Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Second
www.cambridge.edu.au
www.cambridge.edu.au/GO
www.cambridge.edu.au/hotmaths
Edition
G K Powers
Cambridge
Preliminary Mathematics General
Powers
Cambridge Preliminary Mathematics General Second Edition has been completely revised for
the Stage 6 Mathematics General syllabus implemented from 2013, to prepare you for the HSC
General 1 or General 2 course.
Designed to cater for a wide range of learning styles and abilities, this student-friendly text
reinforces the skills you need to manage your personal finances and effectively participate in an
increasinglycomplex society. It enhances statistical literacy and encourages the application of
relevant technologies, while developing other essential employability skills.
This Second Edition closely follows the syllabus to cover all required strands and the two focus
studies: Mathematics and Driving, and Mathematics and Communication. These focus studies
are presented in two discrete chapters to provide teachers with the flexibility to integrate focusstudy content across the strands in a way that suits the teaching and learning approaches,
abilities and knowledge in their classroom. A suggested program for integrating the focus
studies is provided for teachers via Cambridge GO, but the options are many.
Features:
Syllabus topics and their content are listed at the start of each chapter to outline the
concepts to be covered.
Precise step-by-step worked solutions encourage independent learning.
Graded exercises focus first on basic skills and understanding, building on these through
Development questions that encourage you to apply your understanding to contextualised
problem solving. Challenge questions in each exercise extend and enrich students, and
extra challenge questions are available in the Teacher Resource Package.
Essential rules, formulae and important concepts are highlighted throughout, while a
comprehensive glossary and HSC formula sheet are ideal for quick reference and revision.
Applications of relevant technologies are incorporated, such as graphics calculator and
spreadsheet activities, examples and questions.
End-of-chapter summaries and multiple-choice and short-response questions provide
opportunities to consolidate and revise knowledge and understanding.
Two complete HSC Practice Papers with answers provide valuable preparation for the
HSC course and exams.
Cambridge
Preliminary
Mathematics
General
Second
Edition
n
mo ry
m
Co mina
li
se
pre our
c or
f l 1&2
a
ner
Ge
Cambridge
PRELIMINARY
MATHEMATICS
GENERAL
Second Edition
G K Powers
Contents
Introduction
vii
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
Chapter 2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
Chapter 3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
xii
FM1
35
AM1
18
39
70
73
MM1
Units of measurement 73
Measurement errors
79
Scientific notation and significant figures 83
Calculations with ratios
88
Rates and concentrations 92
Percentage change 96
Chapter summary 99
Sample HSC Objective-response questions 100
Sample HSC Short-answer questions 101
iii
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ISBN: 9781107627291
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iv
Contents
AM2
DS1
FM2
DS2
Contents
FM3
PB1
MM2
DS3
vi
Contents
FSCo
MM3
FSDr
Introduction
New syllabus and Focus studies
Cambridge Preliminary Mathematics General Second Edition has been completely revised for
the stage 6 Mathematics General syllabus to be implemented from 2013, and the HSC General 2
examination being implemented in 2014. The Preliminary course is a common preparation for both
the General 1 and General 2 courses at HSC
This resource closely follows the syllabus and is divided into strands, topics and focus studies.
Each focus study is contained in a single chapter to provide easy access, and is designed to be
integrated across the strands. Teachers can decide on the integration depending on the ability
and knowledge of their students. The teaching program outlines one method of integration.
vii
viii
Introduction
1.1
1B
14.1
14A
Lesson Notes a new resource: PowerPoint les containing comprehensive lesson notes
and additional examples which can be used in class or given to students as tutorials
Chapter tests as worksheets, with answers
Literacy worksheets activities to help with mathematical terminology
Spreadsheet skills worksheets to use with spreadsheet les provided
Copies of the teaching programs and scope and sequence charts
Introduction
ix
www.cambridge.edu.au/GO
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ISBN: 9781107627291
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1.
2.
3.
* Technical specifications: You must be connected to the internet to activate your account and to use the Interactive Textbook.
Some material, including the PDF Textbook, can be downloaded. To use the PDF Textbook you must have the latest version of Adobe Reader installed.
Acknowledgements
The author and publisher wish to thank the following sources for permission to reproduce
material:
Images: Wikimedia Commons, p.9 (bottom), p.175, p.176, p.179 (bottom); Australian
Bureau of Statistics. Reprinted with permission. Commonwealth of Australia, p.106;
Privacy Commission, p.107; Picture by Steve Bowbrick, ickr.com/photos/bowbrick, p.178;
Courtesy of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, p.417; Courtesy of the NSW Ofce of
State Revenue, p.421; Courtesy of the Department of Commerce Western Australia, p.424;
andesign101 / Shutterstock.com, p.425 (top); EvrenKalinbacak / Shutterstock.com, p.429;
zstock / Shutterstock.com, p.437; Andre Dobroskok / Shutterstock.com, p.439; ronfromyork /
Shutterstock.com, p.449; Fedor Selivanov / Shutterstock.com, p.453; All other images 2012
used under license from Shutterstock.com.
Every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge copyright. The publisher apologises for
any accidental infringement and welcomes information that would redress this situation.
xii
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ISBN: 9781107627291
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C H A P T E R
Salary is a payment for a years work which is then divided into equal monthly, fortnightly or
weekly payments. People who are paid a salary include teachers and nurses.
Advantages
Permanent employment
Disadvantages
1 year = 26 fortnights
1 year = 12 months
Mitchell earns a salary of $65 208 per annum. He is paid fortnightly. How much does he
receive each fortnight? Assume there are 52 weeks in the year.
1
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Solution
1
2
3
4
Wages
Wage is a payment for work calculated on an hourly basis. People who are paid a wage
include shop assistants, factory workers and mechanics.
Advantages
Permanent employment
Disadvantages
Calculating a wage
Salary
A payment for a years work, which is then
divided into equal monthly, fortnightly or
weekly payments.
Wage
A payment for a weeks work and is
calculated on an hourly basis.
Exercise 1A
1
Emily earns a salary of $92 648. Write, to the nearest dollar, her salary as amounts per:
a
week.
b
fortnight.
c
month.
The annual salary for 4 people is shown in the table below. Calculate their weekly and
fortnightly payments. (Answer correct to the nearest dollar.)
Name
Salary
Abbey
$57 640
Blake
$78 484
Chloe
$107 800
David
$44 240
Week
Fortnight
Dylan receives a weekly salary payment of $1560. What is his annual salary?
Stephanie is paid $1898 per fortnight and Tahlia $3821 per month. Calculate each
persons equivalent annual income. Who earns the most per week and by how much?
Laura is paid $1235 per fortnight and Ebony $2459 per month. Which person receives
the highest annual salary and by how much?
10
Tran is paid $1898 per week and Jake $8330 per month. Calculate each persons
equivalent annual income. What is the difference between their annual salaries?
11
Joshua works as a labourer and is paid $25.50 an hour. How much does he earn for
working the following hours?
a
35 hours
b
37 hours
c
40 hours
d
42 hours
12
Lily earns $29.75 an hour. If she works 6 hours each day during the week and 4 hours a
day during the weekend, find her weekly wage.
13
Determine the wage for a 37-hour week for each of the following hourly rates.
a
$12.00
b
$9.50
c
$23.20
d
$13.83
14
Determine the income for a year (52 weeks) for each of the following hourly rates.
Assume 40 hours of work per week.
a
$7.59
b
$15.25
c
$18.78
d
$11.89
15
Suchitra works at the local supermarket. She gets paid $22.50 per hour. Her time card is
shown below.
Day
In
Out
Monday
Tuesday
a
b
Thursday
Friday
16
Grace earns $525 in a week. If her hourly rate of pay is $12.50, how many hours does
she work in the week?
17
Zachary is a plumber who earned $477 for a days work. He is paid $53 per hour. How
many hours did Zachary work on this day?
18
Lucy is a hairdresser who earns $24.20 per hour. She works an 8-hour day.
a
How much does Lucy earn per day?
b
How much does Lucy earn per week? Assume she works 5 days a week.
c
How much does Lucy earn per fortnight?
d
How much does Lucy earn per year? Assume 52 weeks in the year.
19
Alyssa is paid $36.90 per hour and Connor $320 per day. Alyssa works a 9-hour day.
Who earns the most per day and by how much?
Development
20
Feng is retiring and will receive 7.6 times the average of his salary over the past three
years. In the past three years he was paid $84 640, $83 248 and $82 960. Find the amount
of his payout.
21
Liams salary is currently $76 000. He will receive salary increases as follows: 5%
increase from 1 July and then a 5% increase from 1 January. What will be his new salary
from 1 January?
22
1A
a
b
c
d
Cell E5 has a formula that multiplies cells C5 to D5. Enter this formula.
Enter the hours worked for the following employees:
Liam 20
Lily 26
Tin 38
Molly 40
Noth 37.5
Nathan 42
Joshua 38.5
Fill down the contents of E5 to E12.
Edit the hourly pay rate of Olivia Cini to $16.50. Observe the change in E5.
23
Isabelle earns $85 324 per annum. Isabelle calculated her weekly salary by dividing her
annual salary by 12 to determine her monthly payment and then divided this result
by 4 to determine her weekly payment. What answer did Isabelle get, what is the correct
answer, and what is wrong with Isabelles calculation?
24
Lucy earns $8 per hour and Ebony earns $9 per hour. Last week they both earned
at least $150. What is the least number of hours that Lucy could have worked last
week?
Overtime rates apply when employees work beyond the normal working day. Payment for
overtime is usually more than the normal pay rate. For example, a person whose normal pay
rate is $10 an hour would receive $20 ($10 2) an hour if they were paid overtime at double
time. Another common overtime rate is time-and-a-half. It is the normal pay rate multiplied
by 1 12 or 1.5. Here a person would receive $15 ($10 1.5) an hour.
Overtime rates
Time-and-a-half rate
Double time rate
Example 3
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
Special allowances
Employees receive an allowance if they work under difficult or dangerous conditions such
as wet weather, extreme temperatures, confined spaces or isolated areas. Allowances are also
paid when an employee has an expense related to their line of work such as uniform, meals,
travel or tools.
The Powers Family Trust 2013
ISBN: 9781107627291
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Casual work
Casual work involves a set amount paid for each hours work. It can be paid weekly or
fortnightly.
Advantages
Disadvantages
5
6
Wage = (4 15)
normal pay
+ (4.5 15 1.5)
time-and-a-half
pay
= $281.25
Milans wage is $281.25
Exercise 1B
1
Calculate the payment for working 4 hours overtime at time-and-a half given the
following normal pay rates.
a
$18.00
b
$39.50
c
$63.20
d
$43.83
Calculate the payment for working 3 hours overtime at double time given the following
normal pay rates.
a
$37.99
b
$19.05
c
$48.78
d
$61.79
Mei is a casual employee who worked 8 hours at normal time and 2 hours at time-and-ahalf. Her normal rate of pay is $12.30 per hour. What is her pay for the above time?
Oliver earns $23.80 an hour. He earns normal time during week days and time-and-a-half
on weekends. Last week he worked 34 hours during the week and 6 hours during the
weekend. Find his weekly wage.
George works in a take-away food store. He gets paid $18.60 per hour for a standard
35-hour week. Additional hours are paid at double time. His time card is shown below.
Day
Out
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
a
In
Dave works for 5 hours at double time. He earns $98.00. Find his normal hourly rate.
Ella works 3 hours at time-and-a-half and earns $72.00. Find her normal hourly rate.
Zahid is paid a set wage of $774.72 for a 36-hour week, plus time-and-a-half for
overtime. In one particular week he worked 43 hours. What are Zahids earnings?
10
Samantha is paid a set wage of $962.50 for a 35-hour week, plus double time for
overtime. In one particular week she worked 40 hours. What are Samanthas earnings?
11
12
Anna works in a factory and is paid $18.54 per hour. If she operates the oven she is paid
temperature allowance of $4.22 per hour in addition to her normal rate. Find her weekly
pay if she works a total of 42 hours including 10 hours working the oven.
13
Scott is a painter who is paid a normal rate of $36.80 per hour plus a height allowance of
$21 per day. If Scott works 9 hours per day for 5 days on a tall building, calculate his
total earnings.
14
Kathy is a scientist who is working in a remote part of Australia. She earns a salary of
$86 840 plus a weekly allowance of $124.80 for working under extreme and isolated
conditions. Calculate Kathys fortnightly pay.
15
16
A miner earns a wage of $46.20 per hour plus an allowance of $28.20 per hour for
working in cramped spaces. The miner worked a 10-hour day for 5 days in small shaft.
What is his weekly pay?
10
Development
17
Vien is employed on a casual basis. His rate of pay is shown below. Last week Vien
worked from 11.30 a.m. until 3.30 p.m. on Thursday, from 8.30 a.m. till 2.00 p.m. on
Saturday, and from 12 noon till 6 p.m. on Sunday. How much did Vien earn last week?
Rate of pay
Weekdays
Saturday
Time-and-a-half
Sunday
Double time
18
A mechanics industrial award allows for normal rates for the first 7 hours on any day. It
provides for overtime payment at the rate of time-and-a-half for the first 2 hours and
double time thereafter. Find a mechanics wage for a 12-hour day if their normal pay rate
is $42.50 an hour.
19
20
Connor works a 35-hour week and is paid $18.25 per hour. Any overtime is paid at
time-and-a-half. Connor wants to earn enough overtime to earn at least $800 each week.
What is the minimum number of hours overtime that Connor will need to work?
21
Max works in a shop and earns $21.60 per hour at the normal rate. Each week he works
15 hours at the normal rate and 4 hours at time-and-a-half.
a
Calculate Maxs weekly wage.
b
Max aims to increase his weekly wage to $540 by working extra hours at the normal
rate. How many extra hours must Max work?
c
Maxs rate of pay increased by 5%. What is his new hourly rate for normal hours?
d
What will be Maxs new weekly wage assuming he maintains the extra working
hours?
11
Annual leave loading is a payment calculated as a fixed percentage of the normal pay over a
fixed number of weeks. It is usually paid at the beginning of the annual holidays to meet the
increased expenses of a holiday.
Annual leave loading
Annual leave loading or holiday loading is usually at the rate of 17 12 %.
Holiday loading = 17 12 % Normal weekly pay Number of weeks leave
Example 5
Thomas works a 40-hour week at a rate of $18.50 per hour. He receives 17 12 % of 4 weeks
normal pay as holiday loading. What is Thomass pay for the holiday?
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Loading = 17 12 % of $2960
= 0.175 2960
= $518
Holiday pay = $2960 + $518
= $3478
12
Bonus
A bonus is an extra payment or gift earned as reward for achieving a goal. It is paid in addition
to the normal income. Bonuses are an incentive for employees to work harder. For example, an
employee may receive a bonus of 5% of their annual salary or $1000.
Bonus
Bonus is an extra payment or gift earned as reward for achieving a goal.
Example 6
Calculating a bonus
Ambers employer has decided to reward all their employees with a bonus. The bonus awarded
is 5% of their annual salary. What is Ambers bonus if her annual salary is $68 560?
Solution
1
2
3
4
Bonus = 5% of $68560
= 0.05 68560
= $3428
Amber receives a bonus of
$3428.
13
Exercise 1C
1
A business pays 17 12 % holiday loading on 4 weeks normal pay. Calculate the amount of
holiday loading for these employees.
a
Nicholas earns $6240 normal pay for 4 weeks.
b
Kumar earns $5130 normal pay for 4 weeks.
c
Samantha earns $5320 per fortnight.
d
Andrew earns $2760 per fortnight.
e
Bilal earns $1680 per week.
The local government pays its employees 17.5% holiday loading on 4 weeks normal pay.
Calculate the amount of holiday loading for these employees.
a
Paige earns an annual salary of $105 560. (Assume 52 weeks in a year.)
b
Jack earns an annual salary of $58 760. (Assume 52 weeks in a year.)
c
Riley earns $32 per hour and works a 35-hour week.
d
Aishah earns $41.50 per hour and works a 37-hour week.
Laura works a 37-hour week at a rate of $20.50 per hour. When she takes her 4 weeks
annual leave, she is paid a loading of 17 12 %. What is Lauras holiday pay when she takes
her leave?
Ethan is paid $660 per week. He receives a holiday leave loading of 17.5% for three
weeks holiday pay. What is his total holiday pay?
2 12 % of $88 580
1 14 % of $164 400
Grace received a bonus of 12% of her weekly wage. What was Graces bonus if her
weekly wage is $1850?
Patricks boss has decided to reward all employees with a bonus. The bonus awarded is
7 3 % of their annual salary. What is Patricks bonus if his annual salary is $74 980?
4
14
Development
8
Chen receives 17.5% of 4 weeks normal pay as leave loading. If Chens leave loading
was $379.40, what was his normal weekly pay?
1C
b
c
d
e
f
10
Jim receives holiday loading of 17 12 % of 4 weeks pay. His loading was $996.80.
a
b
11
15
1.4 Commission
Commission is usually a percentage of the value of the goods sold. People such as real estate
agents and salespersons are paid a commission.
1.4
Advantages
Disadvantages
Commission
Commission = Percentage of the value of the goods sold
Example 7
Zo sold a house for $650 000. Find the commission from the sale if her rate of commission
was 1.25%.
Solution
1
2
3
4
Example 8
An electrical goods salesman is paid $570.50 a week plus 4% commission on all sales over
$5000 a week. Find his earnings in a week where his sales amounted to $6800.
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
16
Exercise 1D
1
Jake earns a commission of 4% on the sales price. What is the commission on the
following sales?
a
$8820
b
$16 740
c
$34 220
Olivia sold a car valued at $54 000. Calculate Olivias commission from the sale if her
rate of commission is 3%.
Sophie earns a weekly retainer of $355 plus a commission of 10% on sales. What are
Sophies total earnings for each week if she made the following sales?
a
$760
b
$2870
c
$12 850
Chris earns $240 per week plus 25% commission on sales. Calculate Chriss weekly
earnings if he made sales of $2880.
Ella is a salesperson for a cosmetics company. She is paid $500 per week and a
commission of 3% on sales in excess of $800.
a
What does Ella earn in a week when she makes sales of $1200?
b
What does Ella earn in a week when she makes sales of $600?
A real estate agent charges a commission of 5% for the first $20 000 of the sale price and
2.5% for the balance of the sale price. Copy and complete the following table.
Sale price
a
$150 000
$200 000
$250 000
$300 000
17
Development
8
Jade is a real estate agent and is paid an annual salary of $18 000 plus a commission of
2.5% on all sales. She is also paid a car allowance of $50 per week. What was Jades total
yearly income if she sold $1 200 000 worth of property?
The commission that a real estate agent charges for selling a property is based on the
selling price and is shown below.
Selling price
Commission
5%
3%
Thereafter
1%
What is the commission charged on properties with the following selling prices?
a
$100 000
b
$150 000
c
$200 000
10
Harry is a sales person. He earns a basic wage of $300 per week and receives
commission on all sales. Last week he sold $20 000 worth of goods and earned $700.
What was Harrys rate of commission?
11
Caitlin and her assistant, Holly, sell perfume. Caitlin earns 20% commission on her own
sales, as well as 5% commission on Hollys sales. What was Caitlins commission last
month when she made sales of $1800 and Holly made sales of $2000?
12
A real estate agency charges a commission for selling a property based on the selling
price below.
Commission rates
Up to $300 000
4%
5%
Bailey is paid by the real estate agent $180 per week plus 5% of the commission received
by the real estate agency. This week, Bailey sold one property for $290 000 and one for
$600 000. He sold no properties in the previous week.
a
What is the commission paid to the real estate agency for the property worth
$290 000?
b
What is the commission paid to the real estate agency for both properties?
c
Calculate Baileys pay for this week.
d
What is Baileys average weekly income for the two-week period?
18
Disadvantages
No permanent employment
Piecework
Piecework = Number of units of work Amount paid per unit
Example 9
Noah is a tiler and charges $47 per square metre to lay tiles. How much will he earn for laying
tiles in a room whose area is 14 square metres?
Solution
1
2
3
4
Earnings = 14 $47
= $658
Royalties
A royalty is a payment for the use of intellectual property such as a book or song. It is
calculated as a percentage of the revenue or profit received from its use. People such as
creative artists and authors receive a royalty.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Royalty
Royalty = Percentage of the goods sold or profit received
Example 10
19
Calculating a royalty
Andrew is an author and is paid a royalty of 12% of books sold. Find his royalties if there
were 2480 books sold at $67.50 each.
Solution
1
2
3
4
Example 11
$194.50
$355.40
$355.40
$233.90
How much youth allowance does Ryan receive in a year if he is over 18 and living at home
while studying?
Solution
1
2
3
4
Allowance = $233.90 26
= $6081.40
Youth allowance is $6081.40.
Cambridge University Press
20
Exercise 1E
1
A dry cleaner charges $9 to clean a dress. How much do they earn by dry cleaning:
a
250 dresses?
b
430 dresses?
c
320 dresses?
Abbey is an artist who makes $180 for each large portrait and $100 for each small
portrait. How much will she earn if she sells 13 large and 28 small portraits?
Angus works part-time by addressing envelopes at home and is paid $23 per 100
envelopes completed, plus $40 to deliver them to the office. What is his pay for
delivering 2000 addressed envelopes?
Emilio earns a royalty of 24% on net sales from writing a fiction book. There were
$18 640 net sales in the last financial year. What is Emilios royalty payment?
Austudy provides financial help for people aged 25 or older who are studying full-time.
Status
a
b
Fortnightly payment
Single, no children
$355.40
$465.60
$390.20
Partnered, no children
$355.40
How much does Madison receive in a year if she is single with a child and studying
full-time? Madison is 29 years old.
How much does Oscar receive in a year if he is partnered with no children and
studying full-time? Oscar is 35 years old.
Child-care benefit is available to support parents in the workforce. The rate per fortnight
is shown below.
No. of children Fortnightly pay
1
$337.00
$704.34
$1099.26
Three children
21
Development
8
Tahlia receives $19.40 for delivering 200 brochures. She receives an additional $30 per
day when delivering in wet weather. How much does she receive for delivering:
a
600 brochures on a clear day?
b
1000 brochures on a clear day?
c
800 brochures on a wet day?
d
1400 brochures on a wet day?
Mitchell works in a factory that makes key rings. Each key ring completed earns him
$0.34. Mitchell also receives an additional $25 if he works on the weekend. How much
does he earn for making:
a
420 key rings on Friday?
b
460 key rings on Wednesday?
c
380 key rings on Saturday?
d
230 key rings on Sunday?
10
11
Austudy is reduced by 50 cents for every dollar between $62 and $250 of fortnightly
income. Tyler is 28 years of age, partnered and has one child. He is studying full-time but
earning $126 per fortnight in a part-time job. What will be Tylers fortnightly payment
from Austudy? Use the Austudy table on the previous page.
12
Anthony writes crime novels. He has just received his half-yearly statement of sales of
his latest novel. He has been informed that 20 000 copies were printed and there are 8760
left in stock. Anthony receives 15% of the retail price as royalties.
a
How many copies of his latest novel were sold?
b
What is Anthonys royalty if the retail price of his latest novel is $24.95?
c
What is Anthonys royalty if the retail price of $24.95 was discounted by 10%?
13
The maximum youth allowance is reduced by $1 for every $4 that the youths parents
income is over $31 400. By how much is Charlottes youth allowance reduced if her
parents earn a combined income of $34 728?
22
1.6
Employers must pay the minimum rate of an award or enterprise agreement. The rate
will depend on the type of work and the actual times worked. Gross pay is the total of an
employees pay including allowances, overtime pay, commissions and bonuses. It is the
amount of money before any deductions are made. The amount remaining after deductions
have been subtracted is called the net pay or take-home pay.
Deductions are a regular amount of money subtracted from a persons wage or salary. People
have many different deductions subtracted from their gross pay such as:
Example 12
Superannuation $67.95.
What is Lauras net pay?
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
Example 13
23
Oscar received the following pay slip. What amount is received this pay for:
a
gross pay?
b
net pay?
c
superannuation?
d
PAYG tax?
Ordinary time
Annual holiday
Total Gross Earnings
Hours
26.00
0.0
PAYG Tax
$100.00
$ 200.00
Social Club
HECS Repayments
Superannuation
Less Post-tax deductions
$
$
$
$
2.00
13.00
35.00
50.00
$
4.00
$ 26.00
$ 70.00
$ 100.00
Net Pay
$450.00
$ 900.00
$450.00
$ 900.00
Direct Credit to
account: 00000000
Total Payments
Solution
1
2
3
4
a
b
c
d
24
Exercise 1F
1
Harrys net pay is $57 908. The deductions are $12 580 for income tax, $2087 for health
insurance and $6910 for superannuation. What is Harrys gross pay?
25
Charlotte owns an investment property that is rented out for $320 per week. She pays the
real estate agent a fee of 3% for managing the property.
a
How much does she pay the real estate agent each week?
b
How much does Charlotte receive each week from the investment property?
c
What is the net income received by Charlotte from this property over the year?
Nicholas receives a yearly gross salary of $74 568. He pays 18% of his weekly gross
salary in income tax. He contributes 9% of his weekly gross salary to his superannuation
fund and has $155 in miscellaneous deductions each week.
a
What is his gross weekly
pay?
b
How much income tax is
deducted each week?
c
How much superannuation
is he contributing each
week?
d
What is the total amount
of deductions made each
week?
e
What is his net weekly
pay this week?
Lakshmi receives a fortnightly pay of $2240. She pays 15% of her weekly gross salary in
income tax. She contributes 9% of her weekly gross salary to her superannuation fund
and has $95 in miscellaneous deductions each week.
a
What is her gross weekly pay?
b
How much income tax is deducted each week?
c
How much superannuation is she contributing each week?
d
What is the total amount of deductions made each week?
e
What is her net weekly pay this week?
26
Development
13.1
10
Charlie is a building worker who receives $48.50 per hour for a 38-hour week. In
addition he receives an allowance of $3.50 per hour for work on a multistorey
development. Charlie is currently working on six-storey apartment block. Each week he
has deducted from his pay a superannuation contribution of 9% of his gross pay and
union fees of $28.45. Because he only started working late in the financial year, he
doesnt yet have to pay tax.
a
What is his gross weekly pay this week?
b
How much superannuation is he contributing each week?
c
What is his net weekly pay this week?
11
Emily receives a gross fortnightly salary of $2703 and has deductions of $891.75 for
income tax, $54.30 for health fund payments, $753 for car loan payments and $14.55 for
union subscription.
a
What is Emilys net income each fortnight?
b
What percentage of her gross income is deducted for income tax? (Answer correct to
one decimal place.)
12
Liam received a gross fortnightly salary of $3795. His pay deductions were $937.20, for
income tax, $215.25 for superannuation, $21.45 for union fees and $201 for a home loan
repayment.
a
What is his net income each fortnight?
b
What was his weekly net pay?
c
What percentage of his gross income was deducted for income tax? (Answer correct
to one decimal place.)
d
If Liams loan repayment increased by 10%, what was his new fortnightly net pay?
13
27
1.7 Budgeting
Budgeting involves balancing of income and the expenses. It is planning how to manage your
income. Budgets are created for a specified time such as weekly, monthly or yearly.
Creating a budget
1.7
1
2
3
4
Example 14
Balancing a budget
Expenses
Salary
$1726.15
Clothing
$ 73.08
Bonus
$114.80
Investment
$ 156.78
Groceries
$467.31
Part-time work
$ 393.72
Insurance
$171.34
Loan repayments
$847.55
$105.96
Phone
$ 38.26
$ 51.82
Rates
$ 54.82
Recreation
$216.79
Work-related costs
$ 68.76
20.00
Balance
Total
Total
Solution
1
3
4
28
Example 15
Creating a budget
Maya and Logan have a weekly net wage of $954. Their monthly expenses are home loan
repayment $1032, car loan repayment $600, electricity $102, phone $66 and car maintenance
$120. Their other expenses include insurance $2160 annually, rates $1800 annually, food
$180 weekly, petrol $48 fortnightly and train fares $36 weekly. Maya and Logan allow $72 for
miscellaneous items weekly and need to save $84 per week for a holiday next year.
a
Prepare a monthly budget for Maya and Logan. Assume there are four weeks in a month.
b
What is the balance?
c
How can Maya and Logan ensure they have their holiday next year?
Solution
a
Income
Wage
Expenses
$3816
$600
Electricity
$102
$66
Phone
Car maintenance
$120
Insurance
$180
Rates
$150
Food
$720
Petrol
$96
Train fares
$144
Miscellaneous
$288
Holiday
$336
Balance
$18
$3816
1
2
3
4
$1032
$3816
Exercise 1G
1
Oscar and Jill are living in a unit. Part of their budget is shown below. Calculate the
total amount paid over one year for:
a
Electricity
Insurance
Food
Rent.
Item
When
Cost
Electricity
Quarterly
$ 384
Food
Weekly
$ 360
Insurance
Biannually $ 1275
Rent
Monthly
$ 1950
Sarah earns $67 365 annually. She has budgeted 20% of her salary for rent. How much
should she expect to pay to rent an apartment for one year?
Expenses
Wage
$ 4 634.42
Interest
$ 1 543.56
$ 1 956.87
Entertainment
$ 4 987.80
Food
$17 543.90
$ 2 348.12
Loan repayments
$16 789.34
$ 2 458.91
Telephone
832.98
Work-related costs
812.67
Balance
Total
a
b
c
4
Total
Dimitri had a total weekly income of $104 made up of a part-time job earning $74
and an allowance of $30. He decided to budget his expenses in the following way:
sport $24, movies $22, school $16 and food $20.
a
Prepare a weekly budget showing income and expenses.
b
What is the balance?
29
30
Development
5
1G
a
b
c
d
e
14.1
The formula for cell E5 is =C5/$C$7. It is the formula for relative percentage. Fill
down the contents of E5 to E7 using this formula.
Enter formulas in E9:E17 to calculate the relative percentages for expenses.
Edit the amount spent per month on eating out from $200 to $240. Observe the
changes.
Edit the amount of savings per month from $300 to $360. Observe the changes.
Edit the amount of car expenses per month from $100 to $150. Observe the
changes.
Commission
Budgeting
Study guide 1
Review
31
Review
32
Chapter HSC
Sample
summary
Objective-response
Earning Moneyquestions
1
Alyssa receives a salary of $85 640. How much does she receive each fortnight?
A $3293.84
B $3293.85
C $1646.92
D $1646.93
Christopher receives a normal hourly rate of $22.60 per hour. What is his pay when he
works 8 hours at a normal rate and 3 hours at time-and-a-half?
A $180.80
B $248.60
C $282.50
D $316.40
Rana works a 38-hour week at a rate of $26.00 per hour. She receives 17 1 % of 4 weeks
2
normal pay as holiday loading. What is Ranas holiday loading?
A $172.90
B $691.60
C $3952.00
D $4643.60
Taylah earns a weekly retainer of $425 plus a commission of 8% on sales. What are her
weekly earnings when she made sales of $8620?
A $34.00
B $459.00
C $689.60
D $1114.60
Ahmet is a carpet layer and charges $37.50 per square metre of carpet laid. How much will
he earn for laying carpet in a room whose area is 9 square metres?
A $37.50
B $46.50
C $337.50
D $675.00
Isabelle earns a royalty of 18% on net sales from writing her autobiography. There were
$24 520 net sales in the last year. What is Isabelles royalty payment?
A $4413.60
B $20 106.40
C $24 520.00
D $28 933.60
Anguss net pay is $68 806. The deductions are $20 630 for income tax, $1051 for health
insurance and $5487 for superannuation. What is his gross pay?
A $27 168
B $41 638
C $47 125
D $95 974
Adam has the following bills: electricity $250 per quarter, phone $70 per month, rates
$1200 per year and rent $300 per week. What is the total amount Adam should budget for
the year?
A $358
B $1553
C $1820
D $18 640
33
Jake earns $96 470.40 per annum and works an average of 48 hours per week.
a What is his average weekly wage?
b Calculate Jakes hourly rate of pay.
Alex works for a fast-food company and is paid $13.50 per hour for a 35-hour week.
He gets time-and-a-half pay for overtime worked on the weekdays and double time
for the weekends. Last week he worked a normal 35-hour week plus three hours of
overtime during the week and four hours of overtime on the weekend. What was his
wage last week?
Carlos employer has decided to reward all employees with a bonus. The bonus awarded is
6 14 % of their annual salary. What is Carlos bonus if his annual salary is $85 940?
The public service provides all employees with a 17 12 % holiday loading on four weeks
normal wages. Lucy works a 37-hour week for the public service in Canberra. She is paid a
normal hourly rate of $32.40.
a How much will Lucy receive in holiday loading?
b Calculate the total amount of pay that Lucy will receive for her holidays.
Chelsea is a real estate agent and charges the following commission for selling the
property: 3% on the first $45 000, then 2% for the next $90 000 and 1 12 % thereafter.
a What is Chelseas commission if she sold a property for $240 000?
b How much would the owner of the property receive from the sale?
Patrick is a comedian who makes $120 for a short performance and $260 for a long
performance. How much will he earn if he completes 11 short and 12 long performances?
Challenge questions 1
Review
Chapter HSC
Sample
summary
Short-answer
Earning Money
questions
Review
34
Bailey is paid a royalty of 11.3% on the net sales of his book. The net sales of his book in
the last financial year was $278 420.
a What is Baileys royalty payment in the last financial year?
b Net sales this financial year are expected to decrease by 15%. What is the expected
royalty payment for this financial year?
The maximum youth allowance is reduced by $1 for every $4 that the youths parents
income exceeds $31 400. By how much is Hannahs youth allowance reduced if her parents
earn a combined income of $35 624?
William works as a builder. His annual union fees are $278.20. William has his union fees
deducted from his weekly pay. What is the size of Williams weekly union deduction?
10
Quan received a gross fortnightly salary of $2968. His pay deductions were $765.60 for
income tax, $345.15 for superannuation and $23.40 for union fees.
a What was his fortnightly net pay?
b What percentage of his gross income was deducted for income tax? (Answer correct to
one decimal place.)
11
Joel is a carpet layer and charges $16 per square metre to lay carpet. How much will he earn
for laying carpet in a house whose area is 32 square metres?
12
Daniel has a gross monthly wage of $3640. He has the following deductions taken from his
pay: $764 for income tax, $71.65 for superannuation and $23.23 for union membership.
What is Daniels net pay?
13
Hannah has budgeted $210 per week for groceries, $70 per week for leisure, $23 per
fortnight for medical expenses and $90 per week to run a car. Calculate the monthly
expenses. Assume 4 weeks in a month.
14
Amelie earns $90 345 annually. She has budgeted 30% of her salary for a loan repayment.
How much should she expect to pay for a loan repayment for one year?
Challenge questions 1
C H A P T E R
Algebraic manipulation
Syllabus topic AM1 Algebraic manipulation
Add and subtract like terms
Multiply and divide algebraic terms
Expand and factorise algebraic expressions
Evaluate the subject of the formula through substitution
Solve linear equations involving up to 3 steps
Solve equations following substitution
Like terms
Terms that have exactly the same pronumerals such as 2a and 5a are called like terms. Only
like terms can be added and subtracted. It involves adding and subtracting the coefficients.
Adding and subtracting like terms simplifies the algebraic expression. It is often called
collecting the like terms.
35
The Powers Family Trust 2013
ISBN: 9781107627291
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
36
Find the like terms or the terms that have exactly the same pronumerals.
Only like terms can be added or subtracted; unlike terms cannot.
Add or subtract the coefficients or the numbers before the pronumeral of the like terms.
Example 1
Example 2
Simplify
x x
+ .
6 4
Solution
1
2
3
4
x x x2 x3
+ =
+
6 4 62 43
2 x 3x
=
+
12 12
5x
=
12
Exercise 2A
1
4y + 3y
3 p + 1177 p
7h 6 h
3xx x
d + 4d
6 y 1122 y
d + ( 4 d )
33tt + ( 11t )
11 f ( 5 f )
4 hg + 66gh
5ab + 22ba
xyz + 3 xyz
5c + 4 + 2 c
4 f +4 f 7
8 + 5r
5r + 12 r
6 x + 4 y 3x
3b + 7a 2 a
h + 2d 6 h
4 de + ed 22de
7a + b + 2a
2 a 2b
xy + 2 yx + 3 xy
6ba 2b
2b + ( aabb )
7a + ( b ) + 22aa 2b
5 g + h + ( g ) + 8h
8 x 2 3x x 2 + 4
4 a + a 2 33aa 2 + a
7t + 8t 2 6t 7t 2
3m 2 + 8m 4 m m 2
e 2 + 2e + e 2 e
d + d 2 5d + d 2
2w + w 2 + 5 + w
6 v2 + v 4
8r 7 7r 33r 2
a a
+
3 3
3x 2 x
5
5
2 m 3m
+
4
4
3x x
7 7
d 2d
+
11 11
6y 2y
15 15
4 s 9s
+
3
3
9f 4f
8
8
y y
+
2 4
7e e
6 3
g 4g
+
2 6
r 4r
2 10
37
38
Development
6
2 m + m + 22n
m3 + n2
5m 4 m + 3n n
7m 4 m + 2 n n
3n n + m 22m
2 m + 5m 2 n + 3n
Copy and add like terms where possible to complete the table.
+
x+y
3x
3x
7y
x-y
2y
8
Matteo has $y for shopping. He spent $x for a pair of jeans, $3x for a shirt and $2x for a
belt. Write an expression in simplified form for how many dollars he has left.
10
b
l
3x + y
x + 2y
3x + y
11
w w
+
4 3
z z
3 5
u 4u
+
10 15
3a a a
+
5 4 2
b
e
h
k
a a
4 5
3h h
+
8 6
3e e
4 10
7x x x
+
10 6 3
c
f
i
l
x 2x
+
7 3
5r r
12 8
w w w
+ +
2 4 6
d d
d+
2 10
39
2.2
Algebraic terms are multiplied and divided to form a single algebraic expression. Terms
usually contain a coefficient before a pronumeral. The multiplication sign between the
coefficient and the pronumeral is omitted. For example, the algebraic term 4x can be written
in expanded form as 4 x. After an algebraic expression is written in expanded form, the
coefficients can be multiplied or divided and the pronumerals can be multiplied or divided.
Index notation should be used to write expressions in a shorter way such as a a = a2. If the
algebraic terms contain fractions it is easier to cancel any common factors in the numerator
and denominator. This makes the calculations easier.
Multiplication and division of algebraic terms
1
2
3
4
5
6
Example 4
x2 3x 4 x
Solution
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
2 cd (3de ) = 2 c d 3 d e
= 6 c d d e
= 6 cd 2 e
x 2 3 x 4 x = 12 x 2 x x
= 12 x 2 x1 x1
= 12 x 4
= 12 x 4
40
Example 5
Simplify 18a 2b 6 a.
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
6
Example 6
Simplify
18a 2b
6a
18 a a b
=
6a
3 a a1 b
=
a1
= 3 a b
= 3ab
18a 2b 6a
6a =
x
8 xy
.
12 y 20
Solution
1
2
5
6
7
8
x
8 xy
x
8 x y
12 y 20 12 y
20
4 1 2 1 x y 1
x
=
41 3 y1
42 5
x x
=
3 2 5
x2
1 2
=
or
x
30 30
30
Exercise 2B
1
2 4d
4 7
5s s 6
33 f 1155 f
5 pq (2 pr )
3e 7e 2
4 w (4
(4w )
3x 2 2 x
2 r 3 4r 2
24 q2 2 q2
3st 3 5 st
de 2 ( 5d 2 e )
z2 4z 5z
6 mn
18
14b
2b
12 m 3
12 m
2 xyz
26 x
8 x2
64 x
5r 2
15rs
10 pq
2q
27 h2 ( 3)
33 y 11 y
12 ab 4 a
25kj 2 5kj
4 x 3 2288 x 2
2 s 8s 2
7m 2211m 3
41
42
Development
7
Multiply the algebraic terms in the first column by each algebraic term given to complete
the table.
2p2
pq
5p
6pq
2q2
5w
2w
9
2 3a
a 6
5w 2 w
7
9
m 6 mn
9n 15
d c
e 3d
8y
4y
3
6d
5 x 12
4
x
10a 3b
b
4
2d
5
Divide the algebraic terms in the first column by each algebraic term given to complete
the table.
2r
4rt
8r
12rt
4r2
10
11
12
5x
2
3x2
3 2
Express 8 x y in simplest form.
16 x 2 y 3
15h2 3k 3
3k
4
21v 2 5u 3
15uv
7
18a 2 6b 3 a
12b
9a 2
9m 3 6 mn 2
3m 2 n
3( m + 1)
4m3
8m
2( m + 1)
7 y4
5( y 2 )
10( y 2 )
21 y 6
43
To expand an algebraic expression using the distributive law, multiply the number or terms
inside the grouping symbols by the number or term outside the grouping symbols. The
resulting algebraic expression is simplified by collecting the like terms.
Make sure you remember to multiply all the terms inside the grouping symbol by the number
or term outside the grouping symbols.
Expanding algebraic expressions
1
Example 7
Expand 5( 2 y 3).
Solution
1
2
3
5( 2 y 3) = 5 2 y 5 3
= 10 y 15
44
Example 8
Example 9
( m 5) = 1 ( m 5)
= 1 m 1 5
= m + 5
Remove the grouping symbols for 2(3x + 4) + 3(x - 1) and simplify if possible.
Solution
1
2
3
4
Example 10
2( 3 x + 4 ) + 3(
3( x 1)
= 2 3 x + 2 4 + 3 x + 3 1
= 6 x + 8 + 3x 3
= 9x + 5
3
4
a( 3a + 2 ) a( a 1)
= a ( 3a + 2 ) a ( a 1)
= a 3a + a 2 a a a 1
= 3a 2 + 2 a a 2 + a
= 2 a 2 + 3a
Exercise 2C
1
Ryan was required to remove the grouping symbols. This was his solution.
3( 3 x 2 ) = 9 x 2
Where is the error in Ryans working?
3( a + 2 )
2( d + 1)
2( 3 x + 4 )
2(5 x 7)
7(b 2 )
4( 9b + 1)
4(5 + 2t )
6(1 2 w )
5( 3 + 9d )
8(5e 2 d )
5( 4 a + 9b )
7( 2 h + 8 g )
(b + 8)
7( k 2 )
6( w 1)
2( x 13)
2( 4 + 2 q)
5( 3 4 r )
7(8 2 s )
n( n + 10)
d (6 d 2 )
c(d + 4e )
y( y + 1)
x( 2 x 3)
v(v + 4)
e( 3e + 5)
z (7e + 33ff )
a( 2b 3c )
2( g + 1) + 4 g
7( s + 2 ) + s
3( y 9) 2 y
5 x 4(
4( x 2 )
6 z + 2(
2( z 1)
3q 7(
7( q 5)
2(5b + 2 ) b 8
4 r + 17
17 + 5(
5( r 3)
2 n 8 + 3( n + 2 )
5q + 2 ( q + 9)
45
46
Development
7
2( x + 1) + 5( x 1)
3( y + 2 ) + 2( y + 1)
5( a + 2 ) + 3( a + 4 )
8( c 3) + 5( c + 3)
6( s + 6 ) + 2( 2 s 1)
5( h + 7) + 2( 2 h 7)
4( 3 x 1) 2(
2( x 2 )
9( z + 5) 7( z 2 )
5( 2 c 4 ) 3(
3( c + 7)
5(5 g 1) 4(
4( g 2 )
7( 2 u 3) ( u 3)
( 4 d 1) 3( d 3)
Taylah was required to remove the grouping symbols and simplify. This was her solution.
6( 3 x 2 ) 22(( x + 3) = 1188 x 12
12 2 x + 6
= 16x
16 x 6
Where is the error in Taylahs working?
x( x 5) + x( x + 2 )
b(b + 3) + b(b + 1)
y( y 3) + y( y + 8)
g ( 2 g + 3) g ( g + 3)
v ( v 7) + v (6 v + 4 )
b(5b 1) b( 2 + 4b )
2 u( u 2 ) + u( u + 9)
4 n( n 6 ) n( n + 1)
3d ( d + 7) + d ( 2 d + 5)
e ( e + 2 ) 7e ( e 9)
6 k ( k 3) + k ( k + 3)
t (5 3t ) + 7t ( 2 t )
10
11
12
x 2 ( 2 x + 3) 2( x + 1)
a 2 ( a + 2 ) 4(
4( a + 3)
y 2 (5 y + 2 ) 3( y + 7)
z ( 3 z 1) + z 2 ( z 5)
x ( x 2 + 7) x ( x 2 + 2 )
b(b + 7) b 2 ( 3b + 2 )
e (7 e ) e 2 ( 2 e + 6 )
v( 2 v 2 ) v(1 v 2 )
a( 2 a 2 1) + a( a 2 + 4 )
a 2 ( a + b ) bb(( a + b )
x 2 ( x 2 + y ) x(
x( x + 3 y )
y 2 ( y + 4 z ) y ( z 2 + 1)
47
2.4
Factorising is the reverse process to expanding. For example, expanding the expression
5(2y 3) produces 10y 15, whereas factorising the expression 10y 15 produces
5(2y 3). The first step in factorising an expression is to find the largest factor of both terms
or the highest common factor (HCF). In this case the HCF of 10y and 15 is 5. The HCF is
written outside the grouping symbol and terms inside are found by dividing the HCF into
each term.
Factorising algebraic expressions
1
2
3
4
Example 11
Factorise 3p 6.
Solution
1
2
3
4
Example 12
3p 6 = 3 p 3 2
= 3 ( p 2)
= 3( p 2 )
2 x 2 + 6 x = 2 x x + 22x 3
= 2 x ( x + 3)
= 2 x( x + 3)
48
Exercise 2D
1
( x 4)
10 y + 20 =
( y + 2)
5 x 30
30 =
( x 6)
14 a + 56 =
( 2 a + 8)
6 w 22
22 =
( 3w 11)
8e + 12
12 =
9n 12
12 =
( 3n 4 )
( 2 e + 3)
(
7x 7 = 7(
14 v + 70 = 7
6d 9 = 3
)
)
(
8 h 24
24 = 8 (
5a + 20
20 = 5
15s 45 = 5
10 + 5 x = 5
)
)
Jakob was required to factorise an algebraic expression. This was his solution.
2 x 6 = 2( x 6 )
Where is the error in Jakobs working?
c
f
i
l
8 p 556
27 9t
15 f + 20
9w 221
49
Development
7
x 2 + 4 x = x(
2 e 3e 3 = e(
10r 2 14 r = 2 r (
q4 + 5q2 = q2 (
6 n3 + 8n = 2 n(
6 y y 2 = y(
6 k 7k 4 = k(
9 x 2 + 3x = 3x(
w 2 2w 3 = w 2 (
6t 5 + 9t = 3t (
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
y2 5 y
10m 2 + 5m
4 x 2 1166 x
3v + v 2
8g + 4g3
4 d 2 + 1122 d 4
2 ab + 44a
5 xy 2 + 110 xy
6b 2 c 1155b 2
deff 2 e 2 f
de
5 x 2 y + 33xy
xy 2
r 3t 2 r 2t 2
Stacey was required to completely factorise an algebraic expression. This was her
solution.
12 x + 8 x 2 = 4(
4( 3 x + 2 x 2 )
Where is the error in Staceys working?
10
11
Factorise each of the following by taking out the highest common factor.
4 x + 12
12 y + 8
10 x 5 y + 115 z
a
b
c
2 a + 4b 6 c
d
9 y 2 + 6 y 12
8 4r
4r + 6r 2
3 + 6h
6 h2 + 9 h
10v 15v 2 + 25
8m 4 mn + 12
9c + 15
15cd + 1188d
2ab + ac + ag
7 g gh + 1144 g 2
d 2 3d + de
b 2 + bc
bc 5b
k 4 k 2 h + 2 kkh
xyz + 5 xy 2 2 x 2 y
mn 2 m 2 n + mn2
50
2.5 Substitution
Substitution involves replacing the pronumeral in an algebraic expression with one or more
numbers. The resulting numerical expression is evaluated and expressed to the specified level
of accuracy.
2.5
Substitution of values
1
2
3
4
Example 13
Substituting values
Example 14
3a 4b + c = 3 2 4 5 + 10
= 6 20 10
= 24
Substituting values
( 2 a + 5)
3a3
Solution
1
2
3
1
2
3
( 2 a + 5) = 2 2 + 5
= 9
=3
3a3 = 3 23
=38
= 24
Exercise 2E
1
5aa + b
a + 4b
a2 + b2
abc
2
4bb (2 a)
a
b2 c
a = 6 and b = -4
2
a = and b = 1
3
g
2
a = -7 and b = -2
w=9
c
f
i
w = 144
w = 49
w=1
ab+c
2ab
2ab
c
a = 0 and b = 0
1
a = 2 and b =
2
e = 10
e = -2
1
e=
5
w = 256
w = 400
1
w=
4
if:
m = 10 and n = 2
m = 1 and n = -6
m = 2 and n = 0.25
51
52
Development
6
x2 + z2 + y
4x + z 1
3 xy 2
z
y3 4 x
z + 4 y2
6 y2
5 zx
Evaluate
2
3
2 y + 3 if y = 12.
10
11
12
1
Find the value of
if f = 10 and c = 2. Give your answer correct to three decimal
2 fc
places.
13
3Rr
Find the value of
when R = 8.2 and r = 4.9. Give your answer correct to two
R+r
decimal places.
14
yA
What is the value of ( y + 12 ) when y = 9 and A = 15. Give your answer correct to the
nearest whole number.
l
g
u 2 + 2 aas if u = 6, a = 7 and s = 2.
53
2 p = 118
6 y 1 = 23
2.6
Linear equations have all their variables raised to the power of 1. The above three equations
are linear equations. An equation such as x2 = 9 is not a linear equation as the variable is
raised to the power of 2.
Solving an equation
The process of finding the unknown value for
the variable is called solving the equation.
When solving an equation look to perform the
opposite operation:
+ is opposite to
is opposite to
x2 is opposite to x
Make sure the equation remains balanced like
a set of scales. The same operation needs to be
done on both sides of the equal sign to keep the
balance.
Solving an equation
1
2
3
4
When a solution has been reached it can be checked. The solution of the equation must
satisfy the equation. Always check your solution by substituting your answer into the original
equation. The left-hand side of the equation must equal the right-hand side.
