“ih eet Al” : PSN AE WH ACHE Ze 28 Bt HE Fi ARE Bh 5 78 al, 4H. HARA Af 7 58 YI Dh By — Pe 2000 — 2013 4F, HF) SAIEYN AY 5 A MLA 105 {Ze 7CH KA 2000 {Z KIC BABEL ,2013 5 Er ,2014 ) . KBHC HS AL Pe I BH FE AE 45 FEB LE BL PR Al AP PLA AGO, TP PCB SB i ARSE HON ROD FULT AG HEE BL RAR. HE PONG FA FE BE 1 ETS, EE i HT a BFS CANA Zs 7c HY Fs BEY ASRS DK 5 CES IM TT 2 Fel & WI BAS lh i HF ET AH BLT AED Ae BR. OG TF BRIS ALBUS A ee TT MARAT ES ci * (£( African diaspora) (1 —FB4} , VAS RNY YA BE Fe TT ALM EGET 5 RAM AF He RITA A+ RAR( Heidi Ostho Haugen) + +, PLAPED SEL FS MG EHS ESAS KLARA T E HEL ALM-HRH! CHAK, ARPS AMAABZEMAA ROTM, 124FS Ae LECT AAR RRA LF WARW A Pb 34H EBSY( Monson & Rupp ,201 RW TG HE THR” (Castillo, 2014; “ABV See” (Han ,2013 ) “i ASH Ha” (Li et al. ,2009; Li et al. ,20 2012a,2012b; 425 Hl & , 2008 ) , “ELPA” SONAB SAB ea ERIE TS MINT AWA (9 DME IE LA BP ESR ESE AS 3) AEM AGED IN ARR RB Aah Li et al. ,2012; Pang & Yuan,2013) Byte” (AP, 2014) “RAK 12; Lyons et al. ,2012; aH, KLAR, “th AE Se A BE” ( Bodomo , 2010b; & BL. AYE 4, 2009), “ BH FF wh” (Bertoncelo & Bredeloup, 2007; Bredeloup ,2012 ,2014) “Lig PWR YEA CED INS itd ae”. BBE" UAE Be” ABE "ARES PATHS MATTIE AL oH TV A HHA E Hit ( Pomfret , 2009 ; FH FY ZT, 2009 ; TK ER, 2014; HIM, 2014 ; HE WEAR ,2008 ; EHF ,2013 do SWAT BOR TT TEIN AC BAA RBI AT (SAAT) EEC INT SBE Jos 2012; ET RAL BK 2008 ) OPE TED AA Sty AR BTS Ob HS TAB ZI ES AP PH Ti ACE BAR SN BS Fk A aE TE OE I A BRIS AE a ) Ri PELE SP AMEE Ba) BER SBF OL APSE AS PRL ZTAI EE SCH EAE DAL, HP BEE BEALE EAS Ot (BR TE“ FLAY Bb eA 22 Se IED ARS DARE OSS TP ST LE FRSA A HE AE UNA BRA RA” ) E65 AY (ELE AIRE , Seb EAT LAG) a8 EE. AEAIEULA STB AE AE SH RS BETTE Me 4 A$ AD 5 Ba AE DL ES IEA TR ERE PBI ERELEAL ST — ae OFFS , (LA AE A VA DB A PSDs BH Be SS TOP LA HEE $M Tb FLEE LE 48 YR Hr TA AY 7 YG Se 2S AAR AS ( (2) ALISA DHE FLAS SEAL A ES er RA ERK. TE DQ BAS SAE MIRBARE (B48 PAP) EEE TE RBH aE OH EAL BY A 12000 HAR A, tok SE SHR, LR, BARMAID 131Ra PORGE 2015.2 TEA EA HEE Er SH S| BS BE, Eb Pe RRA EE Sb AA ek Wah 2010a) . It, #4 Bho FRR Ten BEL Bhi Toon Dae RE BX BA HHS Sing HB A +A SHB Bho BRT HRAT. EAE SOA AE 0 FHF + Ze} ZZ Pa, RA WR I/F ARE iE EA FTG BAUME . WF Sie iT ey BG Sito a) P4e AN SAE TR FY 3M Pek EPEAT 0 1h et MTA SCY Bs , BK Wht (2013 4 11 4 LU, AE ADEA Tia] BG BL TOPE AS TAY , BEE - ARS Fl, hE PBEM AS Fa SISAL FBC BEE Te UALS Bl, Fee, wh untap ys SERA KZ BI 43 FEAL AU A Bed AA a ee Ay. Ay DALESRA Fe al 9+ 1), LEG Al eee AGE A Me ok — it ITAL BRA, SINE AIRS SAL, AERA EC EP PACH A oie AE A TE FHS bo Be LIF AS FA FPF A ARS Ti ed, FATA EU ACES JH FE AB BE, To, FL Cth) AEP A Bed POM ESTA EAU BH aK, EE ES. ANTAL AD aT te MB AES 15000 FP PR eh RTS , VISAS Se WAL AI i RACE YN AED RELA P ISAT. ARUN AE FRE RUA SE HP PALE De FAB ET LDR ESS HE EVA eR SZ BAK BS TE RU 1 SEAR OCI E EAL. LSA AT BE Nhe A AE WTR, Ra LP CL Bice, OTE SEL BET , x , HP (ER ML it an Pr + AL ZS Fl BS RES Aa RAO BE. SEALFE, HEAT Pb Fe] PEAS ( Bodomo , MATS EH. Ja teAR YH Iga A It PEARSE Ae BW BA ERI AAR #E A Simi A 7. 25” AAA ay PE BASIE fa Te Be ae Ae ih, fe OUa dE H ,7EJ Wea BEBE SI WDA HEY , | (Bork-hiiffer et al. ,201 INTRA re FER et Je BAH AY ABER DS 4). & a R [ra] 5] Lar Be ABE Stik EWA ie AAS TE A BG AS HP BY LE ae 132 Sb a Bay ti AL BOTA BL, BA BBL TE MA HAT Mt FASTENER AE. REN MAA (i). Bae Fae BLL A (IR HR FY JER a SLED) YN AASIE HFA BE RY EAE BE Ot th FEL PNAC RSE AA AIC TES SEE DAE FERMI) « Ae HEE ANTE LASER RR SARHY EH ALE Bt ALEX EE a EC, PALE RS Be Hi SS A Pe TO Se CT RL, LEE Sb , HORE BA BRAS A 73 — aR AE SE PALAIS FY BE FE 5 As BL ENA BEAT IIT LE 18 aE HE NY IK tT], DA BEAR ARLE i. BAA“ELPA” SONAB SAB ea SAE TE AE FEC ASAE UA — BBE tH, 2 BO eA EBT Fi HES Ta EH oH PHL ak SN TYG BC I Aa De GE kb AY SB TL BE, CHT AE PLEIN BA TE FSC, ZF DT REY AOR BL, PS SEE FP Ae 9 ir AUTH KATP FE BEE IC TIGA. EASE AM ok — AHS FEDS ASE SSCA ESE Ak 17 He HEB, PACT AS EAS A PLZ EI EBLE FD EIT FE EC SE | es IE PERT TE BE ME, DA BAANCAE TAT aC D4 CEE ALB. EL PA SS OT TELARC SISTA