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ACKNOWLEDGEMET{TS
: ludith Massey,Montague Keen,
Richmond, David Guyatt,Tim Col
ounuinHighflaps%opynght @1993DigidWu
Pkture lrbnry.InsetPeterf'lenzel/Saence
Phot
andhs. Roblalbot/Iony Stone.
liketo thankall tfiostwhohelpedi
.X factor. :
Redoish.
Yincent ProfessorHans
Drhckf,ater,Bnivtn
Hams.
Sbekfui+ Jeffrry
BuitdingtG
.:ii:,:,:.
pollution and breaking it down
into its original elements: lead and
carbon. US economist David
Friedman has envisaged a world
where, 'food machines would be
provided as a free amenity' and
'raw materials, except for very
large objects like planets,will cost
a l mos tz er o. . .
In short, nano-utopia could be
just around the corner. It sounds
too good to be lrue: plenty of food
to go round, good health, a rool
over everyone'shead, and as much
leisure time as you want.
) Nonotechnologistsenvisoge o
R EO RDE RI NG M O tE C U tES future in which micro-robotsore smoll
It is not surprising that Drexler's enough to irovel rhrough the
ideas have been met with scorn by bloodstreom,os depicted in fhe 1987
some other scientists.After all, lilm lnnerspacelinsel), where they con
what he was proposing was almost corry our inlernol body repoirs.
like playing God. And yet
nanotechnology, the science that other biomolecules,' he has said.
D re x ler has helpe d l o c re a l e .i s If human cells could reproduce
based on ideas that are already well according to a genetic blueprint
j
g acceptedin other scientific areas, inherited from our parents, he
5
such as genetics. mused, why could molecules not betlveen grass and beefsteak.
It was about 8Qyears ago when be programmed to do the same? C a l l e d t h e 'M e a t M a c h i n e ',
Drexler first began to wontler
whether scientistscould
manufacture things the way that
does . ' S ome d me i n 1 9 7 6 ,
o king seriously about 'ltea in a similar way? speciallyprogrammed assemblers,
z what you ' One of Drexler's earliest ideas lhese raw materlals\vould
design protein molecules and was to cut out the 'middle man' eventuallyturn into fresh beell ,.-.4 ..:a.
Scepticsmieht stop and think
about how this sane process
happens in nature. The cow eats
grass.di gestsi t arrd ttrrrrsi t inlo
muscl ew i thorrt arrvi ntcrve r r t ion
from outside. Its own molecules,
like Drexler's assemblers,are
programmed to create a particular
product. \Ahich is more
unD el l evaD l ei
:SJJJ:$jS*3H***cJ:_
A few years after Drexler began
to develop his radical and
unsettling ideas about changing
and re-assemblingmolecules in
different forms, scientistsmoved
nanotechnology a step further.
The Scanning Tunnel
Microscope (STM), which has a tip
only one atom wide, was designed
structures, and to make atoms
behavei n certai n w ays.The next
stage was to think about what they
could do with their discoveries,
D rexl er' s pl an w asthat ti ny
assemblerswould work to control
other tiny tools, like pistons and .
cogs.W orki rrgi n partnershipwit h
hundreds, perhaps even millions,
of other assembl ers. they w o uld
build structures and products
atom by atom.
_- MOTE C U LE C ON TR OL
d
As Drexler once said, anyone who
o makesvogurt i s demonstratingt hat
-o
c
self-replication rvorks. It is a short
step from the growth of penicillin
; and other moulds to the idea that
o
j
= properly charged and controlled
I
o
molecules could build a house, or
.9
a car. A nd i nsteadof bui l di n g it
out of crude materials that are
o
N
o difficult and expensive to create,
:
assemblerswould work with
'
natural molecules.
rrl 1!S1 at IBM's ResearchLabs. It rearrange atoms in new and As genetic engineers have
r'orl,s br 'pushing things around different ways.Compare this to alreadydiscovered.it is perfectly
iiiie a cue hirting billiard and modern manufacturing methods, possible to grow a new living being
snooker balls,' saysRiehard which move huge groups of atoms
Palmer" a professor of physics at (in the form of sheet metal, or
thr L-nirersin'of Birmingham. nuts and bolts) around to build
D:storering that scientistscould machines, and such techniques
p'-.:l et,rms off the tip when they start to look crude and inflexible.