54
Example 15
Solving an equation
x+4=7
Example 16
x+ 4 = 7
x=3
Solving an equation
Example 17
2 p = 118
2 p 18
=
2
2
p=9
( ) by writing it as a
6
4
( )
4 a + 5 = 1
5
4a + 5 = 1
4 a = 6
4 a 6
=
4
4
2
a = 1
4
1
= 1
2
55
Example 18
4
5
2 y 4 = 36 3 y
+4
2 y = 40 3 y
+3 y
+3 y
2 y = 40 3 y
5 y = 40
5 y 40
=
5
5
Example 19
+4
2 y 4 = 36 3 y
y=8
3
4
7 + 3x
3 x = 22
7 + 3 x = 22
7
7 + 3 x = 22
3 x = 115
3 x 15
=
3
3
x=5
56
Example 20
4
5
6
Example 21
4
5
Exercise 2F
1
d
= 9
12
y
6=
2
h
k
s
= 3
11
m
10 =
2
c
f
i
l
c
f
i
l
c
f
i
l
c
f
i
l
a + 7 = 12
4 + d = 5
10 + q = 1
-3 = g + 5
d - 9 = 14
k - 7 = -9
6-j=7
-4 = c - (-1)
7v = 28
-4a = 40
7e = -8
-14 = -3e
w
=4
6
g
=2
9
x
= 4
5
w
9=
9
57
58
Solve the following linear equations. Express your answer as a simplest fraction.
a
4m + 1 = 26
b
3c + 16 = 27
c
2y + 13 = 16
d
28 = 16 + 5b
e
37 = 6 + 4x
f
11 = 28 + 8d
g
2z - 3 = 4
h
5h - 7 = 14
i
6e - 2 = 13
j
21 = 2q + 10
k
32 = 3y - 5
l
17 = 9x + 9
Rajiv was required to solve the following equation for homework. This was his solution.
7x + 6 = 8
7 x = 114
x=2
Where is the error in Rajivs working?
59
Development
10
c
f
i
5v + 7 = 4v - 8
8z - 5 = 9 + z
4 + 3e = 9 - 2e
11
12
If 12 is added to a certain number, the result is three times the number. Find the number.
13
14
Isabella was required to solve the following equation for homework. This was her
solution. Where is the error in Isabellas working?
4 x 3 = 11 + 6 x
2 x = 114
x=7
15
16
A number is increased by 4 and then this amount is doubled. The result is 20.
a
Write an equation for this information.
b
Find the number.
17
60
e
+ 4 = 110.
3
Solution
1
2
3
4
Example 23
e 4 4
+ 4 = 110
3
e
=6
3
e
3 = 6 3
3
e = 18
3x 5
= 6.
2
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
3x 5
=6
2
+5
+5
3 x 5 = 12
3 x = 117
3 x 17
=
3
3
17
x=
3
2
=5
3
Exercise 2G
1
x
1
=3
2
5
s
5
2
4y
5 = 1+
3
4=
b
e
h
b
e
h
e
h
b
e
h
1
2
y 3 = 10
3
3
2
6s = 2
5
r
1
=1
5
4
x
= 10
2
y
5=2+
3
5r
7=2+
9
6+
y+5=
m4
5v = 2
d
= 7
4
7a
= 14
2
5q
20 =
3
2
3
1
( h 4) = 2
5
1
(11 5a ) = 1
4
2
1
=1
5
3
c
f
i
f
i
c
f
i
9
10
h
2
=4
2
7
v
=4
12
2z
=4
5
2n
16 =
3
d
+ 11 = 13
2
b
6 = 1
9
2v
2=
8
7
a2=
3
7
1
( x + 3) = 1
2
1
(1 7u ) = 5
3
61
62
Development
5
b5
=9
8
t4
= 5
3
3x 5
=6
2
1 + 2x
2
=7
3
4 + 2w
= 6
5
2 + 3m
=5
4
a+4 1
=
6
2
c5 1
=
8
4
2e + 1 4
=
2
5
There are thirty-six times as many cars in Australia as trucks. Let C stand for the number
of cars and T for the number of trucks.
a
Write an equation with C as the subject of the equation that correctly describes the
relationship between the number of cars and trucks.
b
A local community has 120 trucks. How many cars are in the community?
y y
+ = 12
6 2
n n
+
=3
5 10
c c
=7
2 4
s s
=2
5 6
m m
=4
7 9
3x x
=7
2 3
5a a
= 11
3 5
y 2y
=6
2 5
r r
= 1
4 3
3w w
= +8
10 2
3x 2 x
=
+2
2
3
2y 3=
y+3
2
x +1
( x 1) = 1
2
2y 3=
x + 4 x + 10
=
2
3
d + 6 2d + 4
=
3
4
3x 5 2 x + 1
=
2
3
y +1 y +1
+
=9
4
3
a + 4 2a 3
= 1
3
2
3x 5 2 x + 1
=2
2
3
y+3
2
63
2.8
Example 24
Using a formula
Solution
1
2
3
4
C = 4t + 7
= 4 3+ 7
= 19
It will cost Kayla $19 to hire the
windsurfer for 3 hours.
64
Example 25
Using a formula
Solution
1
Evaluate.
Example 26
a
b
T
l = 980
2
5
= 980
2
= 620.5922498
= 620.59
Using a formula
Evaluate.
x
x+3
x+4
2x 5
Solution
P = x + ( x + 4 ) + ( 2 x 5) + ( x + 3)
= 5x + 2
P = 5x + 2
27 = 5 x + 2
25 = 5 x
x = 5 cm
Example 27
The circumference, C, of a circle with radius, r, is given by the formula C = 2 r. Find the
circumference of a circle with a radius of 5 cm using a graphics calculator.
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
65
66
Exercise 2H
1
If A =
a
1
bbh find the value of A when:
2
b = 10, h = 4
b = 15, h = 2
b = 2, h = 3
b
c
8
18 b
to find the value of a when:
2
b=8
b=1
b = -2
If p =
a
Mv 2
if:
r
12 x
find the value of p when:
x+4
x=7
x=5
x = -3
The cost of hiring a hall is given by the rule C = 30t + 1000 where C is the total cost in
dollars and t is the number of hours for which the hall is hired. Find the cost of hiring the
hall for:
a
2 hours
b
5.5 hours
10
Given that H =
a
E
find the value of H when:
T
11
The formula used to convert temperature from degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius is
C = 59 ( F 32 ) . Use this formula to convert the following temperatures to degrees
Celsius. Answer correct to the nearest whole number.
a
40F
b 110F
12
13
14
m
where m is the mass in kg and h is the height in m.
h2
Make m the subject of the formula.
Find m to the nearest whole number when:
i
B = 22.78 and h = 1.79 m
ii
B = 31.8 and h = 1.86 m
67
68
Development
15
Find the value of v (correct to one decimal place) in the formula v = u 2 + 2 as if:
a
u = 4, a = 7 and s = 12
b
u = -2, a = 10 and s = 5
16
17
19
20
3V
to find the value of R (correct to two decimal places) when:
4
b
V = 44
c
V = 100
18
V = 12
u = -5, a = 4 and t = 6
1
The volume of a cone is evaluated using V = r 2 h where h is height and r is radius.
a
Write the formula with h as the subject. 3
b
Calculate the height of a cone, correct to two decimal places, if the volume of the
cone is 18 cm3 and the radius is 2 cm.
4
The volume of a sphere is given by the formula V = r 3 where r is the radius.
3
a
Write the formula with r as the subject.
b
What is the radius in metres of a spherical balloon with a volume of 2 m3? Answer
correct to one decimal place.
14.8
algebraic terms
Study guide 2
Linear equations
Substitution
Using formulas
Review
69
Review
70
7 x2
16
96a2
6c
3c.
5
9c
5
9c 2
5
18c
5
18c 2
5
-10d - 15e
-10d + 15e
-10d - 3e
-10d + 3e
4(4w2 + 6w)
4w(4w + 6)
8w(2w + 3)
b =1
16w(w + 8)
b=3
25
11
35
7x
16
16xy
7x
8
7 x2
8
5x 2 x
+ .
8
8
Simplify
6xy
b=
11
15
4
11
a 2 + b 2 if a = 4 and b = 3.
14
1.75
2
11
28
1
bbh if A is 14 and h is 4?
2
D 112
Review
d + 4d2 2d 3d2
2 w 3w 3
12 y 8 y 2
6 6
3
3
m 2m
+
8
3
7(x - 1)
5(2 + 2r)
7(5x - 1)
3(4a - b)
7(d + 7e)
-2(8v - 2s)
-(9b - 2h)
4(w - 4) + 2(w + 2)
y(y + 2z)
7b + 35
2v - 14
-3v + 15
6y + 9
4x - 14y
12x + 21y
21 - 15x
24b - 16c + 4
12s - 15v + 9
d-4=7
4h = 20
5+r=8
2t + 3 = 11
r
= 12
6
5 = 2x - 5
2
1
v+3 =1
3
6
7n + 5 = 33
1
4m = 2
5
71
Review
72
7(n - 2) = n + 4
6(2v - 7) = -(v + 1)
10
u+3
=4
5
z z
+ = 12
4 8
1
( x + 4) = 2
5
h
.
2
2V
to find the value of R (correct to two decimal places) when:
3
11
12
Einsteins equation E = mc2 states that the energy E in joules equals the mass of m kg
multiplied by the square of the speed of light c (3 108 m/s). Find the amount of energy
produced by a:
a mass of 500 kg
b mass of 200 kg
13
The cost of hiring a hall is given by the formula C = 20t + 2000 where C is the total cost in
dollars and t is the number of hours for which the hall is hired.
a Make t the subject of the equation.
b Find t when C is $2060.
Challenge questions 2
C H A P T E R
3.1
74
SI units
The SI is an international system of units of measurement based on multiples of ten. It is
a version of the metric system which allows easy multiplication when converting between
units. Units shown in red (below) are non-SI units approved for everyday or specialised use
alongside SI units.
Quantity
Name of unit
Symbol
Value
Length
Metre
Millimetre
Centimetre
Kilometre
Nautical mile
m
mm
cm
km
nm
Base unit
1000 mm = 1 m
100 cm = 1 m
1 km = 1000 m
1 nm = 1852 m
Area
Square metre
Square centimetre
Hectare
m2
cm2
ha
Base unit
10 000 cm2 = 1 m2
1 ha = 10 000 m2
Volume
Cubic metre
Cubic centimetre
Litre
Millilitre
Kilolitre
m3
cm3
L
mL
kL
Base unit
1 000 000 cm3 = 1 m3
1L = 1000 cm3
1000 mL = 1 L
1 kL = 1000 L
Mass
Kilogram
Gram
Tonne
kg
g
t
Base unit
1000 g = 1 kg
1 t = 1000 kg
Time
Second
Minute
Hour
Day
s
min
h
d
Base unit
1 min = 60 s
1 h = 60 min
1 d = 24 h
( ) and milli ( ).
1
1000
1
100
mega
kilo
unit
centi
milli
Time
1000
24
1000
60
100
60
10
days
hours
minutes
seconds
24
60
60
Example 1
75
4500 m =
km
Solution
1
Example 2
35 cm = 35 10 mm
= 350 mm
4500 = 4500 1000 km
= 4.5 km
min
10 080 min =
Solution
1
3 h 15 min = 3 60 + 15 min
= 195 min
10 080 min = 10 080 60 h
= 168 h
= 168 24 d
=7d
1m
100 cm
100 cm
1m
To convert volume units, change the side length units and compare the values for volume.
1m
100 cm
1m
1m
100 cm
100 cm
76
Exercise 3A
1
5 cm
m=
890 m =
9400 m =
49 000 cm =
mm
m
ccm
kkm
km
78 m =
57 cm =
600 mm =
22 000 m =
45 kg =
ccm
mm
cm
kkm
2 km
m=
6 km
m=
ccm
8100 cm =
51 mm =
76 t =
0.52
52 t =
45 000 000 g =
60 000 g =
m
cm
3t=
8100 kg =
4t=
6800 g =
kkg
9 300 000 g =
300 kg =
2300 g =
12 kL =
9 kL
L=
mL
m
300 kL =
210 000 mL =
8 000 000 mL =
kg
g
g
t
kkg
kkg
kg
t
kkg
2 L=
7800 kL =
50 L =
6100 L =
kkL
400 mL =
80 mL =
79 000 mL =
min
2 min =
20 d =
4.5 d =
10 h =
min
48 000 s =
min
96 h =
390 min =
780 s =
mL
L
kL
mL
m
mL
kL
kL
2.5 h =
40 min =
720 min =
1080 h =
h
d
min
10
11
There are three tonnes of grain in a truck. What is the mass if another 68 kg of grain is
added to the truck? Answer in kilograms.
77
78
Development
12
A cyclist travels to and from work over a 1200-metre long bridge. Calculate the distance
travelled in a week if the cyclist works for 5 days. Answer in kilometres.
13
Madison travels 32 km to work each day. Her car uses 1 litre of petrol to travel 8 km.
a
How many litres of petrol will she use to get to work?
b
How many litres of petrol will she use for 5 days of work, including return travel?
14
15
1 km 2 =
m2
1 m2 =
1 cm 2 =
mm 2
1000 cm 2 =
m2
2000 mm 2 =
5000 m 2 =
kkm
m2
3.9 m 2 =
cm 2
310 km 2 =
m2
4.7 m 2 =
mm 2
74300 m 2 =
kkm
m2
6500 mm 2 =
4000 cm 2 =
m2
cm 2
cm 2
mm 2
16
The area of a field is 80 000 square metres. Convert the area units to the following.
a
Square kilometres
b
Hectares
17
18
Eliza worked from 10.30 a.m. until 4.00 p.m. on Friday, from 7.30 a.m. until 2.00 p.m.
on Saturday, and from 12 noon until 5.00 p.m. on Sunday.
a
How many hours did Eliza work during the week?
b
Express the time worked on Friday as a percentage of the total time worked during
the week. Answer correct to the nearest whole number.
79
Accuracy in measurements
The smallest unit on the measuring instrument is
called the limit of reading. For example, a 30 cm
rule with a scale for millimetres has a limit of
reading of 1 mm. The accuracy of a measurement is
restricted to 1 of the limit of reading. For example,
2
if the measurement on the ruler is 10 mm then the
range of errors is 10 0.5 mm. Here the upper limit
is 10 + 0.5 mm or 10.5 mm and the lower limit is
10 0.5 mm or 9.5 mm.
1 cm
Every measurement is an approximation and has an error. The absolute error is the difference
between the actual value and the measured value indicated by the instrument. The maximum
value for an absolute error is 1 of the limit of reading.
2
Limit of reading
Absolute error
Relative error gives an indication of how good a measurement is relative to the size of the
quantity being measured. The relative error of a measurement is calculated by dividing the
limit of reading by the actual measurement. For example, the relative error for the above
measurement is
called the percentage error. For example, the percentage error for the above measurement
is 010.5 100 = 5% .
( )
80
Relative error
Percentage error
Absolute error
Measurement
Absolute error
100%
Measurement
Example 3
a
b
c
d
e
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
11
Length is 38 mm.
1
2
limit of reading =
1
2
= 0.5 mm
Lower limit = 38 0.5 = 37.5 mm
Upper limit = 38 + 0.5 = 38.5 mm
Absolute error
Relative error =
Measurement
0.5
38
= 0.013
Absolute error
Percentage error =
100%
Measurement
0.5
100%
38
= 1.3%
81
Exercise 3B
1
10
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
a
b
c
d
e
f
20
0
4.5
8 0
4kg
10lb
9lb
1lb
2lb
8
8
1kg
4kg
6lb 8 5lb
3kg
4lb
2kg
b
c
d
e
f
8 0
1lb
2lb
1.5
3.5
1kg
8lb
3lb
8
7lb
6lb 8 5lb
3kg
2.5
10lb
3lb
7lb
0.5
9lb
8lb
3.5
4.5
0.5
4lb
1.5
2kg
2.5
82
Development
3
A measurement was taken of a skid mark at the scene of a car accident. The actual length
of the skid mark was 25.15 metres, however it was measured as 25 metres.
a What is the absolute error?
b Find the relative error. Answer correct to three decimal places.
c Find the percentage error. Answer correct to one decimal place.
7
The length of a building at school is exactly 56 m. Cooper measured the length of the
building to be 56.3m and Filip measured the building at 55.8 m.
a What is the absolute error for Coopers measurement?
b What is the absolute error for Filips measurement?
c Compare the relative error for both measurements. Answer correct to four decimal
places.
d Compare the percentage error for both measurements. Answer correct to three
decimal places.
83
Scientific notation is used to write very large or very small numbers more conveniently. It
consists of a number between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of ten. For example, the number
4 100 000 is expressed in scientific notation as 4.1 106. The power of ten indicates the
number of tens multiplied together. For example:
4.1 106 = 4.1 (10 10 10 10 10 10)
= 4 100 000
When writing numbers in scientific notation, it is useful to remember that large numbers have
a positive power of ten and small numbers have a negative the power of ten.
Writing numbers in scientific notation
1
2
3
4
Example 4
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
1.534
1.53 400 000 eight digits
Power of 10 is +8 or 8
153 400 000 = 1.534 108
84
Significant figures
Significant figures are used to specify the accuracy of a number. It is often used to round a
number. Significant figures are the digits that carry meaning and contribute to the accuracy of
the number. This includes all the digits except the zeros at the start of a number and zeros at
the finish of a number without a decimal point. These zeros are regarded as placeholders and
only indicate the size of the number. Consider the following examples.
Example 5
5
6
7
8
85
Exercise 3C
1
b
d
f
h
b
d
f
h
0.000 068 7
0.0043
0.000 003 12
0.092
b
d
f
h
b
d
f
h
5.34 108
8.678 107
7.8 109
2.8 101
7.9 106
5.81 103
9.8 101
6.33 105
86
Convert a measurement of 5.81 103 grams into kilograms. Express your answer in
scientific notation.
10
11
c
f
i
12
13
Convert a measurement of 2654 kilograms into centigrams. Express your answer correct
to two significant figures.
14
Convert a measurement of 4 239 810 milligrams into grams. Express your answer correct
to four significant figures.
87
Development
15
16
17
x = 9.8 103
Given that V =
a
13.3
x = 2.4 103
18
Use the formula E = md2 to find d correct to three significant figures given that:
a
m = 0.08 and E = 5.5 109
b
m = 2.7 103 and E = 1.6 104
19
20
Light travels at 300 000 kilometres per second. Convert this measure to metres per
second and express this speed in scientific notation.
21
Use the formula E = 3p q to evaluate E given that p = 7.5 105 and q = 2.5 104.
Answer in scientific notation correct to one significant figure.
22
The volume of a cylinder is V = r2h where r is the radius of the cylinder and h is the
height of the cylinder. Use this formula to calculate the volume of the cylinder if
r = 5.6 104 and h = 2.8 103. Answer in scientific notation correct to three significant
figures.
23
The Earth is 1.496 108 km from the Sun. Calculate the distance travelled by the Earth
in a year using the formula c = 2r. Answer in scientific notation correct to two
significant figures.
88
3.4
15 : 12 = 5 : 4
5 : 4 = 15 : 12
Calculate the total number of parts by adding each amount in the ratio.
Divide the quantity by the total number of parts to determine the value of one part.
Multiply each amount of the ratio by the result in step 2.
Check by adding the answers for each part. The result should be the original quantity.
Example 6
89
Mikhail and Ilya were given $450 by their grandparents to share in the ratio 4:5. How much
did each person receive?
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
Example 7
30 L = 360 kkm
360
1 L=
km
30
360
7 L=
7 km
30
= 84 km
The car travels 84 km.
90
Exercise 3D
1
c
f
9:18:9
5:10:20
1 1
:
2 5
2 3
:
3 7
24:16
49:14
1
1:
3
3
:1
4
A delivery driver delivers 1 parcel on average every 20 minutes. How many hours does it
take to drop 18 parcels?
A bag of 500 grams of chocolates is divided into the ratio 7:3. What is the mass of the
smaller amount?
At a concert there were 7 girls for every 5 boys. How many girls were in the audience
of 8616?
Molly, Patrick and Andrew invest in a business in the ratio 6:5:1. The total amount
invested is $240 000. How much was invested by the following people?
a
Molly
b
Patrick
c
Andrew
91
Development
10
A punch is made from pineapple juice, lemonade and passionfruit in the ratio 3:5:2.
a
How much lemonade is needed if one litre of pineapple juice is used?
b
How much pineapple juice is required to make 10 litres of punch?
11
Angus, Ruby and Lily share an inheritance of $500 000 in the ratio of 7:5:4. How much
will be received by the following people?
a
Angus
b
Ruby
c
Lily
12
Samantha and Mathilde own a restaurant. Samantha gets 3 of the profits and Mathilde
5
receives the remainder.
a
What is the ratio of profits?
b
Last week the profit was $2250. How much does Mathilde receive?
c
This week the profit is $2900. How much does Samantha receive?
13
A jam is made by adding 5 parts fruit to 4 parts of sugar. How much fruit should be
added to 2 12 kilograms of sugar in making the jam?
14
A local council promises to spend $4 for every $3 raised in public subscriptions for a
community hall. The cost of the hall is estimated at $1.75 million. How much does the
community need to raise?
15
The ratio of $5 to $10 notes in Stephanies purse is 3:5. There are 24 notes altogether.
What is the total value of Stephanies $5 notes?
16
Nathan makes a blend of mixed lollies using 5 kg jelly babies, 4 kg licorice and 1 kg
skittles. What is the cost of the blend per kilogram to the nearest cent?
Mixed lollies
Jelly babies $5.95 per kg
17
Licorice
$6.95 per kg
Skittles
$11.90 per kg
The three sides of a triangle are in the ratio of 2:3:4. The longest side of the triangle is
12.96 mm. What is the perimeter of the triangle?
92
Write the rate as a fraction. First quantity is the numerator and 1 is the denominator.
Convert the first amount to the required unit.
Convert the second amount to the required unit.
Simplify the fraction.
Example 8
Converting a rate
55 200 m
1h
55 200 m
=
1 60 min
= 920 m/min
55 200 =
6.50 =
$6.50
1 kg
6.50 100 c
=
1 1000 g
= 0.665 c/g
93
Concentrations
A concentration is a measure of how much of a given substance is mixed with another
substance. Concentrations are a rate that has particular applications in nursing and agriculture.
It often involves mixing chemicals. Concentrations may be expressed as:
Example 9
Converting a concentration
A medicine is given as a concentration of 2.5 mL per 10 kg. What is the dosage rate for this
medicine in mL/kg?
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
6
Example 10
2.5 mL
10 kg
2.5 mL
=
10
kg
= 0.25
2 5 mL
L//kg
2.5 mL/10 kg =
1
2
6.2 g
50 g
6.2
=
100%
50
= 12.4%
6.2 g/50 g =
Percentage composition
is 12.4%.
94
Exercise 3E
1
b
d
f
h
2 m/s [cm/s]
55 200 m/h [m/min]
57.5 m/s [km/s]
4800 L/kL [mL/kL]
95
Development
6
A tap is dripping water at a rate of 70 drops per minute. Each drop is 0.2 mL.
a How many millilitres of water drip from the tap in one minute?
b How many litres of water drip from the tap in a day?
Olivias council rate is $2915 p.a. for land valued at $265000. Lucy has a council rate of
$3186 on land worth $295000 from another council.
a What is Olivias council charge as a rate of $/$1000 valuation?
b What is Lucys council charge as a rate of $/$1000 valuation?
Miras car uses 9 litres of petrol to travel 100 kilometres. Petrol costs $1.50 per litre.
a What is the cost of travelling 100 kilometres?
b How far can she drive using $50 worth of petrol? Answer to the nearest kilometre.
10
11
A plane travelled non-stop from Los Angeles to Sydney, a distance of 12027 kilometres
in 13 hours and 30 minutes. The plane started with 180 kilolitres of fuel, and on landing
had enough fuel to fly another 45 minutes.
a What was the planes average speed in kilometres per hour? Answer to the nearest
whole number.
b How much fuel was used? Answer to the nearest kilolitre.
96
Percentage increase
1
2
Example 11
Percentage decrease
1
2
The retail price of a toaster is $36 and is to be increased by 5%. What is the new price?
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
Example 12
100% + 5% = 105%
New price = 105% of $36
= 1.05 36
= $37.80
New price is $37.80.
97
Exercise 3F
1
30%
origi
OFF
nal p
rice
A manager has decided to award a salary increase of 6% for all employees. Find the new
salary awarded on the following amounts.
a
Salary of $46 240
b
Salary of $94 860
c
Salary of $124 280
d
Salary of $64 980
Molly has a card that entitles her to a 2.5% discount at the store where she works.
How much will she pay for the following items?
a
Vase marked at $190
b
Cutlery marked at $240
c
Painting marked at $560
d
Pot marked at $70
98
Development
6
A used car is priced at $18 600 and offered for sale at a discount of 15%.
a
What is the discounted price of the car?
b
The car dealer decides to reduce the price of this car by another 15%. What is the
new price of the car?
An electronic store offered a $30 discount on a piece of software marked at $120. What
percentage discount has been offered?
The cost price of a sound system is $480. Retail stores have offered a range of successive
discounts. Calculate the final
price of the sound system at
the following stores.
a
Store A: Increase of
10% and then a decrease
of 5%
b
Store B: Increase of
40% and then a decrease
of 50%
c
Store C: Increase of
25% and then a decrease
of 15%
d
Store D: Increase of
30% and then a decrease
of 60%
10
Units of measurement
1000
1000
100
10
mega
kilo
unit
centi
milli
1000
24
1000
60
100
60
10
Study guide 3
days
hours
minutes
seconds
24
60
60
10000 cm2 = 1 m2
1 ha = 10000 m2
1000000 cm3 = 1 m3
Writing numbers in
scientific notation
Writing numbers in
significant figures
Ratios
Unitary method
Converting a rate
Percentage change
Review
99
Review
100
7500 mm
10000
4.5 106
0.066
750 mm
4.5 105
The ratio of adults to children in a park is 5:9. How many adults are in the park if there are
630 children?
A 70
B 126
C 280
D 350
A 360 gram lolly bag is divided in the ratio 7:5. What is the mass of the smaller amount?
A 150 g
B 168 g
C 192 g
D 210 g
A hose fills a 10 L bucket in 20 seconds. What is the rate of flow in litres per hour?
A 0.0001
B 30
C 1800
D 7200
6000 m/h
10
What is the new price when $80 is increased by 20% then decreased by 20%?
A $51.20
B $76.80
C $80.00
D $115.20
101
There are six tonnes of iron ore in a train. What is the mass (in tonnes) if another 246 kg of
iron ore is added to the train?
b
c
m2
4000 cm 2 =
mm 2
3 km 2 =
m2
A field has a perimeter of exactly 400 m. Lily measured the field to be 401.2 m using a
long tape marked in 0.1 m intervals.
500 cm 2 =
1.9 102
Convert a measurement of 3580 tonnes into milligrams. Express your answer in scientific
notation correct to two significant figures.
Find the value of 45 154 and express your answer in scientific notation correct to two
significant figures.
Review
Review
102
10
e
h
20:30
12:9
3 1
:
4 2
c
f
28:7
56:88
A 5 kg bag of rice costs $9.20. What is the cost of the following amounts?
a
d
11
4.8:1.6
10 kg
7 kg
b
e
40 kg
500 g
c
f
b
d
f
3 kg
250 g
12
A car travels 960 km on 75 litres of petrol. How far does it travel on 50 litres?
13
Daniel and Ethan own a business and share the profits in the ratio 3:4.
a The profit last week was $3437. How much does Daniel receive?
b The profit this week is $2464. How much does Ethan receive?
14
Jill has a shareholder card that entitles her to a 5% discount at a supermarket. How much
will she pay for the following items? Answer to the nearest cent.
a Breakfast cereal at $7.60
b Milk at $4.90
c Coffee at $14.20
d Cheese at $8.40
15
An electrician is buying a light fitting for $144 at a hardware store. He receives a clearance
discount of 15% then a trade discount of 10%. How much does the electrician pay for the
light fitting?
Challenge questions 3
C H A P T E R
103
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104
Collecting data
Collecting data involves deciding what to collect, locating it and collecting it. Data comes
from either primary or secondary sources.
Primary sources interviewing people, conducting questionnaires or observing a system
in operation
Secondary sources data collected or created by someone else such as information
gathered from newspapers, books and the internet.
It is important that procedures are in place to ensure the collection of data is accurate, up to
date, relevant and secure. If the data collected comes from unreliable sources or is inaccurate,
the information gained from it will be incorrect.
Organising data
Organising data is the process that arranges, represents and formats data. It is carried out after
the data is collected. The organisation of the data depends on the purpose of the statistical
inquiry. For example, to store and search a large amount of data, the data needs to be
categorised. Frequency tables are used organise ungrouped and grouped data. Organising
gives structure to the data.
Analysing data
Analysing data is the process that interprets
Statistical inquiry
data and transforms it into information.
1 Pose questions.
It involves examining the data and giving
2 Collect the data.
meaning to it. When data has been ordered
3 Organise the data.
and given meaning by people, it is called
4 Summarise and display the data.
information. The particular type of analysis
5 Analyse the data and draw conclusions.
depends on the format of the data and the
6 Write a report.
information that is required. Graphs are
used to analyse the data. They make it easy to interpret data by making instant comparisons
and revealing trends. Graphs help people to make quick and accurate decisions.
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Example 1
105
James is an accountant working for a large retail company. He has been asked to complete a
statistical inquiry to reduce the companys phone costs. James identified seven departments
that often use the phone.
James performed the following steps:
1 Collecting data James accessed the
Department
Number of calls
latest phone bill.
Automotive
3450
2 Organising data James categorised the
Gardening
2804
phone data into the seven departments.
3 Summarising and displaying data
Hardware
4320
James presented the data in the table that
Jewellery
4506
is shown opposite.
Kitchen
2567
4 Analysing data Phone costs will
have to be paid by each department.
Ladies wear
3633
James knows there will be a rise in the
Mens wear
3760
cost of calls. He wants to make some
projections of the increase to the phone budget and calculate the average amount that each
department can spend on calls. James produced the spreadsheet shown below.
The spreadsheet has formulas in cells C7:C17. The formula entered in cell C7 is
=$B$4*B7. To analyse and draw conclusions James was able to modify the cost of the
call in cell B4 and observe the changes to the cost.
Writing a report James wrote a report that included the effects of a 10% increase in the
call costs and the effect on each of the seven departments.
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106
Exercise 4A
1
True or false?
a Interviewing people is a secondary source of information.
b Data collected from unreliable sources results in incorrect information.
c Information is often displayed using graphs.
d Data is summarised using statistics such as dot plots, sector graphs, histograms, line
graphs, stem-and-leaf plots and box-and-whisker plots.
e Analysing data is the process that interprets data and transforms it into information.
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107
Development
9
Privacy is the ability of an individual to control their personal data. Organisations are
collecting a huge amount of data about our personal lives and attitudes on various issues.
Every time you fill out a form, use a transaction card, or surf the Net, data is collected.
It is possible for people to access this data and combine it. This combined information
would provide a very accurate picture of you.
a Why would your personal data be of great value to retailers and advertising people?
b How would you feel if a person accessed your application to build a house and sold
it to a bricklayer?
c Are you concerned about receiving email from an unknown organisation? How
would you feel if this organisation paid to receive your email address?
d Why must you consider issues of privacy and ethics when collecting statistical data?
10
List some of the information that has been collected on you. How can you check whether
this information is accurate? What are your privacy rights? Explore the Office of the
NSW Privacy Commissioner (www.privacy.nsw.gov.au) to answer these questions.
11
The Data-matching Act permits certain agencies to check records held by different
government departments, such as the tax office and the departments responsible for
social security, employment and education. It aims to catch people who are cheating the
welfare system.
a Do you think this is an invasion of privacy? Give a reason.
b Is the Data-matching Act benefiting our society? Give a reason.
12
Why is it important to consider how the questions are asked when conducting a
questionnaire for a statistical inquiry?
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108
Quantitative data
Quantitative data is numerical data. For example, if we asked each student in the class their
height we would expect to get a variety of answers. However, each answer is a number.
Quantitative data is further classified as discrete or continuous.
Discrete data data that can only take exact numerical values.
For example, the number of sisters will give rise to the
numbers such as 0, 1 or 2. Counting a quantity often results
in discrete data.
Continuous data data that can take any numerical
value (sometimes within specified interval). For
example, a students height will give rise to numbers
such as 171.2 cm and 173.5 cm. Measuring a quantity
often results in continuous data.
Categorical data
Categorical data is data that can be divided into categories. It uses labels not numbers.
Categorical data is further classified as nominal or ordinal.
Nominal data uses a name or label that does not indicate order. For example, a students
gender could be classified as an F for females and an M for males.
Ordinal data uses a name or label that does indicate order. For example, the quality of
work could be classified as an A for excellent, B for good or C for satisfactory. It
shows a sequence A, B and C.
Categorical data has no quantity or amount associated with each category.
Classification of data
1
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Example 2
109
2
3
Example 3
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T
he number of pets is
discrete data.
T
he perimeter of the
school is continuous data.
110
Exercise 4B
1
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
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111
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
The hospital measures the weight and length of every new baby.
a Classify the data as quantitative or categorical.
b Is this data discrete or continuous?
A coffee shop is conducting a survey on the drinking habits of its customers. One of the
questions was: How many cups of coffee do you drink each day?
a State whether the data is quantitative or categorical.
b Is this data discrete or continuous?
The government collected data on their latest policy proposal. The people surveyed
answered ten questions and were given three choices for each question: Agree, Disagree
or Not sure. What type of data has the government collected?
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112
Development
7
In a survey customers were asked to rate the service they received by selecting one of the
following:
outstanding, excellent, good, satisfactory or needs improvement
Describe the type of data that would result from this question.
8
A teacher marks a classs assessment task and awards a mark out of 100 for each student.
Describe the type of data that that has been collected by the teacher.
A marketing poll was conducted that asked about a persons employment status:
unemployed, receiving education, part-time job or full-time job
Describe the type of data that would result from this poll.
10
Emma is planning to build a new restaurant. She conducted a survey of the community.
One of the questions asked was How far in kilometres would you be prepared to travel
to get to a good restaurant? The options given were:
5 km, 10 km, 20 km, 50 km
Describe the type of data that would result from this question.
11
10 mm
24th April
0 mm
25th April
25 mm
12
The police department collected data on fatal crashes. One of the questions it asked was:
What was the age of the driver involved in a fatal crash?
a Describe the type of data collected by the police department.
b The question was modified to give the interviewee six choices:
1724 yrs, 2534 yrs, 3544 yrs, 4554 yrs, 5564 yrs, 65+ yrs
Describe the type of data that would result from these choices.
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113
4.3
Collecting data from every person in a population is called a census. However, a census may
be costly in terms of money and time. For this reason, samples are taken from a population
and estimates made about the population are based on the sample. A sample is only part of a
population. For example, if all the students in your school are regarded as the population then
a sample of this population is the students in your class.
A sample must be large enough to give a good representation of the population, but small
enough to be manageable. There are many different types of sampling including a random
sample, stratified sample and systematic sample.
Random sample
A random sample occurs when
members of the population
have an equal chance of
being selected. For example,
six students are selected at
random from the entire school
population. Lotto is another good
example of random sampling. A
sample of 6 numbers is chosen
from 40 numbers. Random
samples are simple and easy
to use for small populations.
However, for large populations,
it is possible to miss out on a
particular group.
Stratified sample
A stratified sample occurs when categories or strata of a population are chosen and then
members from each category are randomly selected. For example, one student is selected from
each year 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Each year group is a category in a stratified sample. Some
other common types of categories are age, sex, religion or marital status. A stratified sample is
useful when the categories are simple and easy to determine. However, care needs to be taken
when selecting categories to avoid any bias in the data.
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114
Systematic sample
Systematic sample occurs when the population is divided into a structured sample size. For
example, the students in the school population are put in alphabetical order and the 100th
student, 200th student, 300th student, are selected. A systematic sample is often used by a
manufacturer to ensure the machines are working correctly. Here the manufacturer might test
a machine every 30 minutes or check the 50th item on a production line. Systematic sampling
results in a gap between each selection.
Random sample
Stratified sample
Systematic sample
Categories of a population
are chosen. Members then
are randomly selected
from each category.
Example 4
A retirement village has 63 residents, 42 women and 21 men. Decide whether each sample of
resident would be random, stratified or systematic.
a Every seventh resident
b Six of the women and three of the men
c Nine names picked from a hat containing the names of the residents.
Solution
1
2
3
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S
ystematic sample
S
tratified sample
R
andom sample.
115
Exercise 4C
1
State whether a census or a sample is the most appropriate way to collect this data.
a Information on the shopping experience
of people in the city
b John collecting the height of his best
friends
c The travelling habits of the Jones family
to work
d Australians watching the grand final
e Number of people eating toast for
breakfast
f
Length of time every AAA battery lasts
g Number of people entering a gym
between 5 p.m. and 6 p.m.
h Holly collecting the amount of time
spent on the internet by her class
i
The worlds reaction to climate change
j
Shop managers reaction to a drop in sales.
Michael uses a random sample to survey 10% of the local community. In the local
community there are 810 males and 920 females. How many people does Michael
need to survey?
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116
Tyler uses a stratified sample to survey 25% of his swimming club. He uses their sex as a
category and selects a random group of female and male swimmers. There are 88 female
swimmers and 112 male swimmers.
a How many swimmers are in the entire population?
b How many female swimmers are in the sample?
c How many male swimmers are in the sample?
Osman uses a stratified sample to survey 7.5% of his chat room friends. He uses marital
status as a category and selects a random group of married and unmarried friends. There
are 200 married and 240 unmarried friends.
a How many friends are in the entire population?
b How many married friends are in the sample?
c How many unmarried friends are in the sample?
Taylia uses a stratified sample to survey 20% of the senior students from her school.
There are 205 year 11 students and 180 year 12 students. How many students should
Taylia choose from year 12?
Ming uses a stratified sample to survey 12 1 % of the junior students from his school.
2
There are 88 year 7, 120 year 8, 104 year 9 and 128 year 10 students.
a How many students are in the entire population?
b How many students should Ming choose in following years?
i Year 7
ii Year 8
iii Year 9
iv Year 10
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Development
10
Female
Total
Republic
51
79
130
Monarchy
23
47
70
Total
74
126
200
a
b
c
How many males surveyed did not prefer Australia to change to a republic?
What percentage of people is in favour of changing to a republic?
This survey is not a good random sample of all Australians. Why?
11
12
A store has 400 employees of which 208 are females and 192 are males. The store
intends to survey 25 of their employees. A stratified survey is to be conducted.
a How many females should be surveyed?
b How many males should be surveyed?
13
Identify any possible issues with each of the following survey questions.
a Do you like the governments new policy? Yes/No
b Alan is a lazy boss who should be forced to pay his diligent workers more money.
Agree or disagree?
14
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118
Designing a questionnaire
1
2
3
4
Data must be carefully interpreted to ensure that the resulting information is valid. For
example, can the results of a questionnaire be generalised to a larger group of people? The
reliability of the data is also an issue. If a similar research were conducted at another time
and place would the results be the same? It is important that the information gained from
the questionnaire be accurate. After the data is collected and checked for accuracy it must be
carefully analysed. Entering the data into a table is a good way to examine the data. It enables
totals to be easily calculated and comparisons between different results to be made.
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119
Exercise 4D
1
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120
Development
2
A pizza shop is having problems meeting its costs. It needs to decide whether it should
increase or decrease its prices.
a Estimate or visit a local pizza shop to obtain a list of current price structures and
types of pizzas.
Create a questionnaire that could be used to estimate the effects of different prices on
revenue and the types of pizzas offered.
c Survey students on their pizza preferences and use this information to make a
recommendation to the owner of the pizza shop.
3 A fitness centre needs to attract more members. It would like to encourage people to live
a healthier lifestyle.
a Estimate or visit a local fitness centre to obtain a list of the services that are offered
and the current price structures.
b Create a questionnaire that could be used to estimate the effects of different services
and price structures.
c Survey students on their fitness needs and use this information to make a
recommendation to the manager of the fitness centre.
b
Harley is unhappy with her mobile phone plan. She is wondering whether other people
have similar issues.
a Investigate a range of mobile phone planes that are currently available. Gather data
on the rates and charges being offered.
b Use the above data to create a survey on peoples opinion of their mobile phone
plane and their current rates and charges.
c Take a sample of students in your school and conduct the above survey.
5
13.4
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Statistical inquiry
1
2
3
4
5
6
Classification of data
Pose questions.
Collect the data.
Organise the data.
Summarise and display the data.
Analyse the data.
Write a report.
Quantitative
(Numbers)
Discrete
Continuous
Sample types
Study guide 4
Categorical
(Category)
Random sample
Stratified sample
Systematic sample
Designing a
questionnaire
2
3
4
Nominal
Ordinal
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Review
121
Review
122
A step in a statistical inquiry that interprets and transforms data into information.
A Analysing B Collecting
C Displaying D Organising
The number of rooms in your house. What is the classification for this data?
A Categorical B Continuous C Discrete
D Text
Which of the following is an example of collecting data from a school using a census?
A Class opinion
B All the students opinion
C School captains opinion
D Year 11 opinion
Sorting each person in alphabetical order and selecting every fifth person. How would you
describe this type of sample?
A Quantitative
B Random
C Stratified
D Systematic
10
Sample designed to include four boys and four girls from a surf club. How would you
describe this type of sample?
A Quantitative
B Random
C Stratified
D Systematic
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123
True or false?
a Data comes from either primary, secondary or tertiary sources.
b Analysing data is the process that arranges, represents and formats data.
c Information that has been ordered and given some meaning by people is called data.
d Data collected from reliable sources results in correct information.
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
3
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Review
Review
124
Chapter
summary
Earning
4 A marketing
poll was
conductedMoney
on a persons sleeping patterns:
Good, Satisfactory, Unsatisfactory
Describe the type of data that would result from this poll.
Sharif uses a stratified sample to survey 10% of employees. He uses their age as a category.
There are 330 employees over 40 years of age and 670 employees under 40.
a How many employees should complete the survey?
b How many employees over 40 years of age should complete the survey?
c How many employees under 40 years of age should complete the survey?
A school has 600 students of which 315 are boys and 285 are girls. The school intends to
survey 40 of their students. A stratified survey is to be conducted.
a How many boys should be surveyed?
b How many girls should be surveyed?
A cinema session had 84 patrons: 48 women and 36 men. Decide whether a sample of
patrons would be random, stratified or systematic.
a Four of the women and three of the men
b Every sixth patron
c Twelve names picked from a hat containing the names of the patrons.
The school canteen would like to know the preferred brand of juice to stock. Describe a
suitable sample to conduct a survey.
10
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C H A P T E R
Distance
travelled
Distance (km)
200
150
100
50
2
3
Time (h)
125
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126
Construct a table of values with the independent variable as the first row and
the dependent variable as the second row.
Draw a number plane with the independent variable on the horizontal axis
and the dependent variable as the vertical axis. Plot the points.
Join the points to make a straight line.
Example 1
The table below shows the cost of postage (c) as a function of the weight of the parcel (w).
Weight (w)
Cost (c)
a
b
1.2
2.4
3.6
4.8
6.0
Draw a graph of cost (c), against the weight of the parcel (w).
Use the graph to determine the cost of a parcel if the weight is 2.5 kg.
Solution
2
3
4
c Cost of postage
Cost of postage in $
6
5
4
3
2
1
w
1 2 3 4 5
Weight of parcel in kg
127
Example 2
3
4
5
-2
-1
-5
-3
-1
y
3
2
1
3 2 1 0
1
2
3
4
5
Example 3
1
2
3
4
128
Exercise 5A
1
Chocolates are sold for $12 per kg. The table below shows weight against cost.
Weight (w)
Cost (c)
12
24
36
48
60
a
c
Time (t)
Cost (c)
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
b
d
Mass (m)
12
15
Time (t)
2.2
3.7
5.2
6.7
8.2
-1
y
b = 3a + 4
y = 2x
x
-2
-1
b
5
Mobile phone call costs are charged at a rate of 20 cents per minute.
q = -p + 1
p
-2
Use the table of values from the above question to graph these linear functions.
a
y=x+1
b
y = 2x
c
b = 3a + 4
d
q = -p + 1
129
Development
6
The cost (c) of apples is $2.50 per kilogram and is determined by the formula c = 2.5w
where (w) is the weight of the apples.
a Construct a table of values for the weight against cost. Use 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 for w.
b Draw the graph of the weight (w) against the cost (c).
c How many kilograms of apples can be purchased for $15?
The age of a computer (t) in years to its current value (v) in $100 is v = -5t + 30.
a
b
c
d
e
8
The cost of hiring a taxi is $3 flag fall and $2 per kilometre travelled.
a Construct a table of values using 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 as values for kilometres
travelled (d) and calculating cost of the taxi (C).
b Draw the graph of the kilometres travelled (d) against cost of taxi (C).
10
One Australian dollar (AUD) was converted to 1.20 New Zealand dollars (NZD).
a Construct a table of values using 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 as values for AUD and
calculate the NZD using the above conversion.
b Draw the graph of the AUD against NZD.
130
The gradient of a line is the slope or steepness of the line. It is calculated by dividing the
vertical rise by the horizontal run. The larger the gradient, the steeper the slope. The letter m is
often used to indicate gradient.
Vertical
rise
Horizontal run
Gradient (or m) =
Vertical
r
rtical
rise
Horizontal run
Positive gradients are lines that go up to the right or are increasing. Conversely, negative
gradients are lines that go down to the right or are decreasing.
Positive
gradient
Example 4
Negative
gradient
Find the gradient of a line through the points (1, 1) and (3, 4).
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(3, 4)
4
3
Vertical
rise
2
1
0
(1, 1)
Horizontal run
1
Vertical
r
rtical
rise
Horizontal run
3
=+
2
Gradient or m =
131
Intercept
The intercept of a line is where the line cuts the axes. The intercept on the vertical axis is
called the y-intercept and is denoted by the letter b. The intercept on the horizontal axis is
called the x-intercept and is denoted by the letter a.
Gradient
Intercept
Gradient of a line is the slope of the line. The intercept of a line is where the line cuts the
axes. Vertical intercept is often denoted by b.
Vertical
r
rtical
rise
Gradient (or m) =
Horizontal run
Example 5
Find the gradient and vertical intercept for the line y = -2x + 1.
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
-1
-1
y
3
Vertical
rise
1
Horizontal
run
0
2
1
Vertical
intercept
Vertical rise
Horizontal run
2
=
1
= 2
Gradient or m =
132
Exercise 5B
1
2 1 0
1
1
0
16
12
1
2 1 0
4
8
4
What is the intercept on the vertical axis for the following lines?
y
4
3
2
1
3 2 1 0
1
2
4
133
Development
4
Plot the following points on a number plane and join them to form a straight line.
Determine the gradient and y-intercept for each line.
a
10
-1
-2
-1
-1
-3
-5
12
Draw a graph of these linear functions and find the gradient and y-intercept.
a
d
y=x+3
2
y= x3
3
y = -x + 1
y + 3 = 4x
1
x +1
2
2x - y = 0
y=
134
5.3
Gradientintercept formula
Linear equation y = mx + b.
m Slope or gradient of the line (vertical rise over the horizontal run).
b y-intercept. Where the line cuts the y-axis or vertical axis.
Example 6
Write down the gradient and y-intercept from each of the following equations.
a
y = 2 + 5x
b
y=8x
c
y = 6x
d
y 3x = 4
Solution
1
2
3
1
2
3
y = 2 + 5x
y = 5x 2
Gradient is 5, y-intercept is 2
y=8x
y = 1x + 8
Gradient is 1, y-intercept is 8
1
2
3
1
2
3
y = 6x
y = 6x + 0
Gradient is 6, y-intercept is 0
y 3x = 4
y = 3x + 4
Gradient is 3, y-intercept is 4
135
Example 7
7
8
y = 3x + 1
Gradient is 3, y-intercept is 1
y
(1, 4)
4
3
Rise = 3
2
(0, 1)
2
1
0
1
Run = 1
1
136
Exercise 5C
1
Write down the gradient and y-intercept from each of the following equations.
a
y = 4x + 2
b
y = 3x - 7
c
y = 5x + 0.4
d
y = 1.5x - 2
1
e
y= x+3
f
y = 5 - 3x
2
g
y=x
h
y = 2 + 5x
1
2 1 0
1
2 1 0
1
12
1
2 1 0
1
2
3
8
4
1
137
Development
5
Sketch the graphs of the following equations on the same number plane.
a
y = 2x
b
y = 2x + 1
c
y = 2x + 2
d
y = -x
e
y = -x - 1
f
y = -x - 2
g
What do you notice about these graphs?
Sketch the graphs of the following equations on the same number plane.
1
a
y=x+1
b
y = 3x + 1
c
y = x +1
2
d
y = -x - 2
e
y = -2x - 2
f
y = -3x - 2
g
What do you notice about these graphs?
10
Sketch the graphs of the following equations using the gradientintercept formula.
2
1
a
y= x+2
b
y = 0.25x - 3
c
y=2 x
3
3
d
y = - 0.5x - 3
e
y+x=5
f
4x + y = 8
g
2x + y + 6 = 0
x + 4y = 0
3x - y = -3
138
5.4
Two straight lines will always intersect unless they are parallel. The point at which two straight
lines intersect can be found by sketching the two graphs on the one set of axes and reading off
the coordinates at the point of intersection. When the point of intersection is found it is said to
be solving the equations simultaneously.
Solving two linear equations simultaneously from a graph
1
2
3
Example 8
2
3
4
5
6
y = 2x + 3
Gradient is 2, y-intercept is 3
y = -x
Gradient is 1, y-intercept is 0
y
3 y = 2x + 3
2
1
3 2 1 0
1
2
3
y = x
Simultaneous solution is x = -1
and y = 1
139
Exercise 5D
1
What is the point of intersection for each of these pairs of straight lines?
y
3 y=x+3
1 0
1
3 2 1 0
1
y = 0.5x + 1
3
2
y
y = 2x + 1
3 2 1 0
1
y
3
2 y = x 2
y = 2x
y = x + 2
y = 1x 2
x
3
1 0
1
2
y = 4x + 1 3
y
8
7
6
5
4
2
1
1
-2
-1
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-2
-1
-3
-6
y
6
5
4
3
2
1
3 2 1 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 2 3
y
Income
50
Dollars ($)
140
40
Costs
30
20
10
1
3 4
Boxes
400
Income
350
Dollars ($)
300
250
Costs
200
150
100
50
x
5 10 15 20
Packs
141
Development
6
Draw the graphs of the following pairs of equations and find their simultaneous solution.
a y = x + 1 and y = -2x
b y = 3x - 3 and y = x + 1
c y = 5x + 1 and y = 3x - 7
d y = x and y = 4x + 3
Zaina buys and sells books. Income received by selling n books is calculated using the
formula I = 16n. Costs associated in selling n books are calculated using the formula
C = 8n + 24.
a Draw the graph of I = 16n
and C = 8n + 24 on same
number plane.
b What are the initial costs?
c Use the graph to determine
the number of books needed
to be sold to break even.
d How much profit or loss is
made when 6 books are sold?
8
Amy and Nghi work for the same company and their wages are a and b respectively.
a Amy earns $100 more than Nghi. Write an equation to describe this information.
b The total of Amys and Nghis wages is $1500. Write an equation to describe this
information.
c Draw a graph of the above two equations on the same number plane. Use a as the
horizontal axis and b as the vertical axis.
d Use the intersection of the two graphs to find Amys and Nghis wage.
