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Rainfall (Re):
Precipitation falling during the growing period
of a crop that is available to meet the
evapotranspiration (ET) needs of the crop is
called effective rainfall.
It is that part of rainfall which is available to
meet ET that is needed for a crop
Re = R - Rr - Dr
where, R = Precipitation, Rr = Surface runoff
and Dr = Deep percolation
affecting Re:
Rainfall
affecting Re:
Carryover
water required in order to meet the evapotranspiration needed for crop growth
CIR = Cu - Re
NIR
= ETc - Re - Ge - SW
where,
2
1.0 cumec of water is pumped into a farm
distribution system, 0.8 cumec is delivered to a
turn-out, 0.9 kilometer from the well. Compute
the conveyance efficiency.
Solution:
By definition, c = Output/input x 100 = 0.8/1.0 x 100
= 80%
3
10 cumec of water is delivered to a 32 hectare
field, for 4 hours. Soil probing after the irrigation
indicates that 0.3 meter of water has been stored in
the root zone. Compute the water application
efficiency.
Solution:
Volume of water supplied by 10 cumec of water applied
for 4 hours = (10 x 4 x 60 x 60) m3
= 144000 m3 = 14.4 x 104 m3 = 14.4 m x 104 m2
=14.4 hactare-meter
4
A stream of 130 liters per sec was diverted from a canal
and 100 liters per sec were delivered to the field. An
area of 1.6 ha was irrigated in 8 hrs. Effective depth of
root zone was 1.7 m. Runoff loss in the field was 420 m3.
Depth of water penetration varied linearly from 1.7 m at
the head end of the field to 1.1 m at the tail end.
Available moisture holding capacity of the soil is 20 cm
per meter depth of soil. It is required to determine the (a)
water conveyance efficiency; (b) water application
efficiency; (c) water storage efficiency and (d) water
distribution efficiency. Irrigation was started at a moisture
extraction level of 50% of the available moisture.
because
Over
GIR:
At the outlet point (FIR): need to include field channel loss and water
application loss
At the diversion point (GIR): need to include all losses
Problem 5
Design water requirement at the outlet of canal diversion.
Assume Ea = 0.7. Area = 1 ha.
Month
ETcrop(cm)
Re (cm)
Nov
2.4
0.4
Dec
5.89
1.6
Jan
6.86
3.2
Feb
13.86
2.2
ETcrop(cm)
Re (cm)
NIR = ET Re
(cm)
FIR = NIR/Ea
(cm)
Nov
2.4
0.4
2.0
2.86
Dec
5.89
1.6
4.29
6.13
Jan
6.86
3.2
3.66
5.23
Feb
13.86
2.2
11.66
16.66
Soil
affected by
affected by
Climate factors:
Temperature
Humidity
Wind
speed
Duration and intensity of light
Atmospheric vapor pressure
affected by
Soil factors:
Texture
Structure
Moisture
content
Hydraulic conductivity
affected by
Plant factors:
Efficiency
Leaf
area
Leaf arrangement and structure
Stomatal behavior
Stomata:
Where,
ET = Evapotranspiration
I = Total irrigation water applied (mm)
Re = Effective rainfall (mm)
Mbi = Moisture content at the begining of the season in the
ith layer of the soil
Mei = Moisture content at the end of the season in the ith
layer of the soil
Blaney-Criddle Formula:
It
is used extensively
It gives good estimates of seasonal water needs
under arid condition or initial condition
Limitation: not suitable for a period shorter than 1
month
Cu = (k.p)[1.8t + 32]/40, k values from table7.5 (Israelsen)
where, Cu = Monthly consumptive use in cm
k = Crop factor, determined by experiments
t = Mean monthly temperature in C
p = Monthly percent of annual day light hours that
occur during the period
Month
Monthly
temperature
(C) averaged
over the last 5
years
November
December
January
February
18.0
15.0
13.5
14.5
Monthly
percent of day
time hour of
the year
computed from
the sun-shine
7.20
7.15
7.30
7.10
Useful rainfall
in cm
averaged over
the last 5
years
1.7
1.42
3.01
2.75
Month
t (C)
p (hr)
Re (cm)
f = p/40(1.8t+32) cm
November
December
January
February
18.0
15.0
13.5
14.5
7.20
7.15
7.30
7.10
1.7
1.42
3.01
2.75
= 8.38
11.6
10.5
10.3
10.3
= 42.7
7
Determine the volume of water required to be
diverted from the head works to irrigate area
of 5000 ha using the data given in the table
below. Assume 80% as the effective
precipitation to take care of the consumptive use
of the crop. Also assume 50% efficiency of
water application in the field and 75% as the
conveyance efficiency of canal.
Month
Temp (F)
% hrs of
sunshine
Rainfall
(mm)
Crop
factor (k)
June
70.8
9.90
75
0.80
July
74.4
10.20
108
0.85
August
72.8
9.60
130
0.85
Sept
71.6
8.40
115
0.85
Oct
69.3
7.86
105
0.65
Nov
55.2
7.25
25
0.65
Dec
47.1
6.42
0.60
Jan
48.8
8.62
0.60
Feb
53.9
9.95
0.65
March
60.0
8.84
0.70
April
62.5
8.86
0.70
May
67.4
9.84
0.75
Chapter 2Month
Blaney-Criddle
Formula
Temp
% hrs of Rainfall Crop Factor C =kf=kpt/40
u
Solution:
(F)
Sunshine (cm)
(k)
(cm)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
June
70.8
9.90
7.5
0.80
14.02
July
74.4
10.20
10.8
0.85
16.13
August
72.8
9.60
13.0
0.85
14.85
Sept
71.6
8.40
11.5
0.85
12.78
Oct
69.3
7.86
10.5
0.65
8.85
Nov
55.2
7.25
2.5
0.65
6.5
Dec
47.1
6.42
0.60
4.54
Jan
48.8
8.62
0.60
6.31
Feb
53.9
9.95
0.65
8.71
March
60.0
8.84
0.70
9.28
April
62.5
8.86
0.70
9.68
May
67.4
9.84
0.75
12.44
55.8
124.09
Quantity
involving:
When to irrigate?
