Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ON
THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS
OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ON BANGSHI RIVER
AND ADJACENT REGION
Submitted To:
AHM Saadat
Associate Professor
Professor
Jahangirnagar University
Jahangirnagar University
Submitted By:
M. Rubaiat Islam
Graduate Student
Department of Environmental Sciences
Jahangirnagar University
Acknowledgement
Department of Environmental Sciences of Jahangirnagar University arrange Field work
program each year that aims at the development of the problem solving capability of the
students. Like the other years, we, the fourth year students of session 2008-09 went on a
field visit to Bangshi River, DEPZ and adjacent area. Besides theoretical education, we are
lucky to have such opportunity to implement various environmental methods and
techniques in to solve potential environmental degradation as well as maximizing
beneficial incidents. This helps us a lot to watch the nature more closely and deeply that
increases our ability to solve various complex environmental phenomena easily and
effectively.
We would like to pay our profound gratitude to our honorable Chairman, Dr. Shafi
Mohammad Tareq for arranging such wonderful field work program. The relentless hard
work of our honorable teacher Abdul Kadir Sir can never ever be forgotten. Without his
immense patience and excellent management skills, we may not have succeeded to
complete our mission.
We are extremely grateful to our honorable teacher AHM Saadat Sir. Ignoring his sickness,
he gave us company during our fieldwork and without his parent-like care and all time
supervision, it would have never been possible for us to arrange such arrangement.
In the last, but of course not the least, we would like to pay our gratitude to all the group
members and friends for making this fieldwork memorable, enjoyable and instructive at
the same time. Special thanks to Mr. Shahid Mallick for valuable assistance in collecting
information about the region. Without those valuable information, it would have miss a
lot of things.
Abstract
Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh has been growing at a very high pace especially over the
last three decades. To meet the ever increasing needs of the increasing population the
area of the city has been expanded several times. In 1951, the city occupied a space of
only 85.45km2 and by year 2000 it is estimated to have reached about 1500km2.
To meet the demands of the increased population, new industries are popping up with
regular basis. But ultimately these industries dump their waste materials to either any
lake, river or a water body. These lake, river and water bodies are closely intertwined lives
and livelihood of the riverine population. From the homeless farmer to the richest
fisherman will be adversely affected if the state of these water bodies become seriously
altered.
Since the initial stages of industrial development in Dhaka city, we are consistently
polluting the rivers around Dhaka city. The once powerful Buriganga River became a
biologically dead river. The state of the Balu River is even worse. With pitch black water
color and highly objectionable odor, this water no longer be able to serve any daily needs.
Another important river is the Bangshi. The state of this river is also critical. Especially
after the inception of the second Export Processing Zone in Savar at the bank of the river,
significant change has been experienced in not only the river course but also in water
quality and biological properties. It has been found from the literature that the river is at
real close to become biologically dead. The river water no longer supports any form of fish
and aquatic species. Moreover, highly dark color and objectionable odor, explains the
level of pollution in the river. This fieldwork aims at studying the actual state of the river
Bangshi. A very important aspect of this study is to investigate the potential impacts of
industrialization and urbanization on Bangshi River and search for a suitable remedial
measures.
Table of Contents
Chapter
Topic
Chapter-1:
Introduction
1.4 Limitations
10
Chapter-2:
Literature Review
Page
12
12
13
13
15
15
16
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
2.3.5 Encroachment
21
21
22
23
24
26
27
Chapter-5:
Recommendation
Chapter-4:
Results and Discussion
Chapter-3:
Field Observation
3.1 Geomorphology
27
27
28
28
3.4.2.1 Economy
28
3.4.2.2 Education
30
3.4.2.3 Religion
30
3.4.2.4 Health
30
4.1 pH
34
34
35
37
38
39
Reference
4142
i-v
vi-ix
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
Chapter 1
Introduction
Area
(km2)
Decadal
Increase (%)
-
Decadal
Increase
(%)
Annual
Growth
Rate (%)
411,279
Population
Density
(persons/km2)
1951
85.45
4,813
1961
124.45
45.64
718,766
74.76
5.74
5,776
1971
335.79
169.82
2,068,353
187.76
8.47
6,160
1981
509.62
51.77
3,440,147
66.32
7.53
6,750
1991
1352.87
165.47
6,487,459
88.58
6.55
4,795
2001
1528.00
10.88 10,712,206
65.12
6.00
7,011
1|Page
Introduction
Table 2: Projected population of the Greater Dhaka City (2001-2035)
Year
Population
2001 (census)
7,548,160
2011 (Projected)
11,268,777
4.1
2015 (Projected)
13,090,878
3.8
2020 (Projected)
15,653,956
3.6
2025 (Projected)
18,551,051
3.5
2030 (Projected)
21,782,314
3.3
2035 (Projected)
25,422,390
3.1
Figure 1: Projected population density within the expanded Dhaka City in 2035.
