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Name = SUBHRADIP SARKER

Lab Section = L03-205 .TA Jennifer Ruddock


(Please remember to write down your lab section in your report. -2 Points if the lab section is not written)

EXPERIMENT 2

Chemistry0330LaboratoryReport
HowisAcidRainNeutralizedinNature?
Part A
1. Complete Table 1 below to summarize the data for Part A.
Sample
Ocean water
Pool water
Pond water
Rain water
Tap water
Distilled water

Conductivity
(S/cm)
26850
685
6310
41.3
174.8
286.5

Classify as strong, weak or nonelectrolyte


Strong Electrolyte
Weak Electrolyte
Strong Electrolyte
Non Electrolyte
Weak Electrolyte
Non Electrolyte

2. Explain why there is a difference in conductivity between ocean water and pond water.
Ocean water has much higher salt contain than pond water. The salt molecules dissolves into
ions which leads to conductivity. Due to higher number of ions present there is difference in
conductivity between ocean water and pond water.

3. Explain why there is a difference in conductivity between tap water and distilled water.
Tap water contains natural minerals while distilled water is formed from evaporation which
is free of such minerals. These minerals dissolves into ions which leads to conductivity. Due
to higher number of minerals present, there is difference in conductivity between tap water
and distilled water.

4. Where appropriate, write the hydration reactions for the following ionic and molecular
compounds. Use equilibrium arrows for any substance classified as a weak electrolyte.
a) CaCl2
CaCl2 (s) + 6H2O (l) CaCl2 6H2O (aq)
b) HNO3
HNO3(aq) H+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
c) CaSO4
CaSO4 (s) + x H2O (l) CaSO4 .x H2O
X = 0.5 for plaster of Paris
X = 2 for gypsum
d) CH3COOH (weak electrolyte)
CH3COOH (aq)

H+(aq) + C2H3O2-(aq)

5. What would you expect the approximate pH of the rain water sample in Rhode Island to
be, and why?
Approximate pH of the rain water sample in Rhode Island would be around 5. This is
because of the industries which produces sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. These two
gases in presence of water produces sulphuric acid and nitric acid which subsequently causes
acid rain and decreases the pH.

Part B
1. a) Write the molecular reaction for the reaction between CaCO 3 and H2SO4.
CaCO3 (s) + H2SO4(aq) ---------> CaSO4 + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
b) Write the net ionic reaction for the reaction above. Assume H 2SO4 dissociates in one
step to release both protons.
CaCO3(s) + 2 H+(aq) + SO42-(aq) CaSO4(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
2. Letter code of H2SO4 = T
3. Exact mass of water dispensed by automatic pipet set to 1.00 mL = 1.0463 gm
4. Attach a table showing the conductivity values for each trial. Tables should be clearly
labeled.
Volume of
H2SO4

Conductivity
(s/cm)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

126
356
415
485
705
1120
2018
3309
4525
5550
6632

Lab quest
Conductivity
(s/cm)
126
356
416
489
702
1127
2019
3356
4524
5554
6627

Table 1: Trials of Conductivity vs Volume of H2SO4 for experiment 1

Volume of
H2SO4

Conductivity
(s/cm)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

119
360
647
896
1540
2416
3307
4270
5296
6450
7545

Lab quest
Conductivity
(s/cm)
119
359
644
898
1536
2414
3351
4320
5296
6479
7566

Table 2: Trials of Conductivity vs Volume of H2SO4 for experiment 2


5. Attach a full-page graph for each trial. Graphs should be properly labeled. Both graphs can
go on the same page if they are clearly identified.

Figure 1: Graph of Conductivity vs Volume of H2SO4 for experiment 1

Figure 2: Graph of LabQuest Conductivity vs Volume of H2SO4 for experiment 1

Figure 3: Graph of Conductivity vs Volume of H2SO4 for experiment 2

Figure 2: Graph of LabQuest Conductivity vs Volume of H2SO4 for experiment 2


6. Find the best-fit line line a for points 0 mL 4 or 5 mL for both trials. Find the best-fit
line line b for points 5, or 6 10 mL for both trials. Make sure these equations are shown
on your graphs. Fill out the information below from these best fit lines.
Trial 1: Points 0 mL 4 or 5 mL (line a)
Slope = 128.7
Y-intercept = 160
Points 5 or 6 mL 10 mL (line b)
Slope = 1124.9
Y-intercept = -4577.9
Trial 2: Points 0 mL 4, or 5 mL (line a)
Slope = 337.8
Y-intercept = 36.8
Points 5, or 6 mL 10 mL (line b)
Slope = 1031.4
Y-intercept = -2855