33 lt M IC R O .E N GIN E E R IN G
Scientistsbegan to imagine
lfs effects will how much more detailed
be felr fhroughout manufacturing could be if single
so(iety - from medicine molecules could be assembled
l o m q n u fociur:ng to quickly and easily into the right
h e ol i ng th e environmenf structures.
l' ' :-: l':.:' \:- :- cio n e e r In addition, they realized that
raw materials are also made out of
ll\
7' molecules.Just as when the atoms
in grass,air and water are
att,echti --he:,ro,".. '-' :he rearranged to create beef, so could
nrrg1rl!Lrrp-. >-ir:----tr:.:erljzei ther the carbon atoms in graphite be
carild p lacc ai',:-l: '". her er e: : her rearranged to make a diamond.
rn'anie(i ir,'" Br. norv, Drexler's ideas were
. \ ie rr re ar: lrter. I B\ l s c r ent i> : s beginning to look lessand less
lrsed an ST\I ro arrln{c .l-i 3;'-,1115 far-fetchecl.h-r theory, scientists
of renon to iorm rhe IB\I 1,-'i,'. alreadv hacl the abilitv to create
Br-rilcling on these discorelies. ditferent materialsout of ran-
other scientists realized that ir ria-s c o m p o n e nts.to moY eatoms
r-rorr'phlsicalh' possible to arorrnd to form different
i-'r-.--
of a single cell. as in in riLro
ic-:'r:iization( [\T) treatments.Food
3-neticistshar-ealso found waysto
'grori' anirnalsand vegetablesfiom
odginal molecules.
\anotechnology takes those
ideasfurtheq becauseit can be
r-rsedin so many different rvavs.
One of the most important areas
rvill be in medicine. Like the tiny
sp a c es hipir r t he 1 9 6 6m o ri e
Fantastic Volage,assemblers lr,'ill be
able to mo\re around the body and
digest or eliminate malfunctioning
cells. They will be able to iclenti!,'
problems in the bloodstream, the
lungs or the heart, and report back
to controlling computers.
Scientistsare already r'vorking on
materials called polymers, lvhich
can be etched with tiny lines by a
very small microscope. These can
then be placed around damaged
tendons inside the bodv, where
I
th e y help t he t end o n to g ro rr a g a i n =
j
!
along the grooves. o
.9
H UM A N RE P A IR S
N
Looking further into the ftiture,
scientists believe that assemblers d
!l
A CAUIIOUS .q :sjrs*""L"g_q**:I"L9g*
flbh *tedde, who $ Brit not evervthing in the salclen
*oricd ecgireering qnd is o moior o
'8.. of nano-r.rtopia is rosr'. Dt'exler's
fi$rG ir tle cryonks movemeil,,',,,,::-: critics argtre that the
Gry.€fsg s rnorre csutious yierv of. ". n a n o t e c h n o l o g i s t s c o n r e n i e n tl v
*dmology. 'The serious gloss or,er hou- asscnrblers receive
rimffit Sresfion d lhis pgtaf ,ir t h e i r i n s t l r r c r t i o n s . i r n c l h o ri th e l
for hng b*i* *ke to &*dop
are fuellccl.
m**rdog1r srd whar is *e bir of
scienlists T h e c l i f T c l c n c c b c t r 'c c r l i r co \\'
best drd far gFtling fhere,' soys
rlksrllilc. rAo lE *rorked ot ftre the literctrrii.,'but the ones who,,:.r-: i u r c l t l r e \ I e : r r \ l . i r h : r r c l r tl r a t th e
Icrcl: Fdo Alo ks€orch Center in knew whol's going on oll seem lo c o r r 'l t a ' 1 . 1 t . L l k , , f l : t t . . r n c1i s
(dfrnic" o hd+srre of, new ogree ffiot this is o developmeni -l)l i, r r'trrttrt-.r-tl tr I 91'1-111'.
gelt cti c.111\
whkh connot be svoided.' r tr '.
teg.f nesccd- Thcrc's still o T he c l Lffc l r ':tr r c c tl .tll
tr5
e**
{ The Mobile Robot Loborqtory ot
MIT hos produced o number of robot
insecls designed fo perform simple
tosks during lfie course of their
nonote<hnology reseorch.