RYE A OTE. Me A, RIM REE AC BAP ELAS PRE. INR NAVE AC, ABA MIT (2014 49 26 A AES INT TIARA PD ASTRA) » SS = ALIALRT 9M Ce 78 LAS Bt ok Eo EEA READS HB Hf th BX A AEN AE ATER, 55 CP EAE OK BRED" IN aU EGET TOK AR CES FEB SAT AB NY 5 BEL SEG HEB), — BORLA AIAN ETT OR SCOT INT BR A BE Ze TAREE IN SCH. AE AES OP AEE A ER DR 4, 2009) PEWTER, Heh ALE 0 HP PRLS A Ze 1 PR ee aE 45 THK (EAR RIAE 2009), AL SAR YHA Ce” PM TAIN E09 Se Ae Ti a AEFI HELIN IEM AE LPP AS Se ASO HI PRL A GIN A RSI) CHEST IW Ts Yoh. EER Sb BY A AE FEAL SERBS 5 HERE HAL SiH AS PN 7 — ik Dh AS TA HSE PAS Tn) ek, CARAS RL AS INSEL aL ER ZS AT ESE FEL TRUK ZA BTM LAR 8 AA EE PY AS A, BE EF DOR A PBA RSE teks Fo FA TON SAA AEA A ee ae ESE SH S| DAE, AIP BAR LARA LFS AIA. TEAL AL BK LB ELAR A J AEA GB EPID, ZA PA ek AS | FRASIER ALTE EICIN , Cette ERAS ARS A ABT ‘GRD Ey , FEA EE Ff OD (PRARA 4A Bp BAAS WAAR, KALA RIM Bs seth Ga), WAT AL ? ANE SB BRR Q AP MNAAANFBH ARP BH SRAM RAMEY KE, 133RA EOPIE 2015.2 (2) SEATS fh fo, t LBA A aie ELD A TA PRIA FEA a AN EEE WER , KBB AA MT PRG: (1) ESA PRES ofA — AR BT (ia) FA BEEP SCE PIC 16, BE AGES PASE TRE (2) 3K. ACK PRA EP RDA RA, BR (BU PRAHA SOIC) © (3) ABI TARE TE Sb FLA BEA PERE DMTING ST NATTY CL TT BR ABE SUB RIRA. (4) MATAR. DERE HRY BEAK FI HATE & HE TIS HERES. (S) PATHE. ATP TE ARYNE SC” (pan africanism) HEM, AAR AAR EL A BR AIR, BA TRU UH FRIAR HADNT ADR I , AS Sal SHU BT (6k VAT a a YS JE Pacer TE (WATT EE AS in BN CET IH BY A EL A BE — AWS FAAS EA BESSON AAA Ta ANE BR He Ab re AUT” RR AIE, HA LED AR 2 A SH AB DS HLF, VALELAR Je FE PA SiN BA, BRIEF Fee ABR OY “ENE” (Chairman ) (7 EAGAN, A RAE EMO (EK PEAR BE 75 Fh ET TAL Fae BE PSG IB LSE WW. (2013 4 8 Ff 21 A, ED IN GK FEAL EE A LAD BBR, SE TB OSL AG “EIR” SLAP BED AE FE P AL 3 DY BRE AAS AEBS HE 5 BAEC , CE AT ak BOT Ja FIFE 1 AA Zo SEE LAT SIRS C4 FL PAT SE BE OT A EAS PBI SA AIS BRA Be Tho WAT BRA TENG” Sk Aer Ee A Sa Ze — Bee A TE SCE, “FUSE” “UAE” SORBIR” A A CE Beet A AT AEA ESC Fo ALE HUAN ATT IPS 7 DA A ATT BAS PA AAT MSF PL BALL FE 24 NTF RAS AAT 2S — EAE A aK BUNT. AEE AMAT" FERS” Sk et, AT ABE TE WD TEAL ALAS EPA a AT Dd BAT TS, BCE BCT EH HEX 4A HANS TA EE EA UE EAL A PH PL HUAI LEAL A Ra RI IN PG ALA SH BER TEAS FLEET A I FP AAT DP SH PL, @ aE WA #84“ President” 3 4“ Chairman” , 134EEA ART ALLS TALL (BL 9F- 2009). FEAT TS BS HN MN SIRI HP Ba FEA BUA EBL, MATT TT REGS RS HF IEE HEART TAF, SEAS AERA TEAE A SHH 3, WREST RIL. HK, Pe BE Eel FOIL AS ET BA ABE TE, OPA 4b AL NG BA Ti) Be AE SBF AY BY TSE OF HEDIS EAHA GR PHIL ZS HF HF 1 Ff) (Le bail ,2009 ) , PEAS AL PA BAAD SAGES SS PE eA BN Ne eV Rp ae A a BA HR PLR DARL , #1 PA Sit BERS Ht AF 8, EA: A te EB FASS, SSR J TB 9 BR PSE ak PA RSET EL tk: PRL ee ft ft) Bee 2 AEE ET 7 PAL Ze xt ak A Gk Th AE IE. HH PAL Sia HS AIR OLE Ee FE AST, A TA A DL RE ATE ORE BE S| TLR HEED A 2S A ES RE “ELPA” SONAB SAB ea FBG , ATH OLE a A A ZF FPL IRCA) 6 S58 0 TT EAA BRDA DSS A Te eh B11 3S 8 HF PE A hs, LA A PB 3 BE EL AL AC DA IT TDP BE ORL Be EH {i SOU AN ET] Ble SI AAS Fi AME “2, A BEBE) WATT CR AN SETH ey AE) FT HLT BE, LARA ALE, FREE ABA PUB! HERAT IE, AEA HR. RETR ET EE PETRY TUSK REBAR AST In” (2014 42 9 FA 26 A, fe IT 17 Adal DK RE PASHAN EL A A Ce A PTL AS 6 CS AD SPREAS EI A CE — il «FE, EAT SUN EER 9 ZS FL 4: AT eB AG FA, SPIN Hs — ik Da a ch BS A ke BS ALE PE PAGED , ABATE DEI Sb A —§-“ 5b FAS (FS TERE TERE, 2010 5 9 TEBE 27 MES AIA ELA” till BE 2008 ; AKU ,2013 ; TRUE VBLRL 2009 ; XB CIE 2012), TEXe th FA Al BREET IN ETE AD SEAS UL , HES T fee Be Fe a PR HCAATIME AC Re , PT ABET NAT ESP TERR , AE — FEE LEED TARE RR HES IN ABR AEA SUN SA SEIN AGE Da] cb UB PS QD AZ 2014 #8 A278 4 MAEM DR SUA IIE a AS Ta AS fA. , ASRS FE ET at BBR TOSSA FR RUA HEI By PGK AAI A NR LV RAF BC LANL MREAPREAF EP) (SOREABHR—-WA) A BL hitp://www. gefao. gov. cn/Item/S683. aspx) » 135Ra PORGE AOE, HEAL , MATT RTS PAN Ae Pet Ue TEIN FEI ARDEA HE E/E eS SE AT 2015.2 HH, FUR, #L A Si WE. TEU A SEY Jaa BA NEW YS Ty GEE ANY, HAE BD 2 GES AR Ari AE CE FB WE EIU LA BY T. TRA , MATE