How much water to apply each time?
How to apply (method of irrigation)?
Culturable
Intensity
Crop
Total
Crop
Requirements of Crops:
Water requirements of a crop mean the total
quantity and the way in which a crop requires water
from the time it is sown to the time it is harvested
Water requirements depend on: water table, crop
type, ground slope, intensity of irrigation, method of
application of water, place/location, climate
condition, type of soil, method of cultivation and
useful rainfall
8
If rice requires about 10 cm depth of water at an
average interval of about 10 days, and the crop
period for rice is 120 days, find out the delta for rice.
Solution:
No of watering required = 120/10 = 12 days
Total depth of water required in 120 days = 10 x 12
= 120 cm
So for rice = 120 cm
9
If wheat requires about 7.5 cm of water after every
28 days, and the base period for wheat is 140 days,
find out the value of delta for wheat.
Solution:
No of watering required = 140/28 = 5 days
Total depth of water required in 140 days = 7.5 x 5
= 37.5 cm
So for rice = 37.5 cm
of Duty
It helps us in designing an efficient canal irrigation
system. Knowing the total available water at the head
of a main canal, and the overall duty for all the crops
required to be irrigated in different seasons of the
year, the area which can be irrigated can be worked
out.
Inversely, if we know the crops area required to be
irrigated and their duties, we can work out the
discharge required for designing the channel
10
Find the delta for a crop when its duty is 864 ha/cumec
on the field, base period of this crop is 120 days.
Solution:
Here, B = 120 days, D = 864 ha/cumec
So = 864 x 120/864 = 120 cm
Chapter 2 Definition
Cash
Crop
A cash crop may be defined as a crop which has to be
en-cashed in the market for processing as it cannot be
consumed directly by the cultivators. All non food crops
are thus included in cash crops. Examples: Jute, Tea,
Cotton, Tobacco etc.
Optimum
available moisture:
It is that portion of the available moisture which is
most easily extracted by the plants, and is
approximately 75 to 80% of the available
moisture
Capacity(FC):
Immediately
days
Field capacity water further consists of two parts:
One part is that which is attached to the soil
molecules by surface tension against gravitation
forces, and can be extracted by plants by capillarity.
This water is called capillary water.
Other part is that which is attached to the soil
molecules by loose chemicals bonds. This water which
cannot be removed by capillarity is not available to
the plants, and is called hygroscopic water
Field
11
After how many days will you supply water to soil in order
to ensure sufficient irrigation of the given crop, if
Field capacity of soil = 28%
Permanent Wilting Point = 13%
Dry density of soil = 1.3 gm/cc
Effective depth of root zone = 70 cm
Daily Cu of water for the given crop = 12 mm
Solution:
Available Moisture = FC PWP = 28 13 = 15%
12
Wheat is to be grown in a field having a field capacity
equal to 27% and permanent wilting point is 13%.
Find the storage capacity in 80 cm depth of the soil, if
the dry unit weight of the soil is 14.72 kN/m3. If
irrigation water is to be supplied when the average soil
moisture falls to 18%, find the water depth required to
be supplied to the field if the field application
efficiency is 80%. What is the amount of water needed
at the canal outlet if the water loss in the water-courses
and the field channels is 15% of the outlet discharge?
13
A CCA of 90000 ha has to be irrigated by a proposed
reservoir with the help of a canal system. Crops to be
grown during a year are rice, wheat and sugarcane with a
crop ratio 3:2:1. Intensities of irrigation are rice-80%,
wheat-70% and sugarcane-60%. FIRs are as follows:
Rice: July-25cm, Aug-30cm, Sept-15cm, Oct-15cm
Wheat: Dec to March 10cm
Sugarcane: Nov-5cm, Dec to Apr 10cm, May-15cm
What should be the design capacity of the main canal near
the point of offtake. Assume 20% loss in conveyance.
CCA = 90000 ha
Area under Rice = 3/6x90000 = 45000 ha
Area under Wheat = 2/6x90000 = 30000 ha
Area under Sugarcane = 1/6x90000 = 15000 ha
Actual area under irrigation are
Rice = 0.8 x 45000 = 36000 ha
Wheat = 0.7 x 30000 = 21000 ha
Sugarcane = 0.6 x 15000 = 9000 ha
Wheat
Solution
A
contd.
D
Q
Qtota
l
210
00
0.1
259
2
8.1
900
0
0.1
259
2
3.47 11.5
7
210
00
0.1
259
2
8.1
900
0
0.1
259
2
3.47 11.5
7
210
00
0.1
259
2
8.1
900
0
0.1
259
2
3.47 11.5
7
900
0
0.1
259
2
3.47 3.47
900
0
0.15 172
8
5.21 5.21
Sugarcane
Wheat
Solution
Sugarcane
Qtota
contd.
D
360
00
0.25 103
6
34.7
5
34.7
5
360
00
0.3
864
41.6
7
41.6
7
360
00
0.15 172
8
20.8
3
20.8
3
360
00
0.15 172
8
20.8
3
20.8
3
contd.
Sample calc, D = 8.64 x B/ = 8.64x30/0.25
= 1036.8 ha/cumec
Q1 = 36000/1036 = 34.75 cumec
Canal must be designed for the max capacity = 41.67
Design capacity of canal at offtake = 41.67/0.8
= 52.08 cumec (Ans)