Professional Documents
Culture Documents
and
Fire Extinguishing
FIRE
WHAT IS FIRE?
Fire is a chemical process, which involves burning of
any substance (combustion).
The combustible material that burns with the help of
oxygen result in the production of heat & light, is
called FIRE
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Type of Sources
Examples
Smoking materials
Oil-fired boilers
Incinerators
Hot work such as flame cutting and gas
welding.
Hot surfaces
Hotplates
Heating pipes
Exhaust manifolds
Faulty machinery
Electric light bulbs
Sparks
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Electrical overheating
Spontaneous combustion
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TYPES OF FIRES
As of new definitions of IMO, May 2007, there are 6
types of fire onboard ships:
Class A: Fires that involve flammable solids such as
wood, cloth,paper and some plastics.
Class B: Fires that involve flammable liquids or
liquifiable solids such as petrol, oil, paint and some
waxes and plastics (BUT NOT cooking fats or oils).
Class C: Fires that involve flammable gases such as
methane propane hydrogen
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FIRE TRIANGLE
To understand how fire
extinguishers work, you
need to understand a
little about fire.
Fire is a very rapid
chemical reaction
between oxygen and a
combustible material,
which results in the
release of heat, light,
flames, and smoke.
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HEAT/ENERGY
FIRE TRIANGLE
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Remember:
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FIRE SPREAD
Fire spreads by
CONDUCTION: transfer
body.
CONVECTION: through
12
Conduction
Transfer of heat through a solid body such as
metals as a very good conductor of heat.
Since most ships are constructed by metal, heat
transfer by conduction is a potential hazard.
Fire can easily move from one compartment to
another, one deck to another, and one
compartment to another because of heat
conduction.
Heat is being conducted to the adjoining spaces by
the metal deck and bulkhead, then the bulkhead
paint is blistering (extremely hot) because
vapourization has already begun.
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CONDUCTION
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Radiation
Heat radiation is the transfer of heat from a source
across the space or travels outward from the fire in
the same manner as light in straight lines to
produce vapour and then igniting the vspour.
When contacts a body, it is absorbed, reflected or
transmitted. Absorbed heat increases the
temperature of the absorbing body.
Heat radiates in all directions unless it is
obstructed
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Convection
The transfer or carries of heat through a liquid or
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CONVECTION
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Themselves
Water
Other cargoes
Materials of the ship
Explosives
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
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FIRE DETECTION
Fire detection systems are compulsory in ships which have periodically
unattended machinery spaces.
A fire detection system consists of the following elements:
Human observation
Manual fire alarms
Sound
Smell
Taste
Touch
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Smoke Detectors
Ionization Detectors
The ionization detector contains a small
radioactive source that is used to charge
the air inside a small chamber. The
charged air allows a small current to cross
through the chamber and complete an
electrical circuit.
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Smoke Detectors
Photoelectric Detectors
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Type
AREA ( MAX)
DISTANCE
APART
Distance
From
Bulkhead
HEAT
37m2
9m
4.5m
SMOKE
74m2
11m
5.5m
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As shown,
detector heads
must be
positioned to
allow easy
passage of
combustion
products in all
fire scenarios
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HEAT DETECTION
BI METALLIC STRIP
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Heat Detectors
Heat detectors are normally used in
dirty environments or where dense
smoke is produced. Heat detectors
may be less sensitive, but are more
appropriate than a smoke detector
in these environments. The most
common heat detectors either react
to a broad temperature change or a
predetermined fixed temperature.
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Heat Detectors
Heat detectors use a set of
temperature-sensitive resistors called
thermistors that decrease in resistance
as the temperature rises. One
thermistor is sealed and protected from
the surrounding temperature while the
other is exposed. A sharp increase in
temperature reduces the resistance in
the exposed thermistor, which allows a
large current to activate the detector's
alarm.