EA AZ 6 FEAL HHH tL SH A ERS STAN EAS ACA 6 SAFE, HEWES It SEAL iAH A JRUBY. BoA PERICAES INTE PRET HE EL ASSAM, TCE EA A fa o FRB epee (ESC Fi eb PAL Wh BE FAME AAS PIA ES SURFED BD SEIU A TAR, MATER SEBO FB EA HSER 0 ‘iil BE, He SAE Ha Eis ELE TAN PE OBLAST APRIL HE SH ALIA KR A tb A EL Rat eR ESL BoA EA HOSE A POMEL AVEL ALPACA ei ALA AY BLE LE “ARE aE BAY BE Ti, 2 DA ek PA LAL Mb AE) AB Pen HERS Ja ch FE EAR AS, I Se ESE AR fA EPA ota TD Hb AL Xt BB NALA , SPE AE DEAR SLL AEN Ze HURL AAE WS A fr OB RANG TOES BUA A FB. GEA Bh, PA UA BE 8 SETA ATT A 2 i = FY AE 2s OS SAE Se RL Bh, AA CEA i ED, FE AE AAS Bad ALS PS, eR, ETAT HUA RCA A ATT J AT TE A AA AAI A A PE ee ASA TT AS BE, 1S a a RA DS i Abs 471 AS ZS Ho FE fo 4 PA PALA FH EAH TRAY Ge TA BB , (LBD ABE CFE, ° FAS. ee ALCAN aE WAR AEAE AE UER AZ A BE MO BAI EA ASA EATER ATA HK A EAE AS 8 2, ZEAE WN PO) FL Alies Han AE AS LU PAE FUE EIR ASA PY WME IR Ae UY J, EAE EAS $45 C8, , EAT pA 2H A A BC EAR MARAE) Gait DESL AS Fri a et ail 136 AFAIK , BEE" MW FGBVAR” WFR RE a? IMB Aa HTL A, LAVAS ATU. TEA A che A SI, OL TE MAL AM, Seat Ai ME WT UGTA YR EL WIE. PEN Fal als wh tk A = AIM ner til, 2 ER we fk2—. tA ei is APLAN ete WA RAASL VANE “ELPA” SONAB SAB ea EHH AA Bil, LE 2004 2005 AF #t A I BHF ee ASAT IE SAAT EET fea Fk RE Ja JUPET AN AAR AIFS. ZS FALSE ATT AY BEA a 4F6 30 AMIR 4 th % FLL P RUC A y GIB ee eet FR UPA ES ROS DUE TEAR AS TIER A AEWA RIA RAS ATP, LTA IP BEL FL ALES UPES Be EE SE BT GAT AAR. HARRIE WALA IP A ASE BF IPS RAB NT AG SS BUN TA Sa TE SAIN ELATED CAF PE eB ER, PB Za RSH ea WB KS ASH WR KE AB FG DY BER , MU BE TL a FM ALA Fe Pe ACFE NLA BS BEE UE Sa TH BS HN AR A 4g BA i 3 AY PALE, Wh ae TAT E) PA ASW, MTA AR EL A SU 3 Bi NS A HE. 4 YEAS et OL ET TOL fi a AS 2 EE TL FF BLD I HER 5 REALS Sette Sk tH GEA ES PE AB Bl BU PERE IP, AR TAT RA, ATAELA AAA A IPB A 2 Sl] PT Ah FAT FT FOE AE TECH ETA SE IN ABE] JE Fu ee HL ae 5 ; IF FE DA EAT OL BR SE SE BCAA hehe BENE RAEI IAAR A CAF EEL ; MRA ET LAP BER, MASS FAB EA a FE Be a AT BS RE TM EDAS FFAG HY FUR RefBCH BELA SLU ITT. AE, BRR EE HIS DLA FEY UIE SK, ABA ISB IE ADE AL SRF BAT BALA TL ALL Bee BBO SE GH 4 oe) AEA]. FHS E MAL IAT BOR PAL otal EA BRA eK A BGT 10 505 FA Faaee FERRET DEL BR 194 Fy Ze 52 BUA SHA OJ OE IE BT AER TB 50 Too Ba ALAR Se FEA ESP FNMA DI RZ, FEAT BAN A YEE A IU Si EE EG AE PAS BA ALARA aR FATA, Bike Bat OR TEES 5A , Al RDB TEAK AW i DT OLA RYE, Dh A. FUR, HP ra KAB SA WB Pal Be 4 HEFT] AS. WW FBe ALS RES A ata PA aa eon , TEAL A FEFESE TABS HI Bl cit be AH Wy eth. me 3) Tek AL FETE MEL BAW A K HEMT HEAGIE I Sc Brie eat eh AY A BD (EA CATA GAMER AS he FL MY FE FE AY fh AT Wie. — Beet Al MAA IN, TEE RA HO Be A OTR Ke T BaF 137RLF GE 2015.2 he. BS oH Wa fe A BY a fr CE eA) HL: ke 8) EFA ra PSR AIGA HF Ja BES” RP, ZED , PCA TARAS FS Sh LR ELE Bp i es BE EY FALE A EM RT, — HIE ACHAT A 9 fife, Tango Skype, Whatsup,Viber 54. TEVA GLAS 2 Bk — eb A ke BST Se A BILAN AVES, , Fa TRE Ss ART A NG EPS AST 9 CE A ARS WIL rs GH TIS ES PLGA RR ES I Wc rs A, AL: GBA MUS A TTR TE oh FE — fi A a TBE “BRAE—AEDI AAS ob AE ADEE A, AF UU A — ae 2 AT PT FFA” (2014 4E 10 18 AED IN Tat PE REA Be TH HNIC AR) o BEE REAL, BS LE ET IN AED AAT A TF RP 9 VA ET UC AV AR AEN A MRE EASON JN EPA EL BAR AVE PRBS BR ALCS FEI SB HB EC a OT AL PA RF DS AGT RAE A . PE RAHN, AEA OOK A AST) BB, BAS Pa A ASH ABE HT 3k (PE AB, 2009 ) 5 AE MUSE OE DH A 6 sah PAL Ss BE IE IPAS fe (7B ALA, 2012). ANP HEE, Ai EEE A, EAE FAB Ze AERA, HEE DN REA, OBB AY LAU as FAS 4h Sb, IB A ok EY, CT BE AL FA A WEL ISEB ERS ETB Ag LE ETE ee LATE BL AD A A BL AD HB 9, GSI 9 APS AAR S51 NAE ALBA FB , EE A SS ED ASALA MATE ALAA AEE MES. FLA HE fA ERA EBA, AGB EY GERAD BSE ITT HE BAL AXTELL HDA, the AL PEAT EA GE). TELAT BS Le , BB Ny La Be fra PO I is A eB BE EL ek AD UTADA SHR HEN RAE, ESE BE PE IM BBP A PRAIAAA HARM RS Bo FEY BARB O RATA AT SARL RORY. BAR a RA BVA KAGEQM SPS (—-) “ELA” SBE “ELPA” SONAB SAB ea ARGE LYRA DHA AE A Be Fa ES AA A 8 A ES TET HL Fe ATT aw = Ta) SG BA ESE SHEL SPACES ARE HE MAEDA AE AL a SO ASE Te] FE ema, DATA Pt, RP GWA AE oh fh) FEE EVAL BOE AT VA BME AE DHA 1 ad FLAT A PELE AS> BAGS P J DV ES FE ARTA TG PB DD EG a BENUELN,, SETCREIA], ROPE AL 4 HJ AS EA” WE HZ AK SUES SCAR AEA CEH MOR IF AK Fe TBR AEA HEE BEE A HEARS SZ PSE EEE BER APLERIVE? 