7. To find the equivalence point, you must solve for x at the intersection of line a and line
b for both trials. Set the equations for line a and line b equal to one another and solve
for x. Here, x is equal to the measured volume of acid added to the column at the equivalence
point. Show your work for both trials.
Trial 1 Equations: Points 0 mL 4 and 5 mL 10 mL
Y = 128.7 X + 160
Y = 1124.9 X - 4577.9
On solving, X = 4.76 mL of H2SO4
Trial 2 Equations: Points 0 mL 4 and 5 mL 10 mL
Y = 337.8 X + 36.8
Y = 1031.4 X 2855
On solving, X = 4.17 mL of H2SO4

8. Show the calculation for the actual volume of H2SO4 at the equivalence point for both
trials. Use the data you collected in the pipet calibration step.
LabQuest 1: Points 0 mL 4 or 5 mL (line a)
Slope = 128.5
Y-intercept = 160.8
Points 5 or 6 mL 10 mL (line b)
Slope = 1122.1
Y-intercept = -4547.8
LabQuest 2: Points 0 mL 4, or 5 mL (line a)
Slope = 337.3
Y-intercept = 36.6
Points 5, or 6 mL 10 mL (line b)
Slope = 1032
Y-intercept = -2835.7

LabQuest 1 Equations: Points 0 mL 4 and 5 mL 10 mL


Y = 128.5 X + 160.8
Y = 1122.1 X - 4547.8
On solving, X = 4.74 mL of H2SO4
LabQuest 2 Equations: Points 0 mL 4 and 5 mL 10 mL
Y = 337.3 X + 36.6
Y = 1032 X - 2835.7
On solving, X = 4.13 mL of H2SO4

9. Summarize the data for both trials in the table below


Mass of CaCO3
Measured volume of H2SO4 at
equivalence point from question#7
Actual volume of H2SO4 at
equivalence point

Trial 1

Trial 2

0.1048 g
4.76 mL

0.1017 g
4.17 mL

4.74 mL

4.13 mL

10. Calculate the number of moles of CaCO3 used in each trial. Show all calculations.
CaCO3 molar mass = 100.0869 g/mol
Number of moles in Trial 1 = 0.1048/100.0869 = 1.047 x 10-3 moles
Number of moles in Trial 1 = 0.1017/100.0869 = 1.016 x 10-3 moles
11. Calculate the concentration of H2SO4 for both trials. Show all calculations.
Concentration of H2SO4 in Trial 1 =1.047 x 10-3 moles/4.76 mL = 0.2199 mol/L
Concentration of H2SO4 in Trial 2 =1.016 x 10-3 moles/4.17 mL = 0.2436 mol/L
12. Calculate the average concentration of H2SO4. Show all calculations.
Average Concentration of H2SO4 from Trial 1 and Trial 2 = (0.2199 + 0.2436)/2 mol/L
= 0.23175 mol/L

13. Assume the actual concentration of the H2SO4 is 0.180 M. What is your percent error?
Show all calculations.
Percentage error = (0.23175 - 0.180)/ 0.180*100 = 28.75 %
14. What are some possible sources of error in this experiment?

Possible sources of error


1. Error in calculation of actual number of moles reacted
2. Equivalence point is an estimation
15. Briefly explain how the equivalence point of the reaction was determined using the
conductivity data. Be sure to address how conductivity data identifies the equivalence point.
After equivalence point, the rate of change of conductivity increases. This is because all the
CaCO3 have already reacted with H2SO4. Addition of Extra H2SO4 leads to different change in
conductivity.

16. In this lab, you studied the neutralization of sulfuric acid (which is typically found in acid
rain) by the basic compound calcium carbonate, which is found in rocks and soil.
a) Nitric acid (HNO3) is also sometimes found in acid rain. What is the molecular
reaction for the neutralization of HNO3 by CaCO3?
2 HNO3 (aq) + CaCO3 (s) --> Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
b) Another example of a basic compound found in rocks and soil is aluminum hydroxide,
Al(OH)3. What is the molecular reaction for the neutralization of H2SO4 with Al(OH)3 ?
2Al(OH)3 (s) + 3H2SO4 (aq) Al2(SO4)3 + 6H2O (l)
17. Why is it important to study acid rain and specifically, the reactions that can be used to
neutralize it?
Acid rain causes corrosion on reacting. Only some substance can react with them and
neutralize them naturally. Otherwise all water would have been acidic and not suitable for
humans.

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