Part

I
II
III
IV
IV A
V
VI
VII

Articles
1-4
5-11
12-35
36-51
51A
52-151
152-237
238

VIII
IX
IX-A
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XIV A
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
XXI
XXII

239-241
243 A-O
243 P-ZG
244-244 A
245-263
264-300A
301-307
308-323
323A-323B
324-329
330-342
343-351
352-360
361-367
368
369-392
393-395

Schedule I
Schedule II
Schedule III
Schedule IV
Schedule V
Schedule VI
Schedule VII
Schedule VIII
Schedule IX
Schedule X
Schedule XI
Schedule XII

Ghanshyam Thori

Parts of the Constitution

Areas
The Union & its Territories
Citizenship
Fundamental Rights
Directive Principles of State Policy
Fundamental Duties (42nd Amendment)
The Union Government
The State Government
Dealt with states in Part B of the First Schedule. Repealed in 1956 by the
Seventh Amendment.
Union Territories. Article 242 repealed.
The Panchayats
The Muncipalities
The Scheduled & Tribal Areas
Relations between the Union & the States
Finance, Property, Contracts & Suits
Trade, Commerce & Intercouse within the territory of India
Services under the Union & the States
Administrative Tribunals (42nd Amendment 1976)
Elections
Special Provisions (Reservations of SC, ST, Anglo Indian etc)
Official Language
Emergency Provisions
Miscellaneous Provisions (Immunity of President, Legislature etc)
Amendment of the Constitution
Temporary, Transitional & Special Provision
Short Title, Commencement, Authoritative

Schedules of the Constitution

Deals with territories of the 28 states & 7 union territories
Salaries allowances of president, V.P, Speaker, Judges, CAG etc.
Various forms of Oaths & affirmation which various incumbents have to take.
Seats allotted to various states & UTs in the Rajya Sabha (Council of States)
Administration & Control of scheduled areas.
Administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya & Mizoram
Subjects in the three lists Union, State & Concurrent
List of 22 regional languages
Certain acts & regulations dealing with land reforms & zamidari system abolition.
((Added by first constitutional amendment).
Disqualifications on grounds of defection. (52nd Amendment)
29 subjects on which panchayats can legislate. (73rd Amendment)
18 subjects on which municipalities have control. (74th Amendment)

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1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Indian Constitution Borrowed Features

Parliamentary form of Government, Rule of Law, Law making
procedure, Single Citizenship; Institution of Speaker, doctrine of
pleasure tenure of civil servants.
American Constitution
Judicial System, Fundamental Rights
Canadian Constitution
Federal System with a strong central authority; Residual powers,
Centre State Relation.
Irish Constitution
Directive Principles, Election of the President of India
Australian Constitution
Concurrent list; Freedom of Trade & Service within country
Weimar Constitution
Emergency Provision
Soviet Constitution
Five Year Plans; Fundamental duties
Govt of India Act 1935
Office of the governor, powers of the federal jury.
South African
Amendment of Constitution.
British Constitution

1.
2.

Berubari Case
Golaknath Case
1967

3.

Keshvanada Bharti
Case

4.

Minerval Mills Case

1980

5.

Maneka Gandhi Vs
Union of India

Important Cases of the Constitution

Preamble not a part of the constitution
Supreme court held that the Parliament had no power to amend any of the
provisions of Part III (Fundamental rights) The Indira Gandhi government
in 1971 carried out the 24th Amendment with a view to assert the right of
the parliament to amend any part of the constitution.
Preamble was a part of the constitution & can be amended by Parliament
under Article 368. Parliament can also amend the fundamental rights
(Against Golaknath case) but ruled that the parliament cannot destroy the
basic structure of the constitution.
The 42nd.amendment carried out in 1976 gave asserted that parliament had
unlimited powers to amend the constitution & tried to accord precedence to
Directive principles over fundamental rights. But in the Minerva Mills
Case the Supreme court struck down those provisions
Right to live is not merely confined to physical existence but includes
within its ambit the right to live with human dignity

Preamble
We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign socialist secular
democratic republic and to secure to all its citizens :
Justice, social, economic and political;
Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
Equality of status and of opportunity;
and to promote among them all
Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation.
In our constituent assembly this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do hereby adopt, enact and give to
ourselves this constitution.
* Italicized word added by 42nd amendment

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1.

1956 Act

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

1960
1963
1966
1969
1971
1975
1986
1987
2000

Reorganization of States
14 States & 6 Union territories formed.
States - Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Bombay, J&K, Kerala, M.P., Madras,
Mysore, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, U.P & West Bengal.
UTs Andaman & Nicobar, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Laccadive, Minicoy &
Amindivi Islands, Manipur & Tripura
The states of Maharashtra & Gujarat created by bifurcating the state of Bombay.
Nagaland formed
Punjab & Haryana formed out of Punjab & hill areas merged with H.P (UT then).
Meghalaya created out of Assam.
Himachal Pradesh, Tripura & Manipur raised to the status of a state
Sikkim admitted as a state.
Mizormam & Arunachal Pradesh (UTs till then) given status of state
Goa created by separating it from the UT of Daman & Diu.
Chattisgarh, Jharkhand & Uttaranchal