2|Page
Introduction
Based on expected growth rates within the Greater Dhaka area, the above map (Figure 1)
indicates the target area and associated population densities expected at year 2035. In
general, the population densities are very high within the DWASA service area, except for
the region between Demra and Narayanganj. Further, population densities are expected
to be high in the Savar and Narayanganj municipalities and at areas adjacent to the DWASA
service area where development overspills the border (e.g. Tongi and Keraniganj).
According to Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB), the country has as many as
310 rivers of which 54 major rivers are shared with India while 3 are shared with Myanmar.
The Padma, Meghna, Jamuna, Brahamaputra, Teesta, Surma and Karnaphuli are
3|Page
Introduction
considered the principal rivers of the country which are also at the same time, the play land
of nature as cyclone, seasonal floods and river erosions are very common. The above figure
(Figure 2) shows a map showing major rivers of the country.
Rivers have traditionally been important to the culture, livelihoods, transportation,
irrigation and drinking water source of this deltaic lands people. It was the main
communication means in and outside the country until 1970s and total waterways was
24000km, which have reportedly shrunk in to 3800 km at present (Mallick, 2012). The
reasons for shrinking of waterways is said to be linked with local, national and regional
policy and perceptions to rivers and its importance. A map showing the inland water
transportation routes of Bangladesh is given in the following figure (Figure 3):
Introduction
rivers and surface water sources, our farmers will have no other choice but to use
groundwater for irrigation purpose which will result an excessive production cost.
Moreover, our groundwater level will eventually become deeper and deeper as the
extraction rate will be faster than the infiltration rate. This will also cause scarcity to
drinking water.
As of today, the contribution of agriculture in GDP is highest 22% and absorbing largest
48.1% employments of the country while industrial production and manufacturing
contributes 17% in GDP but no data available of absorbent of labor force (BBS, 2009).
Industrialization can play significant role in development which will provide the necessary
economic boost that will help us becoming a poor country to a middle economy country.
By realizing this fact, our policy makers took decision about encouraging industrialization
and export-oriented industrial setup. For achieving the cherished goal, the Government of
Bangladesh undertaken a giant project involving different foreign investors to setup export
processing zones or commonly known as EPZs. The first EPZ was established at the port city
Chittagong in 1983 while second one was established at Savar in Dhaka near river Bangshi
in 1993 (Mallick, 2012). Since the initiation of DEPZ, the Banghsi River is consistently being
polluted by industrial waste disposal which in turns threatened the natural environment of
the riverine areas.
5|Page
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Chapter 2
Literature Review
EPZ mainly attracts the local and foreign investors to make investment for industrial activity
which mostly provides:
Until date, there are 8 export processing zones in Bangladesh. They are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Chittagong EPZ
Dhaka EPZ
Mongla EPZ
Ishwardi EPZ
Comilla EPZ
Uttara EPZ
Adamjee EPZ
Karnaphuli EPZ
7|Page
Literature Review
2.1.1 Dhaka Export Processing Zone (DEPZ)
According to the economic enhancement policy of the country the first EPZ was set up at
the port city Chittagong in 1983 followed by second EPZ at Savar in Dhaka near river
Bangshi in 1993 (Banglapedia, 2006). As a result a vast area of prime agricultural land has
been converted in to non-farm usage including build up areas for both housing and
uncontrolled development of industrial establishment.
The trends of social and environmental degradation at the surrounding villages around
river Bangshi started during the 1990s. As on today there are 224 industries along with two
major export processing zone (EPZ), exclusively meant for export oriented industrial
product (Upzila statistic 2012). Among those there are chemical, ceramics, medicines and
drugs, leather, dyeing, garments and other heavy and light industries.
The location of many of these industries either on river/other open water bed and either
way drainage it with rivers. Most tend to release hazardous wastes like acids, organic
chemicals and solvent of organic wastes, without treatment thereby causing serious impact
on human life and livelihoods (Hafiz 2010).