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One effect that flaming fire has on the surrounding area is to rapidly
increase air temperature in the space above the fire. Fixedtemperature heat detectors will not initiate an alarm until the air
temperature near the ceiling exceeds the design operating point. The
rate-of-rise detector, however, will function when the rate of
temperature increase exceeds a predetermined value, typically
around 12 to 15'F (7 to 8'C) per minute. Rate-of-rise detectors are
designed to compensate for the normal changes in ambient
temperature that are expected under non-fire conditions.
Hochiki DSC-EA Heat Detector
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HEAT DETECTION
RATE OF RISE:
TWO BI METALLIC STRIPS
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Hochiki
Photoelectric/Heat
Smoke Detector
Combination Detector. A device that either responds to more than one of the fire
phenomena or employs more than one operating principle to sense one of these
phenomena. Typical examples are a combination of a heat detector with a smoke detector
or a combination of rate-of-rise and fixed temperature heat detector. This device has listings
Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
for each sensing methodMohd.
employed.
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Flame Detectors
Flame detectors are lineof-sight devices that look
for specific types of light
(infrared, visible,
ultraviolet) emitted by
flames during combustion.
When the detector
recognizes this light from
a fire, it sends a signal to
activate an alarm.
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INFRA RED
DETECTOR
Detects radiation in
a particular narrow
band flame
flicker
Can be confused by
flickering lights,
hence built in time
delay.
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Installation
For fire detection devices to give a prompt warning
of a fire, they must be appropriate for the location
you want to protect .
Detector selection
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Detector selection 1
Smoke detectors
Ionization or photoelectric smoke detectors are designed
to identify a fire during its smoldering or early flame
stages and will meet the needs of most areas containing
primarily wood, paper, fabric, and plastic materials.
During combustion, these materials produce a mixture of
smoke types with detectable levels of both large and
small smoke particles. Smoke detectors are suitable for:
Indoor areas with low ceilings such as offices, closets,
and restrooms.
Areas that are relatively clean with minimal amounts of
dust and dirt.
Areas that contain solid fuels like wood, paper, fabric,
and plastic materials.
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Detector selection 2
Heat detectors
Heat detectors are ideal for areas where flammable
gasses and liquids are handled or any area where a fire
will quickly cause a large change in the surrounding
temperature. Heat detectors are also suitable for:
Dirty, dusty or smoky environments.
Indoor areas without winds or drafts that can prevent
heat from reaching the detector.
Manufacturing areas where large quantities of vapors,
gases, or fumes may be present.
Areas where particles of combustion are normally
present, such as in kitchens, furnace rooms, utility rooms,
and garages or where ovens, burners or vehicle exhaust
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
gases are present.
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International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
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Detector selection 3
Flame detectors
Flame detectors are best for protecting:
Areas with high ceilings and open-spaces, such as
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hallway. You may need more than one detector per room for
those that exceed the manufacturer's spacing requirements.
For example, if your detector is rated for 30 feet, install
detectors so they are evenly spaced with no more then 30 feet
between detectors.
Place the detector as close to the center of the ceiling as
possible when only one detector is required in a room or
space.
Put at least one detector in each closet, elevator and other
enclosed spaces.
Place a detector at the top of each flight of stairs.
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TESTING A SMOKE
DETECTOR
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Class B Circuits
Class B Initiating Device Circuit
4.7K
EOLR
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Class B Circuits
Class B Initiating Device Circuit
4.7K
EOLR
4.7K
EOLR
Class B Notification Appliance Circuit
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Class A Circuits
Class A Initiating Device Circuit
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Class A Circuits
Class A Initiating Device Circuit
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Conventional Systems
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Conventional
Systems
Zone 1
4.7K
EOLR
Zone 2
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
FACP
SILENT KNIGHT
SILENT KNIGHT
SILENT KNIGHT
SILENT KNIGHT
SILENT KNIGHT
NAC 1
4.7K
EOLR
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Conventional
Systems
Zone 1
4.7K
EOLR
Zone 2
FIRE
FIRE
SILENT KNIGHT
NAC 1
4.7K
EOLR
77
Conventional
Systems
Zone #1
4.7K
EOLR
Zone #2
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
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Conventional Systems
Zone #1
4.7K
EOLR
Zone #2
FIRE!