A factory produces items whose costs are $200 plus $40 for every item. The factory
receives $45 for every item sold.
a Write an equation to describe the relationship between the:
i
costs (C) and number of items (n)
ii income (I) and number of items (n)
b Draw a graph to represent the costs and income for producing the item.
c How many items need to be sold to break even?
142
Example 9
EUR
Australian dollars
to euros
30
25
20
15
10
5
10 20 30 40 50
Solution
1
2
30 EUR
25 AUD
AUD
Example 10
143
Volume of water
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
2 4 6 8 10 12
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
V = 100t + 400
= 100 7 + 400
= 1100 L
100 L/min
400 L
1400 L
12 minutes
m=
Rise
b = 400
Run
1600 400
=
12 0
= 100
y = mx + b
V = 100t + 400
144
Exercise 5E
1
Water is pumped into a partially full tank. The graph gives the volume of water V (in
litres) after t minutes.
a
How much water is in the tank at the start?
v Volume of water
b
How much water is in the tank after 5 minutes?
3000
c
How much water is in the tank after 8 minutes?
2500
d
The tank holds 2500 L. How long does it take to fill?
2000
e
Use the graph to calculate the volume of water in the
1500
tank after 7 minutes.
1000
500
2
CNY
8 10
Australian dollars
to Chinese yuan
500
400
300
200
100
20 40 60 80 100
Postal charges
4
Cost ($)
AUD
3
2
1
200 400 600 800 1000
Weight (g)
145
Development
A new piece of equipment is purchased by a business for $120000. Its value is
depreciated each month using the graph opposite.
a What was the value of the equipment after
Value of equipment
v
32 months?
b What was the value of the equipment after one
120
year?
100
c When does the line predict the equipment will
80
have no value?
60
d Find the equation of the straight line in terms
40
of v and t.
20
e Use the equation to predict the value of the
equipment after 2 months.
8 16 24 32 40 48
f
By how much does the equipment depreciate
Months
in value each month?
$ 1000
Amount of transactions
through ATMs
50
25
146
A phone company charges a monthly service fee, plus the cost of calls. The graph
below gives the total monthly charge, C dollars, for making n calls. This includes the
service fee.
a How much is the monthly service fee?
Total monthly
b How much does the company charge if you make
charge
C
20calls a month?
70
c How many calls are made if the total monthly charge
60
is $30?
50
d Find the equation of the line in terms of total monthly
40
charge (C) and the number of calls (n).
30
20
10
20 40 60 80 100
14.7
7
A company charges the following parking fees: $10 per hour for up to 3 hours, $15 up to
6 hours and $20 for over 6 hours.
a Draw a step graph to illustrate the
parking fees, with the Time (h)
on the horizontal axis and Cost ($)
on the vertical axis.
b What is the cost to park for
4 hours? Use the step graph.
c Liam arrived in the parking area at
10.30 a.m. and left at 1.00 p.m.
How much did he pay for parking?
d Ruby arrived in the parking area at
5.15 p.m. and left at 11.15 p.m.
How much did she pay for parking?
Gradient (or m) =
Gradientintercept formula
Simultaneous equations
1
2
3
Study guide 5
Vertical rise
Horizontal run
Review
147
Review
148
An equation that compares the age of a fax machine (t) in years to its current value (v) is
v = 40t + 150. What is the value of the fax machine after two years?
A 70
B 108
C 150
D 230
y
4
2
2
Monthly
charge
c
240
180
120
60
2
149
Review
Cost (c)
16
24
32
40
48
a
b
c
d
Draw a graph of these linear functions and find the gradient and y-intercept.
a y = x + 1
b y = -2x + 5
c y = 3x - 2
2 1 0
1
4 2 0
2
Chapter
summary
Earning
Money
6 The graph
opposite shows
the cost
of growing a rose and the income received from the sale
80
Dollars ($)
of the roses.
a Use the graph to determine the number of roses which
need to be sold to break even.
b How much profit or loss is made when 1 rose is sold?
c How much profit or loss is made when 4 roses are sold?
d What are the initial costs?
Income
60
Costs
40
20
1
Dollars ($ 1000)
Review
150
2
3
Roses
Motor vehicle
30
24
18
12
6
t
12 24 36 48
Time (months)
The table below shows the speed v (in km/s) of a rocket at time t seconds.
Time (t)
Speed (v)
1.5
4.5
7.5
a
b
c
Draw a number plane with time (t) on the horizontal axis and speed (v) on the
vertical axis.
Plot the points from the table and draw a straight line through these points.
Extend the straight line to predict the rockets speed when t = 6 seconds.
Challenge questions 5
C H A P T E R
61
Investing
Earning money
money
Area of study
Syllabus
topic
FM1
FM2 Earning
Investing
money
money
Calculate simple
payments
interest
from a salary
Calculate
Draw
and wages
describe
using
simple
hourly
andrate,
compound
overtime
interest
rates graphs
and allowances
Calculate the
annual
future
leave
value,
loading
compound
and bonuses
interest and present value
Calculate
Use
prepared
earnings
tablesbased
to calculate
on commission,
final amount
piecework
and interest
and royalties
Determineaccounts
Compare
deductions
from
and
different
calculate
financial
net pay
institutions
A
Compare accounts
Calculate
the appreciated
from different
value onfinancial
investments
institutions
Calculate the dividend and dividend yield on shares
6.1
Interest is the amount paid for borrowing money or the amount earned for lending money.
There are different ways of calculating interest. Simple interest (or flat interest) is a fixed
percentage of the amount invested or borrowed and is calculated on the original amount. For
example, if we invest $100 in a bank account that pays interest at the rate of 5% per annum
(per year) we would receive $5 each year. That is,
5
Interest = $100
= $5
100
This amount of interest would be paid each year. Simple interest is always calculated on the
initial amount, or the principal.
Simple interest
I = Prn
I Interest (simple or flat) earned for the use of money
P Principal is the initial amount of money borrowed
r Rate of simple interest per period expressed as a decimal
n Number of time periods
151
The Powers Family Trust 2013
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Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
152
Example 1
Solution
1
2
3
4
I=P
Prn
= 12 000 0.10 3
= $3600
Simple interest is $3600.
Example 2
Find the amount owed on a loan of $50 000 at 7% per annum simple interest at the end of two
years and six months.
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
I = Prn
= 50 000 0.07 2.5
= $8750
A=P+I
= 50 000 + 8750
= $58 750
Amount owed is $58 750.
Cambridge University Press
Example 3
153
Joel plans to make an investment of $200 000 at 7 12 % p.a. simple interest for 2 years. Answer
the following questions by using a graphics calculator.
a
How much simple interest will Joel earn?
b
What is the total value of his investment at the end of 2 years?
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
154
Exercise 6A
1
Principal = $40 000, Interest rate = 7.25% p.a., Time period = 5 14 years
Principal = $6900, Simple interest rate = 10% p.a., Time period = 4 12 years
Principal = $10 000, Simple interest rate = 6.75% p.a., Time period = 2 14 years
Andrew takes a loan of $30 000 for a period of 6 years, at a simple interest rate of
14% per annum. Find the amount owing at the end of 6 years.
A loan of $1800 is taken out at a simple interest rate of 15.5% per annum. How much
interest is owing after 3 months?
A sum of $100 000 was invested in a fixed-term account for 4 years. Calculate:
a
the simple interest earned if the rate of interest is 5.5% per annum
b
the future value of the investment at the end of 4 years
Joshua invested $1200 at 8% per annum. What is the simple interest earned between
30 September and 1 January?
155
Development
9
Sophie decides to buy a car for $28 000. She has saved $7000 for the deposit and takes
out a loan over two years for the balance. The flat rate of interest charged is 12% per
annum. What is the total amount of interest to be paid?
10
Domenico has borrowed $24 000 to buy furniture. He wishes to repay the loan over four
years.
Calculate the simple interest on the following rates of interest.
a
8% per annum for the entire period
b
9% per annum after a 6-month interest-free period
c
10% per annum after a 12-month interest-free period
11
6A
a
b
Cell D5 has a formula that calculates the simple interest. Enter this formula.
The formula for cell E5 is =A5 + D5. Fill down the contents of E6 to E12 using
this formula.
12
Isabelle buys a TV for $1400. She pays it off monthly over 2 years at an interest rate of
11.5% per annum flat. How much per month will she pay?
13
Riley wants to earn $4000 a year in interest. How much must he invest if the simple
interest rate is 10% p.a.?
14
Samira invests $16 000 for 2 12 years. What is the minimum rate of simple interest
needed for her to earn $3000?
Gurrumul pays back $20 000 on a $15 000 loan at a flat interest rate of 10%. What is the
term of the loan?
15
16
Harry borrowed $300 000 at a flat rate of interest of 8.5% per annum. This rate was fixed
for 2 years on the principal. He pays back the interest only over this period.
a
How much interest is to be paid over the 2 years?
b
After paying the fixed rate of interest for the first year, Harry finds the bank will
decrease the flat interest rate to 7.5% if he pays a charge of $1000. How much will
he save by changing to the lower interest rate for the last year?
156
Construct a table of values for I and n using the simple interest formula.
Draw a number plane with n the horizontal axis and I the vertical axis. Plot
the points.
Join the points to make a straight line.
Example 4
Draw a graph showing the amount of simple interest earned over a period of 4 years if $1000
is invested at 6% p.a. Use the graph to estimate the interest earned after 8 years.
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
I=P
Prn
= 1000 0.06 n
= 60n
n
60
120
180
240
Simple interest on
$1000 at 6% p.a.
I
500
400
300
200
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Example 5
157
Solution
1
2
3
2
3
I= P
Prn
= 9000 0.08 n
= 720 n
a
I=P
Prn
= 9000 0.05 n
= 450n
158
Exercise 6B
1
I
c
d
e
Draw a number plane with n as the horizontal axis and I as the vertical axis.
Plot the points from the table of values. Join the points to make a straight line.
I
c
d
e
f
g
Draw a number plane with n as the horizontal axis and I as the vertical axis.
Plot the points from the table of values. Join the points to make a straight line.
Use the graph to find the interest after 3 12 years.
Extend the graph to find the interest after 6 years.
Find the time when the interest is $360.
Draw a graph showing the amount of simple interest earned over a period of 4 years if
$1000 is invested at 4% p.a. Use the graph to estimate the interest earned after 6 years.
159
Development
5
14.5
6.5%
3 to 6 months
7.0%
6 to 12 months
7.5%
12 to 24 months
8.1%
24 to 48 months
8.3%
Chris has $50 000 to invest in a fixed-term deposit. Draw a separate graph to represent the
interest earned after 12 months given these investments.
a
Fixed-term deposit for 3 months
b
Fixed-term deposit for 6 months
c
Fixed-term deposit for 12 months
160
6.3
Compound interest is calculated from the initial amount borrowed or principal plus any
interest that has been earned. It calculates interest on the interest. For example, if $100 is
invested at a compound interest rate of 10% per annum.
First year
Interest = $100 0.10 1 = $10
Amount owed = $100 + $10 = $110
Second year
Interest = $110 0.10 1 = $11
Amount owed = $110 + $11 = $121
Third year
Interest = $121 0.10 1 = $12.10
Amount owed = $121 + $12.10 = $133.10
These calculations show the interest earned increased each year. In the first year it was $10,
the second year $11 and the third year $12.10.
Compound interest
A = P(1 + r)n or FV = PV(1 + r)n
A Amount (final balance) or future value of the loan
P Principal is the initial quantity of money or present value of the loan
r Rate of interest per compounding time period expressed as a decimal
n Number of compounding time periods
Example 6
161
Paige invests $5000 over 5 years at a compound interest rate of 6.5% p.a. Calculate:
a
the amount of the investment after 5 years, correct to the nearest cent
b
the interest earned after 5 years, correct to the nearest cent.
Solution
A = P(1 + r )n
= 5000(1 + 0.065)5
= 6850.433317
= $6850.4433
Amount is $6850.43.
I = A P
= 6850.43 5000
= $1850.43
1
2
6
7
8
Example 7
James borrowed $50 000 for 4 years at 11% p.a. interest compounding monthly. What is the
amount owed after the 4 years?
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
162
Exercise 6C
1
Calculate the amount owed, to the nearest cent, for each of the following.
a
Principal = $800, Compound interest rate = 4% p.a., Time period = 3 years
b
Principal = $12 000, Compound interest rate = 11% p.a., Time period = 2 12 years
Principal = $22 000, Compound interest rate = 5.5% p.a., Time period = 4 14 years
Calculate the amount of compound interest to the nearest cent for each of the following.
a
Principal = $25 000, Interest rate = 7% p.a., Time period = 5 years
b
Principal = $80 000, Interest rate = 8.25% p.a., Time period = 3 14 years
Use the formula A = P(1 + r)n to calculate the value of an investment of $10 000, over a
period of 2 years with an interest rate of 0.8% compounding monthly. Answer to the
nearest cent.
Ryan invested $20 000 for 5 years at 12% p.a. interest compounding monthly. What is the
amount of interest earned in the first year? Answer to the nearest cent.
Find the amount of money in a bank account after 6 years if an initial amount of $4000
earns 8% p.a. compound interest, paid quarterly. Answer to the nearest cent.
Christopher invested $13 500 over 7 years at 6.2% p.a. interest compounding quarterly.
Calculate the:
a
value of the investment after 7 years to the nearest cent.
b
compound interest earned to the nearest cent.
163
Development
8
What sum of money would Bailey need to invest to accumulate a total of $50000 at the
end of 4 years at 6% p.a. compound interest? Answer to the nearest cent.
Calculate the amount that must be invested at 9.3% p.a. interest compounding annually to
have $70000 at the end of 3 years. Answer to the nearest cent.
10
11
6C
a
b
Cell D5 has a formula that calculates the compound interest. Enter this formula.
The formula for cell E5 is = D5 - A5. Fill down the contents of E6 to E12 using
this formula.
12
How much more interest is earned on a $40000 investment if the interest at 6% p.a. is
compounded annually over 6 years, compared with the simple interest at 6% p.a. earned
over the same time?
13
Hassan has $50000 to invest for two years. Which is the better investment? Why?
Investment 1
Simple
Interest rate
4% p.a.
Investment 2
Compound
Interest rate
4% p.a.
164
Construct a table of values for A and n using the compound interest formula.
Draw a number plane with n the horizontal axis and A the vertical axis. Plot the points.
Join the points to make an exponential curve.
Example 8
Draw a graph showing the amount of the loan over a period of 8 years if $1000 is invested at
a compound interest rate of 6% p.a. Use the graph to estimate the amount of the loan after 7
years.
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
A = P(1 + r )n
= 1000 (1.06 )n
n
1000
1124
1262
1419
1594
Compound interest
at 6% p.a.
A
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
1
Example 9
165
Solution
1
2
3
2
3
A = P(1
P(1 + r )n
= 9000 (1.08)n
a
A = P(1 + r )n
= 9000 (1.05)n
166
Exercise 6D
1
Ava invested $2000 at 4% per annum interest compounding annually for 4 years.
a
Simplify the compound interest formula A = P(1 + r)n by substituting values for the
principal and the interest rate.
b
Use this formula to complete the following table of values. Answer to nearest dollar.
n
A
c
d
e
Draw a number plane with n as the horizontal axis and A as the vertical axis.
Plot the points from the table of values. Join the points to make a curve.
Dylan invested $800 at 7% p.a. compound interest, paid annually, for 5 years.
a
Simplify the compound interest formula A = P(1 + r)n by substituting values for the
principal and the interest rate.
b
Use this formula to complete the following table of values.
n
A
c
d
Draw a number plane with n as the horizontal axis and A as the vertical axis.
Plot the points from the table of values. Join the points to make a curve.
Draw a graph showing the amount of the loan over a period of 3 years if $1000 is
invested at a compound interest rate of 7% p.a. Use the graph to estimate the amount of
the loan after 6 years.
167
Development
5
14.6
The table below gives details for an investment product. The compound interest earned is
paid quarterly.
Investment
4% p.a.
6% p.a.
8% p.a.
10% p.a.
168
6.5
Investment problems are made easier by using tables. The table below shows the future value
or final balance when $1 is invested at the given interest rate for the given number of periods.
The interest is compounded per period. For example, the value of $1 after 4 periods at an
interest rate of 6% per period is 1.2625.
Period
3%
4%
5%
6%
1.0300
1.0400
1.0500
1.0600
1.0609
1.0816
1.1025
1.1236
1.0927
1.1249
1.1576
1.1910
1.1255
1.1699
1.2155
1.2625
Example 10
2
3
4
6
3% r = 2 % .
Find the intersection value from the table.
(1.1255)
Multiply intersection value by the money
invested.
Evaluate and answer the question in words.
169
Exercise 6E
1
The table below shows the future value when $1 is invested at the given simple interest
rate for the given number of periods.
Period
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
1.10
1.12
1.04
1.08
1.12
1.16
1.20
1.24
1.06
1.12
1.18
1.24
1.30
1.36
1.08
1.16
1.24
1.32
1.40
1.48
The table below shows the future value when $1 is invested at the given interest rate for
the given number of periods. The interest is compounded per period.
Period
1%
4%
8%
12%
16%
20%
1.0100
1.0400
1.0800
1.1200
1.1600
1.2000
1.0201
1.0816
1.1664
1.2544
1.3456
1.4400
1.0303
1.1249
1.2597
1.4049
1.5609
1.7280
1.0406
1.1699
1.3605
1.5735
1.8106
2.0736
1.0510
1.2167
1.4693
1.7623
2.1003
2.4883
1.0615
1.2653
1.5869
1.9738
2.4364
2.9860
Use the above table to calculate the future value of the following (answer correct to
nearest dollar).
a
$10 000 invested for 5 years at 1% p.a. compounded annually
b
$50 000 invested for 3 years at 20% p.a. compounded annually
c
$2000 invested for 2 years at 8% p.a. compounded annually
d
$500 000 invested for 1 year at 16% p.a. compounded annually
e
$78 000 invested for 6 years at 12% p.a. compounded annually
170
The table below shows the future value when $1 is invested at the given interest rate for
the given number of periods. The interest is compounded per period.
Period
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.10
1.21
1.32
1.44
1.56
1.16
1.33
1.52
1.73
1.95
1.22
1.46
1.75
2.07
2.44
Use the table to calculate the future value of the following (answer correct to nearest
dollar).
a $1000 invested for 3 years compounding annually at an interest rate of 10% p.a.
b $2000 invested for 2 years compounding annually at an interest rate of 25% p.a.
c $500 invested for 4 years compounding annually at an interest rate of 5% p.a.
d $400 invested for 3 years compounding annually at an interest rate of 20% p.a.
e $5000 invested for 1 year compounding annually at an interest rate of 15% p.a.
f
$7000 invested for 2 years compounding annually at an interest rate of 20% p.a.
4
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
1.010
1.020
1.030
1.040
1.050
1.020
1.040
1.061
1.082
1.103
1.030
1.061
1.093
1.125
1.158
1.041
1.082
1.126
1.170
1.216
1.051
1.104
1.159
1.217
1.276
Use the table to find the amount received on the following investments. Answer correct
to the nearest dollar.
a Principal = $5000, Interest rate = 1%, Time period = 4 years
b Principal = $15000, Interest rate = 3%, Time period = 1 years
c Principal = $65000, Interest rate = 2%, Time period = 5 years
d Principal = $200000, Interest rate = 5%, Time period = 2 years
e Principal = $60000, Interest rate = 4%, Time period = 3 years
f
Principal = $100000, Interest rate = 1%, Time period = 5 years
g Principal = $90000, Interest rate = 3%, Time period = 4 years
171
Development
5
The table below shows the future value when $1 is invested at the given interest rate for
the given number of periods. The interest is compounded per period.
Period
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
3.0%
3.5%
4.0%
1.010
1.015
1.020
1.025
1.030
1.035
1.040
1.020
1.030
1.040
1.051
1.061
1.071
1.082
1.030
1.046
1.061
1.077
1.093
1.109
1.125
1.041
1.061
1.082
1.104
1.126
1.148
1.170
1.051
1.077
1.104
1.131
1.159
1.188
1.217
1.062
1.093
1.126
1.160
1.194
1.229
1.265
1.072
1.110
1.149
1.189
1.230
1.272
1.316
1.083
1.126
1.172
1.218
1.267
1.317
1.369
Use the table to calculate the future value of the following (answer correct to nearest
dollar).
a $170000 invested for 1 month at 30% p.a. compounded monthly
b $89000 invested for 7 months at 42% p.a. compounded monthly
c $240000 invested for 3 months at 6% p.a. compounded quarterly
d $75000 invested for 2 years at 4% p.a. compounded quarterly
e $5800 invested for 3 years at 3% p.a. compounded six-monthly
f
$380000 invested for 2 years at 2% p.a. compounded six-monthly
6
The table below shows the future value when $1 is invested at the given interest rate for
the given number of periods. The interest is compounded per period.
Period
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
1.1576
1.3310
1.5209
1.7280
1.9531
1.2155
1.4641
1.7490
2.0736
2.4414
Use the table to find the amount of money which could be invested to give the following
(answer correct to the nearest dollar).
a $20000 at the end of 4 years, at 10% p.a. interest compounded annually
b $80000 at the end of 3 years, at 20% p.a. interest compounded annually
c $1000000 at the end of 4 years, at 15% p.a. interest compounded annually
d $650000 at the end of 3 years, at 5% p.a. interest compounded annually
172
Periodic payment dishonour direct debt but insufficient funds in the account
Overdrawn account fee payment made but insufficient funds in the account
Late payment fee minimum payment not received on the due date
Example 11
Evgenias bank charges an account servicing fee of $12 per month, ATM transaction fee of
$0.40 and branch enquiry fee of $0.50. What are Evgenias banking costs for the past three
months if she made 15 ATM withdrawals and 4 branch enquiries?
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
173
Exercise 6F
1
Maxims bank charges an account servicing fee of $15 per month, ATM transaction fee
of $0.45 and telephone enquiry fee of $0.25. What is Maxims banking costs for the past
two months if he made 13 ATM withdrawals and 6 telephone enquiries?
The graph below shows the fees collected from banks in the last 5 years. The deposit fee
income and the credit card fee income are shown in the first two columns. The third
column shows the total fee income.
4500
4000
3500
Millions ($)
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
3
Years
Deposit fee
income
Credit card fee
income
Total fee income
a
b
c
d
e
f
174
Development
3
Charge
$0.50
Branch withdrawal
$0.60
$5.00
Telephone enquiry
$0.20
4
The table below shows the banking charges for four banks.
Periodic Overdrawn
Bank payment
account
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
Cheque
dishonour
Late
payment
$35
$35
$35
$35
$35
$30
$45
$25
$45
$38
$30
$35
$40
$40
$35
$35
175
Appreciation
A = P(1 + r)n or FV = PV(1 + r)n
A Amount (final balance) or future value
P Principal is the initial quantity of money or present value
r Rate of appreciation per compounding time period expressed as a decimal
n Number of compounding time periods
Example 12
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
A = P(1 + r )n
= 290 000(1 + 0.09)7
= 530 131.345
= $530 131
Unit is valued at $530 131.
176
Inflation
Inflation is a rise in the price of goods and
services or Consumer Price Index (CPI). It is
measured by comparing the prices of a fixed
basket of goods and services. If inflation rises
then a persons spending power decreases. The
inflation rate is the annual percentage change in
the CPI. In Australia, the Reserve Bank aims to
keep the inflation rate in a 2% to 3% band.
Inflation
Inflation rate is the annual percentage change in the CPI.
Use the formula A = P(1 + r)n to calculate the future value of an item following inflation.
Example 13
a
Solution
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
A = P(1
P(1 + r )n
= 650(1
650(1 + 0.026)1
= $666.90
177
Exercise 6G
1
A vintage car was bought for $70 000 and appreciated at the rate of 6% p.a. What will be
the value of the car after 4 years? Answer correct to the nearest cent.
The price of a house has increased by 4.5% for each of the last two years. It was bought
for $490 000 two years ago. What is the new current value?
The collection of dolls was valued at $1500 four years ago. If it appreciated at 12% p.a.,
find its current value. Answer correct to the nearest cent.
The price of a diamond ring has increased from $3400 to $5300 during the past five
years due to inflation. What is the rise in the price of the ring?
The average inflation for the next five years is predicted to be 3%. Calculate the price of
the following goods in five years time. Answer correct to the nearest cent.
a
3 L of milk for $3.57
b
Loaf of bread for $3.30
c
250 g honey for $4.50
d
800 g of eggs for $5.20
If the inflation rate is 5% p.a., what would you expect to pay to the nearest dollar in four
years time for a house that costs:
a
$280 000?
b
$760 000?
c
$324 000?
d
$580 000?
e
$1 260 000?
f
$956 000?
178
Development
8
The graph below shows the value of cricket memorabilia for the past 6 years.
a What was the value of the memorabilia after 4 years?
b What was the initial value?
c How much did the memorabilia appreciate each year?
d Find the equation of the straight-line graph in terms of V and n.
Cricket
memorabilia
V ($)
300
200
100
1
The following blocks of land have increased in value this year. What is the rate of
appreciation? Answer correct to two decimal places.
a $328000 to $352000
b $256000 to $278000
10
11
12
The cost of a certain car has increased during the past two years from $45200 to $49833
following inflation. What was the annual inflation rate?
179
Example 14
Lucy bought 500 shares at a market value of $6.80 each. Brokerage costs incurred were $33
including GST. What is the total cost of purchasing the shares?
Solution
1
2
3
4
180
Dividends
The owners of a share are entitled to
share in the companys profits. Profits
are given to shareholders as a dividend.
Dividend is a payment given as an
amount per share or as a percentage
of the issued price. Dividends are
issued twice per year: interim and final
dividend. The dividend yield is the
annual rate of return. It is calculated
by dividing the annual dividend by the
shares market price.
Dividend History
Type
Cents
per
share
Frank
%
Ex
Dividend
Date
Interim
62.00
100
8/5/2010
1/7/2010
Final
74.00
100
8/11/2009
21/12/2009
Interim
62.00
100
14/5/2009
2/7/2009
Final
69.00
100
9/11/2008
15/12/2008
Interim
56.00
100
15/5/2008
3/7/2008
Dividend
Pay Date
Dividends
Dividend is a payment given as an amount per share or a percentage of the issued price.
Dividend yield =
Example 15
Annual dividend
100% Dividend = Dividend yield Market Price
Market price
Last
Trade
28.420
Todays %
Change
Volume
-0.280
-0.976
51645
Trades
63
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
Annual dividend
100%
Market pricee
1.112
=
100%
28.42
= 3.94
94%
Dividend yield =
181
Exercise 6H
1
A broker charges a fee of $33 to trade shares. What is the total cost for these shares?
a
150 shares, market price of $19.70
b
340 shares, market price of $2.41
c
60 shares, market price of $92.35
d
2000 shares, market price of $1.68
e
208 shares, market price of $49.61
f
3900 shares, market price of $56.23
A company with a share price of $8.40 declares a dividend of 56 cents. What is the
dividend yield correct to two decimal places?
Calculate the dividend received on the following shares. (Answer correct to two decimal
places.)
a
500 shares with a market price of $4.80 and a dividend yield of 5.2%
b
80 shares with a market price of $88.10 and a dividend yield of 4.4%
c
2200 shares with a market price of $9.56 and a dividend yield of 6.1%
d
890 shares with a market price of $22.30 and a dividend yield of 1.9%
e
3400 shares with a market price of $56.30 and a dividend yield of 4.6%
f
780 shares with a market price of $12.58 and a dividend yield of 8.1%
A company with a market price of $1.30 has a dividend yield of 9.2%. What is the
dividend correct to two decimal places?
182
Development
7
Tipeni bought 100 shares in a bank for $35.60 each. He sold them two years later for
$48.90 each and paid a brokerage fee of $32.95.
a What is the profit made on these shares?
b What is the profit as a percentage of the cost of the shares?
The dividend yield on a company was 5%. How much is the dividend if you owned
500 shares with a market value of $4.80?
10
Jun
Jul
11
A company has an after tax profit of $128 million. There are 200 million shares in the
company. What dividend per share will the company declare if all the profits are
distributed to shareholders?
12
Lauren owns 400 $3 ordinary shares and 300 $2 preference shares. The current prices of
the ordinary shares and preference shares are $4.20 and $3.60 respectively. The dividend
on the ordinary shares is 55c and on the preference shares is 3%. Calculate Laurens total
dividend.
Study guide 6
Simple interest
I = Prn
A=P+I
I Interest (simple or flat) earned for the use of money
P Principal is the initial amount of money borrowed
r Rate of simple interest per period expressed as a decimal
n Number of time periods
A Amount or final balance
1
2
3
Compound interest
Compound interest
graphs
2
3
1
2
3
Financial institutions
Appreciation and
inflation
Shares and dividends
Annual dividend
1100%
00%
Market price
Dividend = Divi
Dividend
Di
vide
dend
nd yiel
yield
yi
eldd M
Marke
ar t price
arke
Review
183
Review
184
$1600
What is the simple interest rate when $8000 increases to $8600 over 3 years?
A 2.5% p.a.
B 3% p.a.
C 6% p.a.
D 7.5% p.a.
I
240
200
160
120
80
40
n
1
A
$120
6
B
$140
$160
$240
What was the amount of the investment shown in the graph in question 3?
A $40
B $100
C $240
D $1000
James borrows $3000 at 10% p.a. interest compounding annually. What is the amount
owed after 2 years? (Answer to the nearest dollar.)
A $3030
B $3060
C $3600
D $3630
What is the interest earned for 3 years on $6000 at 9% p.a. interest compounding monthly?
(Answer to the nearest dollar.)
A $1770
B $1852
C $7770
D $7852
A painting was bought for $460 000 and appreciated at the rate of 7% p.a. What will be the
value of the painting after 4 years? (Answer to the nearest dollar.)
A $473 016
B $492 200
C $588 800
D $602 966
Chloe bought 800 shares at a market value of $10.20 each. Brokerage costs incurred were
$38 including GST. What is the total cost of purchasing the shares?
A $48.20
B $8160
C $8198
D $30 400
185
What is the simple interest on $1250 at a flat rate of 8% p.a. over 3 years?
Susan wants to earn $9000 a year in interest. How much must she invest if the simple
interest rate is 14% p.a.? Answer to the nearest dollar.
Matthew takes out a simple interest loan of $14 000 over 3 years at 7% p.a.
a How much interest does he pay each year?
b How much interest does Matthew pay altogether for the loan?
I
c
d
e
Draw a number plane with n as the horizontal axis and I as the vertical axis.
Plot the points from the table of values. Join the points to make a straight line.
What is the interest earned after 5 12 years?
Riley invested $120 000 with a superannuation fund. What sum of money will he receive,
to the nearest dollar, if invested for 4 years at:
a 3% p.a. compound interest?
b 6% p.a. compound interest?
Calculate the amount that must be invested at 5.8% p.a. interest compounding annually to
have $50 000 at the end of 4 years. Answer to the nearest dollar.
Farid invested $24 000 over 8 years at 9.8% p.a. interest compounding quarterly. What is
the value of the investment after 8 years? Answer to the nearest dollar.
Review
Review
186
Chapter
summary
Earning
Money
8 The table
below shows
the future
value when $1 is invested at the given interest rate for the
given number of periods. The interest is compounded per period.
Period
3%
6%
9%
12%
15%
1.061
1.124
1.188
1.254
1.323
1.126
1.262
1.412
1.574
1.749
1.194
1.419
1.677
1.974
2.313
1.267
1.594
1.993
2.476
3.059
Use the table to calculate the future value of the following, correct to nearest dollar.
a $40000 invested for 8 years at 15% p.a. compounded annually
b $350000 invested for 6 years at 9% p.a. compounded annually
c $400000 invested for 4 years at 12% p.a. compounded six-monthly
d $64000 invested for 2 years at 12% p.a. compounded quarterly
Activity
Charge
$0.45
Branch withdrawal
$0.50
$7.00
Telephone enquiry
$0.30
10
11
The average inflation for the next five years is predicted to be 2.5%. Calculate the price of
the following goods in three years time. Answer to the nearest cent.
a 2 L of soft drink for $2.80
b Apple pie for $4.60
12
Mia bought 50 shares in a bank for $82.64 each. She sold them two years later for $68.90.
The brokerage fee paid was $35.95 each time. What was the loss on these shares?
13
A company with a share price of $2.42 declares a dividend of 12 cents. What is the
dividend yield, correct to two decimal places?
14
Ebony purchases 1000 shares at $16.90 per share. Her broker charges $20 plus 1.5% of the
purchase price. Calculate the brokerage for this purchase.
Challenge questions 6
What is the new running cost of a vehicle if $60 is increased by 20% then decreased
by 20%?
(A) $38.40
(B) $57.60
(C) $60.00
(D) $86.40
Elizabeth works for $19.20 per hour for eight hours each day on Thursday and Friday.
On Saturday she works for six hours at time-and-a-half.
How much does Elizabeth earn in total for Thursday, Friday and Saturday?
(A) $268.80
(B) $307.20
(C) $480.00
(D) $691.20
187
The Powers Family Trust 2013
ISBN: 9781107627291
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
188
y = 3x 3
(B)
y=
(C)
y = 3 x 3
(D)
y=
x
3
3
x
3
3
3
1
33 22 11 0
1
2
3
Arrange the numbers 4.8 10-2, 4.0 10-1 and 5.6 10-2 in ascending order.
(A) 4.8 10-2, 5.6 10-2, 4.0 10-1
(B) 4.0 10-1, 4.8 10-2, 5.6 10-2
(C) 5.6 10-2, 4.8 10-2, 4.0 10-1
(D) 4.0 10-1, 5.6 10-2, 4.8 10-2
A survey required mobile phone users to write down their age last birthday. Which of the
following terms best describes this data?
(A) Categorical
(B) Continuous
(C) Discrete
(D) Stratified
k
Find the value of m, correct to one decimal place, given k = 24 and the formula m =
.
5
(A) 1.0
(B) 2.2
(C) 2.4
(D) 4.8
189
10
A four-litre tin of paint is made using a mixture of blue, white and green paint in the
ratio 3:5:2. How much blue paint is needed per tin?
(A) 300 mL
(B) 900 mL
(C) 1200 mL
(D) 2000 mL
11
A country has 30% of the population between the ages of 20 and 30. How many people
aged between 20 and 30 should be included in a sample of 250 people?
(A) 30
(B) 45
(C) 60
(D) 75
12
13
14
Police checked the blood alcohol content of every fifth driver passing an intersection.
What is this method of sampling?
(A) Census
(B) Random
(C) Stratified
(D) Systematic
15
190
Section II
Attempt Questions 1618 (45 marks)
Allow about 70 minutes for this section
All necessary working should be shown in every question.
Question
16
(a)
(b)
Marks
(15 marks)
1
1
1
1
1
1
(c)
A truck has a load of six boxes of equal weight. The total weight of the boxes is
4.68tonnes. What is the weight of each box in kilograms?
(d)
Chloe agreed to a car loan for $3500 at 6.5% p.a. compounding annually for 4 years.
(i)
How much does Chloe have to repay?
(ii)
How much interest did Chloe pay during the 4 years?
1
2
Simplify:
(i)
12x - 2(x + 1)
(ii)
48x6y3 6xy3
1
1
(e)
(f)
Alexiss parents want to give her $10000 for her wedding in five years time. They
have found an account that will earn 8% p.a. simple interest. What is the amount of
money they need to invest in this account to total $10000 interest in 5 years time?
191
Marks
y
3
2
1
3 2 1 0
1
2
3
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
1
1
1
8x 2
= 4x
3
Riley received a gross fortnightly salary of $2858. His pay deductions were
$745.20 for tax, $305.13 for superannuation and $21.20 for union fees.
(i)
What was his fortnightly net pay?
(ii)
What percentage of his gross income was deducted for tax?
(Answer correct to 1 decimal place.)
(iii)
Riley is paid an annual leave loading of 17.5% of 4 weeks gross pay.
Calculate his annual leave loading.
1
1
1
Sarah conducted a survey of students opinions about the school uniform. She
selected the first five people who were not in school uniform for the survey. Why
might the results of this survey be biased?
Light travels at a speed of 2.9979 108 metres per second. How many kilometres
does light travel in one hour? Answer in scientific notation correct to three
significant figures.
Grace earned $369.60 in a week when she worked 27 hours at the normal rate and
4hours at time-and-a-half. What is Graces pay rate per hour?
192
Marks
The graph below shows the cost of making dresses and the income received from
their sale.
Dollars ($)
100
80
Costs
60
40
Income
20
0
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
3
Dress
1
1
1
Oscar invests $100000 for 8 months in a term deposit. This investment offers a flat
rate of 6% per annum interest. What is the interest earned from this investment?
Hannah bought 1000 shares for $6.40 each. She received a dividend of 5.5% on her
purchase price. Hannah sold these shares for $7.20 each after 3 months. Calculate
Hannahs profit from the dividend and the sale of these shares.
Logan records the details of each CD in his music collection.
State the type of data that would be recorded for each of the following.
(i)
Title of the CD.
(ii)
Number of tracks on the CD.
(iii)
Playing time for each track.
The Powers Family Trust 2013
ISBN: 9781107627291
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
1
1
1
Cambridge University Press
C H A P T E R
Score
Lowest score
Highest score
Tally
Frequency
17
18
|||| |
19
||||
20
|||| ||
21
|||
Lowest frequency
Highest frequency
Frequency table
1
2
3
194
Example 1
Score
Solution
1
2
3
Example 2
a
b
c
Tally
Frequency
14
|||
15
||||
16
|||| ||
17
|||| |||| |
11
18
|||
The temperatures for 39 days are shown below. Construct a frequency table.
19
20
18
23
27
25
26
27
28
27
25
24
24
19
25
22
21
28
26
26
22
20
25
20
22
24
24
22
21
24
25
26
25
27
21
23
23
22
25
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
Score
Tally
Frequency
18
19
||
20
|||
21
|||
22
||||
23
|||
24
||||
25
|||| ||
26
||||
27
||||
28
||
Total
39
195
Exercise 7A
1
Score
Tally
20
|||
21
|||| ||
22
23
||||
24
2
Number
of calls
Tally
0
|||| |||| ||
1
2
||||
2
Freq.
7
Freq.
7
9
8
8
10
12
10
10
8
9
7
8
8
7
11
8
97
97
95
92
94
97
98
91
97
95
91
96
97
94
92
92
98
94
93
93
94
95
93
92
91
98
96
92
91
196
Development
6
1 6 5 2 4 6 2 4 2 2 3
6
4
2
Construct a frequency table using a tally column.
How many times was the die rolled?
How many results are higher than 2?
What was the most common number rolled?
Do you think the die is biased? Give a reason for your answer.
4
a
b
c
d
e
34
37
35
35
37
34
33
38
34
36
33
34
37
37
37
38
33
33
36
35
34
34
38
32
36
32
38
38
34
36
36
34
38
32
34
38
37
35
36
38
35
32
35
35
33
38
36
35
36
32
a
b
c
d
e
8
197
7.2
Data with a large range of values are often grouped into a small number of convenient
intervals, called class intervals. When choosing class intervals ensure:
Every data value is in an interval.
Intervals do not overlap.
No gaps exist between the intervals.
The choice of intervals can vary, but generally a division of 5 to 15 groups is preferred. It is
usual to choose an interval that is easy to read such as 5 units, 10 units, etc.
Grouped frequency table
1
2
3
Example 3
Twenty-six people were asked to record how many cups of coffee they drank in a particular
week. The results are listed below.
0
33
14
32
25
10
23
34
17
23
32
Solution
1
4
5
Class
Class
centre
Tally
Freq.
04
|||| |||| ||
12
59
||||
1014
12
||
1519
17
2024
22
||
2529
27
3034
32
||||
Total
26
198
Exercise 7B
1
Class
Class
Centre
Class
Freq.
519
10
2034
3549
5064
Class
Centre
37
10
Total
28
Tally
Frequency
||||
|||| |
1317
15
1822
20
|||| ||
25
2832
3337
3
35
|||| |||
40
||||
174
184
183
179
180
181
189
188
194
189
184
182
183
189
193
194
185
178
173
183
188
183
182
184
189
194
188
192
190
180
199
Development
4
A drink vending machine records the number of bottles sold each day.
13
22
26
34
21
33
32
31
33
26
30
33
37
27
36
28
35
24
31
35
39
26
13
34
21
29
36
24
33
25
39
19
29
36
38
29
38
38
37
38
31
37
37
28
40
34
29
18
35
22
20
35
25
31
39
39
18
36
38
35
29
35
20
34
30
37
33
27
32
32
36
16
39
30
14
29
20
22
12
24
17
21
18
17
38
28
25
a
b
c
The players scores after the second round of a golf tournament are recorded below.
162
163
175
161
166
163
167
151
150
176
159
173
162
155
149
171
181
163
154
165
145
177
184
171
154
166
168
158
136
156
161
162
169
162
160
150
174
176
146
137
a
b
c
6
Jordan surveyed his friends to check the number of emails they saved on their computers.
The numbers he found were 22, 9, 51, 6, 30, 18, 30, 4, 10, 5, 19, 23, 37, 17, 18, 12, 10,
24, 28, 25, 60, 45, 19, 17, 11, 8, 16, 1, 24 and 3.
a Decide on appropriate classes for a frequency table.
b Calculate the class centres for these classes.
c Construct a grouped frequency table using these class intervals.
d What percentage of friends had fewer than 20 emails saved on their computer?
200
7.3
Score
Frequency
Cumulative
Frequency
18
19
20
21
16
Cumulative frequency
The frequency of the score plus the frequency of all the scores less than that
score.
Example 4
Solution
1
2
Score
Frequency
18
19
20
21
22
23
Cumulative
Frequency
Score
Freq.
Cml. Freq.
18
19
2+1=3
20
3+3=6
21
6+3=9
22
9 + 5 = 14
23
14 + 3 = 17
Example 5
Score
Frequency
a
b
c
d
201
Cumulative
Frequency
10
11
202
Exercise 7C
1
Score
Freq.
10
Number
of calls
Freq.
20
21
22
10
23
12
24
25
Cml. Freq.
Cml. Freq.
a
b
c
d
e
13
11
11
10
10
10
10
11
10
12
11
13
10
12
11
13
10
11
10
10
10
13
10
Score
Tally
Freq.
Cml. Freq.
8
9
10
11
12
13
203
Development
4
10
10
10
10
10
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
Use a graphics calculator to calculate the cumulative frequency for the data in question 3.
Check that the results are the same as question 3.
Blake measured his time (in seconds) to run 400 metres hurdles throughout the year.
61
62
62
63
64
62
66
64
63
63
62
61
62
62
63
64
63
65
63
63
62
61
62
63
62
61
61
64
64
64
63
63
64
65
64
63
63
62
61
62
62
63
64
63
62
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
204
Range
The range is the difference between the highest and lowest scores. It is a simple way of
measuring the spread of the data.
Range
Range = Highest score Lowest score
Example 6
The assessment results for two different tasks are shown below.
Task A
Task B
10
13
14
14
17
22
24
24
27
27
28
33
38
40
40
41
43
44
45
45
46
50
52
52
55
55
58
95
10
15
19
20
24
27
31
31
35
38
40
49
51
51
54
55
58
62
62
68
68
71
72
76
78
79
79
86
88
90
Task A
Range = Highest Lowest
= 95 3
= 92
Task B
Range = Highest Lowest
= 90 10
= 80
In the above example, the range for Task A has been inuenced by an outlier (95). The range
for Task A is not a good indicator of the spread.
205
Interquartile range
The interquartile range does not rely on the extreme values like the range. The data is arranged
in increasing order and divided into 4 equal parts or quartiles. The interquartile range (IQR) is
the difference between the first quartile and third quartile. The first quartile cuts off the lowest
3
25% 14 and the third quartile cuts off the lowest 75% 4 .
()
()
Interquartile range
IQR = Third quartile First quartile
= Q3 Q1
1
Arrange the data in increasing order.
2
Divide the data into two equal-sized groups. If n is odd, omit the median.
3
Find Q1 the median of the first group.
4
Find Q3 the median of the second group.
5
Calculate the interquartile range (IQR) by subtracting Q1 from Q3.
Example 7
The assessment results for two different tasks are shown below.
Task A
Task B
10 13 14 14 17 22 24 24
27
27
28
33
38
40 40 41 43 44 45 45 46 50 52
52
55
55
58
95
10 15 19 20 24 27 31 31 35 38
40
49
51
51
54
55 58 62 62 68 68 71 72 76 78
79
79
86
88
90
Find the interquartile ranges for Task A and Task B. What is shown by these results?
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
6
Task A
IQR = Q3 Q1
= 46 22
= 24
Task B
IQR = Q3 Q1
= 72 31
= 41
206
Example 8
Use a graphics calculator to calculate the range and interquartile range for Task A.
Task A
10 13 14 14 17 22 24 24
27
27
28
33
38
40 40 41 43 44 45 45 46 50 52
52
55
55
58
95
Solution
1
2
Percentiles
207
Exercise 7D
1
b
d
f
h
b
d
f
Find the interquartile range for each data set (odd number of scores).
a 2, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 18
b 12, 16, 18, 23, 29
c 2, 2, 2, 3, 7, 13, 14, 14, 18, 24, 55
d 3, 5, 8, 9, 11, 13, 13, 13, 19
e 42, 45, 49, 50, 52, 54, 68, 68, 72
f 0, 1, 4, 6, 6, 6, 10, 13, 19
Find the interquartile range for each data set (even data set).
a 21, 21, 21, 28, 31, 44
b 3, 5, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13
c 4, 6, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 11, 13, 15
d 39, 39, 41, 44, 47, 49, 67, 68, 68, 69
e 3, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 22, 23
f 56, 58, 58, 61, 66, 67, 69, 70
Find the range and interquartile range for each data set.
a 14, 18, 20, 25, 31
b 0, 2, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10
208
Development
8
b
c
d
193
170
138
106
120
109
159
190
144
105
125
180
210
124
148
161
203
192
131
a
c
e
11
10
The maximum temperatures for the past 30 days are listed below.
26
33
32
24
36
32
34
29
30
33
37
27
28
29
31
32
33
36
33
34
25
22
23
31
30
34
25
28
27
29
Third quartile
d Range
f 100th percentile
209
Frequency Polygon
Frequency Histogram
Frequency
7.5
A frequency histogram is a graph of a frequency table in which equal intervals of the scores (or
classes) are marked on the horizontal axis and the frequencies associated with these intervals are
indicated by vertical rectangles. A frequency polygon is a line graph of the frequency table and
can be constructed by joining the midpoints at the tops of the rectangles of a frequency histogram.
3
2
1
3
2
1
1
Score
Example 9
3 4
Score
22
18
17
13
15
23
18
17
22
18
12
15
13
15
12
14
13
14
17
15
25
19
18
20
16
14
Solution
1
2
210
Example 10
The weight of 25 students was recorded and displayed in a grouped frequency table. Construct
a grouped frequency histogram and polygon.
Class
Class Centre
Frequency
3039
34.5
4049
44.5
5059
54.5
6069
64.5
7079
74.5
8089
84.5
Frequency histogram
4
Frequency polygon
5
8
6
4
2
3039 4049 5059 6069 7079 8089
Weight (kg)
Number of students
Number of students
Solution
6
4
2
Example 11
a
b
211
Class
Class
Centre
Frequency
Cumulative
Frequency
3039
34.5
4049
44.5
5059
54.5
12
6069
64.5
21
7079
74.5
25
8089
84.5
25
Solution
Number of students
25
20
15
10
5
34.5 44.5 54.5 64.5 74.5 84.5
Weight (kg)
Number of students
5
6
Number of students
25
20
15
10
5
34.5 44.5 54.5 64.5 74.5 84.5
Weight (kg)
212
Exercise 7E
1
Freq.
|||
||||
|||| ||
|||| ||||
10
|||
b
c
a
b
c
Tally
The numbers of brothers and sisters reported by each of the 30 students is as follows.
Score
The maximum temperatures for several capital cities around the world are as follows.
a
b
c
22
23
23
24
18
18
19
19
19
20
21
20
21
20
21
17
24
23
17
22
24
24
17
17
Jade owns five clothing stores that sell jackets. She recorded the total number of jackets
sold each day for the month of April. This data is shown below.
61
66
67
67
60
63
67
63
65
61
63
63
67
67
60
64
62
65
65
67
66
61
62
66
64
67
62
65
65
67
a
b
c
d
e
The marks for a university exam are shown in the cumulative frequency polygon.
Cumulative frequency
213
500
400
300
200
100
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Mark
a
c
e
g
i
k
l
214
Development
7
The numbers of words in each of the first 30 sentences of a book were recorded.
22
20
22
23
23
24
24
25
25
21
21
20
20
22
26
22
20
24
26
20
21
21
23
22
23
22
20
20
21
21
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
8
The percentage of female births, correct to the nearest whole number, is shown below.
These birth percentages have been taken from 30 different hospitals.
38
56
57
59
58
60
43
52
49
61
47
38
41
50
51
55
45
50
49
53
54
48
51
43
55
53
42
42
44
46
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
215
7.6
A box-and-whisker plot or boxplot is a graph that uses five important statistics lower
extreme (or lowest value), lower quartile (or first quartile), median, upper quartile (or third
quartile) and the higher extreme (or highest value). These statistics are referred to as a five
number summary. A box-and-whisker plot is constructed from a scale of data values. The box
is between the two quartiles with a dividing line for the median and the whiskers are drawn to
the two extremes.
Box-and-whisker
plotthe
uses
the five-number
Box-and-whisker
plot uses
five-number
summary. summary.
Lower extreme
Higher extreme
Example 12
Upper quartile
Median
Lower quartile
67
92
50
73
75
51
76
74
76
65
83
83
90
73
60
81
95
89
76
82
61
57
64
58
78
Survey
50
60
70
80
90
100
216
Week 1
Week 2
10
12
14
16
18
20
Distance (km)
22
24
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
a
b
c
d
e
217
Example 14
23
22
18
17
13
15
23
18
17
22
18
12
15
13
15
12
14
13
14
17
15
25
19
18
20
16
14
Solution
1
2
d
e
Median is 17
Lower extreme 12
Upper quartile 19
218
Exercise 7F
1
50
100
150
200
Given that the five-number summary for a set of data is 6, 17, 27, 39, 48, find the:
a
Median
b
Range
c
Interquartile range
East Park
West Park
0
a
b
c
d
10
15
Height (m)
20
219
Development
5
6
80
85
94
35
77
75
40
92
45
54
66
30
Grace
60
65
70
62
75
80
75
72
78
85
69
77
a
c
e
g
74
70
76
76
72
74
70
75
77
68
73
75
Andrew
75
76
75
69
70
78
79
81
63
72
72
73
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
220
A sector graph or pie chart presents data as sectors of a circle (slices of a pie). A sector
graph shows the relationship or proportions of parts to a whole. Sector graphs appeal to
people because they are easy to read and attractive.
Sector graph
A sector graph presents data as sectors of a circle. The steps to construct a
sector graph are:
1
Draw a circle and mark the centre.
2
Multiply the proportion of the whole by 360 to determine the sector angle.
3
Use a protractor to draw the angle with the vertex at the centre of the circle.