Various Political/Non Political Offices of India

President
Name proposed by 50 electors & security deposit of Rs 15000. Disputes in
connection with the election of President are decided by Supreme Court. Oath by
Chief justice of India. MLAs & members of both house of the parliament vote in the
election. The president submits his resignation to the Vice President. Impeachment
can be initiated by either house of parliament (2/3 majority). Nominated members can
also participate but they do not participate in the election of president. MLAs do not
participate in impeachment. In case the office becomes vacant fresh elections within
6 months. The president enjoys suspensive veto powers & it applies only to the non
money bills. With regards to constitutional amendments president has no veto
powers. President can promulgate ordinances when the parliament is in recess only
on matters in the union & concurrent list. The ordinances must be approved by
parliament within 6 weeks. All money bills originate on the recommendation of the
President. Appoints finance commission. If there is no party with clear cut majority
the president can use his discretion. He cannot declare any emergency on his own.
Can summon both houses separately.
Vice President Name seconded by at least 25 members & security deposit of 15,000. More than 35
years of age. Elected by the members of Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha at a joint meeting.
Oath before the president or some other person appointed by him. Can act as
president for a maximum 6 months period. Not a member of Rajya sabha only an exofficio chairman.
Prime Minister Gets the same salary & allowances as MPs but additional sumptuary allowance of
3000 per month. If the prime minister is taken from Rajya Sabha he cannot part in
voting when a vote of no confidence is under consideration. In the event of his death
the council of ministers stand automatically dissolved.
Deputy PM
Position not known to the constitution although 7 persons have occupies this post.
Vallabhbhai Patel, Morarji Desai, Charan Singh, Jagjivan Ram, Y.B Chavan, Devi
Lal & L. K. Advani have served the office.
Council of
Should be a member of either house or do so within 6 months. Vote of no confidence
Ministers
against any minister leads to resignation of entire council. The cabinet, state & deputy
ministers get sumptuary allowance of 2000, 1000 & 600 respectively. Present the
budget before the parliament. Collectively responsible to parliament but individual

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ministers responsible to President.

Strength of Lok Sabha fixed at 543 plus 2 nominated members of Anglo-Indian
community in 1976. Minimum 25 years of age. The security deposit has been
increased from Rs 500 to Rs 10,000. In case of SC/ST it has been increased from Rs
250 to Rs 5000. 10 electors should propose. No candidate can contest elections from
more than 2 constituencies. Oath before president or some person appointed by him.
Can vacant seat by writing to speaker. Seat vacant if absents from meetings for 60
days without intimation. The speaker continues in the house even after the dissolution
of the Lok Sabha till a newly elected Lok Sabha meets. MPs are entitled to a monthly
salary of Rs 12000 & pension of 3000 which increases according to the number of
years served. The joint session is called if a bill passed is rejected by other house or
no action is taken. Speaker presides over joint sessions.
Rajya Sabha
238 elected & 12 nominated. Minimum 30 years of age. Elected by members of state
legislative assemblies on the basis of proportional representation through a single
transferable vote. It is not subjected to dissolution. In the event of dissolution of Lok
Sabha, any bill pendin in the Rajya Sabha but not passed by Lok Sabha does not
lapse.
Supreme Court 5 years as high court judge or 10 years as advocate. Hold office till the age of 65.
Judge
Address their resignation to president. The salaries of chief justice & other judges are
33000 & 30,000 respectively. Impeachment requires 2/3rd majority in the two houses
of the parliament. Original Jurisdiction (Centre-state & fundamental rights),
Appellate jurisdiction (Only if high court certifies or the high court has awarded
death sentence after reversing judgement or after withdrawing case from lower court
& Advisory jurisdiction.
Governor
Oath before chief justice of high court of that state. 35 years of age. Draws
36000.Adresses first session of state legislature after elections. Appoint one sixth
members of legislative council. Nominates one member of Anglo Indian community
to the legislative assembly. Makes laws through ordinances. Can grant pardon but not
in case of death sentence. Reserve a bill for presidents consideration. He is permitted
to act without the advice of the council of ministers unlike president. Ordinance
issued by him remains in force for a maximum 6 months. The constitution does not
contain any provision for his impeachment.
Advocate
Person who is qualified to be a judge of the high court. Remunerations as the
General
governor may determine.
Legislative
60 to 500 members according to population but Sikkim has only 32 members. 25
Assembly
years of age. Goa, Mizoram, Pondicherry have only 30 members.
Legislative
Its members are elected by legislative assembly (1/3rd) local bodies (1/3rd), teachers
Council
(1/12th), university graduates (1/12th) & nominated by governor (1/6th). The
maximum membership can be 1/3rd that of Legislative Assembly but in no case less
than 40 members. 30 years of age. The legislative council can delay an ordinary bill
for 3 months & a money bill for 14 days. There is no provision for joint sitting here.
High Court
To become a judge advocate for 10 years or held judicial office in Indian Territory
for a period of at least 10 years. 62 years of age. Chief justice gets 30,000 & other
judges 26000. The pension of the high court judges is charged to the Consolidated
fund of India.
Administrative Incorporated by 42nd amendment through addition of articles 323A & 323B. CAT is
Tribunals
located at Delhi. The retirement of chairman & VC at 65 & others at 62. The decision
of CAT can be challenged in a high court.
Lok Sabha