3 BEE Bt MEH ATPL. o FAT AOR BCAA CE AED IH AE BS FAS BAS BS, Ee A | ASL TE BS” 3 — Ti DAS BRU” Wy Sb ORE BS. HE ABBE A IE EY AE AUF RS ES (Haugen 2012) , Ti GRE IEA OE FE TBE AS “ED KSEE RR” [AL LAY FI BRIE EB NT AE TON WT. xr be, PERT FH 4 BT ERAS BSS FY AY BARATAR DARE FEL A Fs BER ACA BTS BE A EB} —§ 19 BE ACS WR, Cohen 1996; King ,2002,2012) . SX ARGPIE IME ZT SBA ATE BS FEAL SREP SS RE ASE Be, BER OP A ET Ab WS a8 sit Be Ae Pe, TOPE SC PHY (Vi EGE EEL. aE BIT SASSER AR SE BF LL in ks “OT HR Be BR AE TG FOLEY AS 28 FBR I [EF TP eS RE BR BE ATT PE EAE SCIENY” BELIY” (King,2002) 2 Ly MAEDA ATIF, RUPE m BEAN 7 SAUD 3 RB ES PH Be Th AR HT DiS a BAT A 2A BST AG A A SEB RE CP TE) UAE DHA AB BS F BOLE ROTTEN Bo ES Sf FETE NINA 5 Te EAB EJ TE. SB PSR AG AN BE PE AUG ICR TAYE IE 8” (Castillo 2014), ¥ SCE BRT WB HoH ae ie A SRE AEE TES MM ASIEW A, KS URUK, KIC KA TCIM SE PREC tel NE TE 10 4 LA LASSE EE SCAN, BFE 139RA EOPIE 2015.2 RUA CE HABE. MOAR AC Ze POR OO ae PE, FEET ARK AE FA EY Ti] Tai AF FE PAB OB TO ES EB FR SEAMS NE De FTC UE PE A BY PH GRE BE — RR ECE UE “USE HP FRB HB BE, ET DA BLL Aa IE AP DB J FE AEN Ae WBE TE, , PRIA HS TG TE AE BY PRE, AE PPB A Ae AA 1)” (2014 46.6 FLL A ZEy SM TH BRAS Xe LETRA). LAR DS AED AS BB BR” 2 Bd 1 ELS A UL i EC 8 Ae $$ WE WBE, & BIE ACK 6 Fl SEL WG TMT SIE EE (BRAS ER ) 5 AE WL, A ZAC ME REM KT 3 AO BRR RAY BRD UAT TS" INAEIN AY 16 REL SH AB, BCE FEL P ADE DE IE TBE AS TN AE DH AE A 2 BB BR” 3 in] GS TL NE TARAS DEED, FRA See HA “ek FE” (transient ) — im) 9 PEM ILE BA A BESS PEA AY “FEEL” (immigrant) BERS, ALES AE IALA EP EBL BS EP PE LE A ARE VE | FBG BR” — AR ARTE EIN BS A EN A A BEE AE ARSED IA SPEIER RRA. Alle, WRIT AED ATES INTE BSE PRE BS ER AL AD” th A PH YT RAL RO TERS BR IE BRE AL, FRI HAE NIE RINE DAES AY“ eet ” (transient association ) , FA LATHE “REALE MP ERLE Ze Pg “ABR” RAE YN AGS IP AS Ed ISS Ee 3G BE BREET HR RAUIFAAA AUEA ET ER EH, PEER LACT AE EF IBZ EEDA LES” SE Nt ek Fe EAD” ADB FPR SCE ASS. ESE, “eh eel” BOA on PRRMIE Ti KAWAI, RPA DRAPE LBOR FA HOLA TNA AAC 9 Be TE FE BUR 8 A #9 Tih TT “10 - 50 FRAG MOAT EAL AH. TELA PA SS BF OS FR ABH SCPE AEE: “ARE A Ta FR ROPE NTA, RAE, REA eit? PEF — ee FALE AY, AEA ABT BEBE 4 EL RE, BAA D 3*ARKA “BUERAS RR.” #5 — ARAB AE. PE 2010 FH keWAG tae KAS SPAEA SAA TRANS ASA” A It A E—_ BK BEB SAL RAG AE 3 NAVAL STARA OR 76 BZ REF ASL A AINE 05 SHEA TE 140SMA A ESA DAM ATE BB 2 HABE iC ae , PAL BE EGS BS AEA, BAA SE AC, BET GE PA eH PA a. SHEILA ARS 19 A AVE AATT A SEE ATE DASE AS (FH HS ALEK CH ASE)” (2014 4 10 FA 18 A AES PN ate MRE Ae TAMIR) © PAKS BAY SEN ATH 25 TEE A, sep BEDE EI FP SEV, “1 28 8 AA PNR ABE BE AY FH Th LEACH 37 FT KR” (PINT A I, 2014) , PIC AEBE RT IN ARVN ALA BBR IDD , 2 Za Bf CHE SB EN aD as, AES TE) BT] PE AE AAI. 2014 AE 6 ON AN 2 THAN A ER (BAA 2014) 39 AME. S TACT NE Jry,2014) 310 9 25 A A 16029 ACS NTH BOE, 2014), ROR AYA FUR TOE AVES ES HHL PALER TL EI A eH PSE FL FSRETAT , PSM EIN A SESSA AE EAC Jet TGA Jos TTT GAL A FB JA(EMAR IESE. REEL UH RR ER TN SAA A OR CS OE MIE SK HF He PRE LARGE TT" NAR PELOSI MT , (EAR He BE FB CALs AR ERC EE )) , CHEE ATG RUE TIESUERIC , TOGA AS PE BOR HE BOE BN , TORE DATES A FEL R ELA ELF HE [a] est Dik) (HEED ERICA Fame HOARE ERIN”. OH BOR CIB (LETRA PRESSLY (HAE A ER SEA [al ERBCHB , 1988 ) 4 or He SBELLAR ESC ¢E AE UA IE HER PB EIS ME, VALI 2h WN BOAR FD EA BRIN , La Da RASH HRT AEA AE AE T= SRA TE HEE. AAT a RB 9 aA OR ETE, HE Fite. et EL. ATE Ca PAB , 2000 ) , i He gk ALE 8 Jk TM LA HS EOLA Fe RAE AA A BE ER BT F ART Sb FE 2 A PT aL) BT 25 Be fa RP BE AY RE LBL, OW “Hert Al fe 2A WA , PASAT IN AE The RAN TERE , RAR ET AL A HER FPA WAKA BARN AER Be FREE HET LAL A EAB RG AT NAR AG 0) Ae PB A] FACT NY AUC HE Ai PEMAR IESE. 2 RCE TE BAP