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
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Conventional
Systems
Zone #1
4.7K
EOLR
Zone #2
NAC #1
4.7K
4.7K
EOLR
EOLR
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A simplified view of
the layout of a fire
detection system,
featuring
normal/emergency
power supply,
UPS,Loop,Zone
Indicators, Alarms,
Test switch and Fire
Zones.
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CABLE LAYOUT
LOOP and LINE monitoring
LOOP MONITORING
The continuity of the cable is
checked by both circuits a-d
and b-c.
In the event of either cable
failing due to damage the
an alarm sounds.
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CABLE LAYOUT
LOOP MONITORING
Failure modes-damage
causes open or short circuit
on cables.
Short circuit, no
discrimination between faults
and FIRE activation.
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CABLE LAYOUT
LOOP MONITORING
In each case faults must be
examined immediately
Whilst the fault condition exists
subsequent fire detection is
inhibited
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Line monitoring:
Damage to loop
Short circuit shuts down the system and gives Fire alarm.
Open circuit raises fault indication
Less reliable, harder to pinpoint faults but cheaper.
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C/E
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HANIF DEWAN
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FIRE MAIN
A sea water supply system to fire hydrants is fitted to every
ship. Several pumps in the engine room will be arranged to
supply the system, their number and capacity being dictated
by legislation (MCA for UK registered vessels as well as
LLOYDS RULES)
An emergency fire pump will also be located remote from the
machinery space and with independent means of power.
A system of hydrant outlets, each with an isolating valve,
located around the ship, and hoses with appropriate snap-in
connectors are strategically located together with nozzles.
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FIREMAIN LAYOUT
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INTERNATIONAL
SHORE
CONNECTION
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INTERNATIONAL
SHORE
CONNECTION
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HEAD is pressurised by
Fresh water
BULB keeps
valve closed.
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FRESHWATER SPRINKLER
SYSTEM
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SPRINKLER HEADS
The different colours denote different operating temperatures,
but the alcohol is the same, only the size of the air bubble
changes.
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EXPANSION
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HIGH FOG
Cool and smother, using the latent heat properties of water to
cool, and expansion into steam to temporarily remove oxygen.
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FOG
SPRINKLERDROPLETS
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SMOTHERING
Removal of Oxygen
FOAM
Simple foam
installation,with
seawater mixing with
foam compound(usually
protein).
Not much to go wrong!
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Exact metering of
foam compounds
and water.
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SMOTHER
INERT GASES to TEMPORARILY or PERMANENTLY remove OXYGEN
from the seat of the fire
Temporary-discharge of CO2 from storage
Permanent-use of Inert gas generator to blanket a space or cargo tank.
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20
15
Inert
10
10%
Inflammable zone
5
2%
10
15
20
% O2 in mixture
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20
15
Inert
10%
10
Inflammable zone
5
2%
10
15
20
% O2 in mixture
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20
15
Inert
10%
10
Inflammable zone
5
2%
10
15
20
% O2 in mixture
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20
15
Inert
10%
10
Inflammable zone
5
2%
10
15
20
% O2 in mixture
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Release cabinets for the ER system are located outside the engine room door
and in the CO2 room.
Release cabinets for the hold system are located on the bridge and in the CO2
room
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A method of
storage developed
in the 1980s was
the use of
refrigerated low
pressure storage
in a single
container rather
than ambient high
pressure storage
in large amounts
of bottles.
A second
discharge is
available by using
the hot gas from
the refrigeration
circuit to boil the
remaining CO2 gas
out.
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Safe use of CO2 :Ventilation fans off, space sealed, machinery stopped, tanks
isolated.
Total head count.
CO2 released on masters command.
Boundary cooling set up.
Space remains sealed until steady temperature drop recorded
over a period of 2 hours.
Safety of Re-entry:
B.A. team re-enter machinery space and damp down hot spots.
Re-entry should be from the top entrance.
Ventilation fans restarted (extraction fan).