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Inter State
Council

Zonal Council

UPSC

Comptroller &
Auditor
General
Attorney
General
Election
Commission

Finance
Commission

Planning
Commission
NDC
Minorities
commission
NHRC
Panchayat

Panchayat
Samiti

Zila Parishad

Ghanshyam Thori

Created on the recommendations of the Sarkaria commission although constitution

provided for it. Appointed by president. Advises on disputes between various states.
Comprises of PM & CMs of all states & UTs. PM can nominate 6 ministers of
cabinet rank. Meets atleast 3 times a year.
Set up under state reorganization act 1956. 5 before & 6th added in 1972 called NE
council. Consists of Union minister nominated by president, CM of each state in the
zone, two ministers from each state nominated by governor & one member per UT.
The CM of the state where the zonal council meets is the ex-officio chairman.
Chairman & 8 members. Members appointed for a 6 year term or till they attain 65
years of age. President can issue orders for the removal of the members of the UPSC
only after supreme court makes such recommendation on the basis of an enquiry.
Members not eligible for employment by the government after retirement. The state
can restrict the fundamental rights of civil servants.
6 years or till the age of 65 years. The president can remove CAG only after
recommendation of the two houses of parliament. Salary of 30,000. He only conducts
audit. Submits report to President who in turn places it before parliament.
Qualification same as judge of supreme court. Appears before supreme court &
various high courts involving the Government of India.
Two commissioners with equivalent power. Period of 5 years. Job also includes
delimitation of constituency to ensure same number of people in each. The election
commission of India appoints the Returning officers for the state assembly elections
to help conduct fair elections. Election of local bodies comes under state election
commission. The state election commission is a single member commission
comprising SEC.
Qualified to be appointed as judges of the high court or special knowledge of finance
& accounts of government. Comprises chairman & four other members. Functions:recommend distribution of taxes between centre & states, grant-in-aid to states,
advice president on any matter.
Non-statutory body which formulates 5 year plans. The Commission works through
its various divisions, of which there are three kind: General Planning Divisions,
Special Planning Divisions, Programme Administration Divisions
Extra constitutional & extra legal body. Its recommendations are binding in nature as
per convention.
Seven members. The states of M.P, Orissa & Bihar are obliged to appoint a separate
minister the welfare of SC/ST/OBC.
Statutory body.
Panchayat is responsible to gram sabha, the general body of villagers comprising all
adults. Members usually range from 5 to 31. Members have same requirements as
MLAs except lower age of 21. Can legislate on 29 subjects which are listed in XI
schedule
Genearlly comprises of the sarpanches of village panchayats under the block. Its
chairman called Pradhan is elected from among its members. Responsible to gram
panchayat as well as gram sabhas. Gets a share of cess of land revenue from the gram
panchayat & Zilla Parishad
Consists of representatives of panchayat samiti, local members of state legislature,
members of parliament, members representing SC/ST/Women/cooperative bodies.
Zilla parishad elects its chairman called Pradhan form amongst its members.
Depends entirely on state government for grants.

Indian Polity

Part I
Article 1
Article 2
Article 2a
Article 3
Article 4
Part II
Article 5
Article 6
Article 7
Article 8
Article 9
Article 10
Article 11
Part III
Article 12
Article 13
Article 14
Article 15
Article 16
Article 17
Article 18
Article 19
Article 20
Article 21
Article 21A
Article 22
Article 23
Article 24
Article 25
Article 26
Article 27
Article 28
Article 29
Article 30
Article 31
Article 31A
Article 31B
Article 31C
Article 31D
Article 32
Article 32A
Article 33

Constitution of India (Upto Part IV)

The Union and its Territory
Name and territory of the Union
Admission or establishment of new States
[Repealed] Sikkim to be associated with the Union
Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States
Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the
Fourth Schedule and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters
Citizenship
Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution
Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan
Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan
Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India
Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens
Continuance of the rights of citizenship
Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law
Fundamental Rights
Definition
Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights
Equality before law meaning equality of treatment within a class
Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth
Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment
Abolition of Untouchability
Abolition of titles
Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.
Protection in respect of conviction for offenses
Protection of life and personal liberty
Right to education.
Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases
Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour
Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.
Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion
Freedom to manage religious affairs
Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion
Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain
educational institutions
Protection of interests of minorities
Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions
[Repealed] Compulsory acquisition of property
Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc.
Validation of certain Acts and Regulations
Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles
[Repealed] Saving of laws in respect of anti-national activities
Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part
[Repealed]
Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to
Forces, etc.

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Article 34
Article 35
Part IV
Article 36
Article 37
Article 38
Article 39
Article 39A
Article 40
Article 41
Article 42
Article 43
Article 43A
Article 44
Article 45
Article 46

Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while marital law is in force in any area
Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part
Directive Principles of State Policy
Definition
Application of the principles contained in this Part
State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people
Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State
A Equal justice and free legal aid
Organisation of village panchayats
Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases
Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief
Living wage, etc., for workers
Participation of workers in management of industries
Uniform civil code for the citizen
Provision for free and compulsory education for children
Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes
and other weaker sections
Article 47
Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve
public health
Article 48
Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry
Article 48A Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life
Article 49
Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance
Article 50
Separation of judiciary from executive
Article 51
Promotion of international peace and security
Article 51A Fundamental Duties

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

13.

Parliamentary Committees
Business Advisory Committee
15 members. Speaker is chairman
Committee on Private Members Bills &
15 members. Deputy Chairman is chairman.
Resolutions
Classifies bills according to importance.
Select Committees
Constituted for considering different bills.
Committee on Petitions
15 members.
Rules Committee
15 members. Speaker is head. Rules of House
Committee on Privileges
15 members. Violation of Privileges of M.P
Committee on Subordinate Legislations
Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes 30 Members. 20 M.Ps & 10 R.S.
& Scheduled Tribes
Committee on Government Assurances
15 members. How far assurances given by the
ministers have been implemented
Committee on Absence of Members
Examines leave applications of members
30 members. Examines Annual Estimates &
Estimates Committee
suggests alternative policies
22 members. 15 M.Ps & 7 R.S. Assisted by
Public Accounts Committee
Comptroller & Auditor general. It acts as a watch
dog of expenditure.
15 members. 10 M.Ps & 5 R.S. Examines working
Committee on Public Undertakings
of public undertakings

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14. Joint Committee on Salaries & Allowances

15. Joint Committee on Offices of Profit
16. Parliamentary Subject Committees

15 members. 10 nominated by speaker & 5 by the

chairman of Rajya Sabha.
15 members. 10 L.S & 5 R.S.
17 parliamentary committees were constituted. 11
by Speaker & 6 by chairman of Rajya Sabha

Parliamentary Terms
First hour of every sitting in the two houses of the parliament is devoted to
asking & answering questions known as Question hour. The questions
consist of starred (oral), unstarred (written) & short notice question.
2. Zero Hour
The hour after the question hour. There is no mention of zero hour in the
rules of the parliamentary procedure & the term was coined by press in the
early 1960s. Members raise matters which cannot brook any delay.
3. Adjournment Motion Moved to draw the attention to a recent matter of urgent public importance.
Only if 50 members support it & speaker grants permission.
4. Calling Attention
A member with prior attention of the speaker may call the attention of a
Notice
minister to a matter of urgent public importance.
5. Short Duration
Private members can also bring matters of urgent public importance to the
Discussions
notice of the House. The notice must be signed by at least 3 members
6. Cut Motion
Motions to reduce the amount of demand for grants. They are of 3 types:
Disapproval of policy cut, Economy cut, Token Cut.
7. Guillotine
When the discussion cannot be completed within stipulated time, the
speaker can put the matter to vote even without concluding discussion.
8. Censure Motion
At least 50 members support it & speaker should admit it. If the motion is
passed in the Lok Sabha, the council of ministers have to resign.
9. By Elections
To fill up the seat rendered vacant due to death.

