Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2014/2015
MINI PROJECT II
FLUID FLOW PAST A CYLINDER
PREPARED BY :
MOHAMMAD FAID BIN MOHD GHAZALI (A137105)
MUHAMMAD HAFIZ BIN MOHD PAZLI (A137399)
Contents
1.0
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................ 1
1.1
Flow Regime.............................................................................................. 1
1.2
Vortex Shedding........................................................................................ 2
1.3
GOVERNING EQUATION............................................................................. 2
1.4
Conservation of mass................................................................................ 3
1.5
1.6
Conservation of energy............................................................................. 4
2.0
OBJECTIVE.................................................................................................... 4
3.0
ASSUMPTION................................................................................................ 4
4.0
METHODOLOGY............................................................................................ 4
4.1
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.0
DISCUSSION............................................................................................... 16
6.0
7.0
CONCLUSION.............................................................................................. 19
8.0
APPENDIX................................................................................................... 20
9.0
REFERENCE................................................................................................ 21
1.0
INTRODUCTION
The flow around cylinders has been extensively studied due to its importance in many
practical applications, such as heat exchangers, chimneys, and off-shore platforms. In specific
terms, the flow around cylinders includes a variety of fluid dynamics phenomena such as
separation, vortex shedding and the transition to turbulence. The mechanism of vortex
shedding and its suppression have significant effects on the various fluid-mechanical
properties of practical interest: flow-induced forces, vibrations and noises, and the efficiency
of heat and mass transfer.
Flows around circular cylinders are important topic in marine hydrodynamics. Many
off-shore structures are of cylindrical shape, such as riser and pipelines. The use of this
structures have been increased and they will used also in the future. It is important to
understand the flow field around these structures and the force acting on them.
In this project, the flow around a two dimensional cylinder in steady current and in
shear flow for Re = 130 was investigated. All analysis are three dimensional and the flow
regime is subcritical and thus turbulent.
1.1
Flow Regime
The flow regime around a smooth circular cylinder in infinite fluid described by the nondimensional Reynolds number:
=
where
UcD
Uc
is the kinematic
viscosity. When Reynolds number is increased from zero, the flow undergoes great changes.
The make will extend over a distance comparable to the cylinder diameter D, and the
boundary layer extend over a small thickness.
3 10
laminar. This flow regime called the subcritical flow regime. In the range of
<
3 10
< Re
3.5 105 , the boundary layer becomes turbulent at the separation point, but this occurs
only at one side of the cylinder. This means that the boundary layer separation is turbulent on
one side of the cylinder and laminar on the other. This flow regime is called the critical (or
lower transition) flow regime. For Re <
1.5 10 6
flow regime. Here the boundary layer separation becomes fully turbulent on one side of the
cylinder.
1.2
Vortex Shedding
When Re > 40 the boundary layer over the cylinder surface will separate due to adverse
pressure gradient. This pressure gradient arise because of the divergent environment of the
flow at the rear side of the cylinder. The result of this is a shear layer. The boundary layer
along the cylinder contains a significant amount of vorticity. The vorticity will continue into
the shear layer downstream of the separation point and cause the shear layer to roll up into a
vortex.
1.3
GOVERNING EQUATION
The cornerstone of computational fluid dynamics is the fundamental governing equations of
fluid dynamics. Following fundamental laws can be used to derive governing differential
equations that are solved in a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).
conservation of mass
conservation of linear momentum
conservation of energy
In this project we'll consider the motion of single phase fluid (gas) and we'll treat them as
continuum. The three primary unknowns that can be obtained by solving these equations are:
velocity vector, v
pressure, P
temperature, T
But in the governing equation that we solve numerically following four additional variables
appear:
density,
enthalpy, h
viscosity,
thermal conductivity, k
1.4
Conservation of mass
+ . (
V )=0
t
D
)=0
+ ( .V
Dt
These equation are known to be conservative and non-conservative form of mass
conservation, respectively. Conservation form can be obtained by applying the underlying
physical principle to a fluid element fixed in space.
1.5
Equation for the conservation of linear momentum is also known as the Navier-Stokes
equation. It is can be write in forms:
( u ) + . ( h
V )= . + g
t
where
is density
u is flow velocity
p is the pressure
I
1.6
Conservation of energy
Energy equation can be write in the way of
h
D
+ . ( u u+ pI )=
+ . ( k T )+
t
Dt
where
h=e+ p / .