33 1t nanotechllologr to create
terri$ring 1te1'.\\'ar .rachiues?
be as likely as a car - just by
acciclent, in the garage - being
Ns n o t e c h n o l o g y l o o ks The US has alreacll callecla hish able to wean itself from its diet of
f e o s i b l e b u t i s b o re l y level Senatemeeting to cliscussthe gasoline and transmission fluid
o u t o f t h e d re o mi n g possibilityof dissolvingenenr\ arrd go out and l i re on tree sa p in
tanks with nano-bots. the l ' i l d.'
s t o g e . . . T he re q re
Scientistshave alreadr
hur d l e s , b o f h te ch n i co l NO TU R N IN G BACK
considered the risks associatecl
o n d e c o n o mi c with nanotechnologr', and
- - :'::-:-::-
\-et rrould Einstein have progressed
l - v s cisl o n d Wr ile r
concluded that its benefits u itl-r l-ristheor-r'of r-elatir-iq.if he
n\ outweigh possible drawbacks. For' could have foleseen Hiroshima
,, example, scientistscould set a limit ancl \agasaki? As n'ith Pandora's
on the number of replications an box. the licl is already off
assemblercould perform. rrarrol echrrol ogr and al l i ts po ssible . ....,ti.,
In any case,the benefits we rvill ramifications.There is no turning .,
s e e fro m nanotechnol ouyi rr back. Our only hope is that we can
the foreseeable futr-rreare more continue to use nanotechnology
\trli ,-1.- -
likely to come from the for the greatergood of Mankind.
-
\\ f-.i- 11 development of tiny medical A nd for al l thosew ho fi nd t he
a r -- i rrs tru m e n l sengagedi n repai ri ng concept too incredible to accept,
-:rLi
cells than from self-assembling nanotechnol ogyi s taken very
spacerockets and houses. seri ousl yby mul ti nati onal
NANOWEAPONRY Drerler himself has said, 'For corporations and government
There . l r e f L l : : : r t : ' 1 , , , - r :' "' ::r i an indlrstrial replicator designed researchbodies. One report
.. :.. ^ .. ., u I . I.uel and raw
O lir. l:
:'-' ' 1 1 f i ' . . i l s . l''*-:.,
- - . : - . - :::. ' r r :- .l- - .. -r
| | rPqldtq rrt d \4 t estimates that the industrv could
t:.
tecilnolr'r!,-1.Hum.rn n:ilrtre berr : n.rter-r:rls.fol that to accidentally be rvorth f40 billion bv the 1'ear
.,:,.::
..:::l:':,:,-
r.hat it is. ho ri d o rre k nor . t har ' : 1' 11ir l o : r l e r r l i e r r o r t l r a t 's a b l e t o 20 10.C l el rrl \.l hel ' e i s nrrl re F- -
rr'arlike nations \\'ould not use s ur t ir . e in r r a n r r e . r r e l l . t h a t x - o u l d
":'"t:'' ..
to i t tharr sci errcefr.,i orr. il3
.'
:::
: ,t,t)
t.',
'.,:a::
=.::::'
IT HAS SuCCEsSFUttY
tocATEDWATERIN ARID
IAND AND PTNPOINTED THELOCATTON
OF OtL,
GOID AND oTHERPREcIoUSMINERATS.RESEARCH
sHows THATDOWSTNGWORKS,BUTAREWE
ANY CLOSER TO UNDERSTANDIruC
WUV?
owsing could be the onlv regions. These are areas rvhere resultsastonishedpeople like
area of the paranormal that rvater supplies are inadequate, Dr Hansjorg Elshorst,the GTZ
is commercially important. unreliable, impure and available manager, and Professor Hans
x It has a practical use, and its only seasonalll'.The team also Berckhemer, head of the earth
..iccess rate can be measured and operates u'here surface lvater sciencesdepartment at the.fohann
. ,strc1.This is r,hy Hans-Dieter sources or shallorvwells are too \Abll-gang Goethe-Urriversity.