1. Question Hour

Lists
Union List (99)
Defence, Foreign affaris, currency, banking, communication, inter-state
trade, commerce, atomic energy, railways, highways, aerodromes.
[Originally 97 items one deleted, 3 added]
State List (61)
Health, sanitation, public order, agriculture, prisons, local government,
liquor, transportation, relief of disabled, sales tax & octroi, taxes on
entertainment & wealth. [Originally 66 items out of which 5 transferred to
concurrent list].
Concurrent list (52) Criminal law, electricity, factories, forests, education, marriage & divorce,
drugs, newspapers, books & printing press, social insurance, trade unions,
preventive detention, stamp duties. [Originally 47 but 5 items transferred to
this list from state list]

1.
2.
3.
4.

S.K Dhar committee

JVP committee
Shah Commission
Tarkunde Committee

5.

Dinesh Goswami
Committe

Ghanshyam Thori

Commissions/committees & their Purpose

Reorganization of states on linguistic basis
Jawahar, Vallabh, Pattabhi Sitaramayya (same as above)
Punjab Reorganization Act
Electoral Reforms. Voting age to be reduced to 18 years (61st
amendment). Voter councils to be formed.
Electoral Reforms. To save the security candidates should secure
at least 1/4th of valid votes.
8

Indian Polity

6.

Balwant Rai Mehta

7.
8.

Ashok Mehta Committee

Rajamannar Commission

The Doctrine Of
Colourability,
Pith And Substance

Doctrine of Severability
Principle of Harmonious
Construction

Recommendations approved by NDC. Rajasthan first adopted 3

tier structure, followed by Andhra Pradesh & Bihar.
Working of panchayati raj institutions.
Recommended abolition of IAS & the IPS

Select Political Doctrines & Principles

Idea that when the legislature wants to do something that it cannot do
within the constraints of the constitution, it colours the law with a
substitute purpose which will still allow it to accomplish its original goal.
Interpretation used to determine under which head of power a given piece
of legislation falls. The doctrine is primarily used when a law is
challenged on the basis that one level of government (be it provincial or
federal) has encroached upon the exclusive jurisdiction of another level of
government.
Associated with declaration of law as unconstitutional & void by the
courts.
Concerned with the relationship between the fundamental rights & the
directive principles.

Miscellaneous Facts
1. The idea of a constituent assembly to frame a constitution for India was first mooted by the Swaraja
Party in 1928. Dr. Sachhidanand Sinha was the Provincial president of the assembly that drafted the
Indian constitution later Rajendra Prasad took over. The constituent assembly set up 13 committees for
framing the constitution. On the basis of the reports, a draft of the constitution was prepared by a
seven member drafting committee under the chairmanship of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar. B.N. Rau acted as
the constitutional advisor to the constituent assembly. The preamble was proposed before the drafting
committee by J.L. Nehru.
2. While dealing with the reorganization of princely states, the constitution provided a four-fold
distribution of states, viz. A, B, C & D. Part A states comprised of nine erstwhile states under the
government of British India. Part B comprised of five princely states with legislatures. Part C of five
centrally administered areas & Part D comprised of Andamans & Nicobar.
3. The citizenship act of 1955 was first amended in 1986 & later in 2003. In 2003 a new law was passed
which permits PIO residing in 16 countries to have dual citizenship status. This will enable them to
participate in economic activities & real estate. However they cannot participate in elections.
4. The right to property (Article 31) eliminated from the list of fundamental rights by 44th amendment in
1978. Now it is a constitutional right.
5. The writ of Prohibition is available during the period when the proceedings are pending & the final
order is not made. Certiorari (meaning to be informed) can be issued only after the final order has
been made.
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Indian Polity

6. Right to education is granted by the 86th amendment carried out in 2002. Under this the government
shall provide free & compulsory education to all children from the age of 6 to 14. The right to
information has been granted to the citizens under the information act 2002.
7. In 1976 the delimitation of constituencies was freezed on the basis of the 1971 census upto 2001. In
2002 the 84th amendment extended the freeze up to 2026.
8. The Parliament can also legislate on subjects in the state list if (a) the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution
by 2/3rd majority (b.) if the legislatures of two or more states recommend to parliament (c) For the
implementation of treaty with foreign powers (d) during emergency.
9. The stages of bill introduction are first reading, publishing in gazette, second reading, referred to
committee, committee submits its report with recommendations (amendments can be introduced here)
& third reading involving formal voting to accept or reject the bill (No amendments possible here).
10. The final decision whether a bill is a money bill or not rests with the speaker. Rajya Sabha can delay
money bill only by 14 days.
11. Vote of Account is a provision to meet the expenses due the gap between the presentation & passage
of the budget. Normally vote of account is taken as two months for a sum equivalent to one-sixth of
the estimated expenditure of the whole financial year.
12. The government is collectively responsible only to the Lok Sabha.
13. In the appointment of the judges of the Supreme Court & the high courts, the president is bound t act
in accordance with the opinion of the Chief Justice of India who would tender his opinion after
consulting his colleagues.
14. The court appoints its officer & servants in consultation with the UPSC.
15. Bihar, J&K, Karnataka, Maharashtra & U.P are the only states with bicameral legislature.
16. Family Courts, Lok Adalats (under State Legal Aid & Advice Boards) & Nyaya Panchayat are other
judicial bodies.
17. The administrators are known as lieutenant governors (Daman & Pondicherry), Chief commissioners
(Andamans & Chandigarh) & as administrators (Lakshadweep)
18. In UTs with legislative assembly the right to legislate on subjects enumerated in the state list &
concurrent list vests with the assembly but for other UTs parliament enacts the laws.
19. The constitution has made special provision for the administration of scheduled areas in a state other
than Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura & Mizoram. The right to declare any area as scheduled area rests
with the President & is subject to legislation by the parliament.
20. Comptroller & auditor general looks after the accounts of both the centre & the state.