TEIN ERE MX (EL Heh ALA FLW FS | ARR ny AERA A, A SHAE, AS eek DAC ak AE AA CY AERO AT SHA Kit WA Mo ARIAS LB ER ZEAE RS A AT EWS RS AN AF TE A 7 AE x SEYN AE ALOT Bee AY Sy RE HAF AB JB 8 Td BA NE AA A 141Ra PORGE 2015.2 PRAISE MT UDR BEE + APA BRAY © TE WA FILA TBs SBOE HF OT BULA AA FERALAS EAT AB BAR Too FEAL ERMA ANA te BEAL A iE RA ABE CH BI BEA PG RICA HE A, BATT A BE HA HK Bo SEU UR A REE. BCS DARREL PRES. HI HE tl EA EN NA ab ARABS EET TUE ET aff IE PRA ETAT FE AGRA AE FP SIEVE , CF PRINS MBEAN DT LA SHH Ag i] DU id a, RIT MATH. BBAP SAAS AEB. AEH RAF FOS ae EDT RS EB Alt SEBUM o HIE KALE 2 BAAR UAE HE” “2 HEIR” GARE IEI” RORPE% 7 — FFG UH De , Tok Oe ae FE AE BAAN , ZEB Ae TR EH o SEU AAS Te TALS EAE AES SMAI A CE AT US SE LE KAS RR EVE BE FLAIR BE AAT As RA IE AT oe ARM TEIN ee PAN, Fea HTH (=) EB E HAASRHB INARA ILE A, DSU A Co RSE Ae Bt SSUAATT , A RAE IE ALA AAED INTE BEA 2 ASE Ia] aly MT) A EE SSS | CAS AOA (LAT HY A AF 20.30 AEA BU Set eG ea , LAA ARES FAA RE DOPEIUEL ELA BOF I EAU IY AR fave LE, SB EGE PPR LAA” HE IZ (EASA TE SE RAGAE IAAL AVA BE AED ACEP FRIAB DH ZR DF Bee CTP AG BU PP, FEF BT Bowe “LAT”. ESC AIA TLE A” 1 Be FRA EASA HHH Ih GBS HEL, FEE HP EE WRB SETAE RMI MEAT SRM DA PORE AEDT IN SEDHA BE a HEPAT EAS Gah AE” J 4 AS ESE FE PT EA BT LE A BLA A CAPER NS EK J PETE LL AL” HEAT DF BEATS SAS EE FE HP HEAT NY fel =E XC (transnationalism) #ZsQuE fT UE— Ae ie. GRCUA SHIN HS FLT HOARE BR —EARRIR” “BOL TR” BE A PRE WERE , BERT AS PC ie ME LTR, BER So Te SICA HY AAS AH 142“ELPA” SONAB SAB ea DA BE EE & Fh eA a BF A #2 ETH (Basch et al. , 1994; Schiller et al. ,1992,1995) , Be ECFLAIC AA RAI SPOR BB ER 2H RA FLAT IBRE RTE BUTS 9 EL, FLAT A A, LES BS HEV AR S MOTRIN LER FS PRB A CASHEL. ROME ER aki W “ 2S ER” (transmigrant) (Schiller et al. ,1992), #E7AR SCF CHE BR, HL A HN A FE a BR A RE A EL TB, FECAL, WA PB i HOE ASE Bas Ee EARP A$ 4b A Sil A GS PAL 2s ARAL AZAR ZS SCT ATES, LAF BF HE I EE, FP AA EBT De AS Te AE FEL Fe EER ALIN ETD EAS FED ACA ASE ES; AE ALLO AE FARA, FEE i GS Fr PER MEE, PE AL A Jo TE BB IE SB” “PRAS” . VEST ETO TT, ZED IN BS AE RP a FLAS BR” ES) Sb Ae AS BS” BAG 5 SAS TTL 8 SCT HE EAS, AE DALAL ALE SA J BS ER AL AT” FO, AL eB Jk“ ah FE” TTT BES” , RRL FBGA ALT IS ER ESCH STK BE TI Fie ER TSB Ta] URIS SAE ATS A PE A Tit PERE ZAR DOR EI INSEAD FE A, OTE THEE EEA BATTS ih BaP RAY ASL Lae 25 TAS FL 4 AT eb IB PG OY BE aS A IB AT, BE SAH TEAR SET ih BR BP A (AS TEA SAM BRSP ) RT DBE PALL EY BASIS Es EFS es Dat SE AEN TA ALE AE NT SER, HSE SEPERATE R A 8 ITASCA Es FEAL A J EDRERRS ES AZ BAR AA SE TP SAR Vea] , RE Be S Fh AN BAY HORAN ie BE TAAL, TT A SF SB HEE BI AL GA PS ESE SCR VA oy AS LI HE 4 ATT I FR MLE RABAT BS EG” ES ERE MAS SCRE EI LT HH Sst PME) A AL 228 BH AY WS BP HO HE ER SF PR AY “eb Fe" JAE, MSE ABER” JE. TERRE A Fe Eb 4 “be” J TEE, LAST Po EA ZA BR RS AS EA HER EA RY, D AKGA—# HARA J HEEZER, 2 SHMTEHNAA $Y Data OSD PRELAN SB, KAAERRA TEEN RE ALLA a SL AL AR ae 18 Wa) 3 3K sp THRE Z BEANIE YO , HOA A a ME Aad Ht RSS Aaa A 9p 143RA EOPIE 2015.2 HCL AREBE NOE A AE eT TTS SEALS” © ARV AGE PALL aS SWAT Ae PE EAL RE TE | RHE 5 SFI Be BATAILLE ATR ns Se th TI RA BSF 4S EN A dl ak SE, TSE RT OTT SPR” HO AERE PAG, SLE PRA he SATA MAB A eee ET FRR EY SE — SE AE ( FEAT AAA SLAY AD HEHE ® FER, FEA TLRS eh LA” Ze EE ZS PA RPE eB Sh AAP FEE ASG PEER BDU AE MELAS LT SE + ABP PENIS GE, ea Sb BLAH tL Se 2 UR DA SATE ED FE ERE E EASE OTN AE EAS TBP A, BE TAT BY HH A AK FIBA LSPA AE AS IRS TEP BY ET BA, 2008 AE LAE J SUA EAE TEER EET Ob LAP SG HS EET TERE SPR KR AAR SPL ARTS SAB” OSMELA AT at Ha BEL AB IB JI SR BY) FBR ABE J PA ALPES LA ATE 8 ERG RD, EE DAT PSL TTE BY. FB, BEAR UN Ae TARDE EX ATK I PRATT FE Le aS FEIN BEA BE 8 A STH, 33 A BE TIN ABS EPS TS VELA AP HH I AL) 2 2h SC STS a HES AD, BER. HOSED MARIA ANE TEI MY * BS BRE 2”, I Be AS AES FEMA A FREES TCH FH BLE HH A AK, (ELE LTA TH BABE BEDS Ze GPT HEL, AS EAR LT RIFE i BE SA DAA. BEF TS BERL DP HAE AMAR TED IN RZ TY DEIR SRNGIR AE, BOUL TE EAE YN AVA HELE” HE IN PSB TE EP