3tiz. :r phlsics prof'essor at the distant to be used. These were not wells that could
.r:i:' ig \l:rximilians University in have becn sunk anl.where in order
"
l.l .: .:r, be ca me i nv olv ed. He AMA Z ING SUCCESS to tap the vast underground
',
-r ' I :, r krrorr' pleciseh' horv Aicl agencies have had limited reservoirs, called aquifers. On the
. . i-i_i , , ,L rlcllo c at e r r . at er 70 success using orthodox means to contrary, these boreholes l.radto
- :. t', , ,,' ,11 'O c k - s t f e\ \ ' lldes ef t . locate ground &'ater running deep be drilled into fractured rock
belorv the surface in geologicallv formations where \\,ater rllns at a
. - :- a i, ] iLr lt c t ior t r |it l- i clifficr-rlt areas. Schroter's dowsing, considerable depth tl.rrouel'r
' :.. \ on the other hand, has been narro\r-cracks,or fissules.In such
-r
('tl-lll.ltl\"\
-
:. - spectacrrlarlv successful. conditions, a nornral failure rate
-
Over- a large, clrv area of Sri shoulclbe rr.ellabove 5() per cent.
:'- I . ; r nk a. i r 'h e l e n t : r p s a n d \ - e g e t a t i o n The nronetarr sari nq:rr 'eLe
' :. . - . . r t ' l: n 't f e r r ' c l L L e s S . c h r - o t e r - 's huge. si l rceti re al tel nati ve r r - ouid
- r . , : : : ir ': . 1 c ctLj t r l r 'c 1 l - t o s u p l t h have i nrohed tcn tl ntesthe cost .
' . . . . . , . . . . T l - r c S 'r L C C ct:i:L t e \ \ . i \ purnpi ng anclpul i fvi nq \fa t er f r om
. . t . , " t r r 'ar , - t : : - . T l r c ., : .r r r r- ktl l .,t. rr. Tl rt: .tL c teS S i S
-
that dowsing was Wing Commander Beadon also tells
practised well before of how he was accusedof being a spy
this time. by a large oil company after he told
In the US, it is them where to drill for oil. The advice
sometimes called he gave them about where to drill was
water-witching and so accurale they refused to believehii
has frequently been know l edgew asobtai ned thro ugh
associatedwith the clowsing alone.
occult. Despite Beadon believes the ability to dowse
charges that it is within us all, but that there are those
is sophisticated who have a special talent for it. This
self-delusion or fraud, talent, he says,originates in the more
dowsing is more widely intuitive, riqht-side of the brain.
practised than many
would imagine.
World-famous
psychic Uri Celler is
{ lr is in regions like reputed to have earned huge fees
the lorgely feolureless adr-isinginternational mineral
terroin of Third World companies where to drill for
counlries thot Hqns valuable resources.He dowses
Schriiter (inset) cnd his Llsinga map, concentrating on
teom look for wofea each area of the map until he feels
Normol methods of that a particular area will
detecfing low-lying prove a rich source of oil,
sources of woier hove gold or minerals.
led to o lot of expensive Geller sometimes dowses
foilures. The successrole from the air, flying over an
of Schriiter's dowsing area alrd tuning in to
discoveries hos been r-ibrationsu'hich indicate
of greot benefit to the presence of minerals in
people living in these the grour-id below.
so
semi:orid qreos.
: DOWSING FOR WATER
not a fluke because it has been Ferr'archeologists deny that
re p e a t edby S c hr ot e r' sl e a m i n dorr'sir-rg has been used to discover
Namibia, the Sinai, Kenya, the the precise location and outline of
Yemen, Niger, the Congo and the long-buried buildings. Even water
Dominican Republic. companies in the UK quietly
Schroter's abilities pose a huge acknorr'ledgehaving used dowsers.
challenge to orthodox science. He It has even been suggestedthat :E
.9
has been able to pinpoint with a there are vast resen'es of oil
precision measured in centimetres beneath \\'indsor Castle.