Ghanshyam Thori

10

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21. In case the law is passed by the state legislature & received the approval of the President before the
enactment of law on the same subject by the Parliament, the former prevails.
22. Sarkaria commissions recommendations included inter-governmental council formation, sparing use
of article 356, governor post/All India services/NDC to continue.
23. National Emergency: The proclamation of emergency should be approved by both houses within one
month of the date of issue & passed by 2/3rd majority otherwise ceases to operate in one month. Once
it has been approved it remains in force for a period of 6 months. The life of Lok Sabha can be
extended upto one year at a time & up to the period not exceeding beyond six months after the
proclamation ceases to operate. Fundamental rights except guaranteed in article 20 & 21 cannot be
suspended. Emergency was form 1962-68 & 1971-78. However according to 44th amendment, national
emergency cannot be declared on grounds of internal disturbances.
24. Emergency due to constitutional failure in state: Ceases to be in operation after the expiry of two
months unless approved by each house. After approval valid for 6 months. It can be extended by
parliament for a further period of 6 months. To extend further election commission should certify &
still maximum period is 3 years. Declared more than 100 times, first time in Punjab. The court can
strike down emergency if found unconstitutional & revive the dissolved state assembly.
25. Financial Emergency: Remains in force for a period of 2 months unless approved. After approval 6
months. The maximum period is 3 years. President can reduce salary of judges of all courts & ask all
money bills passed by state legislature to be reserved.
26. Initially the constitution recognized 14 regional languages which were Hindi, Sanskrit, Urdu, Telugu,
Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada, Marathi, Gujarati, Oriya, Bengali, Assamese, Punjabi, Kashmiri. Sindhi
was added through 21st amendment. In 1992 three additional languages Konkani, Manipuri & Nepali
were added by 71st amendment. In 2003 four more languages Bodo, Maithili, Santhali & Dogri were
added to the eighth schedule raising the number to 22.
27. Special Provisions for J&K: Directive priniciples & fundamental duties do not apply. High court of
J&K enjoys very limited powers & cannot declare any law unconstitutional or issue writs except for
enforcement of fundamental rights. Residuary powers rest with the state government. The V & VI
schedule of constitution regarding scheduled areas & scheduled tribes not applicable. Assembly
consists of 100 members & legislative council 36 members. Urdu is official language. The constitution
was adopted on November 17, 1957. No emergency except that due to war/external aggression can be
automatically extended to the state.

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28. Money comes to consolidated fund of India from revenues, fresh loans, repayment of loans. Money
can be spent out of this fund only after approval of parliament. Expenses charged on this fund include
debt charges of GOI, sums payable due to court award & salaries of CAG, Auditor general, judges etc.
29. Contingency fund is at the disposal of President & was constituted in 1950 by parliament. Expenses
should be subsequently authorized by parliament. State govt contingency fund is with governor.
30. The security deposit for general elections is Rs 10,000 & for reserved seats 5,000.
31. The 52nd amendment added tenth schedule to the constitution which dealt with anti-defection. The
final decision rested with speaker regarding defection, though it can be challenged in court.
32. 6 all India party & over 40 regional parties. National party if it secures more 6 per cent of the votes
polled in any four or more states. In addition it must win at least four seats in the House of the People
or should have at least 2 percent of the Lok Sabha seats from at least three different states (ie 11 MPs).
Regional party only six percent in a single state or at least 3 seats in the Assembly.
33. 73rd amendment gave constitutional status to panchayati raj. If panchayat is dissolved before 5 years,
fresh elections should be held within 6 months.
34. Amendment normally needs at least two-thirds of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha to pass it. When
Rajya Sabha disagrees with the proposals, the amenment bill is lost.
35. Proportional representation with single transferable vote is followed in the elections of President, Vice
President & Members of Rajya Sabha.
36. The government of India instituted Bharat Ratna & Padma Shri under Article 18 of the constitution.
37. The procedure of election of the President can be modified through an amendment passed by twothirds majority by both the houses & be ratified by legislatures of at least half of the states.
38. V.P Singh resigned after loosing vote of no confidence in the Lok Sabha.
39. Finance bill & appropriation bill are presented along with the budget. The recommendation of creation
of new all India services is the exclusive power of Rajya Sabha. A member of the panel of chairman
announced by the speaker presides over lok sabha if neither the speaker nor the depty speaker present.
40. 30 seats are reserved for STs in the Lok Sabha.
41. The concept of PIL originated in U.K. The number of judges of high court is determined by the
President.
42. The salary & emoluments of the president are exempt from income tax. This is not the case with chief
justice of India & election commissioner.

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43. Disputes regarding the age of the judge of a highcourt shall be decided by the president in consultation
with the Chief Justice of India. A bench consisting of five or more judges is called a full bench of the
supreme court.
44. National commission for SC & the State Election Commission are not statutory body. Keeping the
units of Indian union under control & serving as the agents of the central government is not the
purpose of All India services.
45. Only war & external aggression can lead to suspension of fundamental rights under article 19. Armed
rebellion does not cause the suspension.
46. Provisions regarding citizenship & provisional parliament were given immediate effect from 26th
November 1949. Elections & fundamental rights came later on 26th January 1950.
47. Only when presidents rule is imposed, the parliament gests the exclusive authority to legislate on a
subject under state list.
48. When the three lists come in conflict, List-I has priority over both List II & List III. Further List III has
priority over List II. The expression Judicial review is not explicitly stated in the constitution & is
implied. President of India is an integral part of the parliament.
49. The following enjoy the rank of a cabinet minister: deputy chairperson of planning commission,
Leader of opposition in Lok Sabha, Speaker of LS, and Chairman of Finance Commission. The
following are special voters in the elections to the lok sabha & the assemblies Presidnet, VP,
Governors & Judges of the supreme court & high courts.
50. Lok Sabha enjoys the powers to pass vote on account, votes of credit & exceptional grants.
51. U.K has no written constitution. New Zealand was the first country to grant franchise to women.