4
Repeat steps 1 and 2 until all the sectors or parts have been drawn.
5
Label all sectors.
Example 15
Connor earns $600 and spends $240 on rent, $180 on food, $120 on petrol and saves $60.
Construct a sector graph to represent this data.
Solution
1
2
240
360 = 144
600
Food =
180
360 = 108
600
Petrol =
120
360 = 72
600
Rent
Food
Petrol
Save
60
360 = 36
600
Place the centre of the protractor on the centre
of the circle and mark angles 144, 108, 72
and 36.
Label each sector or create a legend.
Save =
221
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Connor earns $600 and spends $240 on rent, $180 on food, $120 on petrol and saves $60.
Construct a divided bar graph to represent this data.
Solution
1
240
6 cm = 2.4 cm
600
Food =
180
6 cm = 1.8 cm
600
Petrol =
120
6 cm = 1.2 cm
600
Rent
Food
Petrol Save
60
6 cm = 0.6 cm
600
Use a ruler and draw the bar.
Label each bar or create a legend.
Save =
3
4
222
Exercise 7G
1
On a sector graph, how many degrees would represent each of these numbers if the total
is 180?
a
90
b
120
c
30
d
45
Alyssa is drawing a sector graph. It will show how 200 students in year 11 selected the
school captain. Forty of the year 11 students selected Bailey. What angle should Alyssa
use for the sector that represents the students who selected Bailey as the school captain?
Examine the spreadsheet below. What is the angle used for the following sectors?
a
Food
b
Glass
c
Metals
d
Paper
e
Plastic
A survey was conducted on pet ownership. The results of the survey were 40% owned
dogs, 25% cats, 20% had no pets and 15% another type of pet (other). Construct a
sector graph.
223
Development
6
Motor vehicle thefts have been recorded for each day of the week and expressed as a
percentage: Monday 13%, Tuesday 13%, Wednesday 12%, Thursday 14%,
Friday 17%, Saturday 16% and Sunday 15%.
a Construct a sector graph to represent this data.
b Calculate the number of motor vehicles stolen on Saturday if the total number of
vehicles stolen for the week was 300.
c If there were 60 motor vehicles stolen on Wednesday, how many motor vehicles were
stolen on Sunday?
7
The type of drink and the number sold in the school canteen was recorded: Juice 60,
Milk 40, Soft drink 120 and Water 20.
a Construct a sector graph to represent this data.
b Construct a divided bar graph to represent this data.
Pacific
a
b
c
Europe
USA
Asia
South America
Canada
16
48
64
36
24
Construct a sector graph to represent this data.
What is the percentage of sales in Asia?
What is the total percentage of sales outside the USA?
12
a
b
c
Tennis
Netball
Football
Swimming
Golf
Cricket
10
15
20
25
15
15
224
Example 17
Dec
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Sep
Aug
Jun
Jul
Solution
1
2
3
Difference = 25 15
= 10
February
Exercise 7H
1
25
The temperature in
Newcastle was
measured every four
hours. The results are
shown opposite.
a
b
c
d
e
10
225
1
2
20
15
10
5
0
7
6
3 a.m.
7 a.m.
11 a.m.
3 p.m.
7 p.m.
11 p.m.
15
20
25
25
20
18
25
3 am
20
11 pm
15
10
7 am
5
0
7 pm
11 am
3 pm
226
Development
3
4
Dec
Jan
Feb
20
15
10
5
0
Nov
Oct
Mar
Apr
Sep
May
Aug
Jun
Jul
Liverpool
Cronulla
The daily rainfall (mm) for two towns is shown in the following table.
Day
12
10
10
12
Determine the number of sectors and an appropriate scale for a radar chart.
Show the above information on the radar chart.
Create a legend for the radar chart.
a
b
c
30
25
The average monthly sales (in millions) of a company over a 12-month period are shown
in the table.
Jan
1
a
b
c
d
Feb Mar
2
2.5
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
3.5
4.5
227
The simplest display of numerical data is a dot plot. A dot plot consists of a number line with
each data point marked by a dot. When several data points have the same value, the points are
stacked on top of each other. Dot plots are a great way for displaying fairly small data sets
where the data takes a limited number of values.
Dot plot
A number line with each data point marked by a dot. When several data points
have the same value, the points are stacked on top of each other.
Example 18
The number of hours Philip spent watching television on the weekend is shown below.
Construct a dot plot.
3
Solution
1
2
3
4
4 5
Hours
Stem-and-leaf plots
A stem-and-leaf plot or stem plot is used to present a small (less than 50 values) numerical
data set. The tens digit of the data values becomes the stem and is written in numerical order
down the page. The units digit becomes the leaves and is written in numerical order across
the page.
228
Stem-and-leaf plot
Leaf
0 57
1 22557
2 125679
Stem
Example 19
Leaf
9 0
8532 1
98442 2
Stem
0
12559
4578
Leaf
19
19
15
18
27
28
11
19
29
30
25
25
26
10
10
28
29
14
Solution
1
Example 20
566679
001458999
455678899
0
0
1
2
3
28
24
24
31
34
26
27
12
18
13
15
29
30
22
Boys
19
27
21
25
35
28
29
13
11
30
31
32
25
16
Solution
1
2
3
4
Girls
The data set has values from 6 to 35. This requires
6
stems 0, 1, 2 and 3. Write these down from
8532
smallest to largest, followed by two vertical lines.
Attach the leaves for the girls. The first data value 9 8 7 6 4 4 2
410
is 28. It has a stem of 2 and a leaf of 8.
Attach the leaves for the boys. The first data value
is 19. It has a stem of 1 and a leaf of 9.
Rewrite the leaves so that they are in increasing
order.
0
1
2
3
Boys
9
1369
155789
0125
229
Exercise 7I
1
b
c
d
A group of 26 people were asked how many times in the last week they had shopped at a
particular supermarket. Their responses were as follows:
1
a
b
c
16
10 11 12 13 14 15
Number of customers
a
b
c
230
Development
4
The following table shows the number of nights spent away from home in the past year
by a group of 15 Australian tourists and by a group of 15 New Zealand tourists.
AUS
21
17
15
14
11
11
NZ
19
23
32
17
29
23
22
12
28
26
22
14
14
a
b
The ages of patients admitted to a particular hospital during one week are given below.
Male
72
56
57
77
63
71
57
54
63
72
59
56
57
67
75
Female
61
55
58
78
65
68
71
78
79
72
73
64
68
66
69
a
b
An investigator recorded the amounts of time for which 24 similar batteries lasted in a
toy. Her results (in hours) were:
a
13.2
6
2358
2446789
014
b
c
41
25
37
46
17
33
31
28
34
19
26
40
24
31
27
30
22
33
20
21
27
30
26
grouped data
2
3
Study guide 7
Cumulative frequency
The frequency of the score plus the frequency of all the scores
less than that score.
frequency histogram
frequency polygon
Box-and-whisker plot
Radar chart
Stem-and-leaf plot
Dot plot
Review
231
Frequency
Cumulative
Frequency
21
22
13
23
24
23
8
13
22
Review
232
200
150
100
50
10 20 30 40 50
Mark
50
100
150
200
10
40
100
85
90
50
A
50
60
70
80
B
65
90
A radar chart is constructed with 10 sectors. What is the size of the angle in each sector?
A 10
B 18
C 30
D 36
233
Review
The time (in hours) spent completing an assessment task is listed below.
Class
48
913
1418
1923
4
Total
a
b
2
Alyssa recorded the following times (in minutes) running a cross country course.
51
53
57
55
58
57
53
55
54
53
56
55
53
57
51
57
54
58
55
56
51
53
53
54
52
56
52
54
54
53
56
56
53
54
52
53
54
57
58
56
54
55
52
55
55
58
54
56
55
56
52
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
23
193
196
238
206
174
209
159
190
244
199
225
196
209
224
168
161
203
192
231
a
c
Review
234
42
46
51
43
70
72
67
47
55
41
66
57
Nikolas
49
61
72
52
74
80
67
71
68
55
60
77
a
b
c
d
e
f
Sienna earns $1800 and spends $600 on rent, $300 on food, $150 on petrol and saves $750.
Construct a sector graph to represent this data.
A company made the following profits (in millions) during the past 6 months.
a
b
c
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
20
40
35
30
25
45
How many sectors are required for a radar chart? What is the size of each sector?
Choose an appropriate scale and create the spider web.
Plot the data and complete the radar chart.
0
1
2
3
9
1249
135788
0235
5
4
3
2
1
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Challenge questions 7
C H A P T E R
Applications of perimeter,
area and volume
Syllabus topic MM2 Applications of perimeter,
area and volume
Find unknown sides using Pythagoras theorem
Calculate the perimeter of simple gures
Calculate the area of composite shapes
Calculate the area from a eld diagram
Calculate the volume of prisms and cylinders
Relate capacity to volume
Hypotenuse
(longest side)
8.1
Pythagoras theorem
Pythagoras theorem states that the
square of the hypotenuse is equal to
the sum of the squares of the other two
sides.
(Hypotenuse)2
(side)2
+ (other
side)2
h2
a2
+ b2
235
The Powers Family Trust 2013
ISBN: 9781107627291
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
236
Pythagoras theorem is used to find a missing side of a right-angled triangle if two of the sides
are given. It can also be used to prove that a triangle is right angled.
Example 1
5 cm
9 cm
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
Example 2
h2 = a2 + b2
= 92 + 52
2
2
h = 9 +5
= 10.30 cm
12 mm
5 mm
Solution
1
2
x mm
12 mm
3
4
5
6
7
8
5 mm
h2 = a2 + b2
122 = x2 + 52
x2 = 122 52
2
2
x = 12 5
= 10.9 mm
The length of the rectangle
is 10.9 mm.
237
Exercise 8A
1
6 cm
5 cm
h cm
24 mm
12 cm
h mm
h cm
8 cm
10 mm
d
h cm
2.5 cm
h mm
54 cm
20 mm
63.2 cm
4.2 cm
h cm
10 mm
15 cm
15 cm
x cm
12 cm
x mm
21 cm
x cm
13 mm
6 mm
d
2.3 cm
x cm
x cm
24 mm
32 mm
4.8 cm
14.1 cm
9.5 cm
x mm
238
Development
3
Calculate the length of the side marked with the pronumeral. (Answer to the nearest
millimetre.)
a
b
c
y mm
16 mm
30 mm
42 mm
35 mm
63 mm
x mm
28 mm
a mm
d
10 mm
d mm
27 mm
33 mm
52 mm
m mm
8 mm
12 mm
b mm
5.0 m
7.5 m
5
7 cm
72 cm
4 cm
x cm
6
x cm
x cm
4 cm
y cm
6 cm
25 cm
18 cm
x cm
14 cm
239
8.2 Perimeter
Perimeter is the total length of the outside edges of a shape. It is the distance of the boundary.
8.2
Perimeter formulas
Name
Shape
a
Triangle
Quadrilateral
Perimeter
b
P=a+b+c
c
b
P=a+b+c+d
P = 4s
Square
Rectangle
P = 2(l + b)
Circle
Example 3
Circumference
C = 2r
C = d
P = 2(l + b)
= 2 (8 + 3)
= 22 m
Perimeter of the rectangle is 22 m.
240
Example 4
3.7 cm
4.2 cm
Solution
1
h2 = 4.22 + 3.72
3
4
5
6
7
Example 5
Example 6
C = 2 r
= 2 9
= 56.55 mm
Perimeter of the circle is 56.55 mm.
d
2
4
=
2
C=
= 6.28 m
P = 6.28 + 4
= 10.28 m
Perimeter is 10.28 m.
Cambridge University Press
241
Example 7
2 cm
5m
6 cm
5 cm
5m
8 cm
Solution
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
2 cm
6 + 5 = 11 cm
6 cm
8 2 = 6 cm
5 cm
8 cm
P = 2 + 6 + 6 + 5 + 8 + 11 = 38 cm
Perimeter is 38 cm.
C=
2 r 2 5
=
= 7.85 m
4
4
P = 7.85 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5
= 27.85 m
Perimeter is 27.85 m.
242
Exercise 8B
1
Find the perimeter of each quadrilateral. Answer correct to one decimal place.
a
7.2 m
20 m
13.4 m
5.4 cm
Find the perimeter of a square with a side length of 12.3 m. Answer correct to
one decimal place.
Find the perimeter of each right triangle. Answer correct to one decimal place.
a
15 m
8m
7 mm
5 cm
2 cm
9.5 m
8.5 mm
Find the perimeter of a right triangle with a base of 10.25 cm and a height of 15.15 cm.
Answer correct to two decimal places.
Find the perimeter of each circle. Answer correct to one decimal place.
a
3m
2 cm
14 mm
What is the circumference of each circle? Answer correct to one decimal place.
a
Radius of 4 cm
b
Radius of 19 m
c
Radius of 34 mm
d
Diameter of 50 mm
e
Diameter of 22 m
f
Diameter of 6 cm
243
Development
7
Find the perimeter of each semicircle. Answer correct to one decimal place.
a
b
c
2.1 m
5m
16 m
8
Find the perimeter of each shape. Answer correct to two decimal places.
a
b
c
3 mm
5 cm
7m
9
Find the perimeter of each composite shape. Answer to the nearest whole number.
a
b
c
8 cm
6m
2m
4m
8m
1m
4m
2m
2m
10 m
d
1m
10 cm
4m
4m
6m
4m
3m
5m
6m
10
11
6 cm
3 cm
x cm
D
244
8.3 Area
8.3
10 000 cm2 = 1 m2
1 000 000 m2 = 1 km2
Area formulas
Name
Shape
Area
Triangle
A = 12 bbh
A = s2
Square
Rectangle
A = lb
l
h
Parallelogram
A = bh
b
a
A = 12 ( a + b ) h
Trapezium
b
Rhombus
Circle
A = 12 xxy
A = r2
Example 8
5.5 m
8.1 m
Solution
1
2
3
4
Example 9
245
1
bbh
2
1
= 8.1 5.5
2
= 22.275 m 2
A=
2.9 cm
3 cm
Solution
1
2
3
4
5.1 cm
Example 10
1
(a + b)h
2
1
= ( 2.9 + 5.1)3
2
= 12 cm 2
The area of the shape is 12 cm2.
A=
6.5 mm
A = bbh
= 6.5 4
= 26 mm 2
The area of the shape is
26 mm2.
246
Example 11
5m
Solution
1
3
4
A = r2
= 52
= 78.5 m 2
The area of the circle is 78.5 m2.
Example 12
12 cm
10 cm
Solution
1
2
3
4
7
8
A = lb
= 12 10
= 120 cm 2
1
A = r2
2
1
= 52
2
39.3 cm 2
A = 120 + 39.3
= 159.3 cm2
The area of the shape is 159.3 cm2.
Cambridge University Press
247
Exercise 8C
1
Find the area of each triangle. Answer correct to one decimal place.
a
23 m
6 mm
13 m
4 cm
6.5 mm
2 cm
13 mm
7.6 m
15.5 mm
9.5 m
8.5 m
19 m
Find the area of each shape. Answer correct to one decimal place.
a
9m
6.4 m
11.2 m
6.1 cm
d
7 mm
4m
7m
22 m
f
3.8 cm
4 cm
10 mm
6.7 cm
Find the area of a triangle with a base of 8.25 cm and a height of 10.15 cm. Answer
correct to the nearest square centimetre.
Find the area of a square with a side length of 105.1 m. Answer correct to the nearest
square metre.
Find the area of a circle with a radius of 7 cm. Answer correct to the nearest square
centimetre.
248
Development
6
Find the area of each shape. Answer correct to one decimal place.
a
9.1 cm
2.3 km
5 km
5.7 cm
4.8 cm
Diagonals are
4.4 mm and 6.8 mm
9.1 cm
6 mm
8 mm
17 m
8m
4.1 cm
12.5 mm
15 m
9.8 cm
Jasmine is planning to build a circular pond. The radius of the pond is 1.5 m. What is the
area of the pond, correct to the nearest square metre?
25 m
1.3 m
2.6 m
Philip wants to tile a rectangular area measuring 2.2 m by 3 m in his backyard. The tiles
he wishes to use are 50 cm by 50 cm. How many tiles will he need? Give your answer as
a whole number.
10
4 cm
6 cm
30 cm
32 cm
3 cm
8 cm
15 cm
4 cm
20 cm
11
12
13
6 cm
249
10 cm
5 cm
7 cm
10 cm
13 m
19 m
20 m
25 m
14
16 cm
10 cm
15
16
17
14 cm
xm
8m
xm
8m
A metal worker cut circles with a diameter of 2 cm from a rectangular sheet of tin 4 cm
by 8 cm.
a What is the area of the rectangular sheet?
b How many circles can be cut from the rectangular sheet?
c What is the area of the remaining metal after the circles have been removed from the
rectangular sheet? Answer correct to two decimal places.
250
Traverse
The field book entry records the distances along the traverse between two vertical lines. The
distances along the offsets are recorded on either side of these measurements.
Field Book Entry
Field Diagram
D
163
C 65 110
75 28 B
0
A
65
53
35
28
75
A
The measurements along the traverse are the distances starting from the bottom. For example,
the distance 110 to the offset at point C is the distance from point A. This results in a distance
of 35 between offset B and C.
Conducting a traverse survey
1
2
3
4
Example 13
251
D
65
53
35
28
75
A
Solution
1
4
5
8
9
10
A=
Distance AB
AB 2 = 752 + 282
AB = 752 + 282
= 80.056 230 24
= 80.06 m
Distance AB is 80.06 m.
252
Exercise 8D
1
Find the area of the following fields using each field diagram. Units are in metres.
a
35
28
60
80
20
30
60
80
50
50
50
18
C
60
50
40
C
45
60
48
50
20
110
45
25
26
12 32
24
A
Find the area of the following fields using each field book entry. Units are in metres.
a
B
60
C 50 25
0
A
D
75
50 20 B
C 15 40
0
A
D
150
C 70 110
75 30 B
0
A
E
140
100 32 D
C 55 90
30 32 B
0
A
E
90
C 36 80
75 10 D
B 36 20
0
A
E
40
30 10 D
C 40 20
10 10 B
0
A
Development
3
253
35
25
C
32
14
13
A
11
44 G
54
67
46
F
15
A
a
b
c
d
e
f
5
Find the area of the triangle ABF. Answer correct to one decimal place.
Find the area of the triangle ACE. Answer correct to one decimal place.
Find the area of the triangle DGE. Answer correct to one decimal place.
Find the area of the trapezium BFGD. Answer correct to one decimal place.
What is the total area of the block of land? Answer correct to one decimal place.
Find the distance AB. Answer correct to two decimal places.
The field book entry below shows a block of land that has been surveyed. All
measurements are in metres.
E
71
58 43 D
C 23 34
25 14 B
0
A
a
b
254
Volume formulas
Name
Solid
Cube
V = Ah
= (s2) s
= s3
s
s
Rectangular prism
Volume
b
h
V = Ah
= lb h
= lbh
Triangular prism
A=
1
2
bh
V=A
Ah
1
= bh h
2
Cylinder
V = Ah
= (r2) h
= r2h
255
Example 14
2 cm
4 cm
8 cm
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
Example 15
V = Ah
= lbh
=824
= 64 cm3
12 mm
8 mm
Solution
1
2
3
4
256
Exercise 8E
1
Find the volume of the following prisms where A is the area of the base.
a
A = 8 m2
40 m
12 m
16 m
A = 110 m2
A = 7 m2
What is the volume of a rectangular prism with a base area of 15 mm2 and a height of
11 mm?
Find the volume of a triangular prism with a height of 15 m and a base area of 50 m2.
Find the volume of the following solids. Answer to the nearest whole number.
a
18 cm
10 mm
3m
18 cm
4m
9m
10 mm
6 mm
18 cm
8 mm
14 mm
7 mm
6 mm
6m
15 m
10 m
20 mm
A closed cylindrical plastic container is 20 cm high and its circular end surfaces each
have a radius of 5 cm. What is its volume correct to two decimal places?
257
Development
7
10 m
8m
2m
6m
6m
10 m
10 m
a
b
c
9
5m
12 m
2m
1m
10 m
10
What is the volume, correct to one decimal place, of a cylindrical paint tin with a height
of 30 cm and a diameter of 25 cm?
11
Find the volume of an equilateral triangular prism with side lengths 3 cm and a depth of
10 cm. Answer correct to three decimal places.
12
A vase with a volume of 200 cm3 is packed into the cardboard box shown below. The
space around the vase is filled with foam to protect from breaking. The parcel is sealed
and posted.
6 cm
10 cm
a
b
8 cm
258
8.6 Capacity
The capacity of a container is the amount of liquid
it can hold. Some solids have both a volume and a
capacity. For example, a can of soft drink is a cylinder
that has a volume (V = r2h) and a capacity (360 mL).
The base unit for capacity is a litre (L). Three
commonly used units for capacity are a megalitre,
(ML), kilolitre (kL) and millilitre (mL).
Capacity
1 ML = 1000 kL
1 ML = 1 000 000 L
1 kL = 1000 L
1 L = 1000 mL
Example 16
1 cm3 = 1 mL
1 cm3 = 0.001 L
1000 cm3 = 1 L
30 cm
40 cm
70 cm
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
V = Ah
= lbh
= 70 40 30
= 84 000 cm3
Capacity = 84 000 0.001 L
= 84 L
Capacity = 84 000 1 mL
= 84 000 mL
= 84 L
259
Exercise 8F
1
A can of soft drink has a capacity of 375 mL. How many cans of soft drink would it take
to fill a 1.2 L bottle? How much would remain?
70 cm 3 =
900 cm 3 =
43 m 3 =
103 m 3 =
5 m3 =
mL
mL
kL
kL
kL
2000 cm 3 =
34 000 cm 3 =
500 cm 3 =
30 m 3 =
L
L
L
7 m3 =
8 m3 =
mL
What is the capacity of a rectangular prism whose base area is 20 cm2 and height is
10 cm? Answer correct to the nearest millilitre.
Find the capacity of a triangular prism with a height of 18 m and a base area of 40 m2.
Answer in litres, correct to two significant figures.
Find the capacity of a rectangular pyramid whose base area is 12 cm2 and height is
15 cm. Answer correct to the nearest millilitre.
Find the capacity of a cylindrical plastic container 16 cm high and with circular end
surfaces of radius 8 cm. Answer correct to the nearest litre.
260
Development
8
Find the capacity of the following solids in millilitres, correct to two decimal places.
a
6 mm
4m
5 mm
3m
8m
18 mm
10 mm
3 mm
4 mm
10 cm
7m
9m
10 m
6 cm
3m
Find the capacity of a cube whose side length is 75 mm. Answer in millilitres, correct to
two decimal places.
10
A water tank is the shape of a cylinder with a radius of 2 m and height of 2.5 m.
a What is the area of the top circular face of the
2m
water tank? Answer correct to one decimal
place.
b Determine the volume of the water tank in
cubic metres. Answer correct to one decimal
place.
c What is the capacity of the tank, to the nearest kilolitre?
11
14.4
A = 21 m2
2.5 m
1.7 m
15 m
10 m
Pythagoras theorem
Study guide 8
Perimeter
Area
Triangle
A = 12 bbh
Square
A = s2
Rectangle
A = lb
Parallelogram
A = bh
Trapezium
A = 12 ( a + b ) h
Rhombus
A = 12 xxy
Circle
A = r 2
Field diagrams
Cube
Rectangular prism
V = Ah = (s2) s = s3
V = Ah = lb h = lbh
Triangular prism
V = Ah
Ah =
Cylinder
V = Ah = (r2) h = r2h
cylinders
Capacity
( bbhh) h
1
2
Review
261
Review
262
16 cm
12 cm
17.9 mm
9m
4m
7m
5m
6 cm
8 cm
7 cm
12 cm
D
C 10
40
30
10
0 20 B
A
A cubic water tank has a side length of 6 m. What is the capacity of the tank?
A 36 kL
B 216 kL
C 360 kL
D 216000 kL
263
xm
27 cm
21 m
28 m
47 cm
21 mm
14 mm
x cm
2
18 mm
6 mm
x
10 mm
3
Find the perimeter of each shape. Answer correct to one decimal place.
a
b
c
5 cm
10 cm
12 m
11 cm
6.7 cm
7m
6 mm
9m
4m
11 m
Find the area of each shape. Answer correct to one decimal place.
a
3.5 m
6m
9m
10 m
11.2 cm
5.6 cm
2m
4 mm
3m
8.4 cm
7 mm
Review
Review
264
Chapter
summary
Earning
Money area measuring 3.6 m by 3.2 m in his backyard.
5 Mahendra
is planning
to tile a rectangular
The tiles he wishes to use are 40 cm by 40 cm.
a What is the area of the rectangle?
b What is the area (in m2) of the tiles?
c How many tiles will he need?
6
The diagram on the right shows a block of land that has been
surveyed. All measurements are in metres.
a Find the area of the quadrilateral PQRS. Answer correct to
one decimal place.
b What is the length of PQ? Answer correct to the nearest metre.
S
40
R
58
52
46
18
P
7
11 mm
4 mm
11 mm
5 mm
10 m
3 mm
4 mm
11 mm
4.5 m
3.2 m
8
16 mm
8 mm
Find the capacity of a triangular prism with a height of 50 cm and a base area of 120 cm2.
Answer in litres.
Challenge questions 8
C H A P T E R
9.1
Frequency of an event
Total number of frequencies
265
The Powers Family Trust 2013
ISBN: 9781107627291
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
266
Example 1
An experiment of tossing two coins was completed and the number of heads recorded in the
frequency table shown below.
Number
of heads Frequency
0
100
192
108
Relative
frequency
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
Freq of Event
Total Freq
100
=
400
1
= or 0.25 or 25%
4
Relative frequency of 0 heads is 0.25.
Rel. Freq. =
Freq of Event
Total Freq
192
=
400
12
=
or 0.48 or 48%
25
Rel. Freq. =
Rel. Freq. =
Example 2
267
Solution
1
2
3
4
268
Exercise 9A
1
Letter
Frequency
12
15
Outcome Frequency
HH
HT
20
TH
28
TT
12
Colour
Frequency
Black
105
Yellow
210
Red
145
Blue
170
Green
215
White
155
Score
Frequency
30
31
32
33
34
Relative freq.
Relative freq.
Relative freq.
Relative freq.
269
Calculate the relative frequency for each of these numbers if the total frequency is 48.
Write your answer as a fraction in simplest terms.
a 16
b 40
c 24
d 6
Calculate the relative frequency for each of these numbers if the total frequency is 40.
Write your answer as a percentage.
a 4
b 30
c 15
d 32
A retail store sold 512 televisions last year. There were 32 faulty televisions returned last
year. What is the relative frequency of a faulty television last year? Answer as a
percentage, correct to two decimal places.
A pistol shooter at the Olympic Games hits the target 24 out of 25 attempts. What is the
relative frequency of him hitting the target? Give answer as a decimal, correct to two
decimal places.
The birth statistics in a local community were 142 girls and 126 boys. What is the
relative frequency for a girl? Answer as a fraction in lowest terms.
10
9A
a
b
c
Cell B10 has a formula that adds cells B5 to B10. Enter this formula.
The formula for cell C5 is =B5/$B$10. It is the formula for relative frequency. Fill
down the contents of C6 to C9 using this formula.
Cells D5 to D9 have the same formulas as cells C5 to C9. Enter these formulas and
format the cells to a percentage.
270
Development
11
a
b
c
Score
Frequency
Relative freq.
0.20
0.30
0.25
12
13
14
15
271
Example 3
Solution
1
a
b
Number of arrangements = 3 2 1
=6
Possible outcomes = {DEF, DFE,
EDF, EFD, FDE, FED}
272
Exercise 9B
1
Jasmine places three different types of apples in a row on the counter. The types of
apples are red delicious, golden delicious and granny smith.
a
How many different arrangements are possible?
b
List all the possible arrangements.
Four cards each with a different suit (diamond, heart, spade or club) are placed in a row
on the table.
a
How many different arrangements are possible?
b
List all the possible arrangements.
How many ways can Aaron, Bailey, Connor, Daniel and Eddie stand in a queue?
Two dice are rolled. How many different outcomes are possible?
273
Development
8
Lucy, Madison and Nikki are nominated for school captain and vice captain. What are all
the possible combinations?
Adam goes to a shop that sells blue, red, pink and green pens. He decides to buy two
pens, each one a different colour.
a How many different arrangements are possible?
b List all the possible arrangements.
10
a
b
11
12
A golf team has 4 players to be selected from a squad of 7 players. How many different
teams are possible?
13
The letters from the word CARLTON are being used to form other words.
a How many two-letter arrangements are possible?
b How many three-letter arrangements are possible?
14
274
Tables
A table is an arrangement of information in rows and columns. The table below shows all the
possible outcomes for a tossing two coins. There are two events tossing the first coin and
tossing the second coin. The outcomes of the first event are listed down the first column (Head
or Tail). The outcomes of the second event are listed across the top row (Head or Tail). Each
cell in the table is an outcome. There are 4 possible outcomes.
Head
Tail
Head
HH
HT
Tail
TH
TT
Two red cards (R1, R2) and one black card (B1) are placed in a box. Two cards are selected at
random with replacement. Use a table to list the sample space.
Solution
1
R1
R2
B1
R1
R1 R1 R1 R2 R1 B1
R2
R2 R1 R2 R2 R2 B1
B1
B1 R1 B1 R2 B1 B1
275
Tree diagrams
A tree diagram shows each event as a branch of the tree. The tree diagram below shows all the
possible outcomes for a tossing two coins. The outcomes of the first event are listed (H or T)
with two branches. The outcomes of the second event are listed (H or T) with two branches on
each of the outcomes from the first event. The sample space is HH, HT, TH and TT.
1st
2nd
H
HH
HT
TH
TT
Tree diagrams
Draw a tree diagram with each event as a new branch of the tree.
Always draw large clear tree diagrams and list the sample space on the right-hand side.
Example 5
Coin
Die
1
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
6 T6
276
Exercise 9C
1
Boy
Girl
Boy
Girl
1
2
3
4
5
6
b
3
Verify the total number of outcomes using the fundamental counting principle.
A menu has three entrees (E1, E2 and E3) and four mains (M1, M2, M3 and M4).
a
Use a table to list the all the possible outcomes.
M1 M2 M3 M4
E1
E2
E3
b
Verify the total number of outcomes using the fundamental counting principle.
Three people (A, B and C) applied for the managers position and two people (D and E)
applied for the assistant managers position.
a
Use a table to list the all the possible outcomes.
b
Verify the total number of outcomes using the fundamental counting principle.
One bag contains two discs labelled X and Y. A second bag contains four discs
labelled D, E, F and G. A disc is chosen from each bag at random. Use a table to
determine the number of elements in the sample space.
10
2nd
Y1
Y2
Y3
277
G1
Y1
Y2
Y3
G1
1st
2nd
3rd
a
b
c
278
Development
11
A two-digit number is formed using the digits 1, 2 and 3. The same number cannot be
used twice. The first digit chosen is the tens digit and the second digit chosen is the
units digit.
a List the sample space from the tree diagram.
Tens
1
3
b
c
Units
2
3
1
3
1
2
12
A spinner has equal amounts of red and green sections. This spinner is spun twice.
a Use a tree diagram to list the total possible outcomes.
b Verify the total number of outcomes using the fundamental counting principle.
13
Ebony tosses a coin and spins a spinner, which has red, amber and green sections.
a Use a tree diagram to list the sample space.
b Verify the total number of outcomes using the fundamental counting principle.
14
Four cards (ace, king, queen and jack) are placed face down on a table. One card is
selected at random and the result recorded. This card is not returned to the table. A
second card is then selected at random.
a Use a tree diagram to list the total possible outcomes.
b Verify the total number of outcomes using the fundamental counting principle.
15
There are four candidates for the leader and deputy leader. The four candidates are
Angus, Bridget, Connor and Danielle.
a Construct a tree diagram with the leader as the first event and the deputy leader as
the second event. Use a tree diagram to list the sample space.
b Verify the total number of outcomes using the fundamental counting principle.
16
A two-digit number is formed using the digits 3, 5 and 7. The same number can be used
twice. The first digit chosen is the tens digit and the second digit chosen is the units
digit. Use a tree diagram to list the sample space.
279
9.4
Probability (Event) =
Example 6
A coin is chosen at random from 7 one dollar coins and 3 two dollar coins. Calculate the
probability that the coin is a:
a one dollar coin.
b two dollar coin.
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
n($1)
n( s )
7
=
10
P($1) =
= 0.7 or
= 70%
n($2 )
n( s )
3
=
10
P($2 ) =
= 0.3 or
= 30%
280
Example 7
What is the probability of choosing the following cards from a normal pack of cards?
a
Red four
b
Diamond
c
Picture card
Solution
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
n( Red 4 )
n( s )
2
=
52
1
=
26
P( Red 4 ) =
P( Diamond ) =
P( Picture ) =
n( Diamond )
n( s )
13
=
52
1
=
4
n( Picture )
n( s )
12
=
52
3
=
13
281
Exercise 9D
1
A bag contains 5 blue and 3 red balls. Find the probability of selecting at random:
a
a blue ball.
b
a red ball.
c
not a red ball.
Aaron chooses one ball at random from his golf bag. The table below shows the type and
quantity of golf balls in his bag.
Type of golf ball Quantity
B51 Impact
Maxfli
Pinnacle
13
b
d
a Pinnacle
not a Maxfli
An unbiased coin is tossed three times. On the first two tosses the result is tails. What is
the probability that the result of the third toss will be a tail?
In Amber Ave there are 3 high school students, 4 primary school students and
5 preschool students. One student from Amber Ave is chosen at random.
What is the probability that a primary school student is chosen?
A box contains 3 blue, 4 green and 2 white counters. Find the chance of drawing at
random one counter which is:
a
blue
b
green
c
white
d
not blue
A card is chosen at random from a standard deck of 52 playing cards. Find the
probability of choosing:
a
the seven of clubs
b
a spade
c
a red card
d
a red picture card
e
a nine
f
the six of hearts
g
an even number
h
a picture card
i
a black ace
The weather on a particular day is described as either wet or dry. Therefore there is an
even chance of a wet day. Do you agree with this statement? Give a reason.
282
Development
9
A die with 16 faces marked 1 to 16 is rolled. Find the probability that the number is:
a an odd number
b neither a 1 nor a 2
c a multiple of 3
d greater than 12
e less than or equal to 15
f a square number
10
A wheel contains 8 evenly spaced numbers labelled 1 to 8. The wheel is spun until it
stops at a number. It is given that the wheel is equally likely to stop at any number. Find
the probability that the wheel stops at:
a a 7
b a number greater than 5
c an odd number
d a 1 or 2
e a number less than 10
f a number divisible by 3
11
12
Two cards are drawn at random from a normal deck of cards. What is the probability that
the second card is:
a a two if the first card was a two?
b an ace if the first card was an ace?
c the six of clubs if first card was a ten?
d a two if the first card was a king?
e a diamond if the first card was a diamond?
f
a picture card if the first card was a picture card?
13
A four-digit number is formed from the digits 2, 3, 4 and 5 without replacement. What is
the probability that the number:
a starts with the digit 4?
b is greater than 3000?
c ends with a 2 or a 3?
d is 2345?
14
Six students enter a swimming race. The chance of a particular student winning is
Is this statement true or false? Give reasons to support your opinion.
1
6
283
9.5
Certain
0.75
0.5
Even chance
0.25
0
Impossible
Range of probability
Probability of an event is between 0 and 1 or 0 P(E) 1.
P(A) + P(B) + = 1
A, B, are all the possible outcomes or events.
Example 8
3
5
1
10
blue card?
Solution
1
2
3
5
and P(Y ) = 10 .
P( R) + P(Y ) + P( B) = 1
3 1
+ + P( B) = 1
5 10
3 1
P( B) = 1
5 10
3
=
10
Probability of a blue card is
3
.
10
284
Exercise 9E
1
A bag contains black, yellow and white cards. The probability of drawing a black card is
57% and the probability of drawing a yellow card is 8%. What is the value of the
following expressed as a fraction in simplest form:
a
P(Black)?
b
P(Yellow)?
c
P(White)?
In a particular event the probability of Blake winning a gold medal is 83 and a silver
medal is 1 . There is no bronze medal.
4
a
b
Some picture cards from a deck of cards are placed face down on the table. The
probability of drawing a king is 0.25 and a queen is 0.60. What is the value of the
following expressed as a decimal:
a
P(king)?
b
P(jack)?
c
P(jack) + P(king)?
d
P(king) + P(queen) + P(jack)?
There are four outcomes of an experiment. Three of the outcomes have probabilities of
20%, 25% and 40% respectively. What is the probability of the fourth outcome?
A biased die is rolled. The probability of obtaining an even number is 0.4 and the
probability of a 1 or a 3 is 0.3. Find the value of the following probabilities.
a
P(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
b
P(2, 4, 5, 6)
c
P(Odd)
285
Development
7
A disc is chosen at random from a bag containing five different colours: black, green,
1
2
pink, red and white. If P( B) = 5 , P(G ) = 13
, P( P ) = 29 and P( R) = 61 , find the
probability of the following outcomes.
a
Black or green disc
b Pink or red disc
c
Black or red disc
d Black, green or pink disc
e
Black, green or red disc
f
Black, green, pink or red disc
A card is chosen at random from some playing cards. The probability of a spade is 0.24,
the probability of a club is 0.27 and the probability of a heart is 0.23. Find the probability
of the following outcomes.
a
Black card
b Red card
c
Club or a heart
d Spade or a heart
e
Diamond
f
Diamond or a club
Julia and Natasha are playing a game where a standard six-sided die is rolled. Julia wins
if an even number is rolled. Natasha wins if a number greater than three is rolled. What
is the probability that the number rolled is neither even nor greater than three?
10
A bag contains white, green and red marbles. The probability of selecting a white marble
is
2
7
1
8
11
The numbers 1 to 20 are written on separate cards. One card is chosen at random. What
is the probability that the card chosen is a prime number or is divisible by 3?
12
One letter is selected at random from a word containing the letters TAMPR. It is given
1
.
that P(T ) = 1 , P( A) = 2 , P( M ) = 1 and P( P ) = 10
5
5
10
286
9.6
The complement of an event E is the event not including E. For example, when throwing a die
the complement of 2 are the events 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6. The complement of an event E is denoted
by E . An event and its complement represent all the possible outcomes and are certain to
occur. Hence the probability of an event and its complement will sum to be 1.
Complementary events
P( E ) + P( E ) = 1 or P( E ) = 1 P( E )
E Event or outcome.
E Complement of event E or the outcomes not including event E.
Example 9
Solution
2
Evaluate.
1
2
Evaluate.
P (ten ) = 1 P (ten)
4
= 1
52
48
=
52
12
=
13
287
Exercise 9F
1
The probability of obtaining a three on a biased die is 0.6. What is the probability of not
obtaining a three?
11
15
5
8
percentage
288
Development
7
A ball is chosen at random from a bag containing four different colours: brown, orange,
2
purple and yellow. If P(O ) = 11
, P( P ) = 29 and P(Y ) = 14 , find the probability of the
following outcomes.
a
Not a yellow ball
b
Not an orange ball
c
Not a purple ball
d
Orange or a purple ball
e
Yellow or a purple ball
f
Not a brown ball
g
A brown ball
h
Not an orange or a yellow ball
Samuel selects a card at random from a normal pack. Find the probability of obtaining
the following outcomes.
a
Not a queen
b
Not a red ace
10
14.2
A 12-sided die has 12 faces marked 1 to 12. The die is biased. If P(8) = 0.1, P(2) = 0.15
and P(( 3) = 0.91 , find:
a
P(( 8 )
P(( 2 )
P(8) + P
P(( 8 )
P(3)
P(2) + P
P(( 2 )
P( 3) + P
P(( 3)
P(2) + P(8)
P(2) + P
P((8)
11
12
Relative frequency
Study guide 9
Multistage events
principle
Systematic lists
Fundamental counting
Definition of probability
Range of probability
Complementary events
Review
289
Review
290
The frequency of an event is 6 and the total number of frequencies is 20. What is the
relative frequency?
A 14%
B 26%
C 30%
D 70%
A local community has 220 motorbikes and 740 cars. What is the relative frequency for a
car? Answer as a fraction in lowest terms.
11
220
37
740
A
B
C
D
48
960
48
960
How many possible outcomes are there when four coins are tossed?
A 4
B 8
C 16
D 32
How many different ways can the letters of the word FORBES be arranged in a row?
A 6
B 21
C 24
D 720
One card is selected from a normal deck of cards. What is the probability that it is a
diamond?
1
1
1
3
A
B
C
D
52
13
4
4
A three-digit number is formed from the digits 5, 7, 8 and 9. What is the probability that
the number will be odd?
A 0.25
B 0.50
C 0.75
D 0.80
One card is selected from cards labelled 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. What is the probability of an even
number and/or a number divisible by 5?
A 10%
B 50%
C 60%
D 100%
A bag contains black, white and grey balls. The probability of selecting a black ball is 0.3
and a grey ball is 0.6. What is the probability of selecting a white ball?
A 0.1
B 0.36
C 0.63
D 0.9
A letter is chosen at random from the word NEWCASTLE. What is the probability that the
letter will not be a vowel?
1
2
1
2
A
B
C
D
9
9
3
3
10
1
Cambridge University Press
291
Score
Frequency
5059
6069
7079
8089
Relative freq.
The local football club sold 350 raffle tickets to raise money for some equipment. Liam
sold 60 of these tickets. What is the relative frequency of Liams tickets? Answer as a
percentage correct to the nearest whole number.
Last year Oscar bought a packet of biscuits every week and found 30 of these packets
contained broken biscuits. What is the relative frequency of this event? Answer as a
decimal correct to two decimal places.
There were 23 people who applied for a particular job. Are the chances of each person
getting the job equally likely? Why?
A paper bag contains 3 green, 4 brown and 5 yellow beads. To win a game, Greg needs to
draw two green beads from the bag. How many elements are in the sample space?
List all the possible ways to answer the first three questions of a true or false test.
A poker machine has three reels, with 12 symbols on each wheel. How many arrangements
are possible when the poker machine is spun?
A PIN has four digits. How many possible PINs are there?
A raffle ticket is drawn from a box containing 50 raffle tickets numbered from 1 to 50. Find
the probability of the following outcomes.
a The number 50
b Even number
c Less than 20
d Greater than 30
e Divisible by 5
f Square number
Review
Review
292
Chapter
Earning
Money
10 Whatsummary
is the probability
of choosing
a black card from a standard deck of cards?
11
Four kings are taken from a standard deck of cards and placed face down on a table. One
card is selected at random. What is the probability of selecting:
a the king of clubs?
b a black king?
c a picture card?
12
A house contains 4 girls, 3 boys and 2 adults. If one person is chosen at random, what is
the probability that the person:
a is a girl?
b is a boy?
c is a girl or a boy?
13
An eight-sided die has the numbers 1 to 8 on it. What is the probability of rolling the
following outcomes?
a Number 2
b Either a 3 or a 5
c Number 9
d Divisible by 3
e Odd number
f Prime number
14
There are five students in a group whose names are Adam, Sarah, Max, Hayley and David.
If one name is chosen at random, find the probability of selecting a name:
a with 5 letters.
b with the letter a.
c with exactly one
vowel.
15
A fair coin is tossed three times. The probability of throwing three tails is 0.125, two tails
is 0.375 and one tail is 0.375. What is the probability of the following outcomes?
a No tails
b Three or two tails
c At least one tail
d Not throwing a head
e Not throwing exactly two tails
f Throwing one head
16
following.
a Winning or losing the match
b Drawing the match
c Not winning the match
d Not losing the match
17
Caitlin selects a card at random from a standard deck of cards. Find the probability of
obtaining the following outcomes.
a Not an ace
b Not a heart
c Not a red six
18
5
16
C H A P T E R
10
Taxation
Syllabus topic FM3 Taxation
Calculate the allowable deductions from gross income
Calculate the taxable income
Calculate the Medicare levy
Determine PAYE tax payable or refund owing
Calculate the GST payable
Create graphs that describe different tax rates
294
Allowable deductions
Deductions allowed by the Australian Taxation Office include work-related,
self-education, travel, car, clothing, tools and donations.
Example 1
Example 2
Ava has used her own car for a total of 7900 km on work related travel this financial year.
Calculate her tax deduction if she is entitled to claim 70 cents per kilometre.
Solution
1
2
3
4
Chapter 10 Taxation
295
Exercise 10A
1
Stephanie works as a waitress and is entitled to an allowance for the cost of her work
clothing and laundry. Her clothing expenses are listed below. Calculate the total cost for
each item of clothing and her allowable deduction for clothing.
Work clothing
Blue shirt
$55.00
Black trouser
$110.00
Belt
$45.00
Tie
$34.00
Dry-cleaning
$32.00
Zara is a child care worker who is entitled to the following tax deductions:
$420 for union fees
tax agent fee of $125
charity donations of $160
self-education fee of $840
stationery costs of $46.
What is Zaras total tax deduction?
Chris is entitled to the following tax deductions: training courses of $1460, motor vehicle
expenses of $1420, stationery costs of $760, union fees of $480, charity donations of
$310 and accountant fee of $184. What is Chriss total allowable tax deduction?
Car expenses are claimed according to the engine capacity of the motor vehicle. The rate
per kilometre for travel in a private vehicle is listed below.
Engine capacity
Allowable deduction
0 to 1600 cc
58 c/km
1600 cc to 2600 cc
69 c/km
70 c/km
Calculate the tax deduction for the following car expenses related to work.
a 3560 km in a Toyota Corolla with an engine capacity of 1.8 L (1788 cc)
b 1280 km in a Ford Falcon with an engine capacity of 4.0 L (3984 cc)
c 4580 km in a Holden Barina with an engine capacity of 1.6 L (1598 cc)
d 2340 km in a Honda Civic with an engine capacity of 1.3 L (1339 cc)
e 3105 km in a Nissan Pulsar with an engine capacity of 1.8 L (1769 cc)
f
2818 km in a Mazda CX-9 with an engine capacity of 3.7 L (3726 cc)
296
Development
5
Harrison buys a new van costing $42560 for his business. He is entitled to claim as a tax
deduction 12% of the cost of the vehicle if the motor vehicle travels more than 5000
business kilometres in a year. What is Harrisons allowable deduction for the van if he
travelled 16230 kilometres for business?
Mitchell has an investment property that contains furnishings valued at $12600. The
furnishings are an allowable deduction with a rate of depreciation of 15% p.a. How much
can be claimed for depreciation over the year?
Xiang is a teacher who bought a $2350 laptop for school use. The laptop is an allowable
deduction with a rate of depreciation of 33% p.a. of the current value. How much can be
claimed for depreciation in each of the following years?
a First year
b Second year
c Third year
9
Dylan is the owner of a newspaper shop in a shopping centre. He pays rent of $860 per
week, has an electricity bill of $280 per quarter and a telephone bill of $110 per month.
These expenses are work related so he is entitled to a tax deduction. What is Dylans total
allowable tax deduction?
10
Chelsea has a small office in her home to run a business. The office in her home is 8%
of the area of the house. The tax office allows 8% of the household bills as a tax
deduction if it is a work-related expense. Calculate the allowable tax deduction for the
financial year on the following household bills.
a Electricity bill of $360 per quarter
b Telephone bill of $70 per month
c House insurance of $684 per year
d Rent of $440 per fortnight
Chapter 10 Taxation
297
Solution
1
2
3
298
Example 4
Emily is a journalist with a gross annual salary of $87 620. She also made $5680 from her
share portfolio and received $7320 from royalties. If Emily has tax deductions totaling $6472,
calculate her taxable income.
Solution
1
2
3
4
Example 5
Salary = 1624 52
= $84 448
Chapter 10 Taxation
299
Exercise 10B
1
Benjamin has a gross income of $84 000. What is Benjamins taxable income given the
following allowable deductions?
a $5120
b
$9571
c
$4720
d $24 104
e
$8205
f
$17 594
g $12 520
h
$23 890
i
$34 560
Chris earns a gross salary of $67 840 per year. His tax deductions total $3462. Calculate
Chriss taxable income.
Jessica earned a gross income of $75 480 in the last financial year.
Allowable deductions
Amount
Work-related expenses
$1260
Self-education expenses
$680
Travel expenses
$940
Clothing expenses
$320
a
b
The table above is a summary of her allowable deductions. What is her total
allowable deduction?
Calculate Jessicas taxable income in the last financial year.
Eliza earned $88 784 from her employer in the last financial year. She also earned bank
interest of $380. Eliza spent $240 on books, $520 on stationery and $380 on a printer, all
of which are needed for her work.
a What is Elizas gross income?
b What are Elizas total allowable deductions?
c Calculate Elizas taxable income.
300
Development
6
Nicholas earns a gross weekly pay of $1120. He has tax deductions of $1460.
a What is Nicholass gross yearly salary?
b What is Nicholass taxable income?
Abbey is a real estate salesperson who earns a commission of 2% on all sales. During the
year Abbey sold real estate to the value of $3232100.
a What is Abbeys gross annual income?
b Abbey has calculated her tax deductions to be $4320. What is her taxable income?
Isabelle works for a travel agency and earns a gross fortnightly pay of $2780. She pays
PAYG tax of $602 per fortnight and has tax deductions of $7 per week for dry-cleaning,
$80 for work-related travel per year and $380 per year for union fees.
a
b
c
d
9
Oscar is a tradesman who receives a yearly gross salary of $92200. He also works
part-time at TAFE for a wage of $135 per week. Oscar received $360 in share dividends.
a What is Oscars gross annual income?
b Oscar is entitled to tax deduction for travelling between his two places of
employment. Oscar has calculated that he travelled 340 km and the allowable
deduction is 69 c/km. What is Oscars travel expense?
c In addition to the above travel expenses Oscar is entitled to the following tax
deductions: $530 for union fees, tax agent fee of $180, charity donations of $280 and
equipment costs of $750. Calculate Oscars total allowable deduction.
d What is Oscars taxable income?
Chapter 10 Taxation
301
Example 6
The Medical levy is 1.5% of the taxable income. What is the Medicare levy if the taxable
income is $90 600?
Solution
1
2
3
4
302
Exercise 10C
1
The Medicare levy is 1.5% of the taxable income. What is the Medicare levy on the
following taxable incomes? Answer correct to the nearest dollar.
a $23 000
b
$88 541
c
$40 600
d $46 906
e
$67 800
f
$200 592
g $170 300
h
$15 790
i
$90 640
Liam has a taxable income of $56 400. He is required to pay $11 520 in tax plus a
Medicare levy of 1.5% of his taxable income.
a How much is Liams Medicare levy?
b Calculate the total amount of tax due including the Medicare levy.
Mia works for a superannuation fund and received a taxable income of $124 800. She is
required to pay $36 520 in income tax.
a Medicare levy is 1.5% of the taxable income. How much is Mias Medicare levy?
b Calculate the total amount of tax due including the Medicare levy.