The special industrial zone along with many other local industries began discharging all of
their industrial waste into the river and other open water body, undermining the health,
environment and livelihoods of the people. Again it is not that, county has no policies and
laws, but it seems their action is occasional. Such as DEPZ is built in a 355.83 acres of land
and there are 300 industries are there but its seriously affecting more than 1000 acres of
high productive paddy field at Dholai beel (The daily star, May 7, 2009).
Literature Review
are 195 brick fields at Savar. The total area covered by DEPZ is approximately 361 acres
with 422 industrial plots (BEPZA, 2012).
9|Page
Literature Review
10 | P a g e
Literature Review
The study area actually is located on the southwestern fringe of the Madhupur Tract.
Geomorphology of the study area does not however, represent a continuous block of
either uplifted or residuum Madhupur Tract .This area rather represents the junction
between overlapping older Madhupur Tract and Recent Flood-plain deposits. Locally the
elevated village mounds represents Tract deposits and the low-lying area is may be the
infilling of depressed areas by the flood plain deposits of recent time.
This physiographic feature has many special characteristics although many of which are not
apparent in the study area (exposed). This is because in the study area Madhupur Tract has
been affected by recent flood-plain deposits and soil formation at depositional break.
There is indication of relict paleosols within the stratigraphic sequence in the Madhupur
Area which is characteristic to Madhupur Formation. The modern soil is also in fact, a relict
soil of the pre-existing paleosol materials.
The reddish brown colour of Madhupur / Barind formation is clearly related to the iron
compounds. A detail study of clay minerals of Madhupur Formation has been performed
by Hassan (1986) and he found the iron rich clay minerals, such as Illite, Chlorite and
Vermiculite. Among the iron oxides the authigenic hematite (Fe2O3), goethite (FeOOH),
Lepidochrocite (FeOOH) and hydrated-ferric-oxides gel (Fe(OH)3.H2O) are important.
Hydrology of the study area is governed by rainfall intensity and distribution, permanent
or ephemeral water bodies and rivers or canals. Figure 6 shows the average rainfall
distribution in various months for 7 years (2001-2007). The pattern shows distinct
conformation with the climatic pattern prevailing, with strong Monsoon influence.
Figure 6: Rainfall distribution of the study area between 2001 and 2007
Special feature of this area is many isolated water bodies that occupy the low lying/
depressed areas connected or not with the river system. On regional scale, BangshiDaleshwari and Turag comprises the drainage network of the study area - Bangshi on the
west and Turag is away on the east. Both are flowing parallel with a due NS trend having
the flow direction towards south.
Regionally the top soil is underlain by Madhupur Clay Formation having limited and varying
thickness that particularly represents Pleistocene to Holocene sediments. This Madhupur
11 | P a g e
Literature Review
Clay Formation and underlying thick column of Miocene-Pliocene sediments comprise the
Aquifer System of the study area.
Based on different hydrogeological characteristics, Mio-Pleistocene and Holocene
sediments have been categorized into Upper and Lower Aquifer Sequences. While Upper
Aquifer Sequence represents variant admixture of Sand, Silt and Clay, Lower Aquifer
Sequence comprises five Aquifer layers separated by impervious Aquitards.
Literature Review
2.2.1.1 Drainage Basin
The surface water system of the area under study is comprised of several depression
storage (e.g. roads, lakes and submerged low-lying lands) and khals (canals) which are
linked to the Bangshi River. The land of the Upazila is composed of alluvium soil of the
Pleistocene period. The height of the land gradually increases from the east to the west.
The southern part of the Upazila is composed of the alluvium soil of the Bangshi and
Dhalashwari rivers.
This is a deeply flooded area in the low-red soil plateau of Madhupur tract. The floodplain
is inundated when water flows over the banks of the Turag-Bangshi river making all the low
areas become a connected sheet of water in the monsoon. By late November, most of the
water recedes and boro rice is planted in almost all of the low-lying areas. About 2,68,900
people live in this area with 84% of households being involved in fishing, and 15 % of
households are full time fishers. A bazar named Nayarhat is situated at the bank of the
river. The famous pottery village Pal Para is also situated on south side of Bangshi.
During the rainy season the water area is about 43 km while in the dry season the water
area becomes less than 7 km.
Literature Review
The opposite of a tributary is a distributary. A distributary or a distributary channel is a
stream that branches off and flows away from a main stream channel. They are a common
feature of river deltas. The phenomenon is known as river bifurcation.