Essential Extra Reference

Important Amendments

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Annexure - I
Other Articles of the Constitution
Part V
Chapter I
Article 52
Article 53
Article 54
Article 55
Article 56
Article 57
Article 58
Article 59
Article 60
Article 61
Article 62
Article 63
Article 64
Article 65
Article 66
Article 67
Article 68
Article 69
Article 70
Article 71
Article 72
Article 73
Article 74
Article 75
Article 76
Article 77
Article 78

Article 79
Article 80
Article 81
Article 82
Article 83
Article 84
Ghanshyam Thori

The Union
The Executive The President & the Vice President
The President of India
Executive power of the Union
Election of President
Manner of election of President
Term of office of President
Eligibility for re-election
Qualifications for election as President
Conditions of President's office
Oath or affirmation by the President
Procedure for impeachment of the President
Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of resident and the term of office
or person elected to fill casual vacancy
The Vice-President Of India
The Vice-President to be ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States
The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual
vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of President
Election of Vice-President
Term of office of Vice-President
Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term
of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy
Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President
Discharge of President's functions in other contingencies
Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President
Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences
in certain cases
Extent of executive power of the Union
Council of Ministers
Council of Ministers to aid and advise President
Other provisions as to Ministers
Attorney General of India
Attorney-General for India
Conduct of Government Business
Conduct of business of the Government of India
Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President,
etc.
Chapter II Parliament
Constitution of Parliament
Composition of the Council of States Composition of the House of the People
Readjustment after each census
Duration of Houses of Parliament
Qualification for membership of Parliament
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Article 85
Article 86
Article 87
Article 88
Article 89
Article 90
Article 91
Article 92
Article 93
Article 94
Article 95
Article 96
Article 97
Article 98
Article 99
Article 100
Article 101
Article 102
Article 103
Article 104

Article 105
Article 106
Article 107
Article 108
Article 109
Article 110
Article 111
Article 112
Article 113

Article 114

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Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution

Right of President to address and send messages to Houses
Special address by the President
Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses
Officers of the Paliament
The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States
Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy Chairman
Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of,
or to act as, Chairman
The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his
removal from office is under consideration
The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People
Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy
Speaker
Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or
to act as Speaker
The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal
from office is under consideration
Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and
Deputy Speaker
Secretariat of Parliament
Conduct of Business
Oath or affirmation by members
Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum
Disqualification of Members
Vacation of seats
Disqualifications for membership
Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members
Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 99 or
when not qualified or when disqualified
Powers, Priviledges & Immunities of Parliament & its Members
Powers, Privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and
committees thereof
Salaries and allowances of members
Legislative Procedure
Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills
Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases
Special procedure in respect of Money Bills
Definition of "Money Bills"
Assent to Bills
Procedure in Financial Matters
Annual financial statement
Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates (1) So much of the estimates as
relates to expenditure charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India shall not be
submitted to the vote of Parliament, but nothing in this clause shall be construed as
preventing the discussion in either House of Parliament of any of those estimates.
Appropriation Bills

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Article 115
Article 116
Article 117
Article 118
Article 119
Article 120
Article 121
Article 122
Chapter III
Article 123
Chapter IV
Article 124
Article 125
Article 126
Article 127
Article 128
Article 129
Article 130
Article 131
Article 131A
Article 132
Article 133
Article 134
Article 134A
Article 135
Article 136
Article 137
Article 138
Article 139
Article 139A
Article 140
Article 141
Article 142
Article 143
Article 144
Article 144A
Article 145
Article 146A
Article 147
Chapter V
Article 148
Article 149
Article 150

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Supplementary, additional or excess grants

Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants
Special provisions as to financial Bills
Rules of procedure
Procedure Generally
Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business
Language to be used in Parliament
Restriction on discussion in Parliament
Courts not inquire into proceedings of Parliament
Legislative Powers of the President
Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament
The Union Judiciary
Establishment and Constitution of Supreme Court
Salaries, etc., of Judges
Appointment of acting Chief Justice
Appointment of ad hoc Judges
Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court
Supreme Court to be a court of record
Seat of Supreme Court
Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
[Repealed] Executive jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in regard to questions as to
constitutional validity of Central laws
Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Court in certain cases
Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to
civil matters
Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters
Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court
Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by
the Supreme Court
Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court
Review of judgements or orders by the Supreme Court
Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs
Transfer of certain cases
Ancillary powers of Supreme Court
Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts
Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc.
Power of President to consult Supreme Court
Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court
[Repealed]
Rules of Court, etc.
Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court
Interpretation
Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General
Form of accounts of the Union and of the States

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Article 151
Part VI
Chapter I
Article 152
Chapter II
Article 153
Article 154
Article 155
Article 156
Article 157
Article 158
Article 159
Article 160
Article 161
Article 162
Article 163
Article 164
Article 165
Article 166
Article 167
Chapter III
Article 168
Article 169
Article 170
Article 171
Article 172
Article 173
Article 174
Article 175
Article 176
Article 177
Article 178
Article 179
Article 180
Article 181
Article 182
Article 183
Article 184

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Audit reports
The States
General
Definition
The Executive The Governor
Governors of States
Executive power of State
Appointment of Governor
Term of office of Governor
Qualifications for appointment as Governor
Conditions of Governor's office
Oath or affirmation by the Governor
Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies
Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute
sentences in certain cases
Extent of executive power of State
Council of Ministers
Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor
Other provisions as to Ministers
Advocate General of the State
Advocate-General for the State
Conduct of Government Business
Conduct of business of the Government of a State
Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc.
The State Legislature
Constitution of Legislatures in States
Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States
Composition of the Legislative Assemblies
Composition of the Legislative Council
Duration of States Legislatures
Qualification for membership of the State Legislature
Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution
Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses
Special address by the Governor
Rights of Ministers and Advocate
Officers of the State Legislature
The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly
Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy
Speaker
Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or
to act as, Speaker
The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal
from office is under consideration
The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council
Vacation and resignation, of and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy
Chairman
Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of,