The government is planning to change the rate of Australias Medicare levy. Calculate the
Medicare levy payable on $120 000 for the following rates.
a 0.50%
b
0.75%
c
1.00%
d 1.25%
e
1.50%
f
1.75%
g 2.00%
h
2.25%
i
2.50%
Sami has a taxable income of $88 900. He is required to pay $22 160 in tax plus a
Medicare levy of 2.0% of his taxable income.
a How much is Samis Medicare levy?
b Calculate the total amount of tax due including the Medicare levy.
Chapter 10 Taxation
303
Development
6
The rate of the Medicare levy is 1.5% of the taxable income. What is the taxable income
given the following Medicare levies?
a $300.00
b $675.00
c $2250.00
d $1689.30
e $888.09
f
$543.21
g $2105.52
h $1131.18
i
$367.74
7
Create the spreadsheet below. Formulas have been entered in cells B5 to B10.
10C
a
b
c
d
Cell B5 has a formula (=A5*0.015) that calculates the Medicare levy. The rate of the
Medicare levy is 1.5% of the taxable income. Enter this formula.
The formulas in cells B6 to B10 are similar to the formula in B5. Fill down the
contents of B6 to B9 using the formula in cell B5.
Use the spreadsheet to calculate the Medicare levy payable on a taxable income of:
i $10000
ii $210000
iii
$49740
The Australian Government has decided to decrease the Medicare levy from 1.5% to
1.25% of the taxable income. Modify the spreadsheet.
Laura paid a Medicare levy of $1303.40. What was Lauras taxable income if the rate of
the Medicare levy is 2.5% of the taxable income?
304
10.4
Tax payable
0$6000
Nil
$6001$30000
$30001$80000
$80001$180000
Tax owing
Chapter 10 Taxation
Example 7
305
Manjula has a taxable income of $25 000. How much tax will she have to pay? Manjula has
paid $4050 in PAYG tax. What is her refund?
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Example 8
Joel has a taxable income of $200 000 and has paid $72 000 in tax instalments. How much
does the tax department owe Joel at the end of the financial year?
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
306
Exercise 10D
1
Tax payable
Tax bracket
0$6000
Nil
$6001$30 000
Which tax bracket (A, B, C, D or E) from the table applies to these taxable incomes?
a $16 000
b
$2500
c
$75 000
d $122 500
e
$230 000
f
$80 000
g $30 001
h
$180 000
i
$4500
2
Calculate the tax payable on the following taxable incomes by completing the tax payable
expression.
a $16 000
Tax payable = Nil + (16 000 6000) 0.15 =
b
$32 500
$75 000
$122 600
$230 000
$80 000
Avas taxable income was $28 000. The first $6000 was tax-free and the balance was
taxed at a marginal rate of 15%. Calculate the amount of tax payable.
Tylers taxable income was $111 000. The tax payable on the first $80 000 is $18 600 and
the balance was taxed at a marginal rate of 40%. Calculate the amount of tax payable.
Use the tax table on page 304 to calculate the tax payable on the following taxable
incomes.
a $6001
b
$30 001
c
$80 001
Chapter 10 Taxation
307
Development
Use the tax table on page 304 to answer questions 6 to 11.
6
10
11
Nathan has a taxable income of $106770. He has paid $980 per fortnight in tax.
a How much tax has Nathan paid for the year?
b Calculate the amount of tax payable by Nathan.
c Will Nathan receive a refund or will he have to pay more tax? Justify your answer.
d What percentage of his income is paid as tax? Correct to one decimal place.
308
12
10D
a
b
14.3
Formulas have been entered into cells C13, C14, C15, C16, E14, E16 and E18. These
formulas are shown above. Enter all the formulas.
Change the taxable income (cell B4) to the following amounts and observe the
results.
i $50000
ii $10000
iii $200000
13
Emma received an income of $75420 from her main job for the last financial year and
paid $18680 in tax instalments. In addition, Emma earned an income of $6890 from a
part-time job and paid tax of $2980.
a How much tax has Emma paid for the year?
b Calculate the amount of tax payable by Emma.
c Will Emma receive a refund or will she have to pay more tax? Justify your answer.
d What percentage of her income is paid as tax? Answer correct to one decimal place.
14
Alexander earns an income of $42000. He also has $15000 in a bank account which
earns interest at a rate of 8.5% p.a. Alexander has to pay tax on his total income.
a How much interest does Alexander earn from his bank account this year?
b Calculate the tax payable.
Chapter 10 Taxation
309
The Australian Government collects a tax when people purchase goods and services. The tax
is called the GST (Goods and Services Tax) and is 10% of the purchase price of the item.
There are exceptions for basic food items and some medical expenses.
GST
Example 9
310
VAT
In some countries the GST is called the VAT (Value Added Tax). The rate of the VAT ranges
from 2% to 25%. The calculations for the VAT are similar to the calculations for the GST
except the rate of taxation is different.
VAT
To calculate the VAT, find the VAT rate of the pre-tax price.
To calculate the total cost of an item, add the VAT to the pre-tax price. Alternatively,
find 100% + VAT rate of the pre-tax price.
To calculate the pre-tax price given the total cost of an item, divide the total cost by
100% + VAT rate.
Example 10
Singapore has a Value Added Tax (VAT) levied at 5%. Olivia bought a microwave in
Singapore for $275 plus a VAT of 5%.
a
b
c
VAT = 5% of $275
= 0.05 275
= $13.75
Chapter 10 Taxation
311
Exercise 10E
1
Calculate the GST payable on each of the following items. The GST rate is 10%.
a Football at $36
b
Shoes at $140
c
Dinner at $170
d Bucket at $3.20
e
Dress at $490
f
Book at $42
g Belt at $42.90
h
Ring at $2600
i
Camera at $370
Blake received a $620 bill for electrical work and was required to pay a 10% GST.
a How much GST is payable?
b What was the total cost of the electrical work including the GST?
Isabelle received an invoice for her gym membership of $780. In addition she was
required to pay a 10% GST.
a How much GST is payable?
b What was the total cost of her gym membership including the GST?
Great Britain has a Value Added Tax (VAT) similar to the GST. The VAT is 17 12 % on
clothing. How much VAT is payable on the following items?
a
c
5
b
d
What is the VAT payable in the following countries on a car worth 42 000? Answer
correct to the nearest dollar.
a Argentina 21% VAT
b
Canada 7% VAT
c China 17% VAT
d
India 12.5% VAT
e Russia 18% VAT
f
Singapore 5% VAT
g South Africa 14% VAT
h
Switzerland 6.5% VAT
312
Development
6
The cost of the following items includes a 10% GST. What was the pre-GST charge?
a Pen at $17.60
b Calculator at $24.20
c Chair at $99
d DVD at $38.50
e Plant at $15.40
f
Watch at $198
8
10E
a
b
Cell C5 has a formula that calculates a 10% GST. Enter this formula.
The formula in cell D5 adds the cost price and the GST. Enter this formula. Fill
down the contents of B6 to B10 using this formula.
After the 10% GST was added, the price of a mobile phone was $362. What was the
price without GST? Answer correct to the nearest cent.
10
What was the original cost of a notebook computer with a GST-included price of $1850?
The rate of GST is 10%. Answer correct to the nearest cent.
Chapter 10 Taxation
313
Tax payable
0$6000
Nil
$6001$30000
$30001$80000
$80001$180000
70
(180, 58.6)
60
50
40
30
20
(80, 18.6)
10
(6, 0)
(30, 3.6)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Taxable income (thousands of dollars)
160
180
200
314
The personal income tax table on the previous page can be used to determine five points to
be graphed. The points are (0, 0), (6, 0), (30, 3.6), (80, 18.6) and (180, 58.6). These values
are in thousands of dollars: the first number is the taxable income and the second number
is the tax payable. The point (180, 58.6) represents a taxable income of $180 000 and a tax
payable of $58 600.
The gradient of each line segment represents the rate of tax. For example, the gradient of the
line between (80, 18.6) and (180, 58.6) is calculated below.
Gradient =
Vertical
r
rtical
rise
Horizontal run
58.6 18.6
180 80
40
100
= 0.440
The gradient of 0.40 corresponds to the rate of tax of 40 cents for each $1.
Graphing tax rates
1
2
3
Draw a number plane with the taxable income as the horizontal axis and the
tax payable as the vertical axis.
Use information in the tax rate table to determine the points. Plot the points.
Join the points to make a straight line segment for each rate of tax.
Example 11
Amy pays $10 000 in tax. Use the graph on the previous page to determine her taxable
income.
Solution
1
2
3
4
Taxable income is
approximately $50 000.
Chapter 10 Taxation
315
Exercise 10F
The line graph below shows taxable income against tax payable.
30
25
20
15
10
5
20
40
60
80
Taxable income (thousands of dollars)
100
Use the line graph to approximate the tax payable on the following taxable incomes.
a $5000
b
$90 000
c $15 000
d
$70 000
e $50 000
f
$80 000
2
Use the line graph in question 1 to approximate the taxable income on the following tax
payable.
a $12 000
b
$30 000
c $6000
d
$9000
e $25 000
f
$15 000
Max paid $21 000 in tax. Use the line graph in question 1 to determine his taxable
income.
Use the line graph in question 1 to determine the tax rate (or gradient) for the following
amounts.
a Taxable income between $0 and $10 000
b Taxable income between $10 000 and $30 000
c Taxable income between $30 000 and $60 000
d Taxable income between $60 000 and $100 000
316
Development
5
The straight line on the graph represents a flat tax rate of 20%. The other line graph
shows the current tax structure.
60
50
40
30
20
10
20
a
b
c
d
6
40
60
80
100
120
140
Taxable income (thousands of dollars)
160
180
Calculate the tax payable on the flat tax rate for a taxable income of $40000.
What range of incomes would the flat rate of tax be a better system? Answer to the
nearest ten thousand.
What is the difference in tax payable between the two systems on a taxable income of
$180000?
What is the difference in tax payable between the two systems on a taxable income of
$80000?
Draw a line graph of the tax rates shown in the table below. Use taxable income as the
horizontal axis and tax payable as the vertical axis.
Taxable income
Tax payable
0$10000
Nil
$10001$50000
$50001$100000
$100001$200000
Chapter 10 Taxation
Study guide 10
Allowable deductions
Taxable income
Medicare levy
Calculating tax
To calculate the GST find 10% (or VAT rate) of the pre-tax
price.
To calculate the total cost of an item, add the GST (or VAT)
to the pre-tax price.
To calculate the pre-tax price given the total cost of an item,
divide the total cost by 110% (or 100% + VAT rate).
70
(180, 58.6)
60
50
40
30
20
10
(80, 18.6)
(6, 0) (30, 3.6)
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Taxable income (thousands of dollars)
Review
317
Review
318
Alexei is a landscape gardener and entitled to the following tax deductions: union fees
of $484, donations of $720, equipment cost of $860, and car expenses of $1455. What is
Alexeis total allowable tax deduction?
A $484
B $860
C $1455
D $3519
Stephanie has an allowable deduction of $4690. What is her taxable income if her gross
annual salary is $43720?
A $39030
B $43720
C $48410
D $90620
William has a taxable income of $53684. What is his Medicare levy? (Assume the
Medicare levy is calculated at a rate of 1.5% of the taxable income.)
A $80.53
B $805.26
C $8052.60
D $80526
The rate of the Medicare levy is 1.5% of the taxable income. What is the taxable income if
the Medicare levy was $1208.85? Answer correct to the nearest dollar.
A $18
B $1813
C $80590
D $139018
Charlotte is a librarian who has a taxable income of $69410. The tax payable on the first
$30000 is $3600 and the balance was taxed at a marginal rate of 30%.
How much does Charlotte have to pay in tax?
A $3600
B $15423
C $30000
D $24423
A house owner receives an electricity bill for $598, before a GST of 10% is added. How
much is the GST?
A $5.98
B $59.80
C $592.02
D $538.20
After the 16% VAT was added, the price of a DVD player was $278. What was the price
without VAT? Answer to the nearest cent.
A $44.48
B $239.66
C $239.67
D $322.48
Chapter 10 Taxation
319
Sienna owns a clothing store and is entitled to the following tax deductions: $570 for union
fees, tax agent fee of $375, charity donations of $390, information technology costs of
$3910 and printing costs of $528. What is Siennas total tax deduction?
What is the taxable income if the gross salary is $82390 and the allowable tax deduction is
$4870?
Ryan is a small business owner who bought a $3850 computer for business use. The
computer is an allowable deduction with a rate of depreciation of 33% p.a.
a How much can he claim for depreciation in the first year?
b What is the depreciated value of the computer after the first year?
James works for a modelling agency and earns a gross fortnightly pay of $3720. He pays
PAYG tax of $986 per fortnight and has tax deductions of $15 per week for dry-cleaning,
$1450 for work-related travel and $1000 per year for charities.
a What is Jamess gross yearly salary?
b How much tax is deducted each week?
c What is Jamess total allowable tax deduction?
d Calculate Jamess taxable income.
Jessica has a gross weekly pay of $1024. She received $490 in interest from a term deposit
account. Jessica has an allowable deduction of $1380.
a What is Jessicas gross annual income?
b Calculate Jessicas taxable income.
c The Medicare levy is 1.5% of the taxable income. How much will Jessica pay for the
Medicare levy?
d Each week $262.50 PAYG tax was deducted from Jessicas pay. How much did Jessica
pay in PAYG tax for the year?
Review
Chapter
Earning
Money Calculate the tax payable on this amount. Use the
6 Rubysummary
has a taxableincome
of $134830.
personal income tax rates on page 304.
7
Cooper is a retail store manager. After he received a $2300 annual pay rise, his salary
became $73450. How much of the $2300 pay rise was he required to pay in tax? Use the
personal income tax rates on page 304.
Thomas received a bill for internet access of $286. In addition he was required to pay
10% GST.
a How much GST is payable?
b What was the total cost of internet access including the GST?
The straight line graph shows taxable income against tax payable.
60
50
Tax payable (thousands of dollars)
Review
320
40
30
20
10
20
a
b
c
40
60
80
100
Taxable income (thousands of dallars)
120
140
Use the graph to estimate the tax payable on a taxable income of $30000.
Use the graph to estimate the taxable income on a tax payable of $20000.
What is the rate of tax between a taxable income of $10000 and $30000?
Challenge questions 10
C H A P T E R
11
Summary statistics
Syllabus topic DS3 Summary statistics
Calculate the median
Calculate the mean, mode and median
Determine the mean from grouped data
Calculate the standard deviation
Compare a summary of statistics from various samples
A statistic is any number that can be calculated from data. Summary statistics are special statistics
that indicate certain features of the data. They are generally measures of the centre or the spread.
The median is the middle score or value. To find the median, list all the scores in increasing
order and select the middle one. For example, the median of 7, 5, 2, 4 and 9 is found by
sorting the five scores and finding the middle score, or 5.
2
When there is an even number of scores, the median is the average of the two middle scores.
For example, the median of 1, 7, 5, 2, 4 and 9 is found by sorting the six scores and finding
the average of 4 and 5, or 4.5.
1
321
The Powers Family Trust 2013
ISBN: 9781107627291
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
322
Median
2
n+1
2
score.
n
2
and
Example 1
a
b
c
12
15
13
10
4
5
6
n +1= 6 +1
2
2
=4
10 + 12
Median =
2
= 11
323
Exercise 11A
1
324
Development
7
10
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Age
Frequency
13
14
15
16
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
6
8 10 12 14 16
Size of jeans
30
Cum freq
11
78
2359
126799
017
27
4
3
2
1
Frequency
0
1
2
3
4
25
20
15
10
5
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Score
325
The mean is a measure of the centre. It is calculated by summing all the scores and dividing
by the number of scores. For example, consider the scores 1, 6, 3 and 2. The mean is
1+ 6 + 3+ 2
4
= 3. The mean of a set of data is what most people call the average.
Mean
Mean =
Sum of scores
Number of scores
or
x=
x
n
or
x=
fx
f
The mean formula contains symbols or statistical notation that enables complex formulas to
be written in a compact form. The meaning of the symbols is as follows:
Solution
1
2
3
x
n
2 +5+6 + 9+ 3
=
5
=5
x=
326
Example 3
The table below shows the number of sunny days for the first six months.
a
b
15
13
12
10
Solution
1
Evaluate.
Express answer correct to two decimal
places.
5
6
x
n
15 + 13 + 12 + 10 + 9 + 8
=
6
67
=
6
= 11.1666666
= 11.17
x=
327
Mode
The mode is the score that occurs the
most. It is the score with the highest
frequency. The mode is useful for
categorical data which do not allow
numerical calculations. For example, the
data collected may be a colour. Modes may
occur at the beginning or end of a range
of values. Therefore, conclusions based
only on the mode may be inaccurate. It is
common for data to have several modes.
For example, if there are two modes then
data is referred to as bimodal. When data is
grouped into classes, the class that occurs
the most is called the modal class.
Mode
1
2
Example 4
15
13
12
10
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
328
Exercise 11B
1
b
d
f
h
Find the mean of each data set. Answer correct to one decimal place.
a
13, 14, 15
b
5, 6, 7, 8, 9
c
5, 7, 8, 9, 13, 15
d
6, 8, 11, 13
e
6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 19
f
1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3
g
9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11
h
6, 6, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10
b
d
f
h
6, 17, 6, 5, 9, 1, 13, 6, 0
22, 31, 22, 28, 43, 22
13, 3, 7, 9, 5, 5, 8, 12, 10
47, 49, 39, 35, 39, 41, 44
Eleven students were surveyed on the number of hours they used the internet in the past
week. Their answers were: 3, 5, 15, 13, 12, 12, 9, 12, 13, 14 and 16. Find the mode
number of hours of internet usage.
329
Development
6
Nine students were surveyed on the number of hours they slept last night. Their answers
were 10, 8, 7, 7, 4, 7, 8, 9 and 11.
a Find the mean number of hours slept.
b Find the mode number of hours slept.
c A tenth student was then surveyed and the mean changed to 7.5. What was the
number of hours slept by the tenth student?
11B
a
b
c
d
Cell C5 has a formula that multiplies cells A5 to B5. Enter this formula.
Enter formulas into cells C6 to C11 to complete the fx column.
Enter a formula in cell B12 to sum the frequency column.
Enter a formula in cell B13 to calculate the mean.
8
A score was added to the set of scores: 15, 18, 20, 22, 24 and 26. The new mean is equal
to 20. What score was added?
330
To calculate the mean from a frequency table, another column is added: the frequency
score or fx column. See the example below. The sum of the fx column (or fx) gives the sum
of all the scores and the sum of the f column (or f ) gives the number of scores.
Mean
Mean =
or x =
Sum of scores
Sum of ffxx column
=
Number of scores Sum off f column
fx
fx
Example 5
Frequency ( f )
18
19
20
21
Frequency Score ( fx )
Solution
1
4
5
6
fx
Write the formula x = f .
fx
18
18
19
95
20
60
21
147
16
320
fx
f
320
=
16
= 20
x=
331
Class
Frequency ( f )
15
40
610
25
1115
13
20
1620
18
10
2125
23
fx
What is the mean over the speed limit for this data?
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
6
fx
Write the formula x = f .
fx
40
120
25
200
13
20
260
18
10
180
23
115
100
875
fx
f
875
=
100
= 8.75
x=
332
Exercise 11C
1
Complete the following tables and calculate the mean, correct to two decimal places.
a
Freq ( f )
Score (x)
Freq ( f )
15
16
17
18
19
Score (x)
Freq ( f )
22
fx
fx
Score (x)
Freq ( f )
23
24
25
26
fx
fx
Find the mean of the data in the following table. Answer correct to two decimal places.
a
Score (x)
Score
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Frequency
Score
Frequency
12
10
15
12
14
15
Find the mean of the data in the following table. Answer correct to two decimal places.
Class
09
1019
2029
3039
4049
5059
6069
Class centre
4.5
14.5
24.5
34.5
44.5
54.5
64.5
Frequency
5
The grouped frequency table shows the number of passengers carried by an airliner.
Class
a
b
c
333
Freq. (f)
1519
20
2024
29
2529
22
3034
18
3539
32
4044
18
4549
23
fx
a
b
c
Freq. ( f )
980984
985989
16
990994
130
995999
352
10001004
353
10051009
128
10101014
19
10151019
fx
Copy and complete the table by finding the class centre and the fx column.
How many packets of sugar were selected?
Find the mean of this data. Answer correct to one decimal place.
334
Development
7
Frequency ( f )
140149
150159
fx
6
170179
180189
a
b
c
d
e
f
8
The number of breakdown calls received by the NRMA road service are shown below.
82
69
78
83
75
89
82
89
68
90
80
79
83
68
79
91
82
79
70
90
75
70
90
74
74
75
90
80
80
85
a
b
c
d
e
f
335
The calculations involved with this formula are complex and time consuming. Fortunately, the
calculator is able to perform these calculations easily.
Standard deviation
Standard deviation measures the spread of data about the mean.
n Population standard deviation.
Example 7
59
65
70
62
71
66
Find the population standard deviation of Test A, correct to two decimal places.
Calculate the population standard deviation using the graphics calculator.
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
n = 4.19
336
Example 8
Hannah decorates and sells cupcakes at the local market. The frequency table below shows the
number of cakes sold during the first three hours of the day.
Score (x) Frequency ( f )
1
13
19
14
10
Find the sample standard deviation. Answer correct to two decimal places. Check the result
using the graphics calculator.
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
337
Exercise 11D
1
Find the population standard deviation of each data set, correct to one decimal place.
a
4, 6, 8, 10, 12
b
23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29
c
0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24
d
3, 3, 5, 7, 9, 9
e
6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6
f
124, 135, 145, 132, 130, 145, 156
g
4.3, 5.6, 3.4, 7.8, 2.3, 9.1
h
112, 4, 0, 100, 7, 98, 1
Find the population standard deviation in each of the following tables. Answer correct to
one decimal place.
a
Score
10
11
Frequency
Score
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Frequency
The tables below show the average number of cloudy days per month for two cities.
Calculate the population standard deviation, correct to two decimal places.
a
Score
Frequency
16
Score
Frequency
12
17
18
19
12
338
Development
5
The results for Andrew and Kayla in their tests this term are listed below.
Andrew
17
18
15
13
10
13
14
16
16
Kayla
16
10
15
11
15
16
19
a
b
c
What are the mean and population standard deviation for Andrews results?
What are the mean and population standard deviation for Kaylas results?
Which student had the more consistent results throughout the term? Give a reason.
Find the sample standard deviation of each data set, correct to one decimal place.
a 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13
b 20, 21, 22, 31, 28, 22, 43, 22
c 13, 10, 7, 9, 9, 15, 9, 3, 6, 9
d 100, 100, 7, 9, 5, 9, 10
e 1.0, 1.3, 3.4, 7.5, 8.9
f 11, 9, 7, 7, 5, 3, 0, 1, 2
7
Frequency ( f )
019
2039
4059
6079
Use your calculator to estimate the sample standard deviation. Answer correct to one
decimal place.
339
The selection and use of the appropriate statistic (mean, median, or mode) depends on the
nature of the data and the relative merits of each measure. For example, if the data contains
one or two extreme scores then the value of the mean will greatly increase or decrease.
Advantages
Easy to calculate.
Easy to understand.
Depends on every score.
Varies least from sample to sample.
Disadvantages
Distorted by outliers.
Not suitable for categorical data.
Advantages
Easy to understand.
Not affected by outliers.
Mean
Median Disadvantages
Advantages
Easy to determine.
Most typical value.
Not affected by outliers.
Suitable for categorical data.
Disadvantages
Mode
Outliers
An outlier is a score that is separated from the majority of the data. For example, the data 0, 0,
0, 1, 1, 2, 45 has an outlier of 45. In small sets of data, the presence of an outlier will have a
large effect on the mean, a smaller effect on the median and usually no effect on the mode.
340
Example 9
Solution
1
2
3
x
Write the mean formula x = n .
x
n
56
=
9
= 6.2
Mean x =
Median
3, 4, 4, 5, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8
n +1 = 9 +1
2
2
=5
Median is 8.
Mode is 8.
341
Exercise 11E
1
Score
Frequency
10
9.0
Consider the following set of scores: 12, 15, 16, 16, 18, 18, 19, 20, 20, 60.
a
Calculate the mean and median of the set of scores.
b
What is the effect on the mean and the median of removing the outlier?
A hospitality class has eight students. The class sat for a test and the results were: 99, 96,
92, 95, 96, 12, 96 and 95.
a
Find the mean, median and mode scores. Answer correct to the nearest
whole number.
b
Molly scored 92. She told her father that her result was above the average. Do you
agree with Mollys statement? Give a reason for your answer.
342
Development
7
Senior students were surveyed and the results of two samples are shown below.
Sample A
Score
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Sample B
Score
Frequency
What are the similarities and differences between the two samples?
Frequency
11E
a
b
c
d
9
13.5
The formulas for cells D4:D11 are shown above. Enter these formulas.
Compare the mean, median and mode for this data. Which measure does not provide
an accurate measure of the centre? Explain your answer.
Modify the data so that the mean, median and mode are the same value.
Modify the data so that the mode is smaller than the mean and the median.
Real estate agents and the media use the median as a measure to compare house prices.
Why is the median a better measure than the mean or the mode?
14.9
Median
Study guide 11
Mean
n
2
and the
Sum of scores
Number of scores
x or x = fx
x=
f
n
Mean =
Sum of.
x A score or data value.
x Mean of a set of scores.
n Total number of scores.
f Frequency.
Mode
Standard deviation
Review
343
Review
344
The scores 6, 7, 8, 9, , 12, 13, 15, 15 and 16 have a median of 12. What is the missing
number?
A 9
B 10
C 11
D 12
Score
Frequency
44
45
46
47
48
49
33.5
The mean of five scores is 4. What is the missing score if four of the scores are 2, 5,
5 and 7?
A 1
B 2
C 4
D 5
10
fx
Score Frequency
1
What is the population standard deviation for 6, 10, 14, 18, 22,
26 and 30?
A 6
B 8
C 10
D 12
345
Review
The number of major road accidents on the Pacific Highway in the past 12 months is:
4, 8, 7, 9, 14, 4, 6, 5, 8, 4, 9 and 10.
a What is the median?
b What is the mode?
c What is the mean?
Score
Frequency
20
21
22
23
The number of teenagers who attended on each day of a young leaders conference was
4, 7, 8, 11 and 5. What is the mean of this data?
Find the population standard deviation of each data set. Answer correct to one decimal
place.
a 24, 30, 12, 18, 36
b 21, 22, 23, 18, 19, 20, 24
Find the population standard deviation in the following table. Answer correct to two
decimal places.
Score
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Frequency
12
11
Review
346
Find the sample standard deviation of each data set. Answer correct to one decimal place.
a 24, 18, 12, 22, 19, 16, 18, 18, 15, 18
b 10, 18, 50, 18, 50, 14, 20
10
11
12
Class
Class
centre
Freq. (f)
1012
1315
1618
1921
2224
13
A science class has 20 students. The results of the first assessment task were:
67, 88, 69, 90, 75, 78, 81, 63, 90, 79, 89, 90, 80, 77, 32, 70, 69, 85, 91 and 24.
a Find the mean, median and mode scores. Answer correct to one decimal place.
b Which is the better measure for the centre of the data? Explain your answer.
14
Sales for a new book were: 2, 5, 0, 2, 0, 11, 3, 2, 6, 0, 0, 3, 3 and 5. Which is the best
measure to summarise this data mean, median or mode? Give a reason.
fx
Challenge questions 11
C H A P T E R
12
When we enlarge or reduce a shape by a scale factor, the original and the image are similar. Similar
shapes have corresponding angles equal and corresponding sides in same ratio or proportion.
20 mm
A
40 mm
B
5 mm
10 mm
For example, the above rectangles are similar. All the angles are 90. The corresponding
sides are in the same ratio 10 = 40 = 2 . The measurements in rectangle B are twice the
5
20
measurements in rectangle A. Rectangle B has been enlarged by a scale factor of 2.
347
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348
Similar gures
Similar figures are exactly the same shape but are a different size.
Corresponding (or matching) angles of similar figures are equal.
Corresponding (or matching) sides of similar figures are in the same ratio.
Scale factor is the amount the first shape is enlarged or reduced to get the second shape.
Example 1
12
Solution
1
Example 2
Scalee ffactor =
Rectangle B is
rectangle A.
1
3
the size of
48
8
10
Solution
1
2
3
4
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48
8
= 6 (or
(or 6:1
6 :1 )
Scalee ffactor =
x = 10 6
= 60
349
Exercise 12A
1
135
71
68
E
99
54
D
56
56
101
G
H
67
101
3
8
101
67
54
99
3
56
68
101
124
3.5
1
124
71
56
56
135
56
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350
What is the scale factor for the following pairs of similar figures?
a
b
3
12
15
5
4
12
2
8
2 124
56
56
124
4
124
56
56
3
124
63
72
4
45
72
63
45
12
Use the scale factor to find the length of the unknown side in the following pairs of
similar figures.
a
b
3
6
2
101
10
101
d
c
67
101 10
68
67
101
15
56
68
56
56
9
56
45
4
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6
A
4
B
351
Development
5
2.5
7
Consider these three triangles and write true or false to the following statements.
55
A
25
a
65
m
2 cm
6 cm
a
c
15 cm
b
d
Let BC = a, AC = b, BD = x, AD = y and DC = z.
a Why is ADC similar to ABC?
b Write an expression for the three corresponding sides of
the similar triangles.
z
C
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a
Cambridge University Press
352
3
4
Example 3
What is the length of the unknown sides in the following pair of similar triangles?
1.5
y
1.875
20
12
Solution
x
12 Second shape
=
1.875 1.5 First shape
12
x=
1.875
1.5
= 15
20 12 Second shape
=
y 1.5 First shape
12 y = 2200 1.5
20 1.5
y=
12
= 2.5
x = 15 and y = 2.5
1
2
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353
Example 4
1m
5m
80 cm
Solution
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1
2
3
4
5
6
354
Exercise 12B
1
Find the length of the pronumeral for the following pairs of similar triangles. All
measurements are in centimetres.
a
1.5
12
6
21
10
x
Find the length of the unknown sides for the following pairs of similar triangles. All
measurements are in centimetres.
a
15
16
10
24
12
9
p
12
6
7
4
10
28
20
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355
A tree casts a shadow 3.5 m long. At the same time a one metre ruler casts a shadow
0.5 m long. What is the height of the tree? Answer correct to
one decimal place.
1m
0.5 m
3.5 m
4
9m
Tower
Stick
Flagpole
Jessica
A 5.4 m high pole casts a shadow of 3.6 m in length. At the same time,
the shadow of a building falls exactly over the pole and its shadow. The
shadow cast by the building measures 14.4 m. How high is the building?
Answer correct to one decimal place.
A fence is 1.5 m in height and has a shadow of length
2.1 m. At the same time the shadow thrown by a light
pole is 3.6 m. How high is the light pole? Answer
correct to one decimal place.
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Pole
Light pole
Fence
356
Development
10
12
8
x
3
6
y
7
3
9
z
11
Lucas and his younger brother Nathan are standing side by side. Nathan is 1.4 m tall and
casts a shadow 3.5 m long. How tall is Lucas if his shadow is 5 m long? Answer correct
to one decimal place.
12
13
A tree and a 1 m vertical stick cast their shadows at a particular time of the day. The
shadow of the tree is 32 m and the shadow of the vertical stick is 4 m.
a Draw two triangles to represent the above information.
b Give a reason why the two triangles are similar.
c Find the height of the tree correct to the nearest metre.
14
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80 cm
357
Scale drawing
Scale of a drawing = Drawing length : Actual length
Scale is expressed in two ways:
Using units such as 1 cm to 1 m (or 1 cm = 1 m).
No units such as 1 : 100.
Example 5
Using a scale
Actual length = 30 50 mm
= 1500 mm
= 150 cm
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358
Exercise 12C
1
A scale drawing has a scale of 1 : 100. What is the actual length of these drawing lengths?
Express your answer in metres.
a
2 cm
b
10 mm
c
3.4 cm
d
28 mm
e
8.5 cm
f
49 mm
A scale drawing has a scale of 1 : 25 000. What is the drawing length of these actual
lengths? Express your answer in millimetres.
a
2 km
b
750 m
c
4000 cm
d
3.5 km
e
50 000 mm
f
1375 m
The scale on a map is 1 : 1000. Calculate the actual distances if these are the distances on
the map. Express your answer in metres.
a
Road 20 cm
b
Shops 10 cm
c
Pathway 5 cm
d
Parking area 10 mm
e
Bridge 34 mm
f
Park 80 mm
Woy Woy
Palm Beach
Penrith
Parramatta
Mona
Vale
SYDNEY
Coogee
The scale on a map is 1 : 5000. Calculate the map distances if these are actual distances.
Express your answer in millimetres.
a
50 m
b
80 m
c
100 m
d
120 m
e
150 m
f
240 m
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359
Development
9
10
The scale of a model is 2:150. Calculate the model lengths if these are actual lengths.
Express your answer in millimetres.
a 75 cm
b 180 cm
c 300 cm
d 45 m
e 6 m
f
36 m
11
12
The total length of the Sydney Harbour Bridge is 1150 metres. A scale model is built for
a coffee table of length 1.2 metres using the picture below.
a
b
c
d
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360
opposite
adjacent
The opposite and adjacent sides are located in relation to the position of angle . If was in
the other angle, the sides would swap their labels. The letter is the Greek letter theta. It is
commonly used to label an angle.
Example 6
What are the values of the hypotenuse, the opposite side and the
adjacent side in the triangle shown?
Solution
1
2
3
Hypotenuse is 5 (h = 5)
Opposite side is 4 (o = 5)
Adjacent side is 3 (a = 5)
opposite
hypotenuse
cos =
adjacent
hypotenuse
tan =
opposite
adjacent
sin =
o
(SOH)
h
cos =
a
(CAH)
h
tan =
o
(TOA)
a
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361
Trigonometric ratios
The mnemonic SOH CAH TOA is pronounced as a single word.
SOH: Sine-Opposite-Hypotenuse
CAH: Cosine-Adjacent-Hypotenuse
TOA: Tangent-Opposite-Adjacent
The order of the letters matches the ratio of the sides.
6
2
30
4
1
2
30
30
The three triangles drawn above show the ratio of the opposite side to the hypotenuse as 0.5
1 2
3
2 , 4 or 6 . This is called the sine ratio. All right-angled triangles with an angle of 30 have
a sine ratio of 0.5. If the angle is not 30 the ratio will be different, but any two right-angled
triangles with the same angle will have the same value for their sine ratio.
Similarly, the three triangles drawn below show the ratio of the opposite side to the adjacent
1 2
3
side as 1 , or . This is called the tangent ratio. All right-angled triangles with an angle
3
1 2
of 45 have a tangent ratio of 1.
3
2
1
45
1
45
45
2
The ratio of the opposite side to the hypotenuse (sine ratio), the ratio of the adjacent side to
the hypotenuse (cosine ratio) and the ratio of the opposite side to the adjacent side (tangent
ratio) will always be constant irrespective of the size of the right-angled triangle.
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362
Example 7
Find the sine, cosine and tangent ratios for angle in the
triangle shown.
15
17
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Example 8
o
h
8
=
17
a
cos =
h
15
=
17
o
tan =
a
8
=
15
sin =
6
.
8
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
theorem.
8
Substitute the length of the sides into
Pythagoras theorem.
Take the square root to find the hypotenuse (h). h2 = 6 2 + 82
Evaluate.
h = 6 2 + 82
= 10
o
sin =
Write the sine ratio (SOH).
h
Substitute the values for the opposite side and
6
the hypotenuse.
=
10
Simplify the ratio.
3
=
5
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363
Exercise 12D
1
State the values of the hypotenuse, opposite side and adjacent side in each triangle.
a
8
10
13
12
5
e
39
5
f
30
18
36
15
12
15
24
State the values of the hypotenuse, opposite side and adjacent side in each triangle.
a
e
a
Write the ratios for sin , cos and tan for each triangle in question 1.
Write the ratios for sin , cos and tan for each triangle in question 2.
10
24
ii
iii
10
26
24
26
10
24
12
20
16
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i
ii
iii
12
20
16
12
16
20
364
Development
6
Find the sine, cosine and tangent ratios in simplest form for each angle.
a
angle
ii angle
i
11
angle
ii angle
i
32
40
60
61
angle
ii angle
i
45
51
angle
ii angle
i
24
24
Find the sine and cosine ratios in simplest form for angle A and B for each triangle.
a
b
A
20
C
A
34
16
30
8
15
B
25
Draw a right-angled triangle for each of the following trigonometric ratios and
i find the length of the third side.
ii find the other two trigonometric ratios in simplest form.
a
tan =
3
4
cos =
7
25
sin =
8
10
2
60
a
b
c
60
Measure the length of the hypotenuse, adjacent and opposite sides in each triangle.
What is the value of the cosine ratio for 60 in both triangles?
What is the value of the sine ratio for 60 in both triangles?
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365
Minutes
1 degree = 60 minutes
1 = 60
1 minute = 60 seconds
1 = 60
Example 9
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366
3
= 0.803 847 577 3
tan 75
= 0.80
sin 3420 = 0.564 006 558 1
= 0.56
Example 10
a
b
sin = 0.6123
= 37.755 994 38
= 38
tan = 1.45
= 5524 27.76
= 5524
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367
Exercise 12E
1
60
5
d
h
600 minutes
20 minutes
Find the value of the following trigonometric ratios, correct to two decimal places.
a
sin 20
b cos 43
c tan 65
d cos 72
e
tan 13
f sin 82
g cos 15
h tan 48
Find the value of the following trigonometric ratios, correct to two decimal places.
a
cos 6330
b sin 4010
c cos 5245
d cos 3523
e
sin 2256
f tan 5342
g tan 682
h cos 6557
Find the value of the following trigonometric ratios, correct to one decimal place.
a
4 cos 30
b 3 tan 53
c 5 sin 74
d 6 sin 82
e
11 sin 2130
f 7 cos 3240
g 4 sin 2512
h 8 tan 3924
Given the following trigonometric ratios, find the value of to the nearest degree.
a
sin = 0.5673
b
cos = 0.1623
c
tan = 0.2782
1
5
3
sin =
cos =
tan =
d
e
f
2
8
4
Given the following trigonometric ratios, find the value of to the nearest minute.
a
tan = 0.3891
b
sin = 0.6456
c
cos = 0.1432
3
1
1
sin =
d
e
f
tan = 1
cos =
5
3
4
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368
Development
9
10
11
Find the value of the following trigonometric ratios, correct to two decimal places.
a
5
tan 40
4
cos 389
1
sin 63
5
tan 7236
12
cos 25
3
sin 42
6
sin 5548
7
cos 7116
Given the following trigonometric ratios, find the value of to the nearest degree.
a
sin =
3
2
tan =
4
6
tan =
cos =
5
6
cos =
3
2
sin =
Given the following trigonometric ratios, find the value of to the nearest minute.
a
cos =
sin =
3
4
tan =
5
12
sin =
7
7
tan =
2
7
cos =
11
12
Given the following trigonometric ratios, find the value of to the nearest degree.
a tan = 1:6
b sin = 2:5
c cos = 3:8
13
Given that sin = 0.4 and angle is less than 90, find the value of:
a to the nearest degree.
b cos , correct to one decimal place.
c tan , correct to two decimal places.
14
Given that tan = 2.1 and angle is less than 90, find the value of:
a to the nearest minute.
b sin, correct to three decimal places.
c cos, correct to four decimal places.
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369
12.6
Trigonometric ratios are used to find an unknown side in a right-angled triangle, given at least
one angle and one side. The method involves labelling the sides of the triangle and using the
mnemonic SOH CAH TOA. The resulting equation is rearranged to make x the subject and the
calculator used to find the unknown side.
Finding an unknown side in a right-angled triangle
1
2
3
4
5
Name the sides of the triangle h for hypotenuse, o for opposite and
a for adjacent.
Use the given side and unknown side x to determine the trigonometric
ratio. The mnemonic SOH CAH TOA helps with this step.
Rearrange the equation to make the unknown side x the subject.
Use the calculator to find x. Remember to check the calculator is set up
for degrees.
Write the answer to the specified level of accuracy.
Example 11
Find the length of the unknown side x in the triangle shown. Answer
correct to two decimal places.
25
34
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
6
o
h
x
sin 34 =
25
25 sin 34 = x
x = 25 sin 34
= 13.979 822 59
sin =
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=13.98
370
x
60
Example 12
Find the length of the unknown side x in the triangle shown. Answer
correct to two decimal places.
x
40
12
Solution
1
2
3
4
a
h
12
cos 40 =
x
x cos 40 = 12
12
x=
cos 40
= 15.6664 887 47
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cos =
= 15.66
371
Exercise 12F
1
Find the length of the unknown side x in each triangle, correct to two decimal places.
a
15
31
35
x
x
24
23
42
9
43
76
x
55
60
x
26.7
x
20
60
34
7
48.4
x
21.1
Find the length of the unknown side x in each triangle, correct to two decimal places.
a
47
67
5845
x
31
4435
2620
389
27
29
355
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5
188
x
372
Development
3
Find the length of the unknown side x in each triangle, correct to two decimal places.
a
34
48
90
77
11
70
42
44
Find the length of the unknown side x in each triangle, correct to one decimal place.
a
87
6815
256
29
1650
47
4953
287
12
321
51
47
4
33
63
47
Find the length of the unknown side x in each triangle, correct to three decimal places.
21.7
12.5
x
80.9
39
64
42
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373
12.7
Trigonometric ratios are used to find an unknown angle in a right-angled triangle, given
at least two sides. The method involves labelling the sides of the triangle and using the
mnemonic SOH CAH TOA. The resulting equation is rearranged to make the subject and
the calculator is used to find the unknown angle.
Finding an unknown angle in a right-angled triangle
1
2
3
4
5
Example 13
16
24
Solution
1
2
3
4
o
h
16
sin =
24
sin =
16
= sin 1
24
5
or
6
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= 41.810 314 9
= 42
374
Exercise 12G
1
Find the unknown angle in each triangle. Answer correct to the nearest degree.
a
55
12
13
38
15
26
40
57
26
19
16
33
37
42
57
40
Find the unknown angle in each triangle. Answer correct to the nearest degree.
a
10.2
2.4
42.3
3.0
7.9
50.6
9.8
8.3
3.3
98.3
4.5
67.5
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375
Development
3
Find the unknown angle in each triangle. Answer correct to the nearest minute.
a
b
c
8
22
19
16
25
61
43
66
13
7
47
Find the unknown angle in each triangle. Answer correct to the nearest degree.
a
b
c
1 23
4 12
7
8
2 14
4 35
3 34
5
Find the unknown angle in each triangle. Answer correct to the nearest degree.
a
b
c
3
29
17
15
20
21
Find the angle and in each triangle. Answer correct to the nearest minute.
a
b
c
26
8
30
10
24
34
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16
10
376
12.8
Trigonometry is used to solve many practical problems. How high is that tree? What is
the height of the mountain? Calculate the width of the river. When solving a trigonometric
problem make sure you read the question carefully and draw a diagram. Label all the
information given in the question on this diagram.
Solving a trigonometric worded problem
1
2
3
4
5
Example 14
44
8.35 m
Solution
1
x
44
8.35 m
2
3
4
5
6
7
tan =
o
a
x
8.35
8.35 tan 44 = x
x = 8.35 tan 444
x = 8.06
tan 44 =
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377
Trigonometry has many applications, such as in building and construction. Any vertical parts
of a structure make a right angle with horizontal parts. Sloping lines in the structure complete
a right-angled triangle, and trigonometry can be used to calculate its other angles and side
lengths.
Example 15
The sloping roof of a shed uses sheets of Colorbond steel 4.5 m long on a
shed 4 m wide. There is no overlap of the roof past the sides of the walls.
Find the angle the roof makes with the horizontal. Answer correct to the
nearest degree.
4.5 m
4m
Solution
1
4m
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a
h
4
cos =
4.5
cos =
4
= cos1
4.5
= 27.266 044 45
= 27
The roof makes an angle
of 27.
378
Exercise 12H
1
25 m
37
42
5m
Ann noticed a tree was directly opposite her on the far bank of
Tree
the river. After she walked 50 m along the side of the river, she
found her line of sight to the tree made an angle of 39 with the
river bank. Find the width of the river, to the nearest metre.
39
50 m
Ann
Boat
70 m
35
2m
A 3.5 m ladder has its foot 2.5 m out from the base of a wall. What
angle does the ladder make with the ground? Answer correct to the
nearest degree.
3.6 m
3.5 m
2.5 m
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379
Development
7
A plane maintains a flight path of 19 with the horizontal after it takes off. It travels for
4 km along the flight path. Find, correct to one decimal place:
a the horizontal distance of the plane from its take-off point.
b the height of the plane above ground level.
A shooter 80 m from a target and level with it, aims 2 m above the bullseye and hits it.
What is the angle, to the nearest minute, that his rifle is inclined to the line of sight from
his eye to the target?
10
A rope needs to be fixed with one end attached to the top of a 6 m vertical pole and the
other end pegged at an angle of 65 with the level ground. Find the required length of
rope. Answer correct to one decimal place.
11
Two ladders are the same distance up the wall. The shorter
ladder is 5 m long and makes an angle of 50 with the ground.
The longer ladder is 7 m long. Find:
a the distance the ladders are up the wall, correct to two
decimal places.
b the angle the longer ladder makes with the ground, correct
to the nearest degree.
12
7m
5m
50
A pole is supported by a wire that runs from the top of the pole to a point on the level
ground 7.2 m from the base of the pole. The height of the pole is 5.6 m. Find the angle,
to the nearest degree, that the wire makes with the ground.
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380
Angle of elevation
Angle of depression
Horizontal
Horizontal
Angle of
elevation
Angle of
depression
The angle of elevation is equal to the angle of depression as they form alternate angles
between two parallel lines. This information is useful to solve some problems.
Angle of
depression
Example 16
Angle of
elevation
Angle of elevation
Volcanic
plume
41
7 km
Solution
1
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7 km
o
a
x
tan 41 =
7
7 tan 41 = x
x = 7 tan 41
tan =
6
7
8
Example 17
381
Angle of depression
Solution
1
17
85 m
17
x
6
7
8
9
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o
a
85
tan17 =
x
x tan17 = 85
85
x=
tan17
= 278.0224726
tan =
x = 278
The ship is 278 metres from
the base of the cliff.
382
Exercise 12I
1
Luke walked 400 m away from the base of a tall building, on level
ground. He measured the angle of elevation to the top of the building
to be 62. Find the height of the building. Answer correct to the
nearest metre.
62
400 m
59
x
70 m
When Sarah looked from the top of a cliff 50 m high, she noticed a
boat at an angle of depression of 25. How far was the boat from the
base of the cliff? Answer correct to two decimal places.
25
50 m
13
4000 m
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38
x
120 m
383
130 m
800 m
8
130 m
300 m
40 m
60 m
10
11
12.011 km
12 km
7m
150 m
12
28 m
42 m
13
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850 m
1162 m
384
Development
14
15
The angle of elevation to the top of a tree from a point A on the ground is 25. The point
A is 22 m from the base of the tree. Find the height of the tree. Answer correct to nearest
metre.
16
A plane is 460 m directly above one end of a 1200 m runway. Find the angle of
depression to the far end of the runway. Answer correct to the nearest minute.
17
A communication tower is located on the top of a hill. The angle of elevation to the top
of the hill from an observer 2 km away from the base of the hill is 6. The angle of
elevation to the top of the tower from the observer is 8. Find, to the nearest metre, the
height of the:
a hill.
b hill and the tower.
c tower.
18
19
51
30
65 m
x
y
The angle of elevation from a boat out to sea to the top of a 350 m cliff is 13. After the
boat travels directly towards the cliff, the angle of elevation from the boat is 19. How far
did the boat travel towards the cliff? Answer correct to the nearest metre.
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similar figures
2
3
4
5
6
Trigonometric ratios
sin =
o
a
o
(SOH) cos = (CAH) tan = (TOA)
h
h
a
4
1
2
3
4
Applications of right-angled
triangles
2
3
4
Angle of depression
Angle of elevation
Similar figures are the same shape but are different sizes.
Corresponding (or matching) angles of similar figures are
equal.
Corresponding sides of similar figures are in the same ratio.
Scale factor is the amount of enlargement or reduction.
sin =
Study guide 12
Horizontal
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Horizontal
Angle of
depression
Review
385
Review
386
2
3
A small tree 3 m high throws a shadow 1.5 m long. At the same time a large tree throws a
shadow 24 m long. What is the height of the large tree in metres?
A 12
B 25.5
C 32
D 48
15
12
x
58
18
5
tan
4
34
45
4
tan
5
What is the size of angle in question 6? (Answer correct to one decimal place.)
A 38.6
B 39.0
C 51.0
D 51.3
What is the angle of elevation to the top of a tower 80 m tall and 100 m from the observer?
Answer in degrees correct to one decimal place.
A 51.3
B 51.4
C 38.6
D 38.7
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387
Review
Find the length of the unknown sides for the following pairs of similar triangles.
a
20
6
24
a
b
12
16
6
g
12
14
21
28
n
8
18
6m
30
24
24
26
10
Find the value of the following trigonometric ratios, correct to two decimal places.
a tan 68
b cos 13
c sin 23
d cos 82
Given the following trigonometric ratios, find the value of to the nearest degree.
1
c tan = 0.2
a cos = 0.4829
b sin =
3
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Review
388
63
47
24
x
6515
36
Find the unknown angle in each triangle. Answer correct to the nearest degree.
a
b
c
10
11
17
10
Find the unknown angle in each triangle. Answer correct to the nearest minute.
a
b
c
28
27
10
46
35
33
10
A pole casts a shadow of 5.4 m long. The suns rays make an angle of 36 with the level
ground. Find the height of the pole to the nearest metre.
Sun
36
5.4 m
11
Susan looked from the top of a cliff 62 m high and noticed a ship at an
angle of depression of 31. How far was the ship from the base of the
cliff? Answer correct to one decimal place.
31
62 m
Challenge questions 12
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C H A P T E R
13
Mathematics and
communication
Focus study FSCo Mathematics and communication
Read and interpret mobile phone plans and bills
Calculate the cost of calls using the given time and duration
Determine a suitable mobile phone plan using phone usage
Construct and interpret tables and graphs of phone usage
Use prexes to describe the size of units of storage
Convert units of le storage
Calculate the time to download a le using the download speed
Interpret statistics related to the effect of downloading les
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390
The cost of making a mobile phone call is determined by the connection fee (or flagfall),
call rate and the length of the call. The connection fee and call rate charged depends on the
mobile phone network and mobile phone plan. In general the longer the phone call the greater
the cost. There are thousands of mobile phone plans available from hundreds of providers. It
is essential to do some research and choose the most appropriate plan. There are two broad
categories: prepaid and postpaid.
Mobile phone charge
Call charge = Connection fee + Time used Call rate
Prepaid plan
A prepaid mobile phone requires the user to purchase credit in advance. This credit is used to
pay for phone calls, text messages and data downloads. If users have no available credit then
the mobile phone is blocked for use. Users are able to increase their credit at any time using
their phone or at a retail store. A prepaid plan makes it easier to control spending by limiting
debt. There are also fewer contractual arrangements. However, users often pay more for their
calls and text messages.
