crack upon reaching their ultimate tensile strength and to crush
once they reach the maximum compressive strength. It should be
noted that neither of the beams experienced any crushing of the

Fig. 3. Thermal material properties of concrete material.

Table 1
Material properties at ambient temperatures.
Material

Ex (GPa)

Ko (W/mm K)

Co (J/kg K)

aL (1/K)

aT (1/K)

q (kg/mm3)

Concrete
GFRP

30.5
40.8

0.20
0.28

2.7  103
4.0  105

722.8
1310

6.08  106
6.58  106

33.7  106

2.32  106
1.60  106

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Fig. 4. Concrete material stressstrain curves at elevated temperatures [15,16].

Fig. 5. The ISO834 re curve [17].

compression concrete and thus crushing was not considered as a


main failure criteria. Up to the rst crack, concrete material is treated as an isotropic elastic material and becomes orthotropic after
the initiation of cracks. Once a concrete element cracks, the modulus of elasticity is set to zero in the direction parallel to the principal tensile stress direction [27].
The open and close crack shear transfer coefcients, bt and bc
are additional parameters required for the concrete constitutive
material model [27]. Typical shear transfer coefcients are taken
as zero when there is a total loss of shear transfer representing a
smooth crack and 1.0 when there is no loss of shear transfer representing a rough crack [18]. The values of bt and bc in the developed
model are assumed to be 0.3 and 0.5, respectively [15,16].
To model the concrete nonlinearities in compression, multi-linear stressstrain curves as a function of increasing temperature
were used. Fig. 4 shows the temperature dependent compressive
stressstrain curves produced according to the reduction factors
given by Zhou and
[26]. The concrete tensile rupture stress

pVecchio
is taken as 0.62 fc0 where fc0 is the compressive strength of concrete. Once the concrete material reaches its tensile peak rupture
stress, a tensile stiffness multiplier of 0.6 is used to simulate a sudden drop of the tensile stress to 60% of the rupture stress, followed
by a linearly descending curve to zero stress at a strain value of six
times the strain corresponding to the concrete rupture stress.
The GFRP bars material is assumed to behave elastically up to
failure. The reduction factors of both ultimate tensile strength
(Kr) and modulus of elasticity (KE) were calculated according to
Abbasi and Hogg [29] and presented in Eqs. (9) and (10).

Part 20 [14] which is equivalent to the ISO834 [17] temperature


curve was applied as nodal temperatures at the sides and bottom
surface of the RC beams specimens. The nodal temperatures were
applied in terms of load steps. Each load step is composed of several smaller substeps that are solved using the NewtonRaphson
technique [19]. The ISO834 re curve is shown in Fig. 5.
Although, it was shown that the dominant heat transfer phenomenon inside a re chamber is radiation [8,21], but the fact that
the re nozzles in the furnace are very close to the tested beams,
the authors applied the average furnace temperature directly to
the soft and sides of the developed 3D RC beam [16,17]. This approach seems to result in a good matching with the temperature
readings recorded in the experimental program done by Abbasi
and Hogg [11] that will be discussed in the subsequent section.
The second stage consists of performing structural stress analysis to predict the performance of the RC beam specimens due to the
applied gravity service load and the obtained temperature distribution from the thermal analysis of stage 1. The thermal loads
are applied to the structural model at specied load steps and substeps from the results of the thermal analysis. The beam was modeled as simply supported. Symmetrical boundary conditions is
simulated by applying rollers that restrains translation in the plane
perpendicular to the axis of symmetry. Two planes of symmetry
were applied to the quarter model as shown in Fig. 2. The service
loads used in the experimental program was 40 kN and was applied in the FE structural model as uniformly distributed load as
shown in Fig. 2.
In this study, automatic time stepping option is turned on to
predict and control the load step size. At the end of each load step,
convergence is achieved by NewtonRaphson equilibrium iterations [19] within tolerance limits of the convergence criteria based
on force and displacement. A tolerance value of 0.1 [15,16] was
used in the structural nonlinear analysis of this study.

K r 1  0:0025DT

K E 1  0:0017DT

10

where DT = T20 C
It should be noted that the GFRP material is very sensitive at
elevated temperatures in which it loses most of its initial stiffness
at 500 C [5,7].
It should be noted that there have been a lot of debate on dening a critical temperature for FRP bars [9,20,28,29]. In this study,
failure of the beams specimens is dened when the temperature
in the GFRP bars reaches 462 C, which was the measured temperature of the GFRP bars at failure in the experimental program of
Abbasi and Hogg [11].
6. Loading and boundary conditions
The developed FE model must go under two stages, transient
thermal analysis and structural stress analysis. The rst stage consists of performing thermal transient analysis, in which the BS 476:

7. Results and discussions


7.1. Validation model
The developed FE model is validated by comparing the predicted results with that of the measured experimental data.
Fig. 6 draws a comparison between the average predicted and measured temperature in the exural GFRP reinforcements for the entire re exposure. It is clear from Fig. 6 that there is a good
agreement between the measured and predicted temperatures
throughout the re test. The maximum average deviation between
the predicted and measured results is within 15 C. Furthermore,
Fig. 7 shows a comparison of the mid-span deection history between the measured and predicted results during the course of

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Fig. 6. Comparison between the average temperatures measured and predicted in


the GFRP reinforcements.
Fig. 8. Comparison between the effects of using different concrete cover thicknesses on the thermal responses.