17

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or to act as, Chairman

The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his
removal from office is under consideration
Article 186
Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and
Deputy Chairman
Article 187
Secretariat of State Legislature
Article 188
Oath or affirmation by members
Conduct of Business
Article 189
Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum
Article 190
Vacation of seats
Disqualification of Members
Article 191
Disqualification for membership
Article 192
Decision on question as to disqualifications of members
Article 193
Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 188 or
when not qualified or when disqualified
Power, Privileges & Immunities of State Legislatures & their Members
Article 194
Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and
committees thereof
Article 195
Salaries and allowances of members
Legislative Procedure
Article 196
Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills
Article 197
Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills
Article 198
Special procedure in respect of Money Bills
Article 199
Definition of "Money Bills"
Article 200
Assent to Bills
Article 201
Bills reserved for consideration
Procedure in Financial Matters
Article 202
Annual financial statement
Article 203
Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates
Article 204
Appropriation Bills
Article 205
Supplementary, additional or excess grants
Article 206
Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants
Article 207
Special provisions as to financial Bills
Procedure Generally
Article 208
Rules of procedure
Article 209
Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to financial
business
Article 210
Language to be used in the Legislature
Article 211
Restriction on discussion in the Legislature
Article 212
Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature
Chapter IV
Legislative Power of the Governor
Article 213
Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature
Chapter V
The High Courts in the States
Article 214
High Courts for States
Article 215
High Courts to be courts of record
Article 216
Constitution of High Courts
Article 217
Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court
Article 185

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Article 218
Article 219
Article 220
Article 221
Article 222
Article 223
Article 224
Article 224A
Article 225
Article 226
Article 226A
Article 227
Article 228
Article 228A
Article 229
Article 230
Article 231
Chapter VI
Article 233
Article 233A
Article 234
Article 235
Article 236
Article 237
Part VII
Part VIII
Article 239
Article 239A
Article 239AA
Article 239AB
Article 239B
Article 240
Article 241
Article 242
Part IX
Article 243
Article 243A
Article 243B
Article 243C
Article 243D
Article 243E
Article 243F
Article 243G

Ghanshyam Thori

Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts

Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts
Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge
Salaries, etc., of Judges
Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another
Appointment of acting Chief Justice
Appointment of additional and acting Judges
Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts
Jurisdiction of existing High Courts
Power of High Courts to issue certain writs
[Repealed] Constitutional validity of Central laws not to be considered in
proceedings under article 226
Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court
Transfer of certain cases to High Court
[Repealed] Special provisions as to disposal of questions relating to constitutional
validity of State laws
Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts
Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories
Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States
Subordinate Courts
Appointment of district judges
Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc. delivered by, certain district
judges
Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service
Control over subordinate courts
Interpretation
Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates
[Repealed] The States in Part B of the First Schedule
The Union Territories
Administration of Union territories
Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union
territories
Special provisions with respect to Delhi
Provision in case of failure of constitutional monarchy
Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature
Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories
High Courts for Union territories
[Repealed]
The Panchayats
Definitions
Gram Sabha
Constitution of Panchayats
Composition of Panchayats
Reservation of seats
Duration of Panchayats, etc.
Disqualifications for membership
Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats

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Article 243H
Article 243I
Article 243J
Article 243K
Article 243L
Article 243M
Article 243N
Article 243O
Part IXA
Article 243P
Article 243Q
Article 243R
Article 243S
Article 243T
Article 243U
Article 243V
Article 243W
Article 243X
Article 243Y
Article 243Z
Article 243ZA
Article 243ZB
Article 243ZC
Article 243ZD
Article 243ZE
Article 243ZF
Article 243ZG
Part X
Article 244
Article 244A
Part XI
Chapter I
Article 245
Article 246
Article 247
Article 248
Article 249
Article 250
Article 251
Article 252
Article 253
Article 254

Ghanshyam Thori

Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats

Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial position
Audit of accounts of Panchayats
Elections to the Panchayats
Application to Union territories
Part not to apply to certain areas
Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats
Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters
The Municipalities
Definitions
Constitution of Municipalities
Composition of Municipalities
Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc.
Reservation of seats
Duration of Municipalities, etc.
Disqualifications for membership
Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities etc.
Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities
Finance Commission
Audit of accounts of Municipalities
Elections to the Municipalities
Application to Union territories
Part not to apply to certain areas
Committee for district planning
Committee for Metropolitan planning
Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities
Bar to interference by Courts in electoral matters
The Scheduled and Tribal Areas
Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas
Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and
creation of local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor
Relations Between the Union and the States
Legislative Relations
Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States
Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States
Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts
Residuary powers of legislation
Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the
National interest
Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a
Proclamation of Emergency is in operation
Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249 and 250 and laws
made by the legislatures of States
Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption of
such legislation by any other State
Legislation for giving effect to international agreements
Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislatures

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Article 255
Chapter II
Article 256
Article 257
Article 257A
Article 258
Article 258A
Article 259
Article 260
Article 261
Article 262
Article 263
Part XII
Chapter I
Article 264
Article 265
Article 266
Article 267
Article 268
Article 269
Article 270
Article 271
Article 272
Article 273
Article 274
Article 275
Article 276
Article 277
Article 278
Article 279
Article 280
Article 281
Article 282
Article 283
Article 284
Article 285
Article 286
Article 287