Example 1
Plan A
Plan B
$19.00
$24.00
Free calls
$50.00
$20.00
$0.35
$0.25
$0.47
$0.40
SMS
$0.25
$0.25
MMS
$0.50
$0.50
Messaging
391
The table above shows two mobile phone plans. Joel uses Plan A. Paige uses Plan B.
a
What is the call charge if Joel makes a 2-minute call?
b
What is the call charge if Paige makes a 5-minute call?
c
Mia makes 100 calls in a month with each call lasting 1 minute. What is the monthly cost
on Plan B?
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
392
Exercise 13A
1
13A
Basic
d
e
Super
Mega
$29
$49
$79
$99
Free calls
$120
$300
$600
$800
$0.30
$0.30
$0.30
$0.30
$0.44
$0.40
$0.40
$0.35
SMS
$0.25
$0.25
$0.25
$0.25
MMS
$0.50
$0.50
$0.50
$0.50
Messaging
a
Big
393
To
Details
Quantity
15-Apr
15-Apr
14-May
14-May
Up to 50 free SMS
50 calls
Talk Time included value
($10 Rollover to next month)
Amount
11.35CR
54.14CR
$65.49CR
Equipment
From
To
Details
Quantity
Rate
Amount
15-May
15-May
14-Jun
14-Jun
1
1
9.09
22.73
9.09
22.73
$31.82
Time
Origin
Amount
15-Apr
15-Apr
15-Apr
15-Apr
15-Apr
16-Apr
17-Apr
18-Apr
19-Apr
19-Apr
10:10am
11:34am
11:45am
12:02pm
12:15pm
10:10am
11:34am
11:45pm
08:02pm
10:10pm
Sydney
Melbourne
Brisbane
Adelaide
Brisbane
Sydney
Melbourne
Brisbane
Adelaide
Sydney
Mobile
Mobile
Mobile
Mobile
Mobile
Div-Mobile
Mobile
Mobile
Mobile
Info Access
0.45
0.63
0.50
3.77
0.05
5.46
5.46
0.00
0.00
2.16
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
4
0:10:30
0:00:30
0:02:30
0:03:00
0:03:30
0:05:00
0:05:00
0:05:00
0:05:00
0:12:30
Peak
Peak
Peak
Off Peak
Peak
Peak
Peak
Talk Time
Talk Time
Special
A Prepaid phone has a call connection fee of $0.38 and voice calls of $0.48 per
30-second block. What is the cost of the following?
a 30-second call
b 1 minute and 30 seconds call
c 3-minute call
d 30-minute call.
394
Development
5
Casual
$39.00
$150
Frequent
$69.00
$300
$0.32
$0.32
$0.45
$0.38
Messaging
$0.22
$0.44
$0.20
$0.40
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
SMS
MMS
395
A mobile phone plan has a monthly charge of $29 on a 24-month contract. The call rate
is $0.98 per 60-second block plus there is a $0.38 flagfall. The contract includes $150 of
free calls and 200 MB of data per month with excess data charged at $0.50 per MB.
a What is the minimum cost of the contract?
b What is the cost of making 200 calls in a month where the duration of each call is
less than one minute? (Include monthly charge.)
c What is the cost of a call lasting 4 minutes and 45 seconds? Assume the $150 free
calls have been used.
d The providers on the above plan decide to reduce the cost per MB to $0.125.
Assuming the monthly charge remains at $29, what is the new amount of
included data?
7
Normal
Heavy
Pro
$29
$49
$79
$99
$0.98
$0.95
$0.90
Unlimited
Connection fee
$0.38
$0.35
$0.35
Unlimited
SMS messages
$0.25
$0.25
Unlimited
Unlimited
Free calls
$100
$150
$300
Unlimited
500 MB
1 GB
3 GB
5 GB
$0.50/MB
$0.30/MB
$0.25/MB
$0.25/MB
Included data
Excess data
a
b
c
What is the charge for downloading 5 GB of data in the last month excluding the
monthly access fee?
i
Light plan
ii Normal plan
iii Heavy plan
iv Pro plan
What is the total cost including monthly access fee of making 150 calls (60 seconds)
in the last month?
i
Light plan
ii Normal plan
iii Heavy plan
iv Pro plan
Noah does not use his phone to make calls. However, his data usage for the past three
months was 500 MB, 1 GB and 4 GB. Which mobile phone plan is more economical
for Noah?
Ava uses less than 200 MB of data each month. However, she made 100 calls,
150 calls and 70 calls in the past three months. Each call lasted for 1 minute.
Which mobile phone plan is the most cost-effective for Ava?
396
Phone charges
50
Cost (cents)
Example 2
40
30
20
10
0
3
2
Time (min)
Solution
1
2
397
Exercise 13B
1
13B
398
Development
3
The call charges for a phone company are as follows: $0.15 for the first minute or part
thereof, then $0.20 for the second minute or part thereof, then $0.25 for the third minute
or part thereof and $0.30 additional for a call lasting between 3 and 4 minutes.
a Draw a step-function graph to
illustrate the call charges, with
the Time (minutes) on the
horizontal axis and Cost ($) on
the vertical axis.
b What is the call cost for 30
seconds? Use the step graph.
c Max started a call at 11.20 a.m.
and ended the call at 11.24 a.m.
How much did he pay for call
charges?
d During the month, Hannah made 28 calls lasting 1 minute, 45 calls lasting 2 minutes
and 35 calls lasting 3 minutes. What is her total call charge for the month?
e Modify the step graph to include another line segment. The call charge is $0.20
additional for a call lasting between 4 and 5 minutes.
linear piecewise graph represents the total monthly call charge. Each line segment
has a different call rate.
a How much is the monthly service fee?
Total monthly charge
b The total monthly call charge for 30 calls
40
is $24. What is the gradient of the first
35
line segment?
30
c The total monthly call charge for 60 calls
25
is $30. What is the gradient of the second
20
line segment?
15
d The total monthly call charge for 80 calls
10
is $32. What is the gradient of the third
5
line segment?
e What is the equation of the first line
0
60
80
20
40
segment?
Monthly calls
f
What is the equation of the second line
segment?
g Copy the linear piecewise graph and extend the graph to include call charges of
$0.08 per call for 80 to 100 calls.
Charge ($)
4 The
399
Symbol
Byte
Meaning
Exact value
One byte
Power of two
1
(20)
1024
(210)
Kilobyte
KB
Thousand bytes
Megabyte
MB
Million bytes
1048576
(220)
Gigabyte
GB
Billion bytes
1073741824
(230)
Terabyte
TB
Trillion bytes
1099511627776
(240)
Storage devices
A storage device is any device that can store data and allow it to be retrieved when required.
There are many different types of storage devices:
Hard disk has a storage capacity measured in the TB.
USB flash drive is available in range of different sizes such as 32 GB.
Mobile phones and media players will store different types of data and have different
sizes.
Memory cards are used to increase the storage capacity of these devices.
A compact disc (CD) stores up to 800 MB.
400
Example 3
Complete:
5 KB =
1.3 TB =
MB
Solution
1
2
3
4
5 KB = 5 210
= 5 1024
= 5120 B
1.3 TB = 1.3 220 MB
= 1.3 1 048 576
= 1 363 148.8
Example 4
Complete:
1536 KB =
MB
8 388 608 KB =
GB
Solution
1
2
3
Example 5
How many MP3 files of average size 3.2 MB can be stored on a 2 GB MP3 player?
Solution
1
2
3
2 GB = 2 210 MB
= 2048 MB
401
Exercise 13C
1
13C
2 KB =
4 MB =
KB
7 TB =
KB
3 TB =
MB
9 TB =
GB
6 MB =
B = 8 TB
B = 4 GB
2.5 TB =
MB
5.3 TB =
MB
2 097 152 KB =
GB
3 145 728 KB =
GB
8 388 608 KB =
MB
k
2
4.8 KB =
GB = 5 TB
1024 B =
6 291 456 MB =
KB
TB
GB
KB = 7168 B
Madison has received a 50 KB file in JPEG format from a friend. How many files of this
size could she store on a:
a
1 GB USB flash drive?
b
500 MB MP3 player?
c
800 KB compact disc?
d
100 GB external hard drive?
A USB flash drive has 2.5 GB of video data. What is the total file storage (in gigabytes)
in the flash drive if the following files are added to the USB? Answer correct to
one decimal place.
a
330 MB
b
1200 MB
c
4000 MB
402
Development
6
3072 B =
2048 KB =
4194304 MB =
MB
3.2 GB =
MB = 2056 KB
KB
TB
TB
MB = 7168 KB
10
11
403
Symbol
Approximate value
bps
Kbps
1 000
Mbps
1 000 000
Gbps
Tbps
tera
giga
mega
kilo
unit
1000
1000
1000
1000
Example 6
Complete
1000
1000
1000
1000
4 Mbps =
Kbps
Mbps
Solution
1
2
3
4
404
Exercise 13D
1
13D
6 Mbps =
Kbps
2 Tbps =
Kbps
3 Kbps =
bps
5 Tbps =
Gbps
9 Tbps =
Mbps
7 Mbps =
bps
Gps = 7 Tbps
bps = 2 Tbps
2.1 Kbps =
bps
4.8 Tbps =
Mbps
9000 bps =
Kbps
k
2
7.3 Tbps =
Mbps
bps = 8 Gbps
3000 Kbps =
Gbps
Gbps
Mbps
h
j
Tbps
Gbps
Search the internet to find an online data transfer rate converter to check your answers to
questions 1 and 2.
A file is 8 000 000 bits in size. How many seconds would it take to download the file at
the following transfer rates?
a
2 Mbps
b
4 Kbps
c
8 Tbps
d
1 bps
e
20 Mbps
f
1000 Kbps
405
Development
6
Order 700000 bps, 700 Mbps, 0.007 Tbps and 7000 Kbps in:
a ascending order (smallest to largest) of speed
b descending order (largest to smallest) of speed.
10
How many seconds would it take to upload a 2.4 MB file if the transfer rate is 4 Kbps?
Answer correct to the nearest second. Assume 1 byte is 8 bits and 1 MB is 1024 KB.
11
Luke has a connection to the internet at a speed of 40 Mbps. What is the largest possible
file size (MB) that can be downloaded in the following time?
a 1 second
b 1 minute
c 1 hour
406
Example 7
Tim collected data on the location where people have downloaded music files. He asked each
person where they most preferred to download music. The result of his survey is shown below.
Location
People
Home
105
Work
65
School
80
Internet cafe
75
What is the mode? Which location is the most popular for downloading music?
5
6
a
b
105
100%
325
= 32.31%
32.31% preferred to download
at home.
407
Exercise 13E
1
The time (in minutes) spent sending SMS messages to friends by five teenagers was 82,
130, 57, 107 and 82. Find the following summary statistics.
a
Mean
b
Median
c
Mode
d
Range
e
Interquartile range
f
Sample standard deviation (to 3 decimal places)
g
Population standard deviation (to 3 decimal places)
h
What is the total number of minutes spent sending SMS messages to friends by these
teenagers?
13E
4
2
a
b
c
d
e
1 5 3 5 1 0 2 1 2 5 3 4 1 0
Construct a frequency table for this data.
What was the most common number of video files that have been downloaded?
Insert an fx column and calculate the mean.
Insert a cumulative frequency column and calculate the median.
What percentage of students have not downloaded any video files (to 1 decimal
place)?
408
Development
4
The sale of CDs from a traditional music store was 262, 288, 322, 276, 290, 301, 308,
318, 292 and 307. During the same period, sales from an online music store were 178,
195, 224, 190, 201, 228, 219, 216, 210 and 228.
a What is the mean of sales from
each store (to 1 decimal place).
i Traditional
ii Online
b What is the sample standard
deviation of sales from each store
(to 1 decimal place)?
i Traditional
ii Online
c Compare and contrast the mean
and standard deviation from each
store.
The grouped frequency table shows the number of people who have downloaded a video
file. A sample of 200 people was taken in each age group.
Age range
Frequency (f)
1524
98
2534
39
3544
28
4554
23
5564
17
se your calculator to estimate the following summary statistics for the downloaders.
U
Answer correct to one decimal place.
a Mean
b Sample standard deviation
c Population standard deviation
6
The time taken to download a music file is shown in the table below.
Study guide 13
graphs
File storage
Digital download
Symbol
Byte
(20)
1024
(210)
One byte
KB
Thousand bytes
Megabyte
MB
Million bytes
1048576
(220)
Gigabyte
GB
Billion bytes
1073741824
(230)
Terabyte
TB
Trillion bytes
1099511627776
(240)
statistics
Exact value
Kilobyte
Unit
Digital download
Meaning
Power
of two
Symbol
bps
Approximate
value
1
Kbps
1000
Mbps
1000000
Gbps
1000000000
Tbps
1000000000000
Review
409
Review
410
A prepaid mobile phone plan charges a call connection fee of $0.32 and voice calls of
$0.44 per 30-second block. What is the cost of making a ten-minute call?
A $4.40
B $4.72
C $8.80
D $9.12
Alice has a mobile phone contract that charges a monthly access fee of $59, free calls
$150, flagfall $0.25 and call rate of $0.45 per 30 seconds. What is the monthly charge if
Alice made 200 calls of duration less than 30 seconds?
A $59.00
B $81.50
C $96.50
D $209.00
How many kilobits per second are there in 5000 megabits per second?
A 0.005
B 5
C 5000000
D 5000000000
A file has 3000000 bits. How many seconds would it take to download
the file at 6 Mbps?
A 0.002
B 0.5
C 2
D 500
How many data files of average size 7.2 MB can be stored on a 4 GB USB drive?
A 568
B 4096
C 7372
D 582542
411
What is the cost of a call of duration 3 minutes and 40 seconds given that there is a
connection fee of 29 cents and the call rate is 45 cents per 30-second block?
$99 plan
$59
$99
Included allowance
$550
$900
Connection fee
$0.35
$0.32
$0.90
$0.88
Unlimited
Unlimited
Text
What is the charge for a call lasting 3 minutes and 20 seconds on the $59 plan?
What is the charge for a call lasting 3 minutes and 20 seconds on the $99 plan?
What is the maximum number of free calls (60 seconds) on the $59 plan?
What is the maximum number of free calls (60 seconds) on the $99 plan?
Determine the monthly charge for making 400 calls (60 seconds) on the $59 plan?
Determine the monthly charge for making 400 calls (60 seconds) on the $99 plan?
Determine the monthly charge for making 900 calls (60 seconds) on the $59 plan?
Determine the monthly charge for making 900 calls (60 seconds) on the $99 plan?
Isaac is deciding on one of the mobile phone plans show in the table above. He will be
using his mobile phone to make 600 calls (60 seconds) and 500 SMS messages each
month. What plan should he choose?
Tahlia is deciding on one of the above mobile phone plans. She will be using her mobile
phone to make 300 calls (30 seconds) and 100 SMS messages each month. What plan
should she choose?
A mobile phone plan has a monthly charge of $49 on a 24-month contract. The call rate is
$0.90 per 60-second block with a $0.35 flagfall. The contract includes $450 of free calls,
text and MMS. What is the monthly charge for making 400 voice calls (60 second)?
Review
Chapter
summary
Mathematics
and
communication
4 The phone
chargesare
described by the
step-function
graph below.
Phone charges
1
Cost (dollars)
Review
412
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
1
a
b
c
d
e
f
7 Kbps =
13 Mbps =
4000000 Mbps =
9000000 Kbps =
2 Tbps =
0.005 Tbps =
Tbps
1230000 Kbps =
Gbps
2800000000 bps =
GB = 4.5 TB
bps
Kbps
Gbps
Kbps
Mbps
Gbps
3
2
Time (min)
6 TB =
MB
B = 3 GB
5242880 MB =
2147483648 B =
TB
GB
0.2 TB =
6144 MB =
24576 KB =
GB
GB
MB
The time taken (in seconds) to download seven different YouTube videos was 121, 145,
168, 118, 140, 164 and 175. Calculate, correct to two decimal places, the:
a mean
b median
c interquartile range.
Challenge questions 13
C H A P T E R
14
Mathematics
and driving
Focus study FSDr Mathematics and driving
Calculate the percentage decrease in the value of a vehicle
Determine the cost of repayments and total amount repaid on a loan
Describe the different types of motor vehicle insurance
Calculate the cost of stamp duty on a vehicle
Calculate the fuel consumption and running costs of a vehicle
Determine the straight-line and declining balance depreciation
Use the formula for distance, speed and time, and calculate stopping distance
Calculate and interpret blood alcohol content
Construct and interpret tables and graphs related to motor vehicles
414
Example 1
A new vehicle is bought for $25 000 and sold one year later for $19 000. Calculate the
percentage decrease in the value of the new vehicle.
Solution
1
2
$6000
100
$25 000
= 24%
Percentage decrease =
Finance
Many car dealers allow people to borrow money using the dealers finance arrangements.
The purchaser pays a deposit and then makes a large number of repayments. The total cost in
purchasing a motor vehicle using finance is greater than the sale price for cash.
Buying on nance
Total cost = Deposit + Total repayments
Total repayments = Repayment Number of repayments
Interest paid = Total cost Sale price
Example 2
A four-wheel drive is for sale at $45 000. Finance is available at $5000 deposit and monthly
repayments of $1470 for 5 years.
a
b
c
a
b
c
415
Exercise 14A
1
Calculate the percentage decrease in the price of a new vehicle after one year.
a
Purchase price is $25 500. Market value after one year is $21 420.
b
Purchase price is $36 800. Market value after one year is $27 600.
c
Purchase price is $54 250. Market value after one year is $48 825.
d
Purchase price is $23 826. Market value after one year is $20 900.
Calculate the amount of the deposit needed to purchase the following cars.
a
Sale price is $21 400. Deposit 25%.
b
Sale price is $19 240. Deposit 15%.
c
Sale price is $45 100. Deposit 35%.
d
Sale price is $65 200. Deposit 40%.
Charlotte has been offered terms to purchase a car. The price of the car is $24 560 or
50% deposit and repayments of $90 per week for 200 weeks.
14A
a
b
c
416
Development
6
A utility vehicle is for sale at $42000. Finance is available at $7500 deposit and monthly
repayments of $1280 for 5 years.
a What is the total cost of repayments?
b How much will the car cost if you use the finance package?
c What is the interest paid?
Jacob has seen a used car he would like to buy, priced at $13400. He has saved $7000
towards the cost of the car. His parents have offered to lend him the balance to pay for it.
Jacob agrees to pay $40 each week to repay his parents.
a How much will Jacob need to borrow from his parents?
b How long will it take Jacob to repay the loan from his parents?
A used car is for sale at $27000. Finance is available at 10% deposit and monthly
repayments of $630 for 4 years.
a How much deposit is to be paid?
b What is the total cost of repayments?
c How much will the car cost if you use the finance package?
d What is the interest paid?
10
A prestige car is for sale at $65000. Finance from the car dealer is available at a deposit
of 40% and weekly repayments of $530 for 4 years. A personal loan of $39000 is
available from the bank at 15% p.a. simple interest for 4 years.
a How much deposit is required?
b What is the interest paid using the finance from the car dealer?
c What is the interest paid using the finance from the bank?
11
417
Registration of a motor vehicle involves the payment of a fee. These are not current fees.
Registration fees
Size of vehicle
Tare weight
Private use
Business use
up to 975 kg
$218
$321
976 kg to 1154 kg
$239
$354
1155 kg to 1504 kg
$269
$404
1505 kg to 2504 kg
$383
$583
up to 254 kg
$52
$133
255 kg to 764 kg
$143
$200
765 kg to 975 kg
$218
$321
976 kg to 1154 kg
$239
$354
1155 kg to 1504 kg
$269
$404
1505 kg to 2499 kg
$383
$583
$101
$101
Motor cycle
a
b
c
d
What is the cost of registering a car for private use whose weight is 1000 kg?
What is the cost of registering a truck for business use whose weight is 1500 kg?
What is the cost of registering a car for business use whose weight is 925 kg?
What is the cost of registering a motor cycle for private use?
12 Bailey
is buying a used car for $12000. He is required to pay a transfer fee of $26 and
stamp duty of $360. Finance from the car dealer is available at a deposit of 20% and
monthly repayments of $380 for 4 years. How much above the price is Bailey paying the
car dealer?
13 Personal
Use a personal loans calculator with a monthly gross salary of $5000 and monthly
expense details of $2000 to determine the maximum amount to be borrowed.
a Current variable rate of interest and a loan term of 4 years.
b Current variable rate of interest and a loan term of 2 years.
c Current fixed rate of interest and a loan term of 4 years.
d Current fixed rate of interest and a loan term of 2 years.
418
14.2 Insurance
Insurance is a major cost in keeping a motor vehicle on the road. There are three main types of
insurance:
Green slip or Compulsory Third Party insurance protects vehicle owners and drivers who
are legally liable for personal injury to any other party in the event of a personal injury
claim made against them by other road users.
Comprehensive insurance
covers you for damage to
your own vehicle as well as
damage your car may cause
to another persons vehicle
or property.
Insurance premium is the cost of taking out insurance cover. Many insurance companies offer
an online calculator for your vehicle insurance premium. It requires information on the make/
model of car, your age/driving history, finance, modifications/accessories and location. The
cost of insurance is also affected by:
Excess is paid when a claim is made on the policy. The standard excess can be varied plus
there are excesses for younger drivers.
Example 3
Elle has been quoted $960 for comprehensive car insurance. She has a no claim
bonus of 40%. How much is Elle required to pay?
Solution
1
2
3
4
419
Exercise 14B
1
What is the cost of comprehensive car insurance for the following premiums?
a
Premium of $1080 with a no claim bonus of 60%.
b
Premium of $1690 with a no claim bonus of 30%.
c
Premium of $880 with a no claim bonus of 40%.
d
Premium of $1320 with a no claim bonus of 70%.
e
Premium of $2350 with a no claim bonus of 50%.
The graph below shows the percentage of claims for each age group.
14B
Insurance claims
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
a
b
c
d
10
20
30
40
Age in years
50
60
70
Dan is 20 years old and has received this quote for comprehensive insurance.
a
b
Premium details
Excesses
Cost
12 month policy
$678.00
30% No claim bonus
Standard
$500
Male under 21
$1200
Female under 21
$900
420
Development
4
Connor has been quoted an insurance premium of $980.60 from his insurance company.
The company had given him a 20% no-claim bonus as he had not made a claim in the
previous year. What would the insurance premium have been without his no-claim
bonus?
6
19.8
21.7
8.3
50.2
Fatal
Minor injury
Serious injury
Property damage
The premiums quoted below are for clients with a maximum no claim bonus. The car is
owned outright by a mature age driver and driven for private use.
Mosman
Penrith
Mosman
Brand A
$20100
$540
$605
$600
$760
Brand B
$38890
$810
$899
$770
$1500
Brand C
$24400
$615
$650
$615
$860
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
j
Premium B
Model of car
Premium A
Agreed
value
Penrith
421
Round up the cost of the vehicle to the nearest $100 (per $100), $200 (per $200) etc.
Express the stamp duty as a fraction or decimal. ($3 per $100 is 3/100 or 0.03.)
Multiply the answer obtained in step 1 by the fraction or decimal obtained in step 2.
Example 4
A used car is bought for $17 730. Calculate the stamp duty payable if the charge is $3 per
$100 or part $100.
Solution
2
Evaluate.
Write the answer in words.
3
.
100
3
.
100
3
100
= $534
Stamp duty payable is $534.
422
Exercise 14C
1
The table below is used to calculate the stamp duty payable on a vehicle.
14C
Value of vehicle
$0$45 000
$3 per $100
or part $100
The table below is used to calculate the stamp duty payable on a vehicle.
Value of vehicle
$0$60 000
$5 per $200
or part $200
The table below is used to calculate the stamp duty payable on a used vehicle.
Value of vehicle Passenger
Non-passenger
All prices
$7 per $300
or part $300
$5 per $300
or part $300
423
Development
4
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
a
b
c
d
e
f
5
How much stamp duty is payable on a car whose market value is $20000?
How much stamp duty is payable on a car whose market value is $60000?
How much stamp duty is payable on a car whose market value is $45000?
How much stamp duty is payable on a car whose market value is $70000?
What is the market value if the stamp duty paid was $300?
What is the market value if the stamp duty paid was $2300?
Construct a line graph to represent the following stamp duty charge. Stamp duty is
calculated at 2.5% of the market value of a vehicle up to $60000, plus 4% of the value
of the vehicle over $60000. Use your graph to answer the questions below.
a How much stamp duty is payable on a car whose market value is $30000?
b How much stamp duty is payable on a car whose market value is $60000?
c How much stamp duty is payable on a car whose market value is $80000?
d What is the market value if the
stamp duty paid was $500?
e What is the market value if the
stamp duty paid was $1000?
f
What is the market value if the
stamp duty paid was $3000?
424
The cost of fuel for a journey can be calculated from the price of fuel ($/L) multiplied by the
amount of fuel used (L). Fuel prices can be found in your local area from websites such as the
one shown below.
Example 5
Fuel Consumption =
425
Exercise 14D
1
Calculate the fuel consumption (litres per 100 km) for each of the following:
a
Abbeys car uses 38.2 litres of petrol to travel 400 km.
b
A sports car travelled 900 km using 79.38 litres of petrol.
c
Joels sedan uses 30.36 litres of LPG to travel 600 km.
d
A small car uses 41.05 litres of petrol to travel 500 km.
e
Lucys car uses 139.8 litres of petrol to travel 1500 km.
f
Maxs motorbike uses 70 litres of LPG to travel 2000 km.
Sienna filled her car with petrol. The odometer read 64 080 km at that time. When she
next filled the petrol tank, the odometer read 64 605 km. The car took 42 L of petrol.
a
How far has the car travelled between fills?
b
What was the average fuel consumption in kilometres per litre?
14D
426
Development
5
A family car uses LPG at a rate of 15 L/100 km and the gas tank holds 72 litres. How far
can it travel on a tank of LPG?
Grace drives a four-wheel drive whose petrol consumption is 15.2 L/100 km and the
petrol tank is 95 litres. She is planning a trip from Sydney to Bourke via Dubbo. The
distance from Sydney to Dubbo is 412 km and from Dubbo to Bourke is 360 km. Grace
filled her petrol tank at Sydney. How many times will she need to fill her tank before
arriving at Bourke? Give reasons for your answer.
The graph below shows a motor vehicles fuel consumption at various speeds.
Petrol used to travel 200 km
50
Litres
40
30
20
10
0
a
b
c
d
e
f
30
50
70
90
Speed (km/h)
110
427
Dylan owns a V8 car with a fuel consumption of 11 L/100 km in the city and 8 L/100 km
in the country. Dylan travels 8000 km per year in the city and 10000 km per year in the
country. The average cost of petrol is $1.50 per litre in the city and 10 cents higher in the
country.
a Determine the cost of petrol to drive in the city for the year.
b Determine the cost of petrol to drive in the country for the year.
c What is the total cost of petrol for Dylan in one year?
d What is the total cost of petrol for Dylan in one year if the average cost of petrol
increased to $1.80 per litre in the city?
10
Holly is planning a trip from Sydney to Brisbane using a car with a fuel consumption
of 13litres/100 km. The distance from Sydney to Brisbane via the Pacific Highway is
998 km and via the New England Highway it is 1027 km. The cost of LPG is 79.2 cents
per litre.
a How much will the trip cost via the Pacific Highway?
b How much will the trip cost via the New England Highway?
c How much money is saved by travelling via the Pacific Highway?
11
Tyler buys a new car with a fuel consumption of 11.2 litres/100 km. Oscar buys the LPG
version of Tylers new car, with a fuel consumption 15.4 litres/100 km. Both Tyler and
Oscar average 300 km in a week in the same conditions. The average price of ULP is
$1.40 cents/litre and LPG is $0.79 cents per litre.
a How many litres of fuel are used by Tyler in a week?
b How many litres of fuel are used by Oscar in a week?
c Calculate each cars yearly consumption of fuel.
d What is Tylers yearly fuel bill?
e What is Oscars yearly fuel bill?
f
Oscar paid an additional $1500 for the LPG version of the Ford Falcon. How many
years will it take for the fuel savings to reach $1500 or the break-even point? Answer
correct to the nearest whole number.
g Research the current fuel prices of ULP and LPG. How long will it take for the fuel
saving to exceed the initial costs?
12
Investigate the costs for two common cars on a family trip in your local area. Calculate
the cost for the return trip in each case. You will need to determine the distance of the
trip, fuel consumption for each car and the average price of fuel in the local area.
428
Example 6
Molly pays $14 500 for a used car. It depreciates $1100 each year. How much will it be worth
after three years?
Solution
1
2
3
Example 7
S = V0 Dn
= 14 500 1100 3
= $11 200
The value of the car is $11 200.
A new car is purchased for $25 800. After 4 years its salvage value is $15 160. What is the
annual amount of depreciation, if the amount of depreciation is constant?
Solution
2
Evaluate.
15160 = 25800 D 4
25800 15160
D=
4
= $2660
S = V0 Dn
429
Exercise 14E
1
Mia bought a used car for $15 200. She estimates that her car will depreciate in value by
$3040 each year.
a
What is the loss in value (depreciation) during the first year?
b
What is the value of the car at the end of the first year?
c
What is the loss in value (depreciation) during the second year?
d
What is the value of the car at the end of the second year?
e
What is the loss in value (depreciation) during the third year?
f
What is the value of the car at the end of the third year?
Patrick buys a car for $55 500 and it is depreciated at a rate of 10% of its purchase price
each year. What is the salvage value of the car after four years?
16000
12000
Value ($)
14E
8000
4000
2
Years
430
Development
5
Ryan bought a commercial van three years ago. It has a salvage value of $36000 and
depreciated $4650 each year. How much did Ryan pay for the van?
Lucy bought a used car four years ago. It has a salvage value of $16400 and depreciated
$1250 each year. How much did Lucy pay for the used car?
A ute is purchased for $18600. After two years it has depreciated to $14800 using the
straight line method of depreciation.
a When will the ute be worth $3400?
b When will the ute be worth $1500?
A truck is purchased new for $64000. After 3 years its market value is $44800.
a What is the annual amount of depreciation, if the amount of depreciation is constant?
b Determine the book value of the truck after 7 years.
10
Grace bought an SUV costing $38000. It is expected that the SUV will have an effective
life of 10 years and then be sold for $14000. Assume the SUV depreciated by the same
amount each year. What is the annual depreciation?
11
A utility van is purchased new for $24000. After 3 years its book value is $15000. What
is the annual amount of depreciation, if the amount of depreciation is constant?
12
A caravan is bought for $82000. It is expected to be used for 4 years and then sold for
$50000. Assume the caravan depreciates by the same amount each year.
a How much does the caravan depreciate each year?
b What is the total amount of depreciation for 4 years?
c Copy and complete the following depreciation table for the first four years.
Year
Current value
Depreciation
Depreciated value
1
2
3
4
d
431
Example 8
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
First year
S = V0(1 r)n
= 32 000 (1 0.25)1
= $24 000
Second year
S = V0(1 r)n
= 24 000 (1 0.20)1
= $19 200
Current value is $19 200.
432
Example 9
Angus buys a car that depreciates at the rate of 26% per annum. After ve years the car has a
salvage value of $17 420. How much did Angus pay for the car, to the nearest dollar?
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
6
Example 10
S = V0(1 r)n
17 420 = V0 (1 0.26)5
17 420
(1 0.26 )5
= $78 503.596 21
V0 =
= $78 504
Angus paid $78 504 for the car.
1
2
6
7
8
S = V0(1 r)n
8107 = 27 500 (1 r)4
(1 r )4 =
1 r =
8107
27500
8107
27500
8107
27500
= 0.263 145 28
= 26%
r = 1 4
433
Exercise 14F
1
A motor vehicle is bought for $22 000. It depreciates at 16% per annum and is expected
to be used for 5 years. What is the salvage value of the motor vehicle after the following
time periods? Answer to the nearest cent.
a
one year
b
two years
c
three years
Emma purchased a used car for $6560 two years ago. Use the declining balance method
to determine the salvage value of the used car if the depreciation rate is 15% per annum.
Answer to the nearest dollar.
Bailey purchased a motor cycle for $17 500. It depreciates at 28% per year. Answer to the
nearest dollar.
a
What is the book value of the motor cycle after three years?
b
How much has the motor cycle depreciated over the three years?
A new car is bought for $52 000. It depreciates at 22% per annum and is expected to be
used for 4 years. How much has the car depreciated over the 4 years? Answer to the
nearest dollar.
Chloe purchased a car for $19 900. It depreciates at 24% per year. Answer to the nearest
dollar.
a
What is the salvage value of the car after five years?
b
How much has the car depreciated over the five years?
4000
3000
Value ($)
14F
2000
1000
2
Years
434
Development
7
A hatchback vehicle was purchased for $16980 three years ago. By using the declining
balance method of depreciation, the current value of the vehicle is $9614. What is the
annual percentage rate of depreciation, correct to two decimal places?
Philip and Amy spent $200000 on a luxury car 7 years ago. Its current value is $104350.
Using the declining balance method, find the percentage depreciation rate over this
period. Answer correct to one decimal place.
10
Jessica invested $18820 to buy a new car for her business. How many years would it take
for this car to depreciate to $4520? Assume declining balance method of depreciation
with a rate of depreciation of 30%. (Answer to the nearest year.)
11
A motor vehicle is bought for $32000. It depreciates at 16% per annum and is expected
to be used for 5 years.
a How much does the motor vehicle depreciate in the first year?
b Copy and complete the following depreciation table for the first five years.
Answer to the nearest dollar.
Year
Current value
Depreciation
Depreciated value
1
2
3
4
5
c
435
14.7 Safety
Distance, speed and time
Speed is a rate that compares the
distance travelled to the time taken.
14.7
The speed of a car is measured in
kilometres per hour (km/h). The
speedometer in a car measures the
instantaneous speed of a car. They are
not totally accurate but have a tolerance
of 5%. GPS devices are capable of
showing speed readings based on the
distance travelled per one-Hertz
interval. Most cars also have an
odometer to indicate the distance
travelled by a vehicle.
Distance, speed and time
D
D
or T =
or D = S T
T
S
D Distance
S Speed
T Time
S=
Example 11
a
b
D
S
Find the distance travelled by a car whose average speed is 65 km/h if the journey lasts
5 hours. (Answer correct to the nearest kilometre.)
How long will it take a vehicle to travel 150 km at a speed of 60 km/h?
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
D=ST
= 65 5
= 325 km
D
T=
S
150
=
60
= 2.5 h
436
Stopping distance
The stopping distance is the distance a vehicle travels from the time a driver sees an event
occurring to the time the vehicle is brought to a stop. It is calculated by adding the reaction
distance and the braking distance. Reaction distance (or thinking distance) is the distance
travelled by the vehicle when a driver decides to brake to when the driver first commences
braking. The reaction time averages 0.75 second for a fit and alert driver. The braking distance
is affected by the road surface (wet, slippery, uneven or unsealed), slope of the road (uphill or
downhill), weight of the vehicle and condition of the brakes.
Stopping distance
Stopping distance = Reaction distance + Braking distance
5Vt V 2
d=
+
(formula is an approximation using average conditions)
18 170
d Stopping distance in metres.
V Velocity or speed of the motor vehicle in km/h.
t Time reaction in seconds.
Example 12
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
5Vt V 2
+
18 170
5 45 0.75 452
=
+
18
170
= 21.28676471 21 m
d=
Stopping distance is 21 m.
437
Exercise 14G
1
Find the distance travelled by a car whose average speed is 56 km/h if the journey lasts
(answer correct to the nearest kilometre):
a
3 hours
b
7 hours
1
c
2.6 hours
d
1 hours
4
1
3
e
3 hours
f
2 hours
2
4
How long will it take a vehicle to travel (answer correct to the nearest hour):
a
160 km at a speed of 80 km/h
b 150 km at a speed of 60 km/h
c
120 km at a speed of 48 km/h
d 225 km at a speed of 45 km/h
e
240 km at a speed of 40 km/h
f 556 km at a speed of 69.5 km/h
Caitlin lives in Wollongong and travels to Sydney daily. The car trip requires her to travel
at different speeds. Most often she travels 30 kilometres at 60 km/h and 40 kilometres at
100 km/h.
a
What is the total distance of the trip?
b
How long (in hours) does the trip take?
c
What is her average speed (in km/h) when travelling to Sydney? (Answer correct to
two decimal places.)
Thomas drives his car to work 3 days a week. The length of the trip is 48 km. The trip
took 43 minutes on Monday, 50 minutes on Tuesday and 42 minutes on Wednesday.
a
Calculate the average time taken to travel to work.
b
What is the average speed (in km/h) for the three trips?
14G
438
Metres
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
50 km/h
Reaction
55 km/h
Braking
60 km/h
Travelling at 60 km/h:
65 km/h
a what is the reaction
70 km/h
distance?
b what is the braking
distance?
c what is the stopping distance?
Michael is driving with a reaction time of 0.75 seconds. Calculate the stopping distance
5Vt V 2
(to the nearest metre) using the formula d =
for each of the following speeds.
+
18 170
a 30 km/h
b 50 km/h
c 70 km/h
d 90 km/h
e 110 km/h
f
130 km/h
10
11
Oliver uses the freeway to travel to work. His reaction time is 0.60 seconds. Oliver
usually drives at the speed limit of 110 km/h.
5Vt V 2
d
=
+
?
a What is the stopping distance on the freeway using the formula
18 170
b Determine a safe distance between cars on the freeway that are travelling at
110 km/h. Give a reason for your answer.
439
Development
12
Find the average speed (in km/h) of a vehicle that travels (answer correct to the nearest
whole number):
a 500 km in 6 hours and 10 minutes
b 64 km in 1 hour and 30 seconds
c 36000 m in 45 minutes
d 320 m in 10 seconds
13
Find the distance travelled by a car whose average speed is 68 km/h if the journey lasts
(answer correct to the nearest kilometre):
a 30 minutes
b 2 minutes
c 1 hour and 20 minutes
d 4 hours 10 seconds
14
How long will it take a vehicle to travel (answer correct to the nearest minute):
a 450 km at a speed of 82 km/h
b 50 km at a speed of 60 km/h
c 250 km at a speed of 49 km/h
d 580000 m at a speed of 62 km/h
e 24000 m at a speed of 72 km/h
f 100 km at a speed of 1 km/h
15
16
The Bathurst 1000 motor race has a lap record of 2 min and 12.339 seconds. The length
of the lap is 6.213 km.
a What is the average speed (to nearest km/h) for the lap record?
b How long is the race if the winning car travels the 161 laps at the average speed for
the lap record? Answer to the nearest minute.
440
17
If you double your speed you need to double your reaction distance.
5Vt
to complete the table. Assume reaction time of 0.75 seconds.
a Use d =
18
Speed (km/h)
10
20
40
80
b
18
If you double your speed you need to quadruple your braking distance.
V2
to complete the table.
a Use d =
170
Speed (km/h)
10
20
40
80
b
19
20
0.50
1.00
1.50
b
What effect does increasing the reaction time have on the stopping distance? Use the
calculations in the above table to reach your conclusion.
441
(10 N 7.5 H )
(10 N 7.5 H )
or BACFemale =
6.8 M
5.5 M
Example 13
Solution
1
3
4
5
(10 N 7.5 H )
5.5 M
(10 7 7.5 2 )
=
(5.5 822 )
= 0.121 951 219 5
0.122
BACFemale =
442
NSW has three blood alcohol limits: zero, 0.02 and 0.05. Zero or 0.02 BAC laws apply in
Australia for people under 25 who have held a licence for less than three years, including
learner and probationary drivers. This means you cannot drink at all and then drive, as you
will be over the limit and likely to lose your licence. The BAC is measured with a breathalyser
or by analysing a sample of blood.
Hours to wait before driving
BAC
0.015
BAC Blood alcohol content.
Number of hours =
Example 14
45
55
65
75
85
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.041
0.033
0.028
0.025
0.022
0.074
0.060
0.051
0.044
0.039
0.106
0.087
0.074
0.064
0.056
0.139
0.114
0.096
0.083
0.074
0.172
0.140
0.119
0.103
0.091
Terry weighs 65 kg and consumes four standard drinks in an hour. Calculate the number of
hours to wait before driving. (Answer to the nearest hour.)
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
BAC
0.015
0.074
=
0.015
= 4.933 33 5
Number of hours =
443
Exercise 14H
1
Calculate the BAC for the following females. Answer correct to two decimal places.
a
Sarah is 48 kg and has consumed 4 standard drinks in the past 2 hours.
b
Sienna is 59 kg and has consumed 3 standard drinks in the past hour.
c
Alyssa is 81 kg and has consumed 6 standard drinks in the past 2 hours.
d
Kayla is 65 kg and has consumed 8 standard drinks in the past 6 hours.
e
Tahlia is 71 kg and has consumed 13 standard drinks in the past 3 hours.
f
Mia is 55 kg and has consumed 9 standard drinks in the past 5 hours.
Calculate the BAC for the following males. Answer correct to two decimal places.
a
Dylan is 53 kg and has consumed 3 standard drinks in the past 3 hours.
b
Riley is 64 kg and has consumed 5 standard drinks in the past hour.
c
Thomas is 98 kg and has consumed 2 standard drinks in the past 2 hours.
d
Zachary is 47 kg and has consumed 10 standard drinks in the past 5 hours.
e
Charlie is 85 kg and has consumed 12 standard drinks in the past 4 hours.
f
Jacob is 104 kg and has consumed 7 standard drinks in the past 6 hours.
James and Olivia are twins and both weigh 73 kg. At a party they consume 6 standard
drinks in two hours.
14H
a
b
c
4
Calculate the number of hours to wait before driving. Answer to the nearest minute.
a
BAC of 0.056.
b
BAC of 0.123.
c
BAC of 0.087.
d
BAC of 0.153.
e
BAC of 0.092.
f
BAC of 0.172.
444
Drinks
45
55
65
75
85
95
105
115
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.003
0.041
0.033
0.028
0.025
0.022
0.019
0.018
0.016
0.074
0.060
0.051
0.044
0.039
0.035
0.032
0.029
0.106
0.087
0.074
0.064
0.056
0.050
0.046
0.042
0.139
0.114
0.096
0.083
0.074
0.066
0.060
0.054
0.172
0.140
0.119
0.103
0.091
0.081
0.074
0.067
Calculate the number of hours to wait before driving. (Answer to the nearest minute.)
a Joshua weighs 85 kg and consumes 5 standard drinks in an hour.
b Mitchell weighs 115 kg and consumes 3 standard drinks in an hour.
c Harrison weighs 45 kg and consumes 6 standard drinks in an hour.
d Cooper weighs 65 kg and consumes 2 standard drinks in an hour.
e Zachary weighs 95 kg and consumes 4 standard drinks in an hour.
f
Angus weighs 75 kg and consumes 1 standard drink in an hour.
6
Use the above table to construct three separate column graphs. Make the number of
drinks the horizontal axis and the BAC the vertical axis.
a Body weight of 45 kg.
b Body weight of 115 kg.
The formula for calculating standard drinks is S = V A 0.789 where S is the number
of standard drinks, V is the volume of drink in litres and A is the percentage of alcohol.
How many standard drinks are in each of the following drinks? Answer correct to
one decimal place.
a 345 mL bottle of full strength beer at 5.2% alcohol.
b 750 mL bottle of champagne at 13.5% alcohol.
c 150 mL glass of white wine at 12.5% alcohol.
d Mixed drink with a 30 mL of brandy at 38% alcohol.
e 360 mL can of light beer at 2.1% alcohol.
445
Development
8
a
b
9
11
(10 N 7.5 H )
if:
6.8 M
BACMale = 0.066, M = 60 and N = 5. (Answer correct to the nearest minute.)
BACMale = 0.050, M = 79 and N = 7. (Answer correct to the nearest minute.)
10
BAC
if:
0.015
Number of hours to wait before driving is 5. (Answer correct to 3 decimal places.)
Number of hours to wait before driving is 3. (Answer correct to 3 decimal places.)
(10 N 7.5 H )
if:
5.5 M
The graph below relates the lifetime risk of death to the number of standard drinks
consumed per day.
10
9
Men
Women
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
a
b
4
5
6
7
Australian standard drinks per day
10
What is lifetime risk for a female and a male who consumes 7 drinks per day?
Why is the effect of alcohol greater on a female than on a male?
446
Example 15
Distance (km)
2
3
Time (h)
Solution
1
2
3
4
S=
D 60
=
= 60 km/h
T
1
447
Accident statistics
Accidents that result in death, injury and damage have always happened. Governments collect,
present and interpret data on road incidents to try to reduce the problem. There are many
factors that may cause a road accident such as poor driving, speeding, alcohol, fatigue, bad
road design or lack of vehicle maintenance.
Driving statistics
Use summary statistics (mean, median, mode, range and interquartile range) to
measure the centre and spread of the data.
Example 16
The table below shows the number of road accidents involving fatigue in the last four months
of the year.
Killed
Injured
September
112
1488
October
197
4365
November
89
2019
December
134
3487
Find the median, mean and sample standard deviation of the accidents involving a death.
Solution
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Mean is 133.
Standard deviation is n1 = 46.5.
448
Exercise 14I
The distance-time graph describes
Ellas car trip.
a
How long was the rest stop?
b
How far did the car travel from its
starting point?
c
How long was the trip?
d
Determine the average speed
during the third hour of
the trip.
80
Distance (km)
1
14I
60
40
20
3
Time (hr)
The table below shows the running costs as cents per km for five motor vehicles.
a
b
c
d
e
Brand A
Brand B
Brand C
Brand D
Fuel
5.06
6.90
9.69
8.99
Tyres
1.03
1.18
0.88
1.28
Service
2.51
3.73
3.02
3.88
The table below shows the petrol used at different speeds for the same distance.
Litres
a
b
c
50 km/h
70 km/h
90 km/h
110 km/h
34
38
43
49
How much petrol would you save by travelling at 50 km/h instead of 70 km/h?
How much petrol would you save by travelling at 70 km/h instead of 110 km/h?
What is the difference in cost by travelling at 50 km/h instead of 90 km/h? Assume
the petrol costs are $1.45 cents per litre.
449
The table opposite shows the number of road accidents involving speed that caused an
injury in the first five months of the year. Find the following summary statistics.
a Mean
Month
Injured
b Median
January
2814
c Mode
d Range
February
1652
e Interquartile range
March
1786
f
Sample standard deviation
April
1589
g Population standard deviation
May
2182
h What percentage of the road accidents occurred
in January?
The frequency table below shows the number of motor bikes passing through a
checkpoint each hour for the past 24 hours.
Motor bikes (x)
a
b
c
Frequency (f)
11
12
13
14
450
Development
7
8
a
b
9
The grouped frequency table shows the age of the driver involved in a fatal road accident
during the past year.
Class
a
b
c
d
e
Freq. (f)
2029
85
3039
72
4049
71
5059
55
6069
36
fx
Study guide 14
Cost of purchase
Insurance
Stamp duty
1
2
3
Running costs
Fuel consumption =
Straight-line
S = V0 - Dn
S = V0 (1 r)n
depreciation
Declining balance
depreciation
Safety
S=
D
D
or T =
or D = S T
T
S
D Distance
S Speed
T Time
BACMale =
BACFemale
(10 N 7.5 H )
or
6.8 M
(10 N 7.5 H )
=
5.5 M
Number of hours =
Driving statistics
BAC
0.015
Review
451
Review
452
A motor bike is for sale at $13000. Finance is available at $3000 deposit and monthly
repayments of $520 for 4 years. What is the interest paid?
A $14960
B $17960
C $24960
D $27960
Jake has been quoted $1280 for comprehensive car insurance. He has a no claim bonus of
60%. How much is Jake required to pay?
A $512
B $768
C $1220
D $1280
A new car is bought for $28810. Calculate the stamp duty payable if the charge is $3 per
$100 or part $100.
A $840
B $864
C $867
D $870
Mias car uses 8.25 litres per 100 km. How many litres of petrol will her car use on a trip of
1150 km from Broken Hill to Sydney?
A 94.875 L
B 139.73 L
C 1397.3 L
D 9487.5 L
Mitchell purchased a used car for $7500 and it depreciated by $700 each year. What is its
depreciated value after three years?
A $4700
B $5400
C $6100
D $6800
A car depreciates in value from $39000 to $12250 in four years under the declining
balance method. What is the annual rate of depreciation, to the nearest whole number?
A 17%
B 18%
C 25%
D 26%
Layla is 61 kg and has consumed 5 standard drinks in the past four hours.
(10 N 7.5 H )
?
5.5 M
453
Michael buys a car for $18000. After one year the market value of the car is $15000.
What is the percentage decrease in the price? Answer correct to one decimal place.
A new car is for sale at $39000. Finance is available at 20% deposit and monthly
repayments of $900 for 5 years.
a How much will the car cost if you use the finance package?
b What is the interest paid?
Lucy is 18 years old and has received this quote for comprehensive insurance.
Premium details
Excesses
Cost
12 month policy
$850.00
10% No claim bonus
Standard
$600
a
b
Male under 21
additional $1400
Female under 21
additional $1000
Calculate the cost of the insurance if Lucy is eligible for a no-claim bonus.
What is Lucys excess if she makes a claim?
Logan has bought a used car for $12460. Calculate the stamp duty payable if the charge is
$4 per $100 or part $100.
Review
Review
454
A caravan is purchased for $12986. After 3 years it has a salvage value of $6020.
a What is the annual amount of depreciation, if the amount of depreciation is constant?
b Determine the book value of the caravan after 5 years.
Alexis purchased a car for $19900. It depreciates at 24% per year under the declining
balance method.
a What is the salvage value of the car after five years? Answer to the nearest dollar.
b How much has the car depreciated over the five years?
What is the stopping distance if the reaction-time distance is 15 m and the braking distance
is 21m?
A car is travelling at 70 km/h and the reaction time of the driver is 0.50 seconds.
5Vt V 2
+
a Find the stopping distance of this car using the formula d =
.
18 170
b How much further would it take to stop this car if the reaction time of the driver was
2 seconds?
10
What is the number of hours to wait before driving? (Answer correct to 1 decimal
place.)
BAC
) .
( Numbers of hours =
0.015
b
11
The percentage of killed drivers with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.05/100 mL for the
past ten years is listed below.
Drivers (%)
a
b
c
41
32
25
23
23
31
30
23
30
14
What are the mean, median and mode for the above data?
Which is the better measure for the centre for the data? Explain your answer.
What are the range, interquartile range and population standard deviation for the data?
Challenge questions 14
Stella sells shoes for a retail store and receives wages of $1875 per month plus 4%
commission on all her sales. What were her sales in a month if she received a total pay of
$1953?
(A) $878.00
(B) $1946.88
(C) $1950.00
(D) $2190.12
A car mechanic charges a total of $165 to repair a motor vehicle. The Goods and Services
Tax (GST) of 10% was included in this total. Which of the following statements is correct?