Distributaries usually occur as a stream nears a lake or the ocean, but they can occur inland
as well as in situations when a tributary stream bifurcates as it nears its confluence with a
larger stream.
14 | P a g e
Literature Review
In some cases, a minor distributary can "steal" so much water from the main channel that
it can become the main route. Bangshi River also has distributary characteristics. It is the
branch of Turag River. And its flow is to lower stream Turag River that is connected with
Buriganga River. Pangli River is the source of its flow of water that is connected upper
stream of Jamuna River.
15 | P a g e
Literature Review
2.2.1.5 Composition of the river bed and banks
The land of the Upazila is composed of alluvium soil of the Pleistocene period. The height
of the land gradually increases from the east to the west. The southern part of the Upazila
is composed of the alluvium soil of the Bangshi and Dhalashwari rivers.
This is a deeply flooded area in the low-red soil plateau of Madhupur tract. The floodplain
is inundated when water flows over the banks of the Turag-Bangshi river making all the low
areas become a connected sheet of water in the monsoon. By late November, most of the
water recedes and boro rice is planted in almost all of the low-lying areas.
Literature Review
2.2.1.8 Interconnected Drainage System
The drainage of the Savar Upazilla mostly depends on the water levels of the peripheral
rivers. The major drainage channels (locally known as khal) in the area, which receives
catchment runoff as well as waste water and drain to the peripheral rivers, mainly to the
Bangshi river.
Figure 10: Interconnected Drainage System of the Bangshi River (After Khan, 2012)
All associated beels are connected to the Bangshi River through a series of khal and other
channels. About 2,68,900 people live in this area with 48% of households in fishing, and 15
% of household are full time fishers. A bazaar Nayarhat at bank. The famous pottery village
Palpara also situated on the south side of Bangshi River.
Literature Review
Figure 11: Pitch Black Water in the flooded river (Left) and objectionable odor (Right)
Number
Cap/accessories/ garments
42
Textile/ knitting
22
Plastic goods
Footwear/leather goods
Metal products
Electronic goods
Paper products
Miscellaneous
11
18 | P a g e
Literature Review
Besides hazardous chemicals, metals and anions, these wastewaters are characterized by
their excessively high BOD value. The following Table summarizes the BOD loadings of the
9 industrial Clusters of Dhaka City.
Table: BOD loadings from nine industrial clusters within Dhaka City
Cluster
Total
Generated
Load
(kg/d)
Total flow
from
outflow
(m3/d)
Industrial
Effluent
load
(kg/d)
Domestic
Effluent
(m3/d)
Domestic
Effluent
Load
(kg/d)
Domestic
Retained
in
situ
(kg/d)
Tongi
12,555
35,158
7,159
21,708
3,797
13,450
3,362
5,396
Hazaribagh
66,664
87,184
55,773
49,489
46,349
37,695
9,424
10,891
Tejgaon
70,975
229,133
59,611
157,853
41,791
71,280
17,820
11,364
Tarabo
44,816
84,672
26,962
84,672
26,962
17,854
Narayanganj
74,957
494,946
43,025
456,225
33,344
38,721
9,681
31,932
8,291
9,114
1757
7,738
1,413
1,376
344
6,534
Gazipur
19,965
192,945
18,922
192,845
18,922
1,043
DEPZ
48,113
314,755
31,042
314,755
31,042
17,071
Ghorashal
15,850
44,928
5,422
44,928
5,422
10,428
362,186
1,492,735
249,673
1,330,213
209,042
162,522
40,631
112,513
Savar
Total
Total
Effluent
load
(kg/d)
Industrial
Effluent
(m3/d)
Figure 12: Sewage dumping into river channel (Left) and domestic waste dumping (Right)
Literature Review
Urea, Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Muriate of Potash (MP) and Gypsum are the major
chemical fertilizers used in Bangladesh. The water-soluble nitrates and Phosphates cause
changes in the taste and smell of the river water. Runoff from the irrigated lands pollutes
the surface water and cause bioaccumulation and bio-magnification of toxic substances in
the food chain (Rahman et al., 2009).
These ports do not have facilities to receive and treat bilage and ballast water. There are
also innumerable mechanized trawlers and boats engaged in fishing in the Bay of Bengal as
well as in almost all the rivers and channels. All these vessels and trawlers dump their
wastes, including burnt oil into the water (Rahman et al., 2009).