Ghanshyam Thori

of States
Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to be regarded as
matters of procedure only
Administrative Relations
Obligation of States and the Union
Control of the Union over States in certain cases
Assistance to States by deployment of armed forces or other forces of the Union
Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases
Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union
[Repealed] Armed Forces in States in Part B of the First Schedule
Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India
Public acts, records and judicial proceedings
Disputes relating to Waters
Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river valleys
Co-ordination between States
Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council
Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits
Finance
Interpretation
Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law
Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States
Contingency Fund
Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the States
Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States
Taxes levied and collected by the Union and distributed between the Union and the
States
Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union
[Omitted]
Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products
Prior recommendation of President require to Bills affecting taxation in which States
are interested
Grants from the Union to certain States
Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments
Savings
[Repealed] Agreement with States in Part B of the First Schedule with regard to
certain financial matters
Calculation of "net proceeds", etc.
Finance Commission
Recommendations of the Finance Commission
Miscellaneous Financial Provisions
Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues
Custody, etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and moneys credited to the
public accounts
Custody of suitors' deposits and other moneys received by public servants and courts
Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation
Restriction as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods
Exemption from taxes on electricity

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Article 288
Article 289
Article 290
Article 290A
Article 291
Chapter II
Article 292
Article 293
Chapter III
Article 294
Article 295
Article 296
Article 297
Article 298
Article 299
Article 300
Chapter IV
Article 300A
Part XIII
Article 301
Article 302
Article 303
Article 304
Article 305
Article 306
Article 307
Part XIV
Chapter I
Article 308
Article 309
Article 310
Article 311
Article 312
Article 312A
Article 313
Article 314
Chapter II
Article 315
Article 316
Article 317
Article 318
Article 319

Ghanshyam Thori

Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity in certain cases

Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation
Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions
Annual payment to certain Devaswom Funds
[Repealed]
Borrowing
Borrowing by the Government of India
Borrowing by States
Property, Contacts, Rights, Liabilities, Obligations and Suits
Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in certain cases
Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in other cases
Property accruing by escheat or lapse or as Bona vacantia
Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources of the
exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union
Power to carry on trade, etc.
Contracts
Suits and proceedings
Right to Property
Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law
Trade, Commerce and Intercourse Within the Territory of India
Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse
Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse
Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States with regard to
trade and commerce
Restriction on trade, commerce and intercourse among States
Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies
[Repealed]
Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of articles 301 to 304
Services Under the Union and the States
Services
Interpretation
Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State
Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State
Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under
the Union or a State
All-India services
Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain
services
Transitional provisions
[Repealed]
Public Service Commissions
Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States
Appointment and term of office of members
Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission
Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the
Commission
Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on ceasing to be

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Article 320
Article 321
Article 322
Article 323
Part XIVA
Article 323A
Article 323B
Part XV
Article 324
Article 325
Article 326
Article 327
Article 328
Article 329
Article 329A
Part XVI
Article 330
Article 331
Article 332
Article 333
Article 334
Article 335
Article 336
Article 337
Article 338
Article 338A
Article 339
Article 340
Article 341
Article 342
Part XVII
Chapter I
Article 343
Article 344
Chapter II
Article 345
Article 346

Ghanshyam Thori

such members
Functions of Public Service Commissions
Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions
Expenses of Public Service Commissions
Reports of Public Service Commissions
Tribunals
Administrative tribunals
Tribunals for other matters
Elections
Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an election
commission
No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special,
electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex
Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be
on the basis of adult suffrage
Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures
Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such
Legislature
Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters
[Repealed
Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes
Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the
People
Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People
Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative
Assemblies of the States
Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative Assemblies of the
States
Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after fifty years
Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts
Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services
Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of Anglo-Indian
community
National Commission for Scheduled Castes,
National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
Control of the Union over the administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of
Scheduled Tribes
Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes
Scheduled Castes
Scheduled Tribes
Official Language
Language of the Union
Official language of the Union
Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language
Regional Languages
Official language or languages of a State
Official language for communication between one State and another or between a

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Article 347
Chapter III
Article 348
Article 349
Chapter IV
Article 350
Article 350A
Article 350B
Article 351
Part XVIII
Article 352
Article 353
Article 354
Article 355
Article 356
Article 357
Article 358
Article 359
Article 359A
Article 360
Part XIX
Article 361
Article 361A
Article 362
Article 363
Article 363A
Article 364
Article 365
Article 366
Article 367
Part XX
Article 368
Part XXI
Article 369
Article 370
Article 371
Article 371A
Article 371B
Article 371C

Ghanshyam Thori

State and the Union

Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a
State
Language of the Supreme Court, High Courts, etc.
Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts and for Acts,
Bills, etc.
Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language
Special Directives
Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances
Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage
Special Officer for linguistic minorities
Directive for development of the Hindi language
Emergency Provisions
Proclamation of National Emergency
Effect of Proclamation of Emergency
Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of
Emergency is in operation
Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal
disturbance
Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States
Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under article 356
Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies
Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during emergencies
[Repealed] Application of this Part to the State of Punjab
Provisions as to financial emergency
Micsellaneous
Protection of President and Governors and Rajpramukhs
Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and State Legislatures
[Repealed] Rights and privileges of Rulers of Indian States
Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements,
etc.
Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and Privy purses to be
abolished
Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes
Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the Union
Definitions
Interpretation
Amendment of the Constitution
Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor
Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions
Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the
State List as if they were matters in the Concurrent List
Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir
Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat
Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland
Special provision with respect to the State of Assam
Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur

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Article 371D
Article 371E
Article 371F
Article 371G
Article 371H
Article 371I
Article 372
Article 372A
Article 373
Article 374
Article 375
Article 376
Article 377
Article 378
Article 378A
Article 379
Article 392
Part XXII
Article 393
Article 394
Article 394A
Article 395

Ghanshyam Thori

Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh

Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh
Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim
Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram
Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh
Special provision with respect to the State of Goa
Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation
Power of the President to adapt laws
Power of President to make order in respect of persons under preventive detention in
certain cases
Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pending in the Federal
Court or before His Majesty in Council
Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to the provisions of the
Constitution
Provisions as to Judges of High Courts
Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
Provisions as to Public Commissions
Special provisions as to duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly
[Article 379-391 Repealed]
Power of the President to remove difficulties
Short Title, Commencement, Authoritative Text in Hindu and Repeals
Short title
Commencement
Authoritative text in the Hindi language
Repeals

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Indian Polity