(A) 90% of $165 was the price of the repair before the GST was added.
(B) The total repair price included $16.50 GST.
(C) The price before adding the GST is $165 1.10.
(D) The GST cannot be determined without knowing the original repair cost.
For the scores 20, 22, 22, 14, 19, 22, 20, 21, 24 and 12 consider the following statements.
I
The median is greater than the mean.
II
The mode is greater than the median.
(A) Both statement I and II are true.
(B) Both statement I and II are false.
(C) Statement I is false and statement II is true.
(D) Statement I is true and statement II is false.
455
456
Mason has planted red and white rose bushes in the ratio 2:3. How many white rose
bushes are there if he planted a total of 30 rose bushes?
(A) 6
(B) 12
(C) 18
(D) 20
D
150
C 70 110
75
0
A
30 B
Which of the following expressions would give the height (h), of the tree in the diagram?
(A) 42 tan 34
42
(B)
ta 34
tan
h
(C) 42 cos 34
34
42
42 m
(D)
cos 34
Normal hours
30
Overtime (
2)
x
Wage
$840
Terry worked some overtime at double-time rate, which is missing from the wage sheet.
Using the information on the wage sheet, how many hours of overtime did Terry work?
(A) 4
(B) 5
(C) 6
(D) 8
457
10
Joshua invests $1600 for 3 years at 8% p.a. compounding quarterly. How much
compound interest will he receive?
(A) $415.54
(B) $429.19
(C) $2015.54
(D) $2029.19
11
12
13
14
A used car was bought for $(x + 10) and sold for $(x - 20), Which of the following
statements is true?
(A) There was a profit of $(x - 30).
(B) There was a loss of $30.
(C) There was a profit of $(x + 10).
(D) There was a loss of $(x - 30).
15
Tennis balls are sold in a box of 5 yellow balls or a box of x white balls. A tennis coach
needs 400 balls and purchases 20 boxes of yellow balls and a certain number of white
balls. Which of the following expressions describes the number of boxes of white balls
purchased?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Entrees
Soup
Salad
Mains
Beef
Chicken
Vegetarian
Desserts
Apple pie
Ice-cream
400 x
5
300x
300 + x
300
x
458
Section II
Attempt Questions 16-18 (45 marks)
Allow about 70 minutes for this section
All necessary working should be shown in every question
Question 16 (15 marks)
(a)
(b)
Marks
Tax payable
0-$6000
Nil
$6001-$35000
$35001-$80000
$80001-$180000
Daniel earns a gross income of $63500 during the financial year. He has allowable
deductions of $4500.
(i)
What is Daniels taxable income?
(ii)
Calculate the tax payable on Daniels taxable income.
(iii)
Daniel must pay 1.5% of his taxable income for the Medicare Levy.
Calculate how much Daniel pays in Medicare Levy.
(iv)
What is Daniels total tax payable including the Levy?
(v)
Daniel has paid $12255 in tax during the financial year. Determine whether
Daniel receives a refund of tax, or whether he is required to pay more tax,
and determine this amount.
(c)
2
2
Simplify:
(i)
1 - 2 (5a + 3)
(ii)
45x6y5 9xy5
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1
2
1
1
2
2
2
Cambridge University Press
459
Marks
The diagram below shows a small and a large vertical pole joined by length of wire
at the top of each pole.
A
h
C
2m
44
10 m
The smaller pole is 2 metres tall and is 10 metres from the taller pole, which is of
height h metres. The angle of elevation of the top of the tall pole from the top of the
small pole is 44.
(i)
Use trigonometry to find the distance AB in the diagram. Answer correct to
one decimal place.
(ii)
Find the height of the tall pole, correct to one decimal place.
(iii)
Find the length of the wire AC that joins the two poles. Answer correct to
one decimal place.
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Blake plays cards with a normal deck and draws a card from the deck.
(i)
What are the chances of drawing a 3 or a black card?
(ii)
What are the chances of not drawing an ace?
A paddock is surveyed using an offset survey. The
field book entry is shown opposite.
(i)
Draw a sketch of the paddock.
(ii)
Find the area of the paddock.
D
140
C 60 90
50
0
A
2
1
2
2
1
45 B
1
1
(ii)
Calculate the annual percentage rate of simple interest that would produce
the same amount of interest. (Answer correct to 2 decimal places.)
460
The following box-and-whisker plot shows the weight (kg) of 400 people.
50
(b)
60
80
90
100
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Rooms up to 70 m3
Rooms up to 80 m3
Rooms up to 90 m3
Determine the most suitable heater and give a reason for your answer.
(ii)
(d)
70
(i)
Heater A
Heater B
Heater C
(c)
Marks
How many litres of water are in the pool? (1 m3 = 1000 L). Answer correct to
the nearest litre.
5 cm
Not to scale
12 cm
8 cm
(i)
(ii)
Data Analysis
Mean of a sample
x=
Compound interest
A
P
r
n
A = P(1 + r)n
is final amount
is initial amount
is interest rate per period,
expressed as a decimal
is number of compounding
periods
FV
, FV = PV(1 + r)n
(1 + r )n
Straight-line method of
depreciation
S = V0 - Dn
S is salvage value of asset after n
periods
V0 is initial value of asset
D is amount of depreciation per
period
n is number of periods
Declining-balance method of
depreciation
S = V0(1 - r)n
S is salvage value of asset after n
periods
sum of scores
number of scores
z-score
For any score x,
x x
z=
s
x is mean
s is standard deviation
Outlier(s)
score(s) less than QL - 1.5 IQR or
score(s) more than QU + 1.5 IQR
QL is lower quartile
QU is upper quartile
IQR is interquartile range
Normal distribution
461
Spherical Geometry
Circumference of a circle
C = 2pr or C = pd
r is radius
d is diameter
2 r
360
r is radius
is number of degrees in central
angle
Radius of Earth
(taken as) 6400 km
Time differences
For calculation of time differences
using longitude: 15 = 1 hour time
difference
Area
Circle
A = pr2
r is radius
Sector
A=
r2
360
r is radius
is number of degrees in central
angle
Annulus
A = p(R2 - r2)
R is radius of outer circle
r is radius of inner circle
462
Trapezium
Volume
h
A = (a + b)
2
h is perpendicular height
a and b are the lengths of the parallel
sides
h
V ( AL + 4 Am + AR )
3
h distance between successive
measurements
AL is area of left end
AM is area of middle
AR is area of right end
Trigonometric Ratios
Surface Area
Sphere
Closed cylinder
A = 2pr2 + 2prh
r is radius
h is perpendicular height
Volume
sin =
opposite side
hypotenuse
cos =
adjacent side
hypotenuse
tan =
opposite side
adjacent side
Prism or cylinder
Sine rule
V = Ah
r is radius
h is perpendicular height
In ABC
a
b
c
=
=
sin A sin B sin C
Pyramid or cone
Cosine rule
1
Ah
3
A is area of the base
h is perpendicular height
a2 + b2 c 2
or cos C =
2 ab
V=
Approximation Using
Simpsons Rule
Area
h
( d f + 4 dm + dl )
3
h distance between successive
measurements
df is first measurement
dm is middle measurement
dl is last measurement
A
(10 N 7.5 H ) or
6.8 M
(10 N 7.5 H )
5.5 M
N is number of standard drinks
consumed
H is number of hours of drinking
M is persons mass in kilograms
BAC Female =
D = ST , S =
average speed =
1 byte = 8 bits
1 kilobyte = 210 bytes = 1024 bytes
1 megabyte = 220 bytes
= 1024 kilobytes
1 gigabyte = 230 bytes
= 1024 megabytes
1 terabyte = 240 bytes
= 1024 gigabytes
Probability of an Event
The probability of an event where
outcomes are equally likely is given by:
P(event) =
Straight Lines
Gradient
m=
D
D
,T=
T
S
reaction-time braking
stopping distance =
+
distance
distance
In ABC
c2 = a2 + b2 - 2abcos C
BACMale =
Distance, Speed
and Time
A = 4pr3
r is radius
Gradientintercept form
y = mx + b
m is gradient
b is y-intercept
Glossary
A
Absolute error The difference between the actual
value and the measured value indicated by an
instrument.
Adjacent side A side in a right-angled triangle next
to the reference angle but not the hypotenuse.
Allowable deduction Deductions allowed by the
Australian Taxation Office such as work-related,
self-education, travel, car or clothing expenses.
Analysing data A process that interprets data and
transforms it into information.
Angle of depression The angle between the
horizontal and the direction below the horizontal.
Angle of elevation The angle between the
horizontal and the direction above the horizontal.
Annual leave loading A payment calculated as
a fixed percentage of the normal pay over a fixed
number of weeks. Annual leave loading is usually at
the rate of 17%.
Appreciation An increase in value of an item
over time. It is often expressed as the rate of
appreciation.
Area The amount of surface enclosed by the
boundaries of a shape.
B
Bar chart A graph that displays categorical data
using horizontal bars.
Bias When events are not equally likely.
C
Capacity The amount of liquid within a solid figure.
Casual rate An amount paid for each hour of casual
work.
Categorical data Data that is divided into
categories, such as hair colour. It uses words not
numbers.
Census Collecting data from the whole population.
Chance The likelihood of an event occurring.
Coefficient A number in front of a particular letter
in an algebraic expression. For example, the term 3y
has a coefficient of 3.
Collecting data A process that involves deciding
what to collect, locating it and collecting it.
Commission A payment for services,
mostly as a percentage of the value of the
goods sold.
Complementary event The outcomes that are not
members of the event.
Compound interest Interest calculated from the
initial amount borrowed or principal plus any
463
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464
D
Data Raw scores. Information before it is
organised.
Decile A band of 10% of the scores in a data set.
Deduction A regular amount of money subtracted
from a persons wage or salary.
Degree A unit for measuring angles.
Dependent variable A variable that depends on
the number substituted for the independent
variable.
Discrete data Data obtained when a quantity is
counted. It can only take exact numerical values.
Displaying data A process that involves the
presentation of the data and information.
Distributive law A rule for expanding grouping
symbols by multiplying each term inside the
E
Elevation A scale drawing of a building from one
side.
Enlargement A similar figure drawn larger than the
original figure.
Equally likely outcomes Outcomes of an event that
have the same chance of occurring.
Equation A mathematical statement that says that
two things are equal.
Evaluate An instruction to work out the exact value
of an expression.
Expand An instruction to remove the grouping
symbols.
Experimental probability See Relative frequency.
Expression A mathematical statement written in
numbers and symbols.
F
Face value The initial price when a company firstly
lists on the stock or securities exchange (ASX).
Factorise An instruction to break up an expression
into a product of its factors.
Field diagram A diagram used to calculate the area
of irregularly shaped blocks of land.
Five-number summary A summary of a data set
consisting of the lower extreme, lower quartile,
median, upper quartile and upper extreme.
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Glossary
G
General form A linear equation written in the form
ax + bx + c = 0.
Goods and Services Tax (GST) A tax added to
the purchase price of each item. The GST rate in
Australia is 10% of the purchase price of the item
except for basic food items and some medical
expenses.
Gradient The steepness or slope of the line. It
is calculated by dividing the vertical rise by the
horizontal run.
Gradientintercept formula A linear equation
written in the form y = mx + b.
Gross income The total amount of money earned
from all sources. It includes interest, profits from
shares or any payment received throughout the
year.
Gross pay The total of an employees pay including
allowances, overtime pay, commissions and bonuses.
Grouped data A data organised into small groups
rather than as individual scores.
465
H
Histogram A graph using columns to represent
frequency or cumulative frequency. See Frequency
histogram and Cumulative frequency histogram.
Hypotenuse A side in a right-angled triangle
opposite the right angle. It is the longest side.
I
Income tax Tax paid on the income received.
Independent variable A variable that does not
depend on another variable for its value.
Inflation A rise in the price of goods and services or
Consumer Price Index (CPI). It is often expressed as
annual percentage.
Intercept The position where the line cuts the axes.
Interest The amount paid for borrowing money or
the amount earned for lending money
Interest rate The rate at which interest is charged or
paid. It is usually expressed as a percentage.
Interquartile range The difference between the
third quartile and first quartile.
L
Like term Terms with exactly the same
pronumerals, such as 2a and 5a.
Limit of reading The smallest unit on measuring
instrument.
Line of best fit A straight line used to
approximately model the linear relationship between
two variables.
Linear equation An equation whose variables are
raised to the power of one.
Linear function A function when graphed on a
number plane is a straight line.
Linear modelling A mathematical description of a
practical situation using a linear function.
Lower extreme Lowest score in a data set.
Lower quartile The lowest 25% of the scores in the
data set.
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466
N
Net pay The amount remaining after deductions
have been subtracted from the gross pay.
Number pattern A sequence of numbers formed
using a rule. Each number in the pattern is called a
term.
O
Offset survey A survey involving the measurement
of distances along a suitable diagonal or traverse.
The perpendicular distances from the traverse to the
vertices of the shape are called the offsets.
Ogive See Cumulative frequency polygon.
Opposite side A side in a right-angled triangle
opposite the reference angle.
Organising data A process that arranges, represents
and formats data. It is carried out after the data is
collected.
Outcome A possible result in a probability
experiment.
Outlier Data values that appear to stand out from
the main body of a data set.
Overtime Extra payments when a person works
beyond the normal working day.
Q
Quantitative data Numerical data. It is data that
has been measured.
Quartile A band of 25% of the scores in a data set.
See Upper quartile and Lower quartile.
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Glossary
R
Random sample A sample that occurs when
members of the population have an equal chance of
being selected.
Range The difference between the highest and
lowest scores. It is a simple way of measuring the
spread of the data.
Rate A comparison of different quantities in a
definite order.
Rate of interest See Interest rate.
Ratio A comparison of like quantities in a definite
order.
Reduction A similar figure drawn smaller than the
original figure.
Relative error A measurement calculated by
dividing the limit of reading (absolute error) by the
actual measurement.
Relative frequency The frequency of the event
divided by the total number of frequencies. It
estimates the chances of something happening or the
probability of an event.
Retainer A fixed payment usually paid to a person
receiving a commission.
Royalty A payment for the use of intellectual
property such as book or song. It is calculated as a
percentage of the revenue or profit received from its
use.
S
Salary A payment for a years work which is
divided into equal monthly, fortnightly or weekly
payments.
Sample A part of the population.
Sample space The set of all possible outcomes.
Sample standard deviation A calculation for the
standard deviation when the data set is a sample
(n-1).
Scale factor The enlargement or reduction of a
shape by a scale factor.
467
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468
T
Tangent ratio The ratio of the opposite side to the
adjacent side in a right-angled triangle.
Taxable income The gross income minus any
allowable deductions.
Time-and-a-half A penalty rate that pays the
employee one-and-a-half times the normal hourly
rate.
Traverse survey See Offset survey.
Tree diagram A technique used to list the outcomes
in a probability experiment. It shows each event as a
branch of the tree.
Trigonometry A branch of mathematics involving
the measurement of triangles.
V
Value Added Tax (VAT) A tax added to the
purchase price of each item. VAT is used in
many countries with the rate ranging from 2% to
25%.
Variable A symbol used to represent a number or
group of numbers.
Volume The amount of space occupied by a threedimensional object.
W
Wage A payment for work that is calculated on an
hourly basis.
X
x-intercept The point at which the graph cuts the
x-axis.
U
Unitary method A method used in ratio and
percentages involving the calculation of a unit.
ISBN: 9781107627291
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Answers
Chapter 1
24
6
7
8
9
10
11
Exercise 1A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
a
c
$1782
b $3563
$7721
a $1108, $2217
b $1509, $3019
c $2073, $4146
d $851, $1702
$1656
a $30 160
b $39 520
c $39 216
d $125 736
a $3000
b $78 000
$41 860
$81 120
Stephanie $49 348 Tahlia $45 852
Stephanie by $3496
Laura $32 110
Ebony $29 508
Laura by $2602
Tran $98 696
Jake $99 960
Difference $1264
a $892.50
b $943.50
c $1020.00
d $1071.00
$1130.50
a $444.00
b $351.50
c $858.40
d $511.71
a $15 787.20 b $31 720.00
c $39 062.40 d $24 731.20
a 40.50 hrs
b $911.25
42 hrs
9 hrs
a $193.60
b $968.00
c $1936.00
d $50 336.00
$332.10 Alyssa
$320.00 Connor
Alyssa by $12.10
$635 481.60
$83 790.00
Computer application
$1640.85 Weekly pay
$1777.58 Calculations for weekly
Exercise 1B
1
a
c
a
c
b
d
b
d
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
$108.00
$379.20
$227.94
$292.68
$1560.00
$135.30
$1023.40
a 45.5 hrs
$9.80
$16.00
$1000.68
$1237.50
a $257.50
$820.88
$1761
$3589.60
$2212
$3720
$451.05
$680.00
19
a $448.00 b $268.80 c 37 %
20
21
5.89 hrs
a $453.60
c $22.68
$237.00
$262.98
$114.30
$370.74
Exercise 1D
1
$1041.60
$1287.50
1
2
b
d
4 hrs
$567.00
Exercise 1C
1
2
3
4
5
a
c
e
a
c
$1092.00
$1862.00
$1176.00
$1421.00
$784.00
$3564.95
$2326.50
a $2901.60
c $2065.80
e $2214.50
2
3
4
$222
$5810.95
$542
Computer application
a $1424.00
b $35.60
a $1400.00
b $980.00
c $73 528.00
d Pay increases by $728 however
holiday loading was $980.
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
a
c
a
c
$352.80
b
$1368.80
$9120.00
b
$5710.00
d
$1620.00
a $431.00
b
c $1640.00
$960.00
a $512.00
b
a $1000, $3250
b $1000, $4500
c $1000, $5750
d $1000, $7000
$50 600.00
a $3400.00
b
c $5200.00
2%
$460.00
a $11 600.00 b
c $2260.00
d
$669.60
$8400.00
$11 814.00
$642.00
$500.00
$4700.00
$41 600.00
$1220.00
Exercise 1E
b
d
$897.75
$966.00
b
d
$791.00
$1074.85
b
d
f
$2896.20
$2943.90
$2055.00
2
3
4
5
6
a
b
c
$2250
$3870
$2880
$5140
$500
$4473.60
a $13 096.32
c $15 712.35
a $12 105.60
$36 864.00
$9240.40
469
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Answers
470
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
a
c
a
c
a
c
a
$8762.00
b
$28 580.76
$58.20
b
$107.60
d
$142.80
b
$154.20
d
$1005.00
b
$358.20
a 11 240 copies b
c $37 859.13
$832.00
$18 312.84
5
6
$97.00
$165.80
$156.40
$103.20
$595.00
Computer application
a $526
b $658 total
c $77 total
Income
Expenses
$526
Groceries
$360
Entertain
$120
Medical
$18
Car
$160
Electricity
$20
Telephone
$14
Rates
$43
Balance
$635
$42 065.70
Exercise 1F
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
11
12
13
a
c
a
c
a
a
c
$511.00
$493.00
$407.40
$962.73
$15 892
$1689.95
$4003.61
$79 485
a $464.75
a $9.60
c $16 140.80
a $1434.00
c $129.06
e $891.82
a $1120.00
c $100.80
e $756.20
a $1976.00
c $1769.71
a $989.40
a $2420.10
c 24.7%
a $2403.00
c 17%
$720.00
$1419.60
b
b
$32 858.00
$3850.70
b
b
$343.75
$310.40
b
d
$258.12
$542.18
b
d
$168.00
$363.80
$177.84
b
b
d
b
33.0%
$1210.05
$2400.00
$1259.40
Exercise 1G
1
2
3
4
a
c
$1536
$18 720
$13 473
a $61 460.37
c $1690.60
b
d
$2550
$23 400
$59 769.77
Income
Expenses
Job
$74
Sport
$24
Allow
$30
Movies
$22
School
$16
Food
$20
Balance
$22
$104
b
$22.00
$104
$1896
i
k
a
c
e
g
i
k
a
c
e
g
i
a
c
e
g
i
$1896
Review
Section I
1
4
7
2
5
8
C
C
D
$1855.20
$641.25
$5371.25
a $839.16
a $4725.00
$4440
a $31 461.46
$1056.00
$5.35
a $1833.85
$512
$2781.12
$1526
$27103.50
B
D
D
3 B
6 A
a
c
e
Section II
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
$38.65
b
b
$5634.36
$235 275.00
$26 742.24
8
9
10
11
25.8%
Chapter 2
Exercise 2A
1
a
c
e
a
c
e
g
4r, r
a, 5a
2m, 9m
7
7y
h
5d
5d
b
d
f
b
d
f
h
5x, 2x
xy, 4xy, 3yx
cd, dc
20
20p
2x
6
6y
22t
16
16f
7ab
7c + 4
17r + 8
5a + 3b
3de
6xy
9a 3b
7x2 3x + 4
t2 + t
2e2 + e
w2 + 3w + 5
3r2 + r 7
2a
3
5m
4
3d
11
13s
3
3y
4
7g
6
Yes
No
Yes
j
l
b
d
f
h
j
l
b
d
f
h
b
d
f
h
j
l
b
d
f
10gh
4xyz
8 7
8f
3x + 4y
4
2dd 5h
9a b
5ab 2b
4g + 9h
2a2 + 5a
2m2 + 4m
2dd2 4d
v2 + v + 2
x
5
2x
7
4y
15
5f
8
5e
6
r
10
No
No
No
4x
6x
4x + y
x + 7y
7
3x + 7y
7
x + 8y
8
2x y
4x y
2x
x + 2y
2
3x + 2y
2
x + 3y
y 6x
P = 2l + 2b
P = 7x + 4y
4
7w
a
12
17 x
c
21
13h
e
24
11u
g
30
11w
i
12
13 x
k
15
b
d
f
h
j
l
a
20
2z
15
7r
24
13e
20
17a
20
7d
5
Exercise 2B
1
a
c
e
g
i
24g
56d
100x2
42e2
45f
45 2
45f
b
d
f
h
35m
7a2
30s2
16w2
471
Answers
3
4
4m2n2
6x3
15s2t4
2
4u w3
a 2y
mn
c
3
e m2
i
a
c
e
g
i
7
yz
13
r
3s
h
b
d
f
h
11w2
3
5j
1
4s
10p3
5p2q
6p2q
12p3q
6p2q2
2pq2
4p2q2
2pq3
32 y 2
3
10w 2
9
1
b
d
f
15a
2
c
3e
g
i
2
t
12t
6t
4r
2r
r
t
A=
11
x
2y
a
c
e
12 d 2
5
15
10w 2
63
2m2
45
8
9
15 x 3
2
15h2 k 2
4
a2b2
2
3m 2
4
12
b
u2v
18m2n
1
6 y2
Exercise 2C
1
10
11
10
5p2
12
4a
4 y2
3
c 10p2qr
f 48q4
i 20z4
x
8
5p
5z
9h2
3b
x
7
1
3m 2
g
5
b 45y2z
e 8r5
h 5d3e3
a
d
g
3a + 6
b 2d + 2
7b 14
d 6x + 8
10x 14
f 36b + 4
20 + 8t
h 6 12w
15 + 45d
j
40e 16d
20a + 45d
l
14h + 56g
4x 12
b 3y 15
b 8
d 7k + 14
6w + 6
f 2x + 26
8 4q
h 15 + 20r
56 + 14s
y2 + y
b v2 + 4v
2
n + 10n
d 2x2 3x
3e2 + 5e
f 6d2 2d
7ez + 3fz
h 2ab 3ac
cd + 4ce
6g + 2
b 8s + 14
y 27
d x+8
8z 2
f 4q + 35
6x + 1
b 25y 16
9b 4
d 9r + 2
5n 2
f 4q 7
7x 3
b 5y + 8
8a + 22
d 13c 9
10s + 34
f 9h + 21
10x
h 2z + 59
7c 41
j
21g + 3
13u 18
l
7d + 10
18x 12 2x 6 = 16x 18.
Expansion of 2nd parenthesis.
a 2x2 3x
b 2b2 + 4b
2
c 2y + 5y
d g2
2
e 7v 3v
f b2 3b
g 3u2 + 5u
h 3n2 25n
i
5d2 + 26d
j
6e2 + 65e
2
k 7k 15k
l
10t2 + 19t
2
2
a b 5ab
a 2x3 + 3x2 2x 2
b a3 + 2a2 4a 12
c 5y3 + 2y2 3y 21
d 3b3 b2 + 7b
e z3 2z2 z
f 2e3 7e2 + 7e
g 5x
h 3a3 + 3a
i
v
j
a3 + a2b ab b2
k x4 + x2y x2 3xy
l
y3 + 4y2z yz2 y
6n3 + 3n2r
a
c
e
g
i
k
a
c
e
g
i
a
c
e
g
i
a
c
e
a
c
e
a
c
e
g
i
k
3
4
5
6
9
10
11
Exercise 2E
1
Exercise 2D
3
1
a
c
e
g
a
c
e
g
3
10
7
4
y+4
x1
2v + 10
2d 3
b
d
f
h
b
d
f
h
4
5
2
3
a+4
h3
3s 9
2+x
a
d
g
a
d
a
d
b
e
h
b
e
b
e
a
d
19
25
48
25
25
2
1
3
2
4
3
2
h 6
g
4
19
96
2
10
4
6
2
h 6.61
b 5
e 0
c
f
i
c
f
c
f
24
3
0
7
97
1
24
i 2
25
c 9
f 13
1
i 6
2
Answers
Answers
472
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
1
2
b 4
e 3
485
b 153
11
e 25
15
16
48
10
49
150.8 cm
64
3
3.24
8
0.008
9.20
6
a
c
e
g
i
k
a
c
e
g
i
k
a
c
e
g
i
k
a
c
e
g
i
k
a
c
e
g
i
k
a
c
e
g
i
k
a
y=9
a=5
m = 5
h=3
q = 11
m=5
a = 10
d = 23
z=5
v=7
j = 1
f = 15
x=3
v=4
h = 5
1
w=6
2
1
e = 1
7
5
d = 10
7
y=8
w = 24
a = 35
d = 108
x = 20
m = 20
x=2
q=2
v=4
g = 2
p = 4
n=3
y=4
a=6
m = 1
q=3
e=4
d=4
1
m= 6
4
b=2
d =2
1
5
1
q=5
2
8
x=
9
1
8
h=4
h
j
l
9
10
b
d
f
h
j
l
b
d
f
h
j
l
b
d
f
h
j
l
b
d
f
h
j
l
b
d
f
h
j
l
b
d
f
h
j
l
b
x = 15
c = 11
d = 9
r = 5
x=3
g = 8
k = 10
s=1
k = 2
x=4
h = 14
c = 5
w=9
t = 6
a = 10
2
c = 7
3
1
k=2
8
2
e= 4
3
d = 56
f = 15
g = 18
s = 33
y = 12
w = 81
y=6
d = 10
m=3
x = 1
v = 16
b = 16
c=1
y=3
d = 5
r = 1
h=3
w = 6
2
c= 3
3
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
a
a
c
e
g
i
a
b
a
c
e
g
i
a
c
e
g
i
a
c
e
g
i
a
c
1
2
11
m= 5
15
x=8
s=
2
5
2
5
4
h=8
7
k = 100
v = 48
a=4
k = 24
n = 24
e = 18
d=4
y=9
y=3
v = 35
3
h = 2
4
3
a=2
7
x=6
y = 14
a =1
v=
b
d
f
h
x=8
s = 18
b = 45
r=9
y=4
29
50
1
r=6
4
d = 28
d=8
z = 10
q = 12
x = 10
f
h
m=6
c=7
b
b
d
f
x=6
y = 60
w = 40
a
c
y=3
y=3
b
d
d=6
4320
x = 18
c = 28
m = 126
1
a=7
2
r = 12
2
x=2
5
x=1
x=8
2
x=3
5
3
a=5
4
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1
3
e=1
y = 14
x=5
3
7
4
5
Exercise 2H
1
2
3
4
5
13
18
b
d
f
h
t = 11
x=3
x=6
n = 16
e
g
Exercise 2G
1
2
x = . Error in 2nd line.
7
2+x=7
b x=5
x=5
b y=2
v = 15
d b=3
d=5
f z=2
a=9
h w=2
e=1
6 p = 93
p = $15.50
b
b
b
x = 1
a=3
6
7
6
y=3
4x 3 = 11 + 6x
2x = 14
x = 7
a 10 + 3x = 19
a 2(x
2( + 4) = 20
a 4 + 2n = 36
f
h
a
a
c
e
h = 14
c=3
2
u=2
7
b = 77
2
x=5
3
w = 17
a = 1
3
e=
10
C = 36 T
x=6
n = 10
s = 60
e
g
2
5
7x = 2
Exercise 2F
1
y = 11
2
3
e x=7
4
1
g z=3
2
1
i
e=2
2
1
k y = 12
3
7x + 6 = 8
c
c 8
17
18
a
a
a
a
a
196
c 300
36
c 1024
15
c 3
26
c 24
1.0
1
a 14
b 17
c 19
2
2
7
a 7
b 6
c 36
3
11
a $1060 b $1165
350 km
a 2.6 1013 b 3.9 107
a 4C
b 43C
(v u)
a u = v at
b a=
t
(v u)
c t=
a
C
a r=
2
b i
0.48 cm ii 1.10 mm
a m = Bh2
b i
73
ii 110 cm
a v = 13.6
b v = 10.2
a R = 1.42
b R = 2.19
c R = 2.88
a s = 42
b s = 592.5
a $2700.00
b $19 712.00
c $3720
32
81
20
36
7.2
b
b
b
b
b
Answers
3V
r2
20
3V
4
h = 4.30
r = 0.8
2
Review
Section I
1
4
7
2
5
8
B
D
D
3 D
6 C
9 B
A
A
C
Section II
1
2
3
4
7st + 1
b
8r 6s
35 x 2
a
b
2
c
a
b
3
19m
c
24
a 7x 7
b
c 35x 7
d
e 7d + 49e
f
g 9b + 2h
h
i
y2 + 2yz
2
a 7(b + 5)
b
c 3(v 5)
d
e 2(2x 7y
7 )
f
g 3(7 5x)
h 4(6b 4c + 1)
i
3(4s 5v + 3)
a d = 11
b
c r=3
d
e x=5
f
a
d2 d
w4
16 y 3
10 + 10r
12a 3b
16v + 4s
6w 12
2(v 7)
3(2 + 3)
3(2y
3(4x + 7y
7 )
h=5
t=4
n=4
1
2
v=2
a
c
r = 72
11
m=
20
x = 11
n=3
b
d
y=2
12
a
c
a
a
c
a
13
u = 17
b
x=6
d = 15
b
1.24
b
3.49
4.5 1019
b
C 2000
t=
20
3
r = 1
b=2
2
v=3
13
z = 32
g
i
8
9
10
11
h=8
1.72
1.8
50
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Exercise 3A
a
2000
d 89 000
570
f 600 000
9.4
h 60
81
j
0.49
22
l
5.1
3000
b 45 000
76 000
d 8 100 000
4 000 000
f 520
6.8
h 9.3
45
j
0.3
2.3
l
60
2000
b 12 000
9 000 000
d 7 800 000
50 000
f 300 000 000
6.1
h 0.4
0.21
j
0.08
0.079
l
8
150
b 120
480
d 2400
108
f 600
12
h 800
4
j
45
6.5
l
13
Centimetre b Metre
Millimetre d Kilometre
Centimetre f Metre
Tonne
b Gram
Kilogram
d Kilogram
Tonne
f Gram
Minute
b Minute
Year
d Week
Second
f Hour
19.25 L
b 50
2.2 kg
2 495 000 m
3068 kg
12 km
a 4L
b 40 L
a 0.005 km, 5000 cm,
500 m, 5 000 000 mm
b 5 000 000 mm, 500 m,
5000 cm, 0.005 km
a 1 000 000
b 1 000 000
c 100
d 0.1
e 20
f 0.005
g 39 000
h 310 000 000
i
4 700 000
j
0.0743
k 65
l
0.4
a 0.08
b 8
a 1.5 km
b 50
a 17 h
b 32%
Exercise 3B
Chapter 3
1019
c
e
g
i
k
a
c
e
g
i
k
a
c
e
g
i
k
a
c
e
g
i
k
a
c
e
a
c
e
a
c
e
a
7800
a
b
d
a
b
d
e
f
3
4
5
6
7
a
c
a
c
a
c
a
c
a
c
d
Exercise 3C
1
3
4
5
7.6 103
b
5.9 105
d
3.5 104
f
7.71 107 h
9.54 1010
5.6 104
b
8.12 107 d
5.8 105
f
2.6 101
h
1.67 1010
5.0 106 s
a 4.10 108
b
a 112 000
b
c 5200
d
e 240
f
g 3 900 000
h
i
64 000
a 0.00035
b
c 0.000000163 d
e 0.049
f
g 0.0000000412
a
c
e
g
i
a
c
e
g
i
1.7 109
6.8 106
3.1 108
5.23 1011
6.87 105
4.3 103
3.12 106
9.2 102
4 108
534 000 000
86 780 000
7 800 000 000
28
0.0000079
0.00581
0.98
Answers
19
473
Answers
474
h
i
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0.0000633
0.000000003
5.81 106 kg
a 1.475 1010
c 2.982 106
a 3.25 107
c 1.5 101
a 1 600 000
c 789 000
e 778 000
g 821 100
i
49 000
a 0.004
c 0.00159
e 0.00003
g 0.0081
i
0.00042
0.000016 m
270 000 000 cg
4240 g
a 2 880 000
4 108
a 1.5 108
a 262 000
13 920
3 108 m/s
2 106
2.76 1013
9.4 108 km
b
d
b
2.961 108
1.86 108
1.5 1010
b
d
f
h
3 678 000
3 000 000
3 194 700
7 000
b
d
f
h
0.1918
0.111222
0.019833
0.0927
b
b
b
0.00004802
1.2
2.43
105
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
a
d
g
j
5:1
7:15
1:2:1
5:2
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
b
e
h
k
1:4
2:3
1:2:4
14:9
c
f
i
l
3:2
7:2
3:1
3:4
6h
a
c
a
c
e
g
a
c
e
a
c
e
g
h
i
a
c
a
a
a
a
b
a
a
b
a
$12.50
b
$175
d
$2.90
f
12 mL
h
5 km/L
b
$128/m
d
6 mg/g
f
654 m/s
b
880 mm/h
d
400 m/s
f
6090 mg/mL
4 800 000 mL/kL
12 600 000 mg/kg
$337.50
b
$78 000
0.00175 L/L b
14 mL
b
$183
b
$11/$1000
$10.80/$1000
$13.50
b
600 km
6.5 L/100 km
891 km/h
b
$196
$195
36 km
20 mL
1.5 m/s
112 L/min
14 g/L
200 cm/s
920 m/min
0.0575 km/s
160:80
b 144:96
40:200
d 140:100
150 g
5026
a $120 000
b $100 000
c $20 000
150 g of flour and 100g of sugar
a $2.56
b $25.60
c $35.84
d $15.36
a $14.20
b $56.80
c $85.20
d $142.00
5
L or 1.67 L b 3 L
a
3
a $218 750
b $156 250
c $125 000
a 3:2
b $900
c $1740
1
3 or 3.125 kg
8
$0.75 million
$45
$6.95
29.16 mm
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
a
c
e
g
a
c
e
g
a
c
e
a
c
a
c
a
a
c
e
$4.80
$9.90
$536
$6.75
$22
$112
$3
$80
$24
$135
$37.20
$49 014.40
$131736.80
$185.25
$546
$15 810
$96
$20
$993.60
25%
a $501.60
c $510
a 10%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
32 h
0.175%
20.16 L
11 000 MJ
10
11
370 km
171 kL
Exercise 3F
Exercise 3D
1
Section II
Exercise 3E
12
13
14
b
d
f
h
b
d
f
h
b
d
f
b
d
b
d
b
b
d
f
$36
$22
$70.56
$0.12
$156
$822
$11.52
$0.70
$19.80
$6.60
$15
$100 551.60
$68 878.80
$234
$68.25
$13 438.50
$323.40
$1263.50
$84
b
d
b
$336
$249.60
$198
3 D
6 A
9 D
15
2
5
8
B
D
D
1.2 m
0.000625
3.6 103
2.0 106
2:3
2:3:6
7:11
3:2
$73.60
$12.88
$0.46
$1408
$4.66
7.98
Exercise 4A
1
Section I
D
D
C
B
400 000
Chapter 4
Review
1
4
7
10
6.246 tonnes
0.05
b
3 000 000
0.1 m
b
0.299%
4 800 000
b
190
5.08 104
b
3.81 108
1.512 1010 b
3.6 1012
2.3 106
a 5:1
b
c 4:1
d
e 4:3
f
g 3:1
h
a $18.40
b
c $5.52
d
e $0.92
f
a $0.015/g
b 240 m/min
c 20 mm/min
d 4.8 kg/mg
e 14 000 000 mL/kg
f 360 c/mg
640 km
a $1473
b
a $7.22
b
c $13.49
d
$110.16
a
c
a
c
a
c
a
c
a
a
c
e
a
c
e
inquiry
b primary
organising
d readable
information f graphs
False
b True
True
d False
True
The six steps of a statistical
inquiry: posing questions,
collecting data, organising data,
displaying data, analysing data and
writing a report.
Many people believe that
information is more important than
the natural resources as a source of
social and economic power.
Primary sources interviewing
people, conducting questionnaires
or observing a system in operation.
Secondary sources data collected
or created by someone else such as
information gathered from
newspapers, books and the internet.
Frequency tables are used to organise
ungrouped and grouped data.
Cambridge University Press
475
Answers
10
11
12
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
a
c
e
g
i
k
m
a
c
e
g
i
k
a
c
e
g
i
k
m
o
a
a
Categorical b Quantitative
Quantitative d Categorical
Quantitative f Quantitative
Categorical h Quantitative
Categorical j Quantitative
Quantitative l Categorical
Quantitative
Discrete
b Discrete
Continuous d Discrete
Continuous f Discrete
Discrete
h Continuous
Continuous j Discrete
Continuous
Continuous b Continuous
Categorical d Categorical
Categorical f Discrete
Continuous h Discrete
Categorical j Discrete
Categorical l Continuous
Continuous n Discrete
Continuous p Categorical
Quantitative b Continuous
Quantitative b Discrete
Categorical and nominal
Categorical and ordinal
Quantitative and discrete
Categorical and nominal
Quantitative and discrete
Quantitative and continuous
a Quantitative and discrete
b Categorical and ordinal
Exercise 4C
1
a
c
Sample
Census
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
14
Census
Sample
f
h
j
b
d
f
h
j
Sample
Census
Census
Random
Stratified
Random
Random
Random
173
6%
a
a
a
124
200
440
b
b
b
8
22
15
c
c
c
116
28
18
36
a
b
440
i 11
ii 15
iv 16
23
b 65%
School population does not
represent the views of the entire
population.
56 students
a 13 females b 12 males
a No opportunity to give a reason
or state what part of the policy
is good.
b Biased as it states that the boss
is lazy. This may not be the
interviewees opinion.
a Inaccurate. Survey is biased as
people at the festival have a
liking for country music.
b Systematic survey of people
across the country.
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
Review
Section I
1
4
7
10
2
5
8
D
C
B
C
A
C
C
3 C
6 A
9 D
Section II
2
a
c
b
c
e
Exercise 4D
4
b
d
Sample
Census
Sample
Systematic
Stratified
Systematic
Systematic
Stratified
iii 13
11
12
13
Exercise 4B
1
e
g
i
a
c
e
g
i
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
a
c
a
c
e
g
i
a
c
e
g
False
b False
False
d True
Categorical b Categorical
Quantitative d Quantitative
Quantitative f Categorical
Quantitative h Quantitative
Quantitative
Discrete
b Continuous
Continuous d Discrete
Discrete
f Discrete
Continuous h Discrete
Categorical and ordinal
a Systematic b Stratified
c Random
d Systematic
e Random
f Stratified
g Random
h Systematic
i
Stratified
a 100
b 33
c 67
a 21
b 19
a Stratified
b Systematic
c Random
Stratified sample using year groups
as the strata
Biased question. It assumes the
interviewee likes the swimming
centre.
Chapter 5
Exercise 5A
1
a
c
Cost (c)
c
Weight (w)
Cost of chocolates
60
50
Cost ($)
Answers
40
30
20
10
w
1
2 3 4
Weight (kg)
$18
Cambridge University Press
a
c
Cost (c)
Time (t)
0
33 22 1
11 1 2 3
2
3
1.2
Cost ($)
1
0.8
6
0.6
0.2
2.5
7.5
10
Science experiment
10
1
m
5.7
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
0, 4, 8, 12, 16
2, 1, 4, 7, 10
3, 2, 1, 0, 1
30
25
20
15
10
11
12
13
14
13
12
11
10
9
1 2 3 4
Emilys age (years
(
)
10
20
30
40
NZD
12
24
36
48
Conversion rate
NZD
50
40
20
Computer value
10
30
AU
AUD
10 20 30 40
20
15
Exercise 5B
10
5
t
3
2
1
0
33 22 1
11 1 2 3
2
3
c
e
a
10
8
6
4
2
2 3 4
Time (years
(
)
d
$3000
3 years
$2000
3
4
10
20
30
40
23
43
63
83
Taxi hire
a
a
4
b 1
12
d 4
2
b 5
1
2
2
b 1
Gradient of 2, y-intercept of 2
10
8
6
4
80
a
c
a
0
33 22 1
12 1 2 3
AUD
25
0
33 22 1
11 1 2 3
2
3
Age relationship
30
b
3
2
1
2 3 4
Weight (kg)
Value ($100)
c
a
Cost ($)
10
b
a
b
c
d
a
9 12 15
Mass
6
4
10
4.5
t
Cost of apples
Cost ($)
d
a
14
3 4 5
Time (min)
w
t
0.4
3
2
1
Time
Answers
476
60
40
20
d
10 20 30 40
Distance (km)
Answers
Gradient of 2, y-intercept
of 1
2
Gradient of , y-intercept
3
of 3
2
4
2
2
1
Gradient of , y-intercept of 0
3
0
1
1 3 6 9 12
2
6
Gradient of 1, y-intercept of 3
y
6
5
4
3
2
1
150
300
450
600
4
y
3
2
1
f
g
h
a
c
a
c
y=
a
b
Gradient is 2, y-intercept is 3
400
300
2 3 4
Time (hrs)
d
150
16
32
48
64
3
2
1
0
1
1 1 2 3 4
0
21
1 1 2
2
200
1
, y-intercept of 1
2
y = 3x + 12
500
1
c
a
1
x 1
2
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Gradient is 4, y-intercept is 2
Gradient is 3, y-intercept is 7
Gradient is 5, y-intercept is 0.4
Gradient is 1.5, y-intercept is 2
1
Gradient is , y-intercept is 3
2
Gradient is 3, y-intercept is 5
Gradient is 1, y-intercept is 0
Gradient is 5, y-intercept is 2
y = 3x + 2
b y = 2x + 10
y = 4x 1 d y = 0.5x + 1
y=x+1
b y = 2x 1
100
0
21
1 1 2
2
16
600
Gradient of 1, y-intercept of 1
Gradient of
Train travel
Distance (km)
0
1
1 1 2 3
0
21
2 1 2
4
a
b
c
d
e
4
2
4
3
2
1
2 3 4
Weight (kg)
Exercise 5C
Gradient of 2, y-intercept of 0
10
1
0
1
2 1 2 3
4
6
30
20
8
6
4
2
40
50
Gradient of 4, y-intercept of 3
Gradient of 1, y-intercept of 1
y
60
x
0
1
1 1 2 3
2
3
4
5
6
Cost ($)
70
Steak
Answers
477
a
b
y = 3x
y
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
1 1 2
2
3
Answers
478
a
b
p = 21h
p
100
c
h
2
d = 50t
d
af
0
2 1
1 1 2 3
2
3
4
5
t
2
x
1
0
1
1 1 2 3 4 5
2
f
af
y b
3
2
1
0
21
1 1 2
2
3
4
f e
0
1
2 1 2
g
0
42
2 2
4
6
h
4
3
2
1
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
a
y
2
0
21
1 1 2
8
6
4
2
0
3 21
1 1 2 3
2
3
4
5
6
6
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
yc b a
2
10
(2, 0)
(0, 1)
100
b
d
(1, 2)
(2, 0)
200
0
1
1 1 2 3 4
300
a
c
3
2
1
400
50
0
1
1 1 2 3 4
2
3
4
150
a
b
Exercise 5D
200
x
6
3
2
1
0
2 1
1
2
1
0
21
1 1 2
2
3
2
1
0
2 1
1
1 2
1 2
Simultaneous solution is
2
1
x = and y =
3
3
y
4
3
2
1
0
1
1
1 2 3
Simultaneous solution is x = 2
and y = 3
Cambridge University Press
479
Answers
y
1
3000
a
3
Dollars ($)
100
Income
60
Costs
40
20
2
4 5
Books
a
b
c
a = 100 + b
a + b = 1500
6
7
e
a
c
a
Cost ($)
a = 100 + b
750
a + b = 1500
b
d
a
$15
$15
250
a
250 500 750100012501500
1500 L
10 minutes
Data (d)
250 CNY
70 AUD
50
40
30
20
10
$3.50
$3.00
$90 000
d
1
$2 500
300 000
$87.5 billion
d
a
4 5
Data
2.5
AUD
10
20
30
40
JPY
18
27
36
$25
C = 0.5n + 15
JPY
AUD converted
to JPY
40
Parking fee
20
20
15
10
AUD
10 20 30 40
1250
Cost (c)
10
1500
500
a
c
30
1000
500 L
b
2100 L
d
1900 L
400 CNY
b
20 AUD
d
Gradient is 5
$1.50
b
$1.50
d
$40 000
b
48 months
v = 2.5t + 120
$115 000
f
$125 billion b
1
d
A= N
4
$250 billion
$15
b
30 calls
d
b
c
d
a
c
e
a
c
e
a
c
a
c
d
e
a
3 C
6 B
D
C
D
Section II
Cost ($)
80
2
5
8
A
C
C
Exercise 5E
Simultaneous solution is x = 1
and y = 1
1
4
7
10 20 30 40 50 60
Items
0
21
1 1 2
2
3
Section I
Costs
500
16 GBP
c 25 AUD
Gradient is 0.4 and the vertical
intercept is 0
GBP = 0.4 AUD or y = 0.4x
Review
1500
1000
3
2
1
2000
Simultaneous solution is x = 4
and y = 19
d
Income
2500
Dollars ($)
0
6 42
4 2
8
12
16
20
24
b
d
GBP
3 6 9
Time (hr)
x
c
$10
a
c
a
3
2
1
2
y
2
1
0
21
1 1 2
2
Australian dollars to
British pounds
25
20
5
4
3
2
1
15
10
5
AUD
10 20 30 40 50
0
1
1 1 2 3
Answers
n
1
15
16
9 seconds
a
b
n
I
2000
30
60
90
120
150
1000
n
1
b
250
$105
f $180
g 12 years
Investigation graphics calculator
Simple interest on $1000
at 4% p.a.
70
140
3
210
4
280
Simple interest on
$50 000 at 7% p.a.
3000
2000
1000
n
2
300
10 12
250
200
150
4000
100
3000
50
n
1
2000
1000
$240
5
2500
4000
n
1
50
2000
7%
1500
5%
1000
6%
3000
150
I = 70n
9%
4000
3
4
12%
6000
5000
$420
100
Exercise 6B
1
200
$5850
b $910
c $37 000
$1134
e $15 225
$600
b $1089
c $5020
$10 005 e $11 518.75
1.2%
b 0.4%
2.4%
d 3.6%
$8
b $144
$1440 d $900
$55 200
$69.75
a $22 000 b $122 000
$24
$5040
a $7680
b $7560
c $7200
Computer application
$71.75
$40 000
7.5%
1
3 years
3
a $51 000
b $2000
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
$175
3 years
I = 30n
a
d
a
d
a
c
a
c
Exercise 6A
e
g
a
b
Chapter 6
100
c,d
200
2
4
Time (seconds)
300
400
Speed of a rocket
500
0
21
1 1 2
2
3
c,d
y
3
2
1
Speed (km/h)
Answers
480
10 12
I
4000
3000
2000
500
1000
n
1
n
2
10 12
Answers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
a
c
a
c
$899.89
b $11 578.20
$15 577.17 d $27 621. 40
$10 063.79 b $102 028.69
$1307.84
d $23 509.61
$27 209.78
$12 107.45
$2536.50
$6433.75
a $20 766.90 b $7266.90
$39 604.68
$53 608.98
$49 662.32
Computer application
$2340.76
Investment 2 by $80
n
I
1400
70
1300
65
1200
60
1100
55
1000
50
2
b
c
d
6%
4%
1000
n
b
c
2000
n
e
f
g
a
b
about $2290
about $2425
about 1.5 years
A = 800 (1.07)n
0
4% is about $1150, 6% is
$1230 and 8% is about $1310
4% is about $1225, 6% is
$1350 and 8% is about $1475
4% takes about 10 years, 6%
takes about 7 years and 8%
takes 5 years.
Compound interest
investments
I (thousands)
170
160
150
140
10 15 20
12%
900
12 24 36 48
800
b
n
1
e
f
g
about $950
about $1275
about 3.5 years
7
c
a
c
e
a
c
e
a
c
e
a
c
e
g
a
c
e
a
c
$1200
$59 520
$22 400
$10 510
$2333
$153 956
$1330
$610
$5750
$5205
$71 760
$67 500
$101 340
$174 250
$243 600
$6339
$13660
$571 755
1
2
100
1000
10 12
6%
110
1100
Exercise 6F
120
1200
B
A
9%
130
1300
Exercise 6E
1250
Compound interest
at 4% p.a.
1500
2250
1750
2500
Compound interest
investments
I
8%
About $1500
a
Compound interest
investments
n
1
I (thousands)
2000
1500
1600
A = 2000 (1.04)n
a
b
Compound interest
at 7% p.a.
