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MEASURES OF
CENTRAL
TENDENCY
General Objective
Unit
am
Understanding differences between
Specific Objectives
khusus
On completion of this unit, the students
should be able to :
1.
2.
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B3001/UNIT2/2
2.0 INTRODUCTION
INPUT
2.1 UNGROUPED DATA
2.1.1 Mean
Mean of a set of data is the sum of the values of all observations divided by the total
number of observation.
If the data represent a sample, the mean is defined as follows :
Mean, =
x
N
where,
x
N
Example 2.1:
x
N
5 7 7 9 4 6 5 10 12 8
=
10
Mean, =
= 7.3
Prepared by : NURIZATY MUHAMAD NOR
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Example 2.2
Data in Table 2.1 shows the test marks that scored by a student in Mathematics 3.
Table 2.1
Test
Marks
80
100
60
55
75
Solution :
Mean
sum of marks
total number of tests
370
5
= 74
=
You must understand what a frequency table is. Raw data can be summarized in
a frequency distribution table. Frequency distribution table for ungrouped data shows the
number of observations or frequencies for each data. This method can apply if the raw
data is large.
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Example 2.3:
The following data shows the marks scored by 35 students in mid-term exam.
80
45
40
75
85
45
50
80
60
60
40
50
65
80
60
40
60
70
80
60
50
65
45
75
80
75
50
45
40
60
65
70
60
45
50
Solution :
The marks can be summarized in frequency distribution table for ungrouped data as
follows:
Table 2.2 : Frequency distribution table for ungrouped data
Marks (x)
Total (fx)
80
400
45
225
40
160
60
420
50
250
65
195
70
140
75
225
85
85
Total
35
2100
fx
f
2100
=
35
= 60
Min, =
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2.1.2 Mode
Mode is the value that occurs with the highest frequency in a set data of
data.There are two or more values of mode if there are two or more data that have the
same highest frequency. A set of data also do not have a mode if a data given have the
same frequency.
Example 2.4:
Find the mode of the following data :
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Solution:
a)
mode, M0 = 20
b)
M0 = 20 dan 50
c)
M0 = 20, 30 dan 50
d)
M0 = 20
e)
M0 = None
Example 2.5 :
Find the mode in table 2.2 above.
Solution :
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Example 2.6:
For a set of data: 3, 6, 11, 4, 8, 14, 21, find the median.
Solution :
3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 14, 21
3 numbers 3 numbers
So, median = 8
Example2.7:
For a set of data 61, 65, 68, 78, 79, 84, 90, 91, determine the median.
Solution :
Arrange the data in ascending order
61, 65, 68, 78, 79, 84, 90, 91
Because there are two numbers in the centre of a set of data,
median =
78 79
2
= 78.5
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ACTIVITY 2a
2a.1
2a.2
2a.3
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FEEDBACK 2a
2a.1
a) 67.5
b) 376
c) 360
2a.2
a) 4.5
b) 37
d) 360
2a.3
a) 30
b) 3
c) None
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INPUT
2.2
GROUPED DATA
2.2.1 Mean
Mean for grouped data can be calculated using the formula as follows :
Mean, =
fx
f
where, (sigma) = total
f = frequency
x = class midpoint = Lower lim it Upper lim it
2
Example 2.8:
Find the mean for grouped data in table 2.3below.
Table 2.3
Class
Frequency, f
- 4
30
- 9
51
10
- 14
10
15 - 19
10
Solution :
First, you must complete the frequency table as in table 2.4
Table 2.4
Class
Midpoint, x
Frequency, f
fx
- 4
30
60
- 9
51
357
10
- 14
12
10
120
15 - 19
17
10
170
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f 101
So,
fx 707
15 19 34
= 17
2
2
fx
Min, =
f
707
101
= 7
2.2.2 Median
Median is the center value of a set of data that is arranged in order. For grouped
data, the median class should be determined first before calculating the median by (N/2).
Median is given by the following formula :
F
C
m L 2
fm
Where,
Example 2.9:
Table 2.5 shows the weight of 100 polytechnic students. Calculate the median using
formula.
Table 2.5 : Weight of 100 polytechnic students.
Weight (kg)
Frequency
25 - 49
15
50 - 74
25
75 - 99
30
100 - 129
20
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125 - 149
10
Solution :
Table 2.6 : Frequency distribution table of 100 polytechnic students
Weight
frequency, f
(kg)
Cumulative
frequency
25 - 49
15
15
50 - 74
25
40
75 - 99
30
70
100 - 124
20
90
125 - 149
10
100
F
C
med L 2
fm
50 40
med 74.5
25
30
= 82.8 kg
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Example 2.10:
Table 2.7 shows the weight of a group of students.
Berat (kg)
41 - 45
46 - 50
51 - 55
56 - 60
61 - 65
66 - 70
71 - 75
Kekerapan
12
Solution :
Table 2.8 : Frequency distribution table
Weight
Frequency
(kg)
Cumulative
Upper
Frequency
boundaries
41 - 45
45.5
46 - 50
50.5
51 - 55
14
55.5
56 - 60
12
26
60.5
61 - 65
35
65.5
66 - 70
38
70.5
71 - 75
40
75.5
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2.2.3 Mode
dimana,
LM 0 = Lower boundary of the mode class
d1
d2
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Example 2.10
Determine the mode in table 2.9:
Table 2.9
Mode
class
Class
Frequency
118 - 126
127 - 135
136 - 144
145 - 153
12
154 - 162
163 - 171
172 - 180
f M 0 1 9
f M 0 12
f M 0 1 5
Solution :
Mode class : 145 - 153
LM 0 = 144.5
f M 0 12 , f M 0 1 9 , f M 0 1 5
So,
d1 f M 0 f M 0 1 12 9 3
d 2 f M 0 f M 0 1 12 5 7
c9
d1
M 0 LM 0
d1 d 2
3
Mod, M 0 144.5
9
37
= 147.2
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Example 2.11:
Construct a histogram and determine the mode from table 2.10.
Mode
class
Markah
Kekerapan
31 40
41 50
51 60
14
61 70
10
71 80
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marks
ACTIVITY 2b
2b.1
The monthly school expenses is shown in the following data. Find the mean,
mode and median using formula and graphical method.
Expenses (RM)
11 21
22 32
33 43
44 54
55 65
66 76
77 - 87
2b.2
Frequency
3
7
10
14
9
6
1
n = 50
Frequency
9
6
16
10
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65 69
70 74
75 - 79
7
2
0
ANSWERS 2b
2b.1
Mean = 47.02
Median = 47.4
Mode = 48.38
2b.2
Mean = 57.5
Median= 57.6
Mode = 57.6
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PRACTICES
2-a. The following table shows the height of 50 students in a class. Determine the mean,
mode and median.
Height
(cm)
146 150
151 155
156 160
161 - 165
166 - 170
171 - 175
10
14
11
No. of
Students
2-b. The following table shows the marks scored by 54 students in a Geography Test.
Determine the mean, mode and median for the data.
Marks
0 -19
20 - 39
40 - 59
60 -79
80 -99
No. of Students
16
10
2-c. A sample of wire produced by a factory in 1 week is shown in the table below..
Determine the mean, mode and median.
Diameter(mm)
0.95 0.97
0.98 1.00
1.01 1.03
1.04 1.06
1.07 1.09
Frequency
12
15
11
B3001/UNIT2/19
ii) Find the median of data :
ANSWERS
2-a.
2-b.
2-c.
2-d
i)
46.8
ii)
90
iii)
None
Page 19