Version 02.04.

2007

BROAD RANGE ALGORITHM FOR THE EVALUATION OF CARSONS INTEGRAL

USERS MANUAL
By:
F. Alejandro Uribe
Abner Ramirez
e-mails: fauribe@ieee.org, abner.ramirez@cts-design.com

CONTENTS:

1.
2.
3.
4.

INTRODUCTION 1
PROGRAM FILES2
DESCRIPTION OF THE ROUTINES .... 3
EXAMPLES..4

I.

INTRODUCTION

The algorithms described in this manual solve efficiently and accurately Carsons integral for any
practical configuration of overhead transmission lines. The algorithms can be used by practical
engineers having available the geometry of the line and by power systems researchers who may like
work with parametric solutions.
This manual describes the algorithms, the program files, and their way of use.
The user has two choices; both of them yield as output the ground impedance. The first one has as
input data the geometry of the line. The second one performs the calculation based on parametric data.
The program is of public domain and can be freely used by anyone and downloaded from either
http://www.gdl.cinvestav.mx/jcinv/minisitios/abner/
or
http://www.cucei.udg.mx/~furibe/
We kindly ask the user to make reference to:
[1] A. Ramirez and F. Uribe, A broad range algorithm for the evaluation of Carsons integral, IEEE
Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 1188-1193, April 2007.

II.

PROGRAM FILES

The routines for the algorithms below are in Matlab v7 code.

Choice 1. (based on geometry)
Main program:
carson_algorithm.m
Auxiliary programs:
one_osc.m
oscillations.m
no_oscillations.m

Choice 2. (parametric solution)

Main program:
carson_broad_range.m
Auxiliary programs:
one_osc.m
oscillations.m
no_oscillations.m

III.

DESCRIPTION OF THE ROUTINES

3.1. Ground return earth impedance through Carsons integral (based on geometry)
% function [Zcar, Qcar] = carson_algorithm(w,hi,hj,x,rhog)
%
% Routine in Matlab-V7 for calculating the self or mutual ground return
% impedances of an overhead transmission line by solving Carsons integral
% with the algorithm described in the paper:
%
% A. Ramirez and F. A. Uribe, "A broad range algorithm for the evaluation of
% Carsons Integral", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.22, No.2, pp.
% 1188-1193,2007.
%
% Running the program,
%
%
Zcar = carson_algorithm(w,h1,h2,x,rhot,miurel),
%
% where:
%
Zcar - self or mutual ground return impedance p.u. length (ohm*m),
%
w
- angular frequency (equal to 2*pi*f) (rad/seg),
%
p
- Skin Effect thickness,
%
hi
- conductor "i" height,
%
hj
- conductor "j" height,
%
x
- horizontal distance between conductors
%
for the self impedance set it equal to zero,

%
rhog - is the ground resistivity (ohms*m),
%
miu0 - Is the ground permeability (H/m),
%
% [Version 1.0-revised 02 Apr/2007],

3.2. Broad range ground return earth impedance through Carsons integral (parametric solution)
% carson_broad_range.m
%
% Evaluates Carson's integral for a broad range of line configurations.
%
% The used concepts are described in the paper:
%
% A. Ramirez and F. A. Uribe, "A broad range algorithm for the evaluation of
%
Carsons Integral", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.22, No.2, pp. 11881193,2007.
%
% To run the program type at the Matlab prompt: carson_broad_range.m,
%
%
%
delta
- Skin Effect thickness,
%
h
- conductor average height,
%
Qcar
- Carson's integral
%
p
- Normalized parameter p = 2h/abs(delta)
%
eta
- Normalized parameter eta = x/2h
%
% [Version 1.0-revised 02 Apr/2007],

IV.

EXAMPLES

4.1. Choice 1. (based on geometry)

Consider the following parameters (see Fig. 1 from the paper):
hi = 15 m , h j = 20 m , x = 3 m , h2 = 20 m , = 1/100 S - m , = 2 103 rad/s

We type:
>>[Zcar, Qcar] = carson_algorithm(w,hi,hj,x,1/)

Solution:
Zcar =
0.0008 + 0.0024i
Qcar =
0.9591 - 0.3351i

4.2. Choice 2. (parametric solution)

The user just has to type:
>>carson_broad_range

Then, the user should be able to obtain the results as in Fig. 1 below (as shown also in Fig. 4 from the
paper referenced above)
3

Fig. 1. a) Integrand, real part

b) Integrand, imaginary part

In case the user wants to calculate Carsons integrand for a different range, lines 24 and 25 of the
program have to be modified accordingly.

V.

ADDITIONAL ROUTINES

For comparison purposes, we have added an additional routine. This routine compares the proposed
algorithm with Carsons series (version EMTP) and adaptive quadrature Gauss/Lobatto numerical
integration for the parametric case (broad range). The routine is named:
comparison.m

In addition to Fig. 1, the user should be able to obtain the results shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2. a) Impedance, real part

b) Impedance, imaginary part