20 | P a g e
Literature Review
2.3.5 Encroachment
Shockingly many rivers of the country are under encroachment by the land grabbers.
Around seventy rivers including Buriganga, Karnaphuli, Kirtonkhola, Rupsa and others
flowing through urban areas are threatened by illegal occupations (Rahman et al., 2009).
These rivers which were the lifelines of the cities for hundreds of years stand alarmingly
shrunk and are barely flowing the limited navigability and deteriorated water quality.
21 | P a g e
Literature Review
Figure 17: Some of the alien and invasive fish species of Bangladesh
All the aliens that are carnivorous in feeding habitats, spread into the rivers of Bangladesh
during high floods creating definite threat to the native species (Rahman et al., 2009).
22 | P a g e
CHAPTER 3
FIELD OBSERVATION
Field Observation
Chapter 3
Field Observation
3.1 Geomorphology
The study area is a part of the lower Madhupur Tract and the lower Brahmaputra
floodplain. For this reason, the area under study represents a plain physiographic display.
Altogether three broad types of landforms can be identified on the basis of drainage,
elevation and pedological characteristics (Mallick, 2012). These are locally known as
Chala, Byde, and Naama.
The Chala type of lands are characteristically highland or medium highland in nature. The
Byde type of lands are distinguished as medium high to medium low land. Finally Naama
type of lands are characterized as low land and very low land. The Chala lands are normally
flood free, relatively less productive for rice but extensively used for vegetable cultivation
throughout the year and famous for Jackfruit plantations and Shaal forests. The Chala land
is the first choice for permanent infrastructural developments.
Figure 18: A Typical Agricultural field (paddy Field) in the study area
However, the Bydes usually remain shallow to deeply flooded three to four months
between July and November in the year. The Bydes are fertile, rich in clayey soil and
mainly used for a single crop, predominantly HYV boro rice. The Naama covers the major
agricultural lands where prolonged flood waters from Bangshi, Dhaleshwari, and Turag
rivers. The regular and seasonal flooding in the monsoon depressed area and flooded for
23 | P a g e
Field Observation
more than five months (June-December) HYV boro rice is cultivated here. The back slopes
of the floodplain are used for robi and deep water rice. However, robi crops are being
replaced by guava and commercial grass cultivation in the riverine area.
The socioeconomic condition is not so high in most of the inhabitants of the area under
study. For this reason, most of the houses and buildings were found as tin-shed and
earthen walled. Though some brick-built houses were found as under construction.
24 | P a g e
Field Observation
The smell of the river water was also very offensive. By seeing this characteristic color and
having such offensive smell, one can easily conclude that the river may have been seriously
polluted. We took several water samples from the river water in different locations to study
in depth and determine actual water quality of the river. The first water sample was
collected from a wastewater discharge canal adjacent to the DEPZ complex.
The morphologically the river is meandering in nature and it joins with a channel of the
River Jamuna and flows towards DEPZ. Besides water sample collection, we carried digital
pH meter and digital EC meter. With these instruments, we measured pH and EC on the
spot.
25 | P a g e
Field Observation
The nearby people uses this river as a mode of transportation. They not just use it for their
daily movement but also they use this way to transport their goods.
During our visit on the engine-boat, we experienced that the local people uses these
highly polluted water in different ways. They use this water for irrigation, bathing as well
as washing their domestic animals.
Field Observation
Analysis reveals pH maximum 9.55, DO maximum 2.40 mg/L, TDS maximum 1280 mg/L, Bicarbonate maximum 891 mg/L, Sulfate maximum 452 mg/L, Chloride maximum 179 mg/L,
Nitrate maximum 44 mg/L and Fluoride not above detection limit. Higher concentration of
Cl-, SO4-2, NO3- in waste water samples compared to the standard by DOE (Department of
Environment) as well as background concentration from uncontaminated water can be
correlated with industrial effluent discharge. On the other hand low level of concentration
27 | P a g e
Field Observation
found in groundwater samples indicates that groundwater is still safe. This phenomenon is
explained by the presence of impervious clay layer.
The high BOD and COD of the effluents, and resultant high BOD, COD and low DO of the
river appear to have impacted on the quantity and quality of fish stocks. Local people report
that fish stock in the areas have become zero. The ecosystem of river has already destroyed
completely. No live can survive in this toxic water except some mosquito and microbes.
3.4.1.2 Ecology and Biodiversity
Once the surrounding area was rich in different fruit, timber and medicinal plants.