Atmosphere tested with O2 meter throughout space
Boundary cooling should be continued to stop re-ignition
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MAIN BOILER
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MAIN BOILER
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NO FIRE
Safe Ship
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8%
Inerted Condition
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CHAINBREAKERS
HALON
Still legal under IMO legislation
but not UK legislation ( or other
EU countries plus CANADA)
NOVEC 1230 is an approved
drop in replacement.
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CHAINBREAKERS
Originally only Halon, ( see MGN 258). Alternative environmentally friendly
gasses now available include:Novec 1230.
FM200.
Halotron 11 B.
These gasses act by blanketing (excluding oxygen at the seat of the fire)
and cooling but some (NOVEC1230) also disrupt the chemical chain
reaction of combustion.
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Water
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Foam
Dry Powder
CO2
Halocarbon
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C/E
HANIF DEWAN
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WATER EXTINGUISHER
Extinguish fire by cooling
the surface of the fuel to
remove the "heat"
element of the fire
triangle.
It is designed for Class
A (wood, paper, cloth,
rubber, and certain
plastics) fires only.
C/E
HANIF DEWAN
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WATER EXTINGUISHER
Important:
Never use water to extinguish flammable liquid
fires. Water is extremely ineffective at
extinguishing this type of fire and may make
matters worse by the spreading the fire.
Never use water to extinguish an electrical fire.
Water is a good conductor and may lead to
electrocution if used to extinguish an electrical
fire. Electrical equipment must be unplugged
and/or de-energized before using a water
extinguisher on an electrical fire.
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C/E
HANIF DEWAN
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160
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C/E
HANIF DEWAN
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C/E
HANIF DEWAN
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C/E
HANIF DEWAN
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C/E
HANIF DEWAN
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Fire Blanket
Fires in small utensils containing cooking fats can be
extinguished by smothering with Asbestos blanket
or door mat (which has been wetted first!). Normally
use to extinguish class K type of fire.
C/E
HANIF DEWAN
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incipient stage.
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C/E
HANIF DEWAN
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C/E
HANIF DEWAN
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Basic principles
structural boundaries
Separate accommodation spaces from the remainder by
thermal and structural boundaries
Restricted use of combustible materials
Fire detection in the origin zone
Containment and extinction of any fire in the origin space
Protection by means of escape / access for fire fighting
purposes
Readily available of fire-extinguishing appliances
Minimise possibility of ignition of flammable cargo vapour
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Class divisions
176
Non-combustible material
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lass di isio
ulkhead a d de k
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lass di isio
ulkhead a d de k
more than:
temperature
Class A-60
Class A-30
Class A-15
Class A- 0
60 min
30 min
15 min
0 min
lass di isio
temperature
Class B- 0
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15 min
0 min
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
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B lass di isio
li i gs o t/
ulkhead, de k, eili g o
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Accommodation Spaces
cabins,
offices, hospitals, cinemas, games and
hobbies rooms, barber shops, pantries containing no
cooking appliances and similar spaces.
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Public Spaces
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185
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either:
propulsion
Internal combustion machinery used for other than
main propulsion where such machinery has an
aggregate total power output > 375 kW (500 hp)
any oil-fired boiler or oil fuel unit or equipment other
than boiler, such as inert gas generator, incinerator,
waste disposal units, etc
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WATERTIGHT
DOOR
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Watertight doors
Design to prevent the water movement thru the doorway
Must match with bulkhead connected
3 classes of WTD:
Class 1 :manually operated hinged door
doors
Class 3 : manually & power operating sliding door
freely
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Fire dampers
fusible link
Air temperature above 74 or 100C will melt the fusible
link closing damper
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flammable range
Accepted for fire smothering purposes in dry cargo
holds
14% CO2, 1% O2, 85% N2, remaining trace
elements
No cooling effect, reignition must avoided
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Nitrogen
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Methods of communication
available
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Telephones
Loud hailers
Direct speech - bridge to MCR
Hand-held radio telephones
Messengers
200
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Dry powder
Carbon dioxide
Halon
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Dry powder
Carbon dioxide
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Foam system
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signal codes
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first aid
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PART A - GENERAL
Reg. 1 Application
1. Application
2. Applicable requirements to existing ships
3. Repairs, alterations, modifications and outfitting
4. Exemptions
5. Applicable requirements depending on ship type
6. Application of requirements for tankers
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Functional Requirements
Division of the ship into main vertical and horizontal
zones with structural and thermal boundaries
Separation of the accommodations from the remainder of
the ship with structural and thermal boundaries
Restricted use of combustible materials
Detection of any fire in the zone of origin
Containment and extinguishing of any fire in the
compartment of origin
Protection of the means of escape and access for
firefighting
Fire firefighting appliances available and ready
Minimize the possibility of ignition of flammable cargo
vapor
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Some Definitions
Accommodation Spaces - spaces used for public spaces,
corridors, lavatories, cabins, offices, hospitals, cinemas,
game and hobby rooms, barber shops, pantries containing
no cooking appliances and similar spaces
Category A Machinery Spaces are the spaces and the
trunks for the spaces that contain:
Internal combustion engines used for propulsion
Other internal combustion engines that all together have a
total power > 375 kW
Any oil fired boiler or other oil burning equipment (inert
gas generators, incinerators, etc.)