SALE RAE RAE TI AS FS AOR TRB INE REPS IKE SAA EME FI RATA SPRL, PRA SUT MBG YE BH HF FH” OA LF, VB iB ART WAAC FF 3 TS HAE OS HS SH HC HEAR IN ASIP TEER TEAR SE XO es Te IEA D PMA WAR A Fp BA R85 5F BH RL, FRE BATT AL IRAE RP BD aT aE a 0 PMAAAD KAMAL P. tORR MRAM MA POA RAP MAR EBA ET AR ZAP ARRAR RFRA ABAD, IR GRAPE THY TAB a A Aah AD MARA EA HRA RA SB aka RGA, AR PEAR A fo AAS Ee) fo (PRA Reo SP AAR a Oh EE Ae) a AE RABE AE RAG] AR LAE Fi RS 144“ELPA” SONAB SAB ea FAAP 51. PEAT SS IE Me a Hill, EI IP LA 22S BAL” HOF EAE — , (ELE A BEL A BE REBEL AE 8 SWE WL ELAL SIN ATE A F551 19 DTA PEA He aE Ph A PAR AEA A FIRS SEAS TE PHA ROW HP FEBS LS AY SE FE ATED ARE ES IN ATE BEBE ES To ARUN A Seah ee EIN Br PAS SL “a Ae” Ji Ee BS AP A ee NE PENTA T AE AH, BSR EP TT 5 AE AS BL Ae” Rc DFE BL YE AUD SRT FEF FSS CO SCE TS IP CEE By PAE TY MATERA EE TE RP, BR Sh A HEE LEAT , TERE EID ILIA , FED BPEAP INA AEA TES IN Sb LAE FURS LEH HDT , REF EAE 2 the" HHL A” BA BYE. BE IMA AIC PR AG AL SER PE Be PE Ge TA RETR nh 75 SCR: PUBL, WGP EAP 2009 , (EERIE AR AE POR : ESE ON BE EL PRD FB 6), CH EIA) FS 8 38). SBMA Se Fe , 2012 , BUBLAT ae De FBS AT IS Sh EIA tl A NR A FURS MELB A Wr) , PON TECHS FH (http://www. gz. gov. cn/publicfiles/business/ htmlfiles/ gzjdljg/ gzdt/201211/1015206. html) , — 2014, CSE De BE Ze A Sb LA ETE) PAR ES BY BHC http: // www. gdga. gov. en/jwzx/ gdjx/gzsj/201409/120140904_717118. himl) , JOM ATIC 2014 , Ci AS tH MSHS 27 Sip rT ICARS HL Sage OD Ba Agi a HAS i TY J TB WY Fh (http://www. gz. gov. cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/gzgov/s2342/201411/ 2766116. himl) SEB HE, 2008 , (CHE ZEHAL PR EE IC FF BEAR a) A ICY BH ET] I) CHL AL PR DE 9) OS 3 NB. EAH ALAM 20122, (BS FG BY LB Ae Sa a Se 28 Ta Hep IN AE SEE) , CATT BL) SB 8 HH. —— ,2012b (+ FRACS TH 1 Fb Fa SCHUH) 5 6 HH. ZEA BEET LAM ACBL 2009 , (SBR AGB eS FAB BRL Se 2 U9 Dw kZ — LL VJs AERA Ail), CHEBEATIE) 8 4 HB. 225 Ml) FFE Lyons Michael, Alison Brown ,2008 , (J NACHE MA BRIE RAL Ze 23 FAT) HOSEA) 2 MEA 2013 , (TSS 22 HE BE TI SM 168 A.) , (18 Dy #8 iti HR) (hp ://epaper. oeeee. com/A/ “PRAT X” BEF HEH 25 9 Das” HI SEHIED CA, 145RA EOPIE 2015.2 himl/2013 - 08/14/content_1914736. htm) . PRUERS 2013 , (RR FS HEP A ik HE DR 9), CIN AR) (http ://gadaily. dayoo. com/html/ 2013 - 05/23/content_2256285. htm) #5 BEET ,2009 , (9 [a $e WE S| “HA Ae” TT EI GAIN ae) , CE AT) Chtp :// www. nbd. com. cn/articles/2009 ~ 10 ~22/247923. html) . #2014, CLES A), CRI RVATD AS 8 H. FEDER AB ACIE 2008 , (“24 5 55” —AE IADB RL) , CRED JAI AS) Clattp ://www. infzm. com/content/6446/2) . Pomfret, J. 2009, (SAIN HATE AE ADA PRES) BEAL (2 3CRA]) (http ://en, reuters. com/ article/wtNews/idCNCHINA ~ 419120090821? sp = true) . DERE 2014 , (AWE: AWE HE BAN AGRE 30 D5 He gE) WE DA http://www. thepaper. cn/newsDetail_forward_1261677) . RAH, 2014, (ON THR: 25 Be AEN AE BSG), 7 (utp: //finance. chinanews. com/cj/2014/06 ~ 13/6279575. shtml) . PRUE RIBLIRL 2009 , CSR INE TAL 5 Ti) LAE THE BE SEAR AS : eT aR Hea AR Bo PE FT BE, VE—T A), CRS IT HBT HL) Chttp://epaper. oeeee. com/G/himl/2009 - 10/26/content _ 924704. htm) . 1.2014, (PAE LG BL 2013 AEREMEE TAZ FETE) HIE ( http ://news. xinhuanet. com/ fortune/2014 - 04/22/c_1110359145. htm) . BE 2009 , (IEW ACES IN) , ( IRAE EEL Fl) (http://www. lifeweek. com. en/2009/0812/ 25667. shtml) . BML 2013 (BEAL AeA : HLS AE DH 28 BA PE (2013) ) , BHF (http: //news. xinhuanet. com/polities/2013 -08/29/c_117140993. htm) . HEME ,2011 , CHERAB YN SAB ae EI HA Hi J BS BS HB ESA BERATED) HTML AAR) (ALABEE ND SE 4 BAG 2013 CC HSE A BEE BRIA ) $5 IN TED ES BS ERG HR ADEE), FH ae hs CHA SESE 5 PSE RS) Ae A BET RFE RK 2008 COP ELA BEM A HH oA BA PEL) , CREAT AHR) (http ://epaper. southen. com/nfdaily/html/2008 — 07/25/content_6674830. htm) . BG TLR 2 HEHE 2008 , ¢ ik FX RUE AS“ “INDE 1” 4 BE) , CIN LAR) (http ://gzdaily. dayoo. com/html/2008 ~ 03/04/content_131698. htm) . TLE TERY, 2010, ( Bis Af SATE IE EWE), CIN HR) (http :// gadaily. dayoo. com/html/2010 ~ 11/02/content_1173872. htm) . RACHA 