Inconsiderate deforestation, waste disposal or toxicity of the wastewater, most of these
species are unavailable these days. They have failed to sustain in the changed
environmental condition and thus left extinct. Similarly, the untreated wastewater disposal
of the industrialists to the natural rivers, channels and streams results in the extinction of
most of the fish and aquatic species. Species which succeeded to survive in the changed
environment are also not completely safe. Recent investigation revealed that these
resistant fish species accumulates toxic and hazardous chemicals which may lead to cancer
development.
Traditionally this area is famous for the weaving of Moslin a special type of soft and silky
cloth. Moreover, our investigation covers the famous pal para which is the locality of
28 | P a g e
Field Observation
potters who make materials from the earthen clay. For the last hundreds of years, a
significant amount of local people are farmers. Rice is the main crop that is produced by
the local farmers. But since the DEPZ started polluting the river water which is widely used
as irrigation water, the yield has been reduced to a significant amount.
With the popularity of ceramics, it however became hard for these potters to sustain their
life on their traditional works. For this reason, the number of potter family is gradually
decreasing. Other traditional occupations are also in a changing trend. The river Bangshi
no longer provides fish for these fishermen. So, they have no other choice but to find out
a new profession.
Figure 28: A brick built house representing an improved economic status of the area
29 | P a g e
Field Observation
Industrialization however welcomed some of the local people with shiny luck and
prosperity. They developed their economic conditions in really quick ways. After industrial
setup in the area, overall the income increased and the living of standard became
improved. The price of the land is becoming higher and higher with time. This indicates
the overall economic development among the local people.
3.4.2.2 Education
The rate of literacy is yet not satisfactory in the area under study. It was found from some
persons opinion that most of the boys and girls leave school after finishing primary school
and try to get jobs in the nearby EPZ. But this trend is changing and the situations are
getting better. With economic solvency, people started realizing the importance of
education. This in turns, a great influential impact of industrial activity in the surrounding
area.
3.4.2.3 Religion
Due to industrialization, the chance of mixing between different religions increases
greatly. People from long distance are coming closer because of these industries which
influences them in learning beliefs and views of the others. This gradually increases the
mixing and interchange among two or more religious beliefs. Most of the people of the
study area (except Pal para) are Muslims in religion. There are also people with Hindu and
other religion.
3.4.2.4 Health
Health sector is very much neglected in the area. There is no public hospital in the
surrounding area. Due to the contact of chemically active pollutant mixed river water,
almost all the local inhabitants suffers from acute skin disease which eventually may lead
up to cancer development. There is no well qualified doctor in the nearby area and people
have no other choice but to move a patient to distant Enam Medical, Gono Shastho or
other hospital. Among the local people, respiratory disease, skin disease, gastro-intestinal
diseases are very common.
30 | P a g e
CHAPTER 4
Chapter 4
Water sampling was started from the point 235639N 901455E continued downward
at an average interval of 0.45km for 10 km. Total number of samples collected during first
day was 13. Location was confirmed by GPS (Mobile) reading which is given in Table. Water
samples were collected at each point with water sampler in the midstream at a depth of 2
feet to avoid the interference of the floating substances.
The collected water sample is analyzed in the laboratory to determine the water quality.
Three important parameter of water quality namely pH, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) and
Electrical Conductivity (EC) has been performed in the laboratory.
Table: Latitude, longitude, distance & surrounding location of the sampling points
Sampling points
Latitude
Longitude
Distance (Km)
Location
Sample 01
235639N
901455E
Kamalshi
Sample 02
235616N
901352E
.96
Norekandi
Sample 03
235614N
901353E
1.03
Nolam
Sample 04
235559N
901393E
1.74
Nolam
Sample 05
235543N
901333E
2.36
Nolam
Sample 06
235540N
901328E
2.57
Pathalia
Sample 07
235523N
901334E
3.14
Pathalia
Sample 08
235441N
901346E
4.48
Noyerhat
Sample 09
235420N
901350E
5.14
Noyerhat
Sample 10
235410N
901342E
5.76
Ghughudia
Sample 11
235349N
901347E
6.2
Ghughudia
Sample 12
235252N
901356E
6.47
Sinduria
Sample 13
235154N
901412E
10.01
Sinduria
31 | P a g e
The collected sample water represents a distinctive physical appearance. The water
collected near the pollution source looks darker (as seen in figure 30) than that of a distant
place.