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Some Definitions
Non-Combustible Materials - materials that do
not burn or release flammable vapors up to 750 C,
during the standard fire test.
Standard Fire Tests - tests carried out in a oven,
in which parts of the relevant bulkheads or deck
are raised to temperatures corresponding to the
standard time-temperature curve. The tested parts
must:
Have an exposed area not less than 4.65 m2 and
height (or length)
not less than 2.44 m.
Include a joint (where appropriate)
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Some Definitions
AfterTemperature:
5 min 556C
10 min 659C
15 min 708C
30 min 823C
60 min 925C
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Some Definitions
Class A Divisions
Built in steel or other equivalent material
Suitably stiffened
Built to be capable of preventing the passage of smoke and
flame to the end of the one-hour
Insulated with approved non-combustible materials such that
the average temperature of the unexposed side will not rise
more than
140C above the origin al temperature, nor will the temperature,
at any one point, including any joint, rise more than 180C
above the original temperature, within the following time
intervals:
A60 - 60 min.
A30 - 30 min.
A15 - 15 min
A0 - 0 min. Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
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Class B Divisions
Constructed of approved non-combustible materials
Built to avoid the passage of flames during at least 30
minutes of the standard test
Insulated such that the average temperature of the
unexposed side will not rise more than 140 C, nor will
the temperature at any one
point, including any joint, rise more than 225C above the
original temperature, after:
B15 - 15 min.
B0 - 0 min.
Class C Divisions
Constructed of approved non-combustible materials,
without any particular requirements.
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226
227
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
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Containment of Fire
1. Purpose
2. Thermal and structural boundaries
3. Penetration in fire resisting divisions and
prevention of heat transmission
4. Protection of openings in fire-resisting divisions
5. Protection of openings in machinery spaces
boundaries
6. Protection of cargo space boundaries
7. Ventilation systems
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Fire Fighting
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Purpose
Water supply systems
Portable fire extinguishers
Fixed fire extinguishing systems
Fire-extinguishing arrangements in machinery spaces
Fire extinguishing arrangements in control stations,
accommodation and service spaces
7. Fire extinguishing arrangements in cargo spaces
8. Cargo tank protection
9. Protection of cargo pump-rooms in tankers
10. Fire-fighters outfits
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232
Fire Pumps
Capacity of the Fire Pumps (cont.)
Each of the required fire pumps (other than any
emergency pump required for cargo ships) shall
have a capacity >= 80% of the total required
capacity divided by the minimum number of
required fire pumps
None of the pumps may have a capacity <
m3/h.
Each pump must capable in every circumstance, of
delivering the two water jets required.
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FIRE MAINS
Diameter of the Fire Mains
Shall be sufficient for the effective
distribution of the maximum required
discharge from 2 fire pumps operating
simultaneously,
In cargo ships the diameter need only be
sufficient for the discharge of 140 m3/h.