2009 , CABINET PY eh De Se IZ) , CPR PAE DH) 5 7 FH. HERR 2014, (AAEM AE 1963 % Hh 48 HEAL AE HN AB he 9S I) , CP ER A RR) (http://www. chinadaily. com. en/hqej/zgjj/2014 - 06 — 26/content_11901180. html) . HB CHE 2012, FRED INABA) AL TG Be Jr A Chttp :// www. gzjd. gov. en/pub/index_jsp_ catid_11_23_id_146102. html) HAE KEG SEAN EE 9S Be, 1998 , (HE 2s ALAR SE iC PF BAR BN) A AB J A dB UB 146“ELPA” SONAB SAB ea (http://www. mea. gov. en/article/zwgk/fvfg/ mjzzgl/200709/20070900001725. shtml) . HABE PSEA FE RBCAB , 1988 , C PRBCRB EC EPRI A ERS PAS TG Sh PL eA A Te a) fg SE) , Ht Se AA (http://www. chinanpo. gov. cn/1202/16008/nextindex. himl) . —— , 2000 , ¢ Hic 245 Al: 2: ES Mil 41 8 PF AF FE), PELE PA (hut :// www. gov. en/gongbao/ content/2000/content_60523. htm) . JNA PRT 4, 2004 , TET VE ARG RE AB RAL FE) , CHEESE) HS 3 Asante, M. K. & K. Welsh-Asante 1985, African Culture; The Rhythms of Unity. Westport Connecticut ; Greenwood Press. Basch, L. , N.G. Schiller & C. S. Blane 1994, Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-states. London & New York ;Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group). Bertoncelo, B. & S. Bredeloup 2007 the Emergence of New African ‘ Trading Posts’ in Hong Kong and Guangzhou.” China Perspectives (1). Bodomo, A. 2010a, “Ghanaian Communities in Hong Kong and Guangzhou.” Conference Paper, Annual Conference of the African Studies Association. —— 2010b, “The African Trading Community in Guangzhou; An Emerging Bridge for Africa-china Relations." The China Quarterly 203. Bork-hiiffer, 'T. , B. Rafflenbeul, F. Kraas & Z. Li 2014, “Global Change, National Development Goals, Urbanisation and International Migration in China; African Migrants in Guangzhou and Foshan." Megacities: Our Global Urban Future. Dordrecht Heidelberg, New York & London ; Springer. Bredeloup, S. 2012, “African Trading Post in Guangzhou; Emergent Or Recurrent Commercial Form?” African Diaspora 5(1). —— 2014, “West African Students Turned Entrepreneurs in Asian Trading Posts; A New Facet of Globalizi on.” Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural ‘ ems and World Economic Development 43(1). Caponio, T. 2005, “Policy Networks and Immigrants’ Associations in Italy: The Cas Bologna and Naples. ” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31(5). Castillo, R. 2014, “Feeling at Home in the ‘Chocolate City’; An Exploration of Place-making Practices and Structures of Belonging amongst Africans in Guangzhou.” Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 15(2). Cohen, R. 1996, “Introduction.” In R. Cohen, Theories of Migration. Cheltenham; Edward Elgar. Curtis, J.E., D. E. Baer & E. G. Grabb 2001, “Nations of Joiners; Explaining Voluntary Association Membership in Democratic Societies.” American Sociological Review 66(6) . Han, H. 2013, “Individual Grassroots Multilingualism in Africa Town in Guangzhou; ‘The Role of States in Globalization." International Multilingual Research Journal 7(1). Haugen, H. @. 2012, “Nigerians in China; A Second State of Immobility.” International Migration 147RA EOPIE 2015.2 50(2). Jenkins, S. 1988, Ethnic Associations and the Welfare State; Services to Immigrants in Five Countries. New York Columbia University Press. King, R. 2002, “Towards a New Map of European Migration. " International Journal of Population Geography 8(2). —— 2012, “Geography and Migration Studies: Retrospect and Prospect.” Population , Space and Place 18(2). Lan, S. 2014, “State Regulation of Undocumented African Migrants in China; A Multi-scalar Analysis.” Journal of Asian and African Studies (http ;//jas. sagepub. com/content/early/ 2014/05/05/0021909614531903. fall. pdf html). Le bail, H. 2009, “Foreign Migration to China’s City-markets; The Case of African Merchants. ” Asie Visions 19. Li, Z.,L. J. C. Ma & D. Xue 2009, “An African Enclave in China; The Making of a New Transnational Urban Space.