32 | P a g e
Figure 30: Sample from the pollution source (left) to distant river parts (right).
The samples are collected in the first day of our field and the parameters are examined after five
days of sample collection. The parameters which does not change too much with time is
measured. We avoided the DO measurement as the value obtained will be totally different then
the river water environment. The result obtained in the experiment is given bellow:
pH
TDS (mg/L)
Ec (s)
Sample 01
8.16
1599
2.4104
Sample 02
7.97
1406
2.15104
Sample 03
7.77
1450
2.2104
Sample 04
7.82
1441
2.12104
Sample 05
8.02
1448
2.13104
Sample 06
7.95
1440
2.19104
Sample 07
7.92
1454
2.22104
Sample 08
7.9
1438
2.15104
Sample 09
7.79
1367
2.06104
Sample 10
7.72
1271
1.87104
Sample 11
7.68
1204
1.83104
Sample 12
7.52
1106
1.73104
Sample 13
7.04
980
1.47104
33 | P a g e
pH
8.4
8.16
8.2
8.02
7.97
7.77 7.82
7.95 7.92
7.9
7.79
pH
7.8
7.72 7.68
7.52
7.6
7.4
7.2
7.04
7
6.8
0
10
12
14
Sample
34 | P a g e
1599
1406 1450 1441 1448 1440 1454 1438 1367
1600
1400
1271
1204
1200
1106
980
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
10
12
14
Sample
Figure 32: Distribution of Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) for the collected water samples
10
12
14
The more the EC value is, the more electrically conductive the water is. Because we know
that pure water do not show conductivity for heat and electricity. The highest EC value is
also for sample-1 (24,200) while the lowest one is for sample-13 (14,700).
35 | P a g e
pH
7.8
7.6
7.4
7.2
7
6.8
0
10
12
DISTANCE (KILOMETERS)
pH
Linear (pH)
1800
1600
1400
TDS
1200
1000
TDS
800
Linear (TDS)
600
400
200
0
0
10
12
DISTANCE (KILOMETERS)
30000
25000
Ec (s)
20000
15000
Ec
Linear (Ec)
10000
5000
0
0
10
12
DISTANCE (KILOMETERS)
Figure 34: Change of different parameters with distance (pH, TDS, Ec).
36 | P a g e
Figure 35: The Nolam Kunda khal (left) and its cross section (right).
37 | P a g e
CHAPTER 5
RECOMMENDATION
Recommendation
Chapter 5
Recommendation
EPZ at Savar are the main reason for the pollution of water of the river. All polluted effluent
discharges in the river. Now the water is the reason of pollution of soil and as well as ground
water. Even crops production also being damaged due to the highly polluted river water.
Immediate steps including regular monitoring of toxic metals in the agricultural soil is
needed to check the environmental quality. Wastewater discharged from DEPZ could be
recycled for the remediation of pollution in a sustainable and eco-specific way. Different
remediation measures should be taken promptly to remove excising metal from discharge.
38 | P a g e
Recommendation
The various ways of achieving cleaner production which was disseminated to the industries
are as follows:
1. Good housekeeping practices
2. Equipment modification
3. Process modification/retrofitting
4. Raw material substitution
5. Product modification
6. Innovative manufacturing technology
Additionally:
1. By-product recovery from the waste
2. Recycling the waste (with or without treatment) in the production process itself
3. Reuse of waste (with or without treatment) in some other process.
Recommendation
upstream, downstream, and laterally are taken into account and the reach is
viewed as a segment in a much larger network of stream channels.
River restoration is one of the most visible aspects of the river related sciences
(Malakoff, 2004). Thus, it is important that successful restoration of ecological
services and biological functions is conveyed to the public and policy makers so that
society will continue to invest in the restoration of rivers and river valleys (Wohl et
al., 2005).
River restoration projects aim to maintain or increase ecosystem goods and services while
protecting downstream and coastal ecosystems. There is growing interest in applying river
restoration techniques to solve environmental problems, yet little agreement exists on
what constitutes a successful river restoration effort.
Five criteria are proposed for measuring success, with emphasis on an ecological
perspective.
First, the design of an ecological river restoration project should be based on a
specified guiding image of a more dynamic, healthy river that could exist at the site.
Secondly, the rivers ecological condition must be measurably improved.
Thirdly, the river system must be more self-sustaining and resilient to external
perturbations so that only minimal follow-up maintenance is needed.