Pressure in the Fire Mains
Cargo Ships GRT < 60000.25 N/mm2
GRT > 60000.27 N/mm2
With two pumps in simultaneously
delivering water, it must capable of
guaranteeing the following pressures in
any adjacent hydrants
Passenger Ships
0.30 N/mm2
GRT 4000
0.40 N/mm2
Cargo Ships
GRT < 6000
GRT > 6000
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0.25 N/mm2
0.27 N/mm2
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FIRE PUMPS
Arrangement of Fire Pumps and Fire Mains
Minimum number of pumps, independently driven:
Only 1 needs to be independently driven
Passenger Ships
Cargo Ships
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GT >= 4000
GT < 4000
GT >= 1000
GT < 1000
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d<5m
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(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
Control Stations( 1)
A0
A0
A60
A0
A15
A60
A15
A60
A60
B0
B0
B0
A60
A0
A60
A0
B0
B0
A60
A0
A60
A0
B0
B0
A60
A0
A60
A0
A60
A0
A60
A0
A0
A0
A60
A0
A0
A0
A60
A0
Corridors (2)
Accommodation Areas
(3)
Stairs (4)
Low Risk Service
Spaces(5)
Machinery Spaces
Category A (6)
Other Machinery
Spaces (7)
Cargo Pump Room (8)
High Risk Service
Spaces (9)
Open decks (10)
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Fireman Outfit:
In general, the ship shall have at least 2 fireman
outfits
Passenger ships shall have 2 more outfits for each
80 m of length of the passenger spaces and service
spaces
Passenger ships with N > 36 shall have 2 more
outfits for each vertical zone
Tankers shall have 2 additional outfits
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Structural Integrity:
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BULKHEADS/DECKS IN ALUMINUM:
Bulkheads/Decks Class A and Class B
When the bulkheads are built in aluminum, the ratio between the
minimum requirements for plate and stiffener dimensioning can
be obtained from the requirements for the steel, through the
factors of the table:
Steel
Plate thickness (t)
1.4 x t
2.8 x I
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Aluminum
2.35 x W
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Part D Escape
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Means of Escape:
The o je ti e is to p o ide ea s of es ape so that pe so s
onboard can safely and swiftly escape to the lifeboat and liferaft
embarkation deck
At least
idel sepa ated a d ead ea s of es ape shall e
provided from all spaces or group of spaces
Lifts shall ot e o side ed as fo i g o e of the ea s of
escape required
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Machinery Spaces
Shall have 2 separate means of escape composed by steel
stairs, as far apart from each other as possible
One of the stairs shall provide continuous protection against fire,
from the lower part of the space up to a safe place, located
outside the space.
Corridors
Dead end corridors shall not have a length greater than
Ships with more than 36 passengers: 36 m
Ships with less than 36 passengers: 7 m
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The layout of the stairways shall provide the access from all the
accommodation areas and from areas where the crew is normally,
means of escape to the exposed deck and from there to the life
boats.
At all levels of accommodation there shall be at least 2 widely
separated means of escape, for each restricted space or group of
spaces.
Below the lowest open deck, the main escape way will be a
stairway and the second escape may be a trunk or a stairway.
Above the lowest open deck the escape ways shall be
stairways or doors to an open deck.
No dead-end corridors with length > 7 m will be acceptable.
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FIRE EXTINGUISHING
Vehicle spaces and Ro-Ro spaces which are not special category
spaces and are capable of being sealed from a location outside of the
cargo spaces shall be fitted with a fixed gas fire-extinguishing system,
except that:
If a CO2 system is fitted,
the quantity of gas available shall be at least sufficient to give a
minimum volume of free gas equal to 45% of the gross volume of the
largest cargo space which is capable of being sealed, and the
arrangements shall be such as to ensure that at least 2/3 of the gas
required for the relevant space shall be introduced within 10 min
Any other fixed inert gas system or fixed high expansion foam system
may be fitted provided the Administration is satisfied that an equivalent
protection is achieved
As an alternative, an approved fixed pressure water spraying system
may be fitted.
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Any Question?
Thank you!
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