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 50 (6). Li, Z., M. Lyons & A. Brown 2012, “China’s ‘Chocolate City’; An Ethnic Enclave in a Changing Landscape." African Diaspora 5(1). Lyons, M., A. Brown & Z. Li 2012, “In the Dragon's Den; African Traders in Guangzhou.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 38 (5). Monson, J. & S. Rupp 2013, “Africa and China; New Engagements, New Research.” African Studies Review 56(1). Moya, J. C. 2005, “Immigrants and Associations; A Global and Historical Perspective. " Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31(5). Owusu, T. Y. 2000, “The Role of Ghanaian Immigrant Associations in Toronto, Canada.” International Migration Review 34(4) . Pang, C. L. & D. Yuan 2013, “Chocolate City as a Concept and as Visible African Space of DEERE TRAE SiS DEH Se PEI TT PT AT AL BRWECIEAE AR) ALE AV BLEL ACE: Schiller, N. G., L. Basch & C Change and Diversi . Blane 1992, “‘Transnationalism; A New Analytic Framework for Understanding Migration." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 645(1). —— 1995 , “From Immigrant to Transmigrant; Theorizing Transnational Migration.” Anthropological Quarterly 68(1) . Soyer, D. 1997, Jewish Immigrant Associations and American Identity in New York, 1880 - 1939. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Takougang, J. & B. Tidj in the United States.” Journal of Third World Studies 26(1). i 2009, “Settlement Patterns and Organizations among African Immigrants HERBAL Pl ESE ARE DE HE i KES 148regions in China have transformed from drawing-type government to suspended-type government. Meanwhile, a complicated fis transfer payment system has been set up to keep local government running and provide public goods and services. With the downward flowing of transfer payments from central government to gr: -roots governments , program funds are becoming increasingly important in the transfers, which is called as “governing the state through programs”. In the era of “governing the state through programs”, township government fa a dilemma; With the upward centralization of resources and power, township government plays an indispensable role in implementing the programs in the villages. Thus township-government has changed from suspended-type to as ‘isted-type. However, with lots of affairs but short of funds and power, the township government changes from technical governing to non-technical. governing. “Transient Association” ; Africans’ social organizations in Guangzhou Niu Dong 124 Abstract; Africans in Guangzhou have formed a kind of social organizations, which usually bases on common nationality, centers on leaders, provides internal mutual aid and guidance, and represents th eople in inte ing with other organizations or groups. The emergence of those associations is actually a response to Africans’ general sense of sharing, national identity strengthened when they came into Guangzhou and the ful characterized by its single-level development, informal operation, imperfect functions str uation Guangzhou authority has constructed. Such as ations are and unstable membership, which make them differ from the ones Africans formed in immigrant countri In order to reveal the temporality, mobility and uncertainty of Africans’ existence in Guangzhou, this paper argues that “transient association” can be used to describe the social organizations. Moreover, the paper further discusses the tension brought by the “transient” attribute of Africans and their associations in Guangzhou to both the popular analytical paradigm of migration studies and present governance of foreigners in China. Applic: tion of Respondent-Driven Sampling in the Survey of Chinese Rural- to-urban Migrant Workers; Practice and evaluation cose SEES Liu Linping, Fan Changyu & Wang Ya 149 Abstract; As there has been a long-term difficulty that researchers do not have proper sampling frame in the survey of Chinese rural-to-urban migrant workers, this study adopted the Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS) and conducted a large-scale questionnaire survey in 13 cities (districts), 7 provinces in China. Based on the 244