Exercise 6D
1
b
d
$38 880
$6720
b
d
$86 400
$580 000
b
d
f
b
d
f
$3120
$692
$10 080
$15 450
$220 600
$105 100
b
d
f
b
d
$113 208
$81 225
$395 580
$46 296
$561 507
$37.35
$3000 million
$1000 million
$1500 million
$500 million
$600 million
54%
$35.00
b
$11.40
d
$8.10
f
$30
b
Bank B
d
$5
f
$35.75
h
Bank B
j
a
b
c
d
e
f
a
c
e
a
c
e
g
i
$2.80
$5.60
$25.00
$35
Bank D
$15
$38.75
Bank D
Answers
3
4
Exercise 6C
481
Answers
482
c,d
Exercise 6G
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
$88 373.39
$535 092.25
a $5151.43
c $1764.48
$2360.28
$1900
a $4.14
c $5.22
a $340 342
c $393 824
e $1 531 538
a $130
c $20
a 7.32%
a $1215.32
a $29 386.56
c 9 years
5%
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
a
c
e
$2988
$5574
$10 351.88
$18 622.50
a 2.49%
c 4.86%
e 6.30%
6.67%
a $124.80
c $1282.95
e $8805.32
$0.12
a $1297.05
a $14 155
c $965
$120
a $7.30
c 22.62%
$0.64
$252.40
$7543.25
200
100
n
b
d
b
d
f
b
d
b
b
b
$3.83
$6.03
$923 785
$704 994
$1 162 024
$50
V = 20n + 50
8.59%
$515.32
$9386.56
b
d
f
$852.40
$3393
$219 330
b
d
f
7.38%
5.59%
2.50%
b
d
f
$310.11
$377.09
$794.80
b
b
36.43%
$900
$1.90
2
5
8
3
6
A
D
C
$300
$64 286
a $980
a I = 50n
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
d
e
f
17
B
B
Section II
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Section I
B
D
D
e
a
b
$275
$135 061
$151 497
$39 905
$52 071
a $122 360
c $637 600
a $38.15
a $710 517
a $3.02
$758.90
4.96%
$273.50
1.08 109
$11.20
i
$30 loss ii $10 profit
iii 4
b $4000
3V
3
c i
ii 0.78 m
4
d $1152
i
Qualitative categorical data
ii Quantitative discrete data
iii Quantitative continuous data
e
f
a
Chapter 7
b
d
b
b
b
$586 950
$81 088
$8.60
$230 517
$4.95
Exercise 7A
1
Review
1
4
7
18
300
b
Exercise 6H
1
Simple interest on
$1000 at 5% p.a.
C
B
C
A
D
B
A
C
B
C
D
C
C
D
B
a
$367.20 ii
23.5%
b
8
ii
16
c 780 kg
i
$4502.63
ii
i
10x 2
ii
$25 000
a i
3
ii
iii y = 3x + 2
50
100
150
200
250
i
iii
i
iii
i
iii
$2940
x = 15
ii
b
a
$112.80
12
$1002.63
288x7y6
2
1
x=
2
26.1%
$1786.47 ii
$1000.30
The sample has not been picked
at random. The five students
selected are not in school
uniform and may not be
representative of the school. It
is possible that these students
do not like the school uniform.
b
d
Score
Tally
Freq.
20
|||
21
|||| ||
22
|||| |
23
||||
24
||
2
c
21
22
Number
of calls
Tally
Freq.
|||| ||
|||| |||| ||
12
|||| |||
||||
||
1
c
1
27
Score
Tally
Freq.
|||| |
|||| ||
|||| |
||||
|||
||
483
Answers
b
e
b
d
Score
Tally
Freq
|||
8
9
Score
Tally
Freq
||||
|||| ||
||||
||||
|||| |
11
||
|||| |||
|||| |
||||
b
c
d
8
23 27
36
Class
Class
Centre
Tally
Freq
170174
172
||
175179
177
||
180184
182
|||| |||| ||
12
10
|||
11
||
12
Score
Tally
Freq
|||
185189
187
|||| |||
91
||||
||||
190194
192
|||| |
92
||||
10
93
|||
11
94
||||
12
95
|||
96
|||
97
||||
98
|||
b
c
Score
Tally
Freq
|||| |||| |
11
|||| ||||
||||
Exercise 7B
1
|||| |||| |
11
Class
|||| |
519
12
10
|||| ||||
2034
27
3549
42
5064
57
Total
28
5 19
Score
Tally
|||| |
33
||||
34
|||| ||||
35
|||| |||
36
|||| |||
37
|||| |
38
|||| ||||
51
34 and 38 s
c
e
b
d
a
Freq
32
20
29.41%
a
b
c
3 letters
Small amount of data indicates
that the conclusions are not
reliable. However a word length
of 3 is significantly more
common than any other word
lengths.
Class
Centre
51
c 31
d 1 and 4
No. The outcomes for a fair die
are equally likely; however, this
is a small sample. Many more
rolls of the die are required to
produce outcomes that are closer
to the theoretical frequencies.
10
28
Freq
Class
Class
Centre
Freq
09
4.5
1019
14.5
11
2029
24.5
29
3039
34.5
46
4049
44.5
Class
Class
Centre
Freq
130139
134.5
140149
144.5
150159
154.5
Class
Class
Centre
Tally
Freq
37
||||
160169
164.5
16
812
10
|||| |
170179
174.5
1317
15
||
180189
184.5
1822
20
|||| ||
2327
25
2832
30
|||
3337
35
|||| |||
3842
40
||||
a
b
Answers
484
Class
Centre
Freq
09
4.5
1019
14.5
11
2029
24.5
3039
34.5
4049
44.5
5059
54.5
6069
64.5
Score
60%
b
d
a
Freq
Cum Freq
||||
||||
||||
13
||
15
||||
20
||||
25
10
||||
30
d
f
h
30
5
20
b
d
a
Tally
Score
Freq
Cum Freq
10
17
10
27
32
c
e
5
10
5
6
Freq
Cum Freq
20
21
7
j
2
k
l
15
m 26.6%
Graphics calculator investigation
a
Tally
Freq
Cum Freq
61
|||| |
62
13
19
63
14
33
64
|||| ||||
42
65
||
44
66
45
45
33
4.44%
22
10
17
23
12
29
Exercise 7D
24
35
25
40
c
3
11
Tally
Freq
Cum Freq
||
||||
10
|||| |||| |
11
18
11
|||| |
24
12
||
26
13
||||
30
6
19
45
93.33%
9
10
11
a
c
e
a
c
e
g
a
c
a
c
e
a
c
e
b
d
f
b
d
f
h
b
d
b
d
f
b
d
f
3
41
101
4
5
21
11
10
10.5
146
110
185
27
6
30.5
21
201
99
5.5
27
9
10
6.5
4
210
122
63
33
15
37
Exercise 7E
1
a
10
8
6
4
2
3
6 7
Score
6 7
Score
b
10
8
6
4
2
35
Score
5
22
6, 8, 9 and 10
1
15
73.33%
Score
22
32
Number
of calls
11
10
c
e
g
Exercise 7C
c
e
30
5
Frequency
Class
b
d
a
Frequency
Answers
3
4
a
c
e
g
a
c
e
a
c
a
c
e
a
c
e
a
b
17
b 21
12
d 9
10
f 11
12
h 16
21
b 32
34
d 10
28
f 11
5
b 8
5
d 8
7
b 12
16
d 6.5
21
f 9
10
b 5.5
3
d 27
11
f 10
Range = 17; IQR = 12
Range = 10; IQR = 5.5
Score
Tally
Freq
|||| |
|||| ||
|||| |
||||
|||
||
Answers
Score
Freq
Clm. Freq
60
61
62
63
12
64
14
65
19
66
22
67
30
6
5
Frequency
Frequency
5 a
4
3
2
3
2
1
1
4 5
Score
4 a
Tally
Freq
17
||||
30
18
||
19
|||
20
|||
21
|||
22
||
23
|||
24
||||
5
4
Clm. freq
Score
6
Frequency
5 6
Score
1
2
4 5
Score
3 a
Tally
Freq
|||| ||
|||| |
|||
|||
b
5
Frequency
Score
10
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67
Score
c
30
Cum freq
20
20
10
4
3
2
59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67
Score
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Score
7
c
Frequency
Frequency
3
2
d 12 days
e 22 days
4
3
2
a
c
e
g
i
k
10
50
0
0
50
500
b
d
f
h
j
90
50
50
150
50
1
3
5 6
Score
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Score
Answers
485
486
Clm. Freq
30
25
10
10
10
20
90
100
30
50
150
40
50
200
50
200
60
50
250
70
250
80
150
400
90
50
450
100
50
500
25
15
10
e
g
a
22
f
Q1 = 21, Q3 = 23
2
Suggested classes: 3842,
4347, 4852, 5357 and
5862
Freq
Clm.
Freq
3842
40
4347
45
11
20
4852
50
19
21
13
5357
55
26
22
19
5862
60
30
23
23
c
d
24
26
28
26
30
3
4
6
5
b
d
30
60
240
225
5 10 15 20 25
5 10 15 20 25 30
8 10 12
a
c
a
c
d
a
c
e
f
27
b 42
22
5m
b 8m
18 m at East Park
East Park with IQR of 10.5
123
b 180
154
d 141.5
161.5
a
c
e
f
30
73.5
77.5
3
2
35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Class centre
e
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Score
7
6
Frequency
7
6
Frequency
a
c
a
10
See above
35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Class centre
50
h Q1 = 45, Q3 = 55
Exercise 7F
Class
Centre
Clm. Freq
g
i
Class
Freq
25
15
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Score
20
10
Score
Frequency
30
20
Frequency
Freq
Frequency
Score
Cum freq
Answers
5
4
Grace
Holly
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Assessment result
1
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Score
94
67
b
d
g
40 45 50 55 60
Class centre
487
Answers
Sou
Am th
eric
a
Asia
Andrew
b
a
T N
b
18%
F
G
c
20
68%
2
3
4
a
c
a
c
b
d
b
d
b
d
f
a
72
a
d
b
e
108
90
36
54
72
i
iii
20 km/h ii 15 km/h
10 km/h iv 15 km/h
Day 5
c Days 2, 6 and 8
25 km/h
e 10 km/h
10 km/h
Feb
Mar
Apr
Sep
15
11 pm
Dogs
May
Aug
7 am
10
Cats
b
d
11 am
Mon
day
day
Tues
We
dne
sda
y
y
rsda
b
d
e
48
75
See above
See below
30
See above
Wat
er
15
Juice
a
c
a
b
d
16
9 and 16
13
332
8
6
20
11 pm
See above
c See above
Sales have steadily increased
over the 12-month period. The
exception was the month of May.
10
3 am
25
Jun
Jul
Exercise 7I
1
3 pm
Thu
ida
Fr
7 pm
day
Sun
Saturday
See above
6 Jan
5
4
3
2
1
0
Oct
See above
Nov
3 am
20
No pets
b
a
Dec
25
Other
Exercise 7H
240
90
270
324
180
60
144
54
Exercise 7G
1
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
USA
60 64 68 72 76 80 84
Golf scores
Europe
Lachlan
P aci
fic
a
c
e
7 am
10
5
Soft drink
Milk
3
7 pm
b
a
4
c
11 am
10
b
J
3 pm
f
a
b
c
See above
i 30
ii 20
iii 15
iv 15
May and August
15
d July
6
4
2
1
Answers
Canada
7
8
b
a
9777664 5 58
733 6 1456889
75221 7 123889
b
c
0
1
2
3
4
4
79
0124566778
00113347
016
51
|||
52
||||
53
|||| ||||
17
20
54
|||| ||||
26
10
55
|||| |||
34
56
|||| |||
42
57
||||
47
58
||||
51
b
e
51
26
Apr
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
Score
Class centre
Freq
48
913
11
1418
16
1923
21
Total
23
a
b
c
See above
26
14
30
Lower extreme = 9;
lower quartile = 14;
median = 25;
upper quartile = 30;
upper extreme = 35
8
20.5
24
Chapter 8
Exercise 8A
40
30
20
g
a
c
a
c
e
f
54
197.5
189.5
41
67.5
66.5
Q1 = 53, Q3 = 56
244
216.5
72
57.5
h
b
d
b
d
Nikolas
4
5
6
Samuel
Class
c
a
b
c
d
Mar
Section II
1
May
Feb
30
Jun
Jan
40
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
Score
3 A
6 C
D
A
D
50
See above
3
2
5
8
B
D
A
Cum Freq
10
Section I
Freq
50
16
Lower extreme = 4;
lower quartile = 23;
median = 27.5;
upper quartile = 33;
upper extreme = 46
Tally
Review
1
4
7
12
Score
a
c
e
b
a
876554433 0 56
75411 1 24479
Aus
NZ
1 2 2233689
3 2
Frequency
Cum freq
Answers
488
40 50 60 70 80
Jelly bean guesses
5
Rent
2
3
Food
Petrol
10.0 cm
b 13.0 cm
26.0 mm
d 22.4 mm
4.9 cm
f 83.1 cm
9.00 cm
b 14.70 cm
11.53 mm
d 21.17 mm
4.21 cm
f 10.42 cm
y = 55
b a = 55
x = 23
d d = 25
b = 62
f m = 14
9.0 m
a x = 126.00
b y = 5.74, x = 8.31
a x = 3.6, y =1.7
b x = 21.1
Exercise 8B
1
Save
a
c
e
a
c
e
a
c
e
a
b
c
21.6 cm
41.2 m
59.0 m
49.2 m
a 40.0 m
b 12.4 cm
c 26.5 mm
43.69 cm
Answers
7
8
10
11
a
b
c
a
c
e
a
c
a
b
c
a
c
e
18.8 m
12.6 cm
88.0 mm
25.1 cm
213.6 mm
69.1 m
25.7 m
41.1 m
25.00 m
10.71 mm
33.56 cm
36m
47 cm
24 m
28 cm
a 8.49 cm
b
d
f
b
b
d
f
b
119.4 m
157.1 mm
18.8 cm
10.8 m
16 m
22 m
23 m
28.97 cm
Exercise 8C
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
149.5 m2
19.5 mm2
100.8 m2
37.2 cm2
198 m2
14 m2
42 cm2
11 046 m2
154 cm2
a 5.8 km2
c 15.0 mm2
e 75 mm2
7 m2
49 m2
27 tiles
a 1380 cm2
c 134 cm2
50 cm2
42 cm2
a 253 m2
a 8 cm
c 160.5 cm2
50.27 mm2
a 5.66 m
a 32 cm2
c 6.87 cm2
a
c
e
a
c
e
b
d
f
b
d
f
4 cm2
72.2 m2
40.4 m2
71.7 m2
70 mm2
21 cm2
3
4
a
c
e
a
c
e
a
a
c
e
a
1950 m2
3800 m2
7992 m2
1500 m2
7500 m2
3150 m2
1767 m2
345 m2
297 m2
6038 m2
2211.5 m2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
b
d
f
b
b
b
b
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
$5060
6 cm
80 m2
8
4400 m3
b
d
f
5832 cm3
450 m3
3079 mm3
b
b
2513.3 m3
48 m2
180 m3
9
10
11
1200 m2
7350 m2
1767 m2
1312.5 m2
7210 m2
1100 m2
37 m
2046 m2
3350 m2
48.38 m2
41 m
6
7
8
9
B
B
C
2
5
8
D
B
A
3 D
6 B
9 B
Section II
1
2
3
a
c
35.00
38.47
10 mm
a 26.2 cm
c 69.1 cm
e 21.4 mm
b
d
f
b
17.5 m2
47.0 cm2
3.0 m2
0.16 m2
b
b
49 m
144 m3
3217 mm3
6L
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
3
2
b
14
7
1
5
c
d
7
14
a 0.118
b 0.294
c 0.412
d 0.176
a 10.5%
b 21.0%
c 14.5%
d 17.0%
e 21.5%
f 15.5%
a 20%
b 30%
c 10%
d 15%
e 25%
1
5
a
b
3
6
1
1
c
d
8
2
a 10%
b 75%
c 37.5%
d 80%
6.25%
0.96
71
134
Computer application
a 4
b 0.25
c 20
Investigation
Investigation
Investigation
Investigation
a
Exercise 9B
Section I
1
4
7
27.0 m2
125.4 cm2
28.0 mm2
11.52 m2
72 tiles
5720 m2
1331 mm3
24 mm3
201 mm2
Exercise 9A
376 cm2
a
c
a
c
e
g
i
k
a
c
e
a
c
a
a
c
a
Chapter 9
Review
b
d
f
b
d
f
b
b
d
f
b
82.8 cm2
31.8 cm2
120 m2
36 cm2
96 m3
112 m3
165 mm3
750 m3
a 108 m3
c 240 mm3
e 1583 mm3
307.1 cm3
1570.80 cm3
a 314.2 m2
a 600 m3
c 480 m3
a 15 m2
14 726.2 cm3
38.971 cm3
a 280 cm3
a
c
Exercise 8F
Exercise 8D
1
Exercise 8E
15.65
b
d
f
26.8 cm
30.8 m
40.0 m
a
b
a
b
a
c
6
{RD-GD-GS, RD-GS-GD,
GD-RD-GS, GD-GS-RD,
GS-RD-GD, GS-GD-RD}
24
{DHSC, DHCS, DSHC, DSCH,
DCSH, DCHS, HDSC, HDCS,
HSDC, HSCD, HCSD, HCDS,
SHDC, SHCD, SCHD, SCDH,
SDHC, SDCH, CDHS, CDSH,
CHDS, CHSD, CSDH, CSHD}
362 880
b 120
24
Cambridge University Press
Answers
489
Answers
490
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
120
a
3 628 800
36
a
b
8
{HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, TTT,
TTH, THT, THH}
c 16
{LM, LN, ML, MN, NM, NL}
a 6
b {BR, BP, BG, RP, RG, PG}
a 60
b 80
a 20
b 60
35
a 42
b 210
a 90
b 126
Exercise 9C
1
E1
XD
XE
XF
XG
YD
YE
YF
YG
BB
BG
GB
GG
22=4
b
a
Y2
Y3
G1
Y1
Y1Y1
Y1Y2
Y1Y3
Y1G1
Y2
Y2Y1
Y2Y2
Y2Y3
Y2G1
Y3
Y3Y1
Y3Y2
Y3Y3
Y3G1
G1
10
10
11
b
a
6 6 = 36
10
11
G1Y1
M4
E1M1
E1M2
E1M3
E1M4
E2M2
E2M3
E2M4
E3
E3M1
E3M2
E3M3
E3M4
AD
AE
BD
BE
CD
b
a
b
G1Y2
G1Y3
Q AQ
G1G1
J
KK
KQ
KJ
QK
QJ
JK
JQ
JJ
15
b
a
4 3 = 12
Leader
10
a
b
a
b
a
KQ
KJ
QA
QK
QJ
JA
JK
JQ
C AC
D AD
A BA
C BC
D BD
A CA
YY
N
Y
YN
NY
B CB
D CD
A DA
B DB
C DC
NN
AJ
KA
Deputy
2nd
1st
J
A
B AB
33=9
{HH, HT, TH, TT}
4
c 22=4
b
16
4 3 = 12
Tens
Units
2nd
R
RR
RG
GR
GG
3 4 = 12
b
a
Second card
K AK
12
M3
First card
11
M2
4 4 = 16
b
a
12
M1
14
E2M1
13
b
a
Coin
CE
T
32=6
24=8
b
22=4
b
5
Y1
E2
720
23=6
Spinner
R
HR
HA
HG
TR
TA
TG
Exercise 9D
1
a
c
e
1
4
1
2
1
6
b
d
f
2
7
5
26
1
5
Answers
a
c
a
c
a
c
3
8
a
c
e
g
i
b
d
13
20
4
5
1
3
2
9
1
52
1
2
1
13
5
13
1
26
b
d
b
d
f
h
4
9
2
3
1
4
3
26
1
52
3
13
e
10
a
c
e
11
a
c
12
a
c
e
13
a
c
14
Exercise 9E
1
1
2
1
3
5
8
5
8
1
5
3
20
1
2
5
16
15
16
1
8
1
2
1
1
24
23
24
1
17
1
51
4
17
1
4
1
2
b
d
f
b
d
f
b
d
b
d
f
b
d
7
8
1
4
1
4
3
8
1
4
1
4
1
24
23
24
1
17
4
51
11
51
3
4
1
24
4
5
6
7
9
10
11
12
3
10
c 0
7
e
30
57
a
100
7
c
20
5
a
8
a 0.25
c 0.40
15%
a 1
c 0.6
23
a
65
11
c
30
203
e
390
a 0.51
c 0.50
e 0.26
1
3
33
56
13
20
3
a
i
5
1
iii
5
4
v
5
b
i 2
iii 1
v 2
c Parramatta
a
a
b
c
d
e
0.1
3:4
0.55
0.71
0.4
4
15
4:7
71
100
1
15
1
2
25
b
d
3
8
0.15
1
0.7
b
d
f
b
d
f
7
18
337
585
869
1170
0.49
0.47
0.53
ii
iv
vi
ii
iv
3
8
0.375
37.5%
3
4
7
9
17
36
137
396
12
13
6
7
0.9
0.09
1
0.25
92%
90%
18%
13
16
a
c
e
g
10
a
c
e
g
a
c
e
11
3
10
3
5
1
5
4
1
a
c
Exercise 9F
1
4
5
38%
8
11
62.5%
12
b
d
f
h
b
d
f
9
11
40
99
259
396
25
44
25
26
5
7
0.85
1
1
0.75
93%
17%
75%
b
d
f
h
b
b
Answers
491
Review
Section I
1
4
7
10
C
D
C
C
2
5
8
C
C
A
3 C
6 C
9 D
Section II
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
a
c
0.20
b 0.24
0.32
d 0.24
17%
0.58
No. The applicants may not be
equally good.
132
{TTT, TTF, TFT, TFF, FTT, FTF,
FFT, FFF}
1728
10 000
1
1
a
b
50
2
Cambridge University Press
Answers
492
c
e
10
11
12
1
2
1
4
a
c
4
9
7
9
1
8
0
1
2
2
a
5
1
c
5
a 0.125
c 0.875
e 0.625
32
a
35
2
c
7
12
a
13
25
c
26
68.75%
e
14
15
16
17
18
d
f
2
5
7
50
9
10
b
d
f
b
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
4
1
2
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
67.20
$915.20
a
c
e
g
i
$78 880
$79 280
$75 795
$71 480
$49 440
$64 378
a $3200
a $89 164
c $88 024
a $2210
a $58 240
a $64 642
a $72 280
c $824
a $99 580
c $1974.60
b
d
f
h
$74 429
$59 896
$66 406
$60 110
b
b
$72 280
$1140
b
b
b
b
d
b
d
$61 410
$56 780
$60 322
$301
$71 456
$234.60
$97 605.40
b
d
f
b
d
b
0.5
0.125
0.375
3
35
4
5
3
4
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
a
c
e
g
i
a
a
a
c
e
g
i
a
a
c
e
g
i
$345
b $1328
$609
d $704
$1017
f $3009
$2555
h $237
$1360
$846
b $12 366
$1872
b $38 392
$600
b $900
$1200
d $1500
$1800
f $2100
$2400
h $2700
$3000
$1778
b $23 938
$20 000
b $45 000
$150 000
d $112 620
$59 206
f $36 214
$140 368
h $75 412
$24 516
Computer application
$79 560
$52 136
3
4
a
c
e
g
i
a
c
e
B
C
E
C
A
$1500
$17 100
$81 100
$3300
$31 000
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15 cents
$3600.30
$18 600.40
$733.50
b $16 789.80
$5944.20
d $32 960
$65 993.50 f $10 623
$377 owing
$7273.60 owing
$28 420
b $3363
$1577
$50 500
b $9750
$8320
Pay another $1430 in tax.
$44 873.60 b 30.8%
$25 480
b $29 308
Pay another $3828 in tax.
27.4%
Computer application
a $21 660
b $19 524
c Refund of $2136
d 23.7%
a $1275
b $7582.50
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
a
c
e
g
i
a
a
a
c
a
c
e
g
a
c
e
a
$3.60
b $14.00
$17.00
d $0.32
$49.00
f $4.20
$4.29
h $260
$37.00
$62
b $682
$78
b $858
26.25
b 14
3.50
d 1.40
8820
b 2940
7140
d 5250
7560
f 2100
5880
h 2730
$16
b $22
$90
d $35
$14
f $180
$540
b $347
Computer application
$329.09
$1681.82
Exercise 10F
Exercise 10D
1
a
b
c
a
c
e
a
b
a
c
a
c
d
a
a
c
d
Exercise 10E
Exercise 10C
Exercise 10A
a
b
c
d
e
5
b
d
Chapter 10
$47 160
$115.20
$54.72
a
c
Exercise 10B
c
13
19
50
1
5
b
d
f
h
A
D
C
D
b
d
f
$4350
$35 640
$18 600
3
4
5
a
c
e
a
c
e
$0
$750
$9000
$60 000
$40 000
$89 000
$80 000
a 0
c 0.30
a $8000
c $22 600
b
d
f
b
d
f
b
d
b
d
$25 500
$16 500
$21 000
$100 000
$50 000
$67 000
0.15
0.45
$40 000 and over
$2600
Answers
Tax payable
(thousands of dollars)
60
a
c
e
40
2
5
D
C
B
3 B
6 B
A
B
Section II
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
$5773
$77 520
a $1270.50
a $96 720
c $3230
a $53 738
c $785.37
$40 532
$690
a $28.60
a $5000
b $2500
c 0.25
2
b
b
d
b
d
$2579.50
$493
$93 490
$52 358
$13 650
$314.60
Exercise 11A
3
4
5
6
7
8
a
c
e
g
a
c
e
g
a
c
a
c
e
g
a
c
a
a
c
a
c
e
a
c
9
34
2
1
7
20.5
120
50
10
16
6
9
8
9
20
14
27
17
26
25
22
22
16
3
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Chapter 11
1
7
1100
100
10
16
12
3
10.5
19
b
d
f
h
b
d
b
b
d
b
d
25
7
5
9.5
1
6
9
7
24
19
4
b
d
13
14
Freq ( f )
fx
66
23
69
10
12
24
96
14
25
50
26
130
30
22
x = 24.18
a
c
e
g
a
c
e
g
a
c
a
c
e
g
9
8
7
11
14.0
9.5
11.0
10.2
1406
69.95
10
2
13
9
d
b
d
f
h
b
d
f
h
b
28
5
42
14
7.0
9.5
2.2
8.8
70.30
b
d
f
h
6
22
5
39
2
3
12
7.89
b 7
4
Computer application
1.96
15
Freq ( f )
fx
12
Freq ( f )
fx
10
18
28
30
30
x = 4.00
15.36
6.00
a
c
Score (x)
Score (x)
a
b
a
Exercise 11C
b
d
f
h
b
d
f
h
b
Score (x)
22
Exercise 11B
Section I
1
4
7
Frequency
Taxable income
(thousands of dollars)
Review
8
10
Size
20
11
b
d
14
6
Text
Freq ( f )
fx
10
15
28
20
b
4
5
2.7
30.89
25
12
14
Class
Class
Centre
fx
24
1519
17
20
340
2024
22
29
638
2529
27
22
594
3034
32
18
576
3539
37
32
1184
x = 5.80
b
Score (x)
Freq ( f )
fx
15
30
16
48
17
68
4044
42
18
756
18
36
4549
47
23
1081
19
57
162
5169
x = 17.07
162
32
Answers
10
493
Answers
494
1.01
x = 14 and n = 2.97
Class
Class
Centre
fx
980984
982
1964
985989
987
16
15792
990994
992
130
128960
995999
997
352
350944
10001004
1002
353
353706
10051009
1007
128
128896
Exercise 11E
10101014
1012
19
19228
10151019
b
7
a
c
1017
1
c
1001
160169
Height
range
Class
Centre
fx
140149
144.5
289
150159
154.5
1236
160169
164.5
987
170179
174.5
523.5
180189
184.5
184.5
161
b
c
40%
fx
6569
67
201
7074
72
288
7579
77
539
8084
82
656
8589
87
261
9094
92
460
30
8084
e
g
7
8
5%
Class
Centre
Class
d
f
80.2
6569 and 8589
Exercise 11D
1
2
3
a
c
e
g
a
a
2.8
8.0
0.0
2.4
0.37
1.7
b
d
f
h
b
b
2.0
2.5
10.2
49.9
0.43
2.2
1.32
1017
999.5
8
9
a
d
8.3
b 8.0
c 7.0
Both mean and median are
central and typical of the data.
The mode is the first score (7).
a Mean = 12.5, median = 7.4,
mode = 2.3
b Median is central and typical of
the data. The mode is the first
score (7) and the mean is distorted
by the larger scores (40.2).
a Mean = 1.2, median = 0,
mode = 0
b Mean is central and typical of
the data. The mode and median
are affected by the first score (0).
a Mean = 1.6, median = 1,
mode = 0
b Median is central and typical of
the data. The mode is the first
score (0) and the mean is
distorted by the outliers.
a mean = 21.4; median = 18
b mean = 17.1; median = 18;
Removing the outlier has
affected the mean but has not
affected the median.
a Mean = 85.1, median = 95.5,
mode = 96
b True but misleading. Mollys
score is only above-average
because the mean is affected by
the outlier. Shes below the
median.
a
i 3.5
ii 3.6
iii 2.0
iv 1.6
b
i 3.0
ii 3.4
iii 3.0
iv 1.7
c Median for Sample A is larger
(3.5 against 3.0). Sample A has
a larger mean (3.6 against 3.4)
and sample B has a larger mode
(3 against 2). Sample B has a
larger standard deviation
(1.7 against 1.6).
Computer application
Median is better measure to analyse
real estate prices as it is not
distorted by outliers.
Review
Section I
1
4
7
10
2
5
8
D
B
A
B
3 B
6 B
9 C
C
B
C
Section II
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
a
a
a
a
a
11
12
16
7.5
21.5
b
b
b
b
b
40
16
27
c 7.3
c 22.0
4
22.0
7
a
8.5
2.03
a 3.4
a 2.5
d 3.1
11
b
e
2.0
16.9
c 0
f 4
2.9
3.0
Class
Class
Centre
fx
1012
11
99
1315
14
42
1618
17
68
1921
20
20
2224
23
23
b
c
d
a
Chapter 12
Exercise 12A
1
2
495
Answers
a
b
5
6
7
8
a
b
2:1
ii
2:1
2
Dimensions of the screen are
108 cm by 135 cm.
a False
b True
a Three angles of one triangle
equal three angles of the second
triangle.
b 3
c m = 5 cm
d n = 6 cm
a Three angles of one triangle
equal three angles of the second
triangle. (common angle A and
a right angle)
x+ y a b
= =
b
b
z y
Exercise 12B
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
a
c
e
a
a
c
e
200 m
b 100 m
50 m
d 10 m
34 m
f 80 m
37.5 km
b 675 km
10 mm
b 16 mm
20 mm
d 24 mm
30 mm
f 48 mm
Map distance is 7 mm.
a 1125 mm or 1.125 m
b 0.04 m or 40 mm
a 1 mm to 1.16 m (approximation).
b Height of the antenna is
approximately 57 m.
a 10 mm
b 24 mm
c 40 mm
d 600 mm
e 80 mm
f 480 mm
a 1 mm to 1 m or 1:1000
b 30 m
c 15 m
d 15 m
a 1 to 1000
b 200 m
c 150 m
d 500 m
x=6
b x = 16
x = 4.2
d x = 29.4
a = 4, b = 6 b x = 10, y = 8
p = 7.2, q = 15
c = 16, d = 5
Height of tree is 7 m.
Height of building is 12 m.
The tower is 40 m in height.
Block of units is 13.5 m in height.
Flagpole has a height of 4.5 m.
Height of building is 21.6 m.
Height of the light pole is 2.6 m.
a x = 1.5, y = 2 b z = 21
Lucas is 2 m tall.
a Height of the lighthouse is 12 m.
b Height of the wall is 4 m.
a
c
a
c
d
a
b
c
d
e
f
a
b
c
a
b
c
d
4m
32 m
b
Exercise 12C
1
a
c
e
a
c
e
a
a
b
Exercise 12D
1m
14
2m
b
3.4 m
d
8.5 m
f
80 mm
b
1.6 mm
d
2 mm
f
1:2
b 1:50
h = 10, o = 8, a = 6
h = 13, o = 12, a = 5
h = 5, o = 3, a = 4
h = 39, o = 15, a = 36
h = 15, o = 9, a = 12
h = 30, o = 24, a = 18
h = z, o = x, a = y
h = c, o = a, a = b
h = f, o = e, a = d
4
3
sin = , cos = , tan =
5
5
12
5
sin = , cos = ,
13
13
12
tan =
5
3
4
sin = , cos = , tan =
5
5
5
12
sin =
, cos =
,
13
13
5
tan =
12
3
4
sin = , cos = ,
5
5
3
tan =
4
4
3
sin = , cos = ,
5
5
4
3
x
sin = , cos =
z
a
sin = , cos =
c
tan = a
b
4
3
3
4
tan =
1m
2.8 m
4.9 m
30 mm
140 mm
55 mm
c 1:300 000
a
b
e
d
, cos = ,
f
f
e
tan =
d
i sin
ii cos
iii tan
i cos
ii tan
iii sin
11
60
i sin =
, cos =
,
61
61
11
tan =
60
60
11
ii sin =
, cos =
,
61
61
60
tan =
11
3
4
i sin = , cos = ,
5
5
3
tan =
4
4
3
ii sin = , cos = ,
5
5
4
tan =
3
8
15
i sin =
, cos =
,
17
17
8
tan =
15
15
8
ii sin =
, cos =
,
17
17
15
tan =
8
q
p
i sin = , cos = ,
r
r
q
tan =
p
p
q
ii sin = , cos = ,
r
r
p
tan =
q
15
8
sin A = , cos A = ,
17
17
8
15
sin B = , cos B =
17
17
3
4
sin A = , cos A = ,
5
5
4
3
sin B = , cos B =
5
5
sin =
5
4
x
y
, tan =
y
z
b
,
c
i 5
3
4
ii sin = , cos =
8
b
8
10
Answers
Answers
496
i 6
4
3
ii cos = , tan =
12
13
14
25
2
7
i 24
24
24
ii sin =
, tan =
25
7
Hypotenuse is 4 and 6
cos 60 = 0.50
sin 60 = 0.87
Exercise 12E
1
8
9
10
11
a
c
e
g
a
c
e
g
a
c
e
g
a
c
e
g
a
c
e
g
a
c
e
a
c
e
a
c
a
c
e
g
a
c
e
a
c
e
60
1200
30
12
2
1
0.5
0.75
0.34
2.14
0.23
0.97
0.45
0.61
0.39
2.48
3.5
4.8
4.0
1.7
35
16
30
2116
8146
3652
2.04
55.80
5.96
13.24
5.09
7.25
60
68
30
4054
1033
1125
b
d
f
h
b
d
f
h
b
d
f
h
b
d
f
h
b
d
f
h
b
d
f
b
d
f
b
420
3600
20
300
8
10
0.25
0.33
0.73
0.31
0.99
1.11
0.65
0.82
1.36
0.41
4.0
5.9
5.9
6.6
81
37
51
4013
7531
538
1.85
b
d
f
h
b
d
f
b
d
f
1.12
4.48
1.57
21.80
24
59
45
2540
2212
2514
9
24
6432
b 24
b 0.9
b 0.903
c
c
c
68
0.44
0.4299
Exercise 12F
1
24
a
a
a
a
d
g
a
c
e
a
c
e
a
c
e
a
c
7.73
b 17.09 c 14.24
8.39
e 65.82 f 12.37
51.31
h 30.18 i 7.88
24.38
b 33.16
30.55
d 16.68
16.67
f 4.75
50.81
b 6.73
141.38
d 61.58
95.78
f 15.84
68.4
b 90.9
126.8
d 25.5
66.7
f 88.7
175.918
b 105.541
10.251
Exercise 12I
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Exercise 12G
1
4
5
6
a
c
e
g
i
a
c
e
a
c
e
a
c
a
c
a
b
c
47
b 47
25
d 67
52
f 40
49
h 56
55
51
b 51
50
d 58
47
f 43
5119
b 5722
4839
d 4715
2349
f 3235
50
b 32
61
53
b 62
44
= 67 23 = 22 37
= 28 04 = 61 56
= 36 52 = 53 08
Exercise 12H
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Height is 15.0 m
Pole is 4.50 m high
River is 40 m wide
Depth is 40.2 m
Angle is 34
Angle is 44
a Horizontal distance is 3.8 km
b Height is 1.3 km
Ramp is 8.77 m
Angle is 126
Length of rope is 6.6 m
a Ladders reach 3.83 m
b Angle is 33
Angle is 38
18
19
Height is 752 m
Height of the tower is 116.5 m
Boat is 107.23 m from the base of
the cliff.
Plane was 17 326 m from the
airport
Height of the tree is 55.6 m
Depth of the shaft is 74 m
Angle of depression is 9
Angle of elevation is 23
Angle of elevation is 34
Angle of depression is 2.5
Angle of elevation is 3
Angle of elevation is 34
Angle of depression is 47
Launching pad is 45 m in height.
Height of the tree is 10 m.
Angle of depression is 2058
a Height of hill is 210 m.
b Height of hill and tower is
281 m.
c Height of tower 71 m.
a x = 53
b y = 113
c Man is 60 m from the boat.
Boat travels 500 m towards the
cliff.
Review
Section I
1
4
7
2
5
8
B
B
D
D
C
D
3 A
6 A
Section II
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
a = 16, b = 5
2
b x = 9, y = 18
3
1
c m=5 ,n=4
3
d y = 8, h = 14
Height of building is 7 m.
a 30
b 24
c 18
12
5
a sin =
b cos =
13
13
12
c tan =
5
a 2.48
b 0.97
c 0.39
d 0.14
a 61
b 19
c 11
a 8.58
b 21.38
c 85.99
a 48
b 28
c 37
a 5043
b 695
c 4932
Pole is 4 m high.
Ship is 103.2 m from the base of
the cliff.
a
Answers
Exercise 13A
60
4
5
6
7
c
e
g
i
a
c
a
b
c
b
d
$1.17
$4.37
$16.37
i
$29.00
i
$600
i
$0.25
80
$50.30
50
$3.77
11.34 am
$0.86
$3.26
i
$39.00
iii $4.37
i
$69.00
iii $3.74
194
234
137
Casual
$696
$5.28
i
$2250
iii $500
i
$133
iii $79
Pro plan
50
$2.77
$8.37
ii
ii
ii
e
b
d
f
h
b
d
ii
$2.06
$2.70
$3.10
1230
$5.46
$22.73
2
10 min 30 sec
$1.82
$29.18
$3.02
ii
$2.60
d
f
h
428
39
Frequent
b
d
ii
iv
ii
iv
d
$151
800 MB
$1200
$0
$94
$99
Normal plan
20
Phone charges
75
60
8
9
45
30
15
b
d
$0.15
$0.30
$0.15
$0.15
$0.60
b
c
d
e
a
c
e
f
g
2 3 4
Time (min)
$0.15
$0.90
$40.95
See above
$15
b
0.20
d
c = 0.30t + 15
c = 0.20t + 18
0.30
0.10
10
11
30
Charge ($)
Phone charges
75
25
20
15
60
10
45
30
20 40 60 80 100
Monthly calls
$10
$30
80 calls
10 calls
$0.50
$0.25
3 4 5
Time (min)
b
d
f
h
j
$20
$35
30 calls
0.5
0.25
Exercise 13C
1
a
c
d
e
f
2048 B
b 4096 KB
7 516 192 768 KB
3 145 728 MB
9216 GB
6 291 456 B
g
h
i
j
k
l
a
c
e
g
8.796 1012 TB
5120 TB
4 294 967 296 GB
2 621 440 MB
4915.2 B
5 557 452.8 MB
1 KB
b 2 GB
6 TB
d 3 GB
5 GB
f 8192 MB
7 KB
h 3072 TB
2 097 152 KB
a 20 971
b 10 240
c 16
d 2 097 152
a 2.8 GB
b 3.7 GB
c 6.4 GB
a 3 KB
b 4 TB
c 2 MB
d 0.0031 TB
e 2.0078 MB f 7 MB
a 201 050 MB
b 47 450 MB
c 1 044 826 MB
d 6250 MB
a 3296 MB
b 1748 GB
a 200 000 B, 2000 KB, 200 MB
and 0.002 TB
b 0.002 TB 200 MB, 2000 KB
and 200 000 B
a 5 days
b 4767 days
a 4 MB
b No. A typical song has a file
size larger than 4 MB.
Exercise 13D
35
a
c
e
g
i
k
90
15
105
90
Cost (cents)
3
4
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Monthly calls
Exercise 13B
a
c
e
f
30
10
40
Cost (cents)
a
c
e
a
b
c
d
a
c
e
g
a
c
a
Change ($)
3
4
5
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
a
c
e
g
i
6000 Kbps
2 000 000 000 Kbps
3000 bps
5000 Gbps
9 000 000 Mbps
7 000 000 bps
7000 Gbps
8 000 000 000 bps
2 000 000 000 000 bps
2100 bps
7 300 000 Mbps
4 800 000 Mbps
9 Gbps
b 9 Kbps
0.003 Gbps d 8 Tbps
4780 Mbps f 5.5 Gbps
6700 Kbps h 4.9 Mbps
3200 Tbps j 2.4 Kbps
Research
7 000 000 Mbps
a 4s
b 2000 s
c 0.000001 s d 8 000 000 s
e 0.4 s
f 8s
a 700 000 bps, 7000 Kbps 700
Mbps and 0.007 Tbps.
b 0.007 Tbps, 700 Mbps 7000
Kbps and 700 000 bps.
Answers
Chapter 13
497
a
c
a
c
a
c
b
d
b
2448 b
0.408 s
3 309 568 b
0.413 696 s
5 570 560 b
163.84 s
5033 s
a 5 MB
c 18 000 MB
8
9
10
11
Review
816 s
0.001224 s
1654.784 s
b
d
111 411.2 s
0.139264 s
300 MB
a
c
e
g
a
c
d
1
4
7
1
2
92
b 82
82
d 73
49
f 24.808
24.872
h 458
29.47 s
b 28 s
27 s and 28 s
Median. Outlier of 57 affects
the mean.
3
4
b
c
d
e
a
b
c
a
c
a
Score
Freq.
Cum.
Freq.
14
19
23
27
30
0 or 1 video files
2
2
23.3%
i
296.4
ii 208.9
i
18.6
ii 17.3
Mean and standard deviation is
higher for traditional than the
online. Spread of the data is
similar.
30.8
b 13.4
13.4
1
2
3
4
5
100
7
8
50
b
d
20
30
File size
40
15 s
c 146 s
Time taken increases at a
constant rate as the file size
increases.
3 C
6 B
A
D
A
50
$3.89
$3.95
b
440
d
$59
f
$634
h
$99 Plan
j
$99
a $0.20
b
c $0.60
d
e $0.40
f
a 7000 bps
b
c 13 000 Kbps
d 5 000 000 Kbps
e 4 Tbps
f
g 9 Gbps
h
a 6 291 456 MB
b 4608 GB
c 3 221 225 472 B
d 204.8 GB
e
f 6 GB
g
h 24 MB
a 147.29
b
c 47
a
c
e
g
i
$3.84
750
$99
$279
$59 Plan
$0.20
$0.40
$0.20
2000 Gbps
1230 Mbps
2.8 Gbps
10
11
12
13
a
c
a
c
a
c
a
c
a
c
a
c
a
a
c
a
c
a
b
c
a
c
16%
10%
$29 500
$14 660
$5350
$15 785
$24 600
$56 160
$12 280
$30 280
$76 800
$42 300
$6400
$2700
$32 940
$87 000
$23 880
$26 000
$71 240
$23 400
$239
$321
$9026
Investigation
3
4
5
6
5 TB
2 GB
145
a
d
a
b
c
d
a
$432
b $1183 c $528
$396
e $1175
40%
40 and 60 age groups
10%
Charge a higher excess.
$474.60
b $1200
$1225.75
a $602 400 000 b $99 600 000
c $260 400 000 d $237 600 000
a Penrith
b Yes
c $770
d $540
e Brand A
f $994.75
g $685.00
h $658.33
i
$879.00
j
$556.20
Exercise 14C
1
3
4
a
d
g
a
d
g
a
c
a
c
e
b
e
h
b
e
h
$978
$414
$1735
$330
$1983
$1435
$355
$1071
$600
$1350
$10 000
$795
c $1350
$1068 f $717
$4025 i $5105
$745
c $1140
$1563 f $2508
$2172 i $2606
b $1160
d $861
b $2100
d $2600
f $64 000
5
3500
3000
Exercise 14A
10
1
2
5
8
Chapter 14
150
D
B
A
Section II
Exercise 13E
1
Exercise 14B
Section I
b
d
b
d
b
d
b
d
b
25%
12.3%
$13 870
$53 050
$2886
$26 080
$26 880
$126 880
$18 000
$84 300
b
b
d
b
160 weeks
$30 240
$5940
$110 880
b
d
$404
$101
Stamp duty
Time (sec)
Answers
498
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
a
c
e
20000
$750
$2300
$40 000
b
d
f
100000
$1500
$20 000
$97 500
Exercise 14D
1
2
3
4
5
a
d
a
c
e
g
a
a
a
c
9.55
b 8.82
c 5.06
8.21
e 9.32
f 3.5
271.6 L
b 73.2 L
65.8 L
d 30.9 L
98.2 L
f 342.9 L
404.9 L
17.453 L
b $27.92
525 km
b 8 L/100 km
444 km
b 37.2 L
$50.23
Answers
480 km
Once. Distance required is 772 km.
Distance travelled on one tank of
petrol is 625 km.
a 35 L
b 55 L
c 45 L/100 km d 50 L/100 km
e 70 km/h
f 5L
a $1320
b $1280
c $2600
d $2864
a $102.75
b $105.74
c $2.99
a 33.6
b 46.2
c Tyler 1747.2 L, Oscar 2402.4 L
d $2446.08
e $1897.90
f 3 years
g Research
Research
9
10
11
12
Exercise 14E
1
a
c
e
a
c
$3040
$3040
$3040
$6950
$3550
$33 300
a $16 000
c $4000
e $2000
$49 950
$21 400
a 9 years
a After 8 years
a $6400
$2400
$3000
a $8000
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
c
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
8
9
a
b
c
$18 480.00
$15 523.20
$13 039.49
$4740
a $6532
b $10 968
$32 752
a $5046
a $4000
c 2.5 years
e About $1250
f About $2600
17.27%
a 27.143%
8.9%
After 4 years
a $5120
10
b
b
d
11
12
$14 854
$1000
3.5 years
13
14
$13 536
15
16
17
b
d
f
b
d
$12 160
$9120
$6080
$5250
$1850
b
d
f
$4000
After 2 years
$14 000
Year
Current
Depreciated
value Depreciation
value
$32 000
$5120
$26 880
$26 880
$4301
$22 579
$22 579
$3613
$18 966
$18 966
$3035
$15 931
$15 931
$2549
$13 382
b
c
b
b
b
14 years
After 9 years
$19 200
30000
18
Value ($)
Exercise 14F
$32 000
20000
$82 000
$8000
$74 000
$74 000
$8000
$66 000
$66 000
$8000
$58 000
$58 000
$8000
$50 000
3 4
Years
Exercise 14G
d
1
Value ($)
80000
60000
40000
20000
4
5
1
2
Years
Speed
(km/h)
10
2.1
20
4.2
40
8.3
80
16.7
Speed
(km/h)
10
0.60
20
2.35
40
9.41
80
37.65
5
b
a
c
e
a
c
e
a
c
e
90 km/h
80 km/h
96 km/
168 km
146 km
196 km
2h
2.5 h
6h
227.27 km/h
a 70 km
c 77.78 km
a 45 minutes
b
d
f
b
d
f
b
d
f
97 km/h
84 km/h
f 48 km/h
392 km
70 km
154 km
2.5 h
5h
8h
0.9 h
64 km/h
19
20
b
c
d
a
25 m
b 20 m
45 m
47 m
b 49 m
12 m
b 25 m
43 m
d 66 m
94 m
f 126 m
No. Stopping distance is 15 m.
Sarah would hit the child at a
greater speed.
89.510 m
b about 90 m
81 km/h
b 63 km/h
48 km/h
d 115 km/h
34 km
b 2 km
91 km
d 272 km
5 h 29 min b 50 min
5 h 6 min
d 9 h 21 min
20 min
f 6000 min
1224 km/h b 102 km
0.34 km
d 48 min
169 km/h
b 5 h 55 min
a
a
c
a
c
a
c
e
a
c
a
a
10000
Current
Depreciated
Year value Depreciation
value
a
c
a
a
c
e
a
b
18
v2
d
5V
170
0.6 s
1.8 s
3.0 s
t=
Reaction time
(sec)
Reaction
distance (m)
0.50
1.00
17
1.50
25
Answers
6
7
499
Exercise 14H
a
c
e
a
c
e
a
c
a
c
e
a
c
e
a
3
4
0.09
b
0.10
d
0.28
f
0.02
b
0.01
d
0.16
f
0.09
b
about 6 hours
3 h 44 min b
5 h 48 min d
6 h 8 min
f
4 h 56 min b
11 h 28 min d
3 h 20 min f
0.07
0.10
0.17
0.10
0.20
0.04
0.11
5
6
8 h 12 min
10 h 12 min
11 h 28 min
1 h 56 min
1h 52 min
20 min
a
c
d
f
h
a
c
a
c
2004.6
b 1786
1789, 1652, 1786, 2182, 2814
1225
e 877.5
507.8
g 454.2
28.1%
37 km/h
b 36 km/h
36 km/h
d 4.18 km/h
22
b 12.55
12.5
7
160
140
Distance (km)
80
60
BAC
0.1
a
b
0.05
3
Drinks
0.2
0.1
0.05
8
9
10
11
a
c
e
a
a
a
a
b
3
Drinks
1.4
b 8.0
1.5
d 0.9
0.6
0.075
b 0.045
3 h 5 min
b 5 h 45 min
3.2
b 6.8
Male 4.7, Female 7.6
Males are larger in size.
Exercise 14I
1
2
a
c
a
c
e
a
c
1h
5h
3.88 c/km
$734.50
$250.00
4L
$13.05
b
d
b
d
b
80 km
40 km/h
Brand A
$183.00
11 L
5 6 7
Time (h)
10
0.15
a
b
$765
$1600
$500
a 510 km
b 38.25 L
c $58.14
a $2322
b $1376
a $5046
b $14 854
36 m
a 39 m
b 29 m
a 0.084
b 5.6 hours
a Mean = 27.2 Median = 27.5
Mode = 23
b Mean and median are a better
measure than the mode for the
centre. Data is skewed.
c Range = 27 IQR = 8 n = 6.90
0.15
6
7
8
9
10
11
100
4
5
120
20
0.2
40
Body Weight 45 kg
BAC
Answers
500
1
4
7
10
13
16
C
A
A
B
B
a
17
c
a
Class
Class
centre (x)
Freq.
(f)
fx
2029
24.5
85
2082.5
3039
34.5
72
2484
4049
44.5
71
3159.5
5059
54.5
55
2997.5
6069
64.5
36
2322
b
d
319
26.65%
c
e
60
50
40
45
50
A
d
2
5
8
A
B
D
3 C
6 C
Section II
1
2
41
28.53%
Section I
A
A
C
B
3 C
C
6 D
A
9 C
C
12 D
B
15 D
i
$1306.60
ii 1 $681.10
2 $4573.10
i
$59 000 ii $11 550
iii $885
iv $12 435
v Pay an additional $180
i
10a 5 ii 5x5
i
9.7 m
ii 11.7 m
iii 13.9 m
7
12
i
ii
13
13
Review
1
4
7
2
5
8
11
14
16.7%
$61 800
$22 800
a
b
18
e
a
b
c
d
ii
i
ii
m2
7350
$3878.80
3.23%
x=4
i
45 kg
iii 19
i
$3764.48
i
25.45 m3
2
i
3
ii
iv
ii
ii
76 kg
300
Heater C
25 447 L
ii
7.5 cm