T is the absolute temperature and
2.0
OBJECTIVE
1. To study the flow around cylinder for 3 different Reynolds number
2. To related the study with the real situation
3.0
ASSUMPTION
1. Flow is steady
4.0
METHODOLOGY
A cylinder is designed using CAD software and analyse in CFD software. For
this project, Autodesk Inventor will be used to build up the model and the model will
be design according to the actual dimension to make sure it can produce an
approximately accurate. The cad design can refer to the appendix.
During this project, Star CCM+ will be used to analyse the model based on
two different value of input Reynolds number or velocity. The chosen Reynolds
number is 1000000 and 1000. The correspond velocity for the Reynolds number
calculated from Reynolds number equation before is:
Test 1: Reynolds number = 1000, Velocity = 0.05 m/s.
Test 2: Reynolds number = 100000, Velocity = 5 m/s
Test 3: Reynolds number = 1000000, Velocity = 50 m/s
By using Star CCM+, the boundary types of the cylinder and tunnel is set. The mesh
is generated by selecting meshing model which are surface remesher, tetrahedral mesher, and
prism layer mesher. The base size for overall mesh is 0.01m. The mesh around the cylinder
model is then redefined to 1.0
After that, physic model is being set up. Physic models define the primary
variables of the simulation, including pressure, temperature, and velocity, and the
mathematical formulation. The continua model that has been chosen is as below:
Physics model
Gas
Steady
Coupled energy
Coupled flow
Ideal gas
K-epilson two layer
Next, the most important part is setting the boundary condition. Although the concept
of a boundary type is fairly unambiguous, models need additional information to deal with
the type. The inlet conditions and values and the slip wall condition is then set.
Before running the simulation, the solver parameters and the stopping criteria is set in
order to define the maximum step. Report that defines the quantity of interest and the region
parts that are monitored also was being set up.
4.1
The wind tunnel dimension is follow as outlined in recent research which suggested more
than 5 d in the inflow direction, more than 15 d in the outflow direction, and more than 10 d
in the lateral direction. Where d is the diameter of the cylinder (Sato & Kobayashi, 2012).
Below is the picture of wind tunnel and cylinder that has undergone volume meshing proses
as stated in the methodology.
5.0
RESULT
5.1
10
Lift Coefficient
11
12
13
Lift Coefficient
14
5
Lift coefficient for test 2 is -2.44 E . The graph become stable after 700 iteration
5.3
15
16
The velocity that used in for Reynolds number 100000 is 50 m/s. The streamline for the
whole wind tunnel show a constant colour which is green and the streamline shows change in
colour around the cylinder. To analyse the flow, the picture is zoom in to get a clear view.
17
Lift Coefficient
5.0
DISCUSSION
From all three test that have been run, we can see that the pressure at wall for in test
3(Reynolds number =1000000) is the highest and cause wake region to occur. By theory, if
the there is any pressure different between wall and the air around it, it will create a
separation point and the wake region will occur (refer to figure 5.18) This explain why in test
1(Reynolds number = 1000) no separation point thus no vortex but in test 2 and test 3 has
separation point.
Drag value is increasing from test 1 to test 3 while the lift coefficient is decreasing.
18
19
Figure 5.19: Relationship between flow and Reynolds Number (elert, 2015)
Therefore, we compare the result from our simulation and the existing research. We have
chosen Reynolds number of 1000 for laminar flow and 1000000 for turbulent flow. Below is
the result from our simulation
20
From the simulation result, we can see for Reynolds number = 1000, the flow is laminar and
for Reynolds number 1000000 the flow is turbulent as there is vortex at the back of the
cylinder. Therefore the result from our simulation and existing research is same.
7.0
CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, we can say that the objective of this project has been achieved. We have
made a simulation of a cylinder in three different values of Reynolds numbers which is 1000,
100000 and 1000000. We also have made a comparison between existing researches on
cylinder and compare the result.
We also learn that at low Reynolds number, there is no wake region that occurs. As
the Reynolds number is increasing fixed pair of vortices forms in the wake of the cylinder,
and the length of the vortices will increase with increasing Re.
8.0
APPENDIX
21
22
9.0
REFERENCE