Fourthly, during the construction phase, no lasting harm should be inflicted on the
ecosystem.
Fifthly, both pre- and post-assessment must be completed and data made publicly
available.
Determining if these five criteria have been met for a particular project requires
development of an assessment protocol. Standards of evaluation for each of the five
criteria are suggested and examples of suitable indicators are provided. It is proposed that
five criteria that must be met for a river restoration project to be considered ecologically
successful. It is critical that the broad restoration community, including funding agencies,
practitioners and citizen restoration groups, adopt criteria for defining and assessing
ecological success in restoration.
Standards are needed because progress in the science and practice of river restoration has
been hampered by the lack of agreed upon criteria for judging ecological success. Without
well-accepted criteria that are ultimately supported by funding and implementing
agencies, there is little incentive for practitioners to assess and report restoration
outcomes. Improving methods and weighing the ecological benefits of various restoration
approaches require organized national-level reporting systems. The success of a
restoration project could be evaluated in many different ways. Restore a river or stream
must also be judged on whether the restoration is an ecological success.
40 | P a g e
Reference
Ahmed et al., (2012). Pollution Status of Trace Metals in Groundwater Due to Industrial activities
in and Around Dhaka Export Processing Zone, Bangladesh. Int. j. econ. env. geol. Vol:3(1)
pp. 43-52,
Ahmed et al., (2012a). Influence of multi-industrial activities on trace metal contamination: an
approach towards surface water body in the vicinity of Dhaka Export Processing Zone
(DEPZ). Environ Monit Assess vol. 184 pp. 41814190
Ahmed, A. U., (2009). River Pollution: Concepts and Expectations. ISBN-978-984-8173-22-0.
BBS (2009). Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh by Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. available at
www.bbs.gov.bd
41 | P a g e
Hossain et al., (2011). Determination of Phenol in the Bangsai River Water of Bangladesh
by Gas ChromatographyMass Spectrometry. Journal of Water Chemistry and
Technology, 2011, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 9196.
Islam (2011). EPZ history in Bangladesh and its administration and legislation for
economic enclave. Business and Management Review Vol. 1(7) pp. 86 102
Khan et al, (2011). Environmental Pollution around Dhaka EPZ and its Impact on Surface and
Groundwater. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. Vol. 46(2), pp. 153-162
Mallick, S., (2012). River, Culture and Livelihoods: Water Pollution and Social Change around the
River Bangshi, Bangladesh. Masters Thesis. ISBN 978-3-656-36586-0
Momtaz et al., (2010). Impact of Textile Effluents on Pistia stratiotes L. and Ludwigia adscendens
L. Using Hydroponic Culture. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. Vol. 45(1), pp. 9-16
42 | P a g e
Appendix - 1
Appendix - 1
Q. What is the fish conditon of the Bangshi River?
Ans. During the rainy season there is available of the fish, but dry season there is no fish in
the river. The fish die due to the pollution of industry.
Q. What is the cost of the land?
Ans. It vareys place to place. Average 2-3 lakh
Q. What is the condition of plant due to industrial pollution of surface water?
Ans. Some plants cannot survive for the pollution of Industry. Example: Pepe
ii | P a g e
Appendix - 1
Appendix - 1
Q. What is the major occupation of the villagers?
Ans. Pot making
Q. What is the surface water condition season to season?
Ans: In the monsoon suraface water is usable for washing, bathing but dry season surface
water is not usable.
Q. What is the sorce for drinking water?
Ans. Ground water.
Appendix - 1
v|Page
Appendix - 1
Moist/ Dry
Soil texture( sand/silt/ clay/ other)
Biotic component:
Appendix - 1
Industry:
Natural Resource:
Renewable
Non-renewable
Renewable- water/land/forest/agricultural product/ energy/mineral;
Non-renewable-coal/oil/gas/fuel;
Resources from the river- fish/crab/sand/water;
Resources from the land-food/forest product/ agricultural product;
QUESTIONNIER TO THE RESPONDENT
Personal information:
Before
Present
Area
River flow
Water using pattern
Fish found in river
River navigation
Environmental change:
Information
Before
Present
vii | P a g e
Appendix - 1
Biodiversity (both land & water)
Agricultural system:
Information
Agricultural method used
Before
Present
Before
Present
Before
Present
Before
Present
viii | P a g e
Appendix - 1
How about the sanitation condition?
Numbers of improved sanitation
ix | P a g e