Science test

50 years ago discovery of the genes

Characteristics of parents are inherited
Middle of the 19th century, Gregor Mendel did a series of experiments such
as cross breeding different strands of garden peas
Had theories of evolution
Worked in a monastery
Round peas with a wrinkled one he got a round.
2nd gen had both round and wrinkled seeds.
2nd gen had wrinkled
Dominance and segregation (recessive and dominant)
Characteristics were inherited in ratios
Factors can be recessive or dominant depending on the combination of the
factors the offspring inherits
Mendellian trait used to describe a characteristic caused by a single gene
that reappears in of the offspring
Darwins theory of natural selection
Morgan did an experiment by breeding fruit flies
Gender of the species is determined by the (two of the rode shaped
structures) chromosomes
Human females have 2 XX chromosomes
Human males have a X and a Y chromosome
Genes are located on a linear order in the chromosomes.
Edward Tate did an experiment with a bread mould.
X-rays damage chromosomes, cause mutations.
Genes are responsible for producing enzymes.
Lactose intolerance is an example of a human metabolic condition caused
by a missing enzyme.
Barber Matlock research the genetics of corneal
Correlation of a corneal and a break between their chromosomes.
When a gene randomly jumps from one place to another is known as a
break.
Disrupting activity of the other genes responsible for making the pigment
of the corneal.
Transposons
Genetic mutations caused by transposons such as cancer and diseases
Transposons causes mutate and changes the response made of the
environment
DNA carries and is a genetic material (Hershey)
Bacteriophage, virus known to effect bacteria
Bacteriophage, consists of a protein shell and DNA.
Radioactive DNA
DNA hosted the bacteria to make more viruses.
Chemical structure of DNA is double helix
James Watson and Francis crick discovered the structure of DNA
Adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine were the 4 bases of DNA
X-ray crystallography discovered the DNA structure

Contained pairs of the 4 bases known as hydrogen bonds

Science test

Cytoplasm, cell nucleus, inside is long thin strands of DNA

DNA contains the genetic instructions that controls the cells
metabolic functions
Messenger RNA
DNA was responsible for making proteins in the cytoplasm
Cells with lots of protein production consisted lots of RNA
RNA chemicals similar to DNA except one strand
RNA in the host cell and produce more proteins faster
RNA translates instructions from DNA for making protein
20 amino acids involved to create proteins
RNA is made of 4 chemical bases
Three of the bases align in a specific sequence are called triplets
Triplet codes for a specific acid.
The order of the triplets is the blueprint for the production of
proteins
RNA is transcribed and DNA is copied into RNA.
RNA contains the information that determines the sequence of
amino acids and protein
Nierenberg broke the genetic code and discovered how the
structure worked
Certain types of bacteria were resistant to being infected by the
bacteriophage
Bacteria had enzymes which fought back against the virus by
cutting the DNA into pieces.
Restriction enzymes
Scissors used to cut DNA molecules which had the ability to
manipulate DNA
DNA communicates instructions for making proteins in the
cytoplasm.
Instructions were coded from one gene of the DNA to one type of
messenger RNA
Genes that coded multiple RNAs, coded for multiple protein
Some genes are able to code for more than one protein known as
alternative splicing.
Medicines are designed to block the production of specific
alternatively spliced proteins and enzymes which regulate pain in
the nervous system.
Genetic variations among individuals is very common
DNA variance
DNA variant formed by short identical sequences which were
repeated
Jeffrey called these repeated sequences mini satellite DNA
1997 scientist Andrew fire and Craig mallow conducted experiments
for specific genes

RNA interference is when a mechanism within a virus destroys the

double stranded RNA as well as destroying the messenger RNA, the
gene responsible for making proteins within the cell was shut off.
Sequencing of a complete genetic blueprint called the genial.