Fig. 7. Comparison between the deection history of the measured and simulated
results.

the re testing. The GFRP RC beam specimen failed after 128 min of
re exposure by a sudden increase in deection that caused failure
of the beam specimen. Similarly, the predicted time to failure in
the developed FE model was reached after 130 min due to large
midspan deection that causes divergence in the solution.

Fig. 9. Comparison between the effects of using different concrete cover thicknesses on the mid-span deection responses.

Table 2
Effect of different concrete cover thickness.

7.2. Parametric study

FE model

Designation

Time to failure
(min)

Deection at
failure (mm)

A parametric study was carried out using the developed and


validated FE model to investigate the inuence of the concrete
cover thickness and the effect of different applied re curves.

FE-70 mm
FE-65 mm
FE-60 mm
FE-45 mm

Validation model
65 mm cover
60 mm cover
45 mm cover

130
120
87.0
57.0

100
76
50.8
48.0

7.2.1. Effect of concrete cover thickness


The effect of using different concrete cover thicknesses was
taken into account by altering the concrete cover thickness from
70 to 65, 60 and 45 mm. The time to failure is assumed to occur
when the average temperature in the GFRP bars reaches the critical
GFRP temperature of 462 C. Figs. 8 and 9 draw a comparison between the effect of using different concrete cover thicknesses on
the thermal and deection responses. In addition, Table 2 lists
the predicted midspan deection and duration to failure for each
model. As expected, the decrease of the cover thickness would increase the temperature at the GFRP exural reinforcement which
in turn increases the loss of mechanical properties and initiates
early failure times. It is clear from Table 2 that the time to failure
was 130 min, 120 min, 87 min and 57 min for the beams having
concrete covers of 70 mm, 65 mm, 60 mm and 45 mm, respectively. Thus, the re endurance of the FE models was 7.7%, 22.3%
and 49.2% less than the validation model that had a concrete cover

of 70 mm. This shows that the use of a concrete cover of 65 mm or


even 60 mm (87 min to failure) would pass the BS 476: Part 20 [14]
and other building codes requirements [11] requirements of
achieving more than 90 min re endurance. Thus, it could be concluded that if a GFRP RC beam is to be designed to resist the ISO834
[13] re curve, a concrete cover of 65 mm is sufcient to protect
the GFRP bars during re exposure.
7.2.2. Effect of different re curves
The performance of the RC beams is studied when subjected to
the Modied Hydrocarbon (HCM) [30] and a typical compartment
re curve [31]. The HCM re curve [30] was developed with a maximum temperature of 1300 C. It worth mentioning that the rapid
increase in the temperature of the HCM curve at the early stages
would cause a large thermal shock (gradient) to the surrounding

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structure that arise from the rapid burning of petroleum and chemical fuels [30]. The compartment re curve was chosen to represent
a re scenario that is very severe and lasts for a short duration of
time, mainly for 35 min. The compartment (actual) re curve
[31] depends on many factors including room geometry, ventilations, fuel amount and type, etc. One main difference between
the standard and actual re curves is that the later have a decaying
portion which simulates the full consumption of fuel and/or pres-

Fig. 10. Different re curves used in the study.

Table 3
Effect of different re curves.
FE model

Designation

Time to
failure
(min)

Deection at
failure (mm)

FE-ISO834
FE Modied
Hydrocarbon
FE-Compartment

Validation model
Exposed to Hydrocarbon
re curve
Exposed to Compartment
re curve

130
91.5

100
62.7

NA

NA

ence of re ghters efforts. Fig. 10 shows the different re curves


used in the parametric study of this investigation.
Figs. 11 and 12 draw a comparison between the effect of using
different re curves on the thermal and deection responses of the
GFRP RC beam specimens. In addition, Table 3 presents the predicted midspan deection and time to failure for each model. It
is clear from Table 3 that the time to failure was 91.5 min for the
beam exposed to the HCM re curve which exceeds the 90 min
requirement of the BS476: Part 20 [14] code. Furthermore, it is
clear from Fig. 11 that the GFRP RC beam exposed to the compartment re curve did not fail during the entire exposure. Thus, it can
be concluded that the GFRP RC beams with a 70 mm cover can also
resist the severe HCM re exposure as well as the compartment
re curve.
8. Summary and conclusions
A nonlinear 3D FE model was developed and validated against
the experimental program conducted by other researchers to predict the performance of RC beams reinforced with GFRP bars. Then,
a parametric study was carried out to investigate the effect of concrete cover and other re curves on the performance of the beam
specimens. The following observations and conclusion were drawn
based on the numerical results of this study:

Fig. 11. Comparison between the effects of using different re curves on the
thermal response of the GFRP RC beam.

 The predicted thermal and deection results of the developed


FE model are in close agreement with the experimental testing.
Thus, the developed model could be used as a valid tool to predict the performance of GFRP reinforced concrete beams. It is
clear that the developed FE model is capable of accurately capturing the behavior of the tested RC beams under the effects of
re actions.
 The re endurance of FE models representing a concrete cover
of 45, 60 and 65 mm models was 49.2%, 22.3% and 7.7% less
than the validation model with a concrete cover of 70 mm.
 The re endurance of FE models exposed to the Modied
Hydrocarbon re curve was 29.6 less than that exposed to the
ISO834. This is mainly due to the severity of the Modied
Hydrocarbon re curve re curve.
 The developed FE model could be used in future oriented parametric studies to investigate the effect of several parameters on
the performance of GFRP RC beams.

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Fig. 12. Comparison between the effects of using different the different re curves
on the mid-span deection responses.

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