-
rather than metres, not just where Wing ComrnarrderClive
to drill, but to what depth. He has Beadon dou-sedusing a
also found water sources that map of the area around the
assllre a sufficient yield for local Castle, a pendulum and a
requirements. small sample of oil. He
predicted that there would
AN CI E NT A RT be between 220 and340
The phenomenon of dowsing was m i l l i o n l i tres of oi l i n a si te
first mentioned in Gerrrran near the Castle. But drilling,
textbooks on mineral development Beadon says,could damage
back in the 15th century. There is London's underground water
even evidence - from wall supplies, so we may have a long
p a i n tings .s t elaeand ma n u s c ri p ts- wait to find out if he is risht.
E
Hundrcds of inr,estip4atiotrs have
been conducted into dorvsitrgover
the past 150 'r'cnrs.Until thc r-estrlts
of Betz's tesl.swcre publishcclitr W:
1995,none hacl provicleclsufficient
evidence to or,errvhelm the deeplv
i:
e rttr enc lt eddot t lr l . o l tc i t ttti s ts .
Trvo reasons are put forrvzrrclbl'
clorvsingpractitior)elsfirr past
failed expcrinrents.One is that,
lvhile the technique of dou,sirtg
can tireoreticallvbe learned and
$ .1trcffi
We m u st occepf
d owsin g q s o fqct. lf is
useless to work
e xp e r im e n fs merely to
Prove its exisfence
- it exists
Ch o r l e s R i c h e t ,F r e nchScie n ttst
,,
':.1 .
PENDUT UM PION EE R
The most celebratedpractitioner
of dowsing by studying the
movements of a pendulum was
Cambridge academic Tom C.
Lethbridge, who began his studies
in the 1930s.
At first, Lethbridge was
convinced that the rods were
responding to subtle
electromagneticfields. But in a
lengthy series of trial and error
experiments, he found that the
iength of the penduh-rm
determined what substancewould
be fbuncl. He created a table of
verv precise measurements
sholving, fbr example, that a
22-inch length would reveal the
existenceof silver or lead, while
iron clemanded a 32-inch stretch,
but sulphur a mere 7 irrches.
) In the Solomon lslonds, Uri Geller's
dowsing resulted in the successful
mining of gold ond diomonds. Driving
over on oreo (inset) is often enough
for him to pinpoint o locqtion.
More orthodox methods of than graviry or magnetism is, and Hol-ever. mrrcl.r of ihis is
detection have been employed by a was not necessarilybeyond the Lrnprovelr ancl Profes:or Recldish's
former Scottish Astronomer-Royal, bounds of physics. conclnsions ale b:rseclon a strictly
Professor Vincent Reddish of Reddish suggeststhat there is a
22
I
n\
,,
limited range of tests and
conditions. But these testscannot
account tbr the detecti on st t ccesses
of rvater explorers like Har-rs
Schroter or the distant abilities of'
map dowsers.
Perhaps Schroter's greatest clairn
to fame will prove to be his role in
forcing the sceptical scier.rtihc
establishment to devise a rvider
range of dowsing trials. Then rve
might be able to understancl rnore
about the conditions rtuder rvhich
dowsingworks, atrd detertnine
r,vhetherit is a mental or
physicalphenomenort
:
SFIOOTII{G
Txr camERA
NEvER
uEs,
BUT DO NUMEROUS
ffi,,
'ffi
jii:
iiiii
,*
) Tle infomous Alex Birch
ptro*qroph of 1962 wos
hooxed by poiniing block
blcbs on fo o pone of
gloss. The only ofher
elemenl of the photogroph
is s few iree bronches, so
phorogrophic onolysts hod
s
=
!
Sffi 1r
nothing fo help iudge fhe ! Of course if ir possible to
siie of the 'UFOs' or their = fske IUFO phologrophsl,
distonce from the comero.
:o
The cdoge fhot the comero
'.Ihe X Factor reproduced o connot lie wqs disproved os
-(_)
,hr.,own version of the
-g
soon os it wqs invented
Birch plotogroph (inser) ro € Nick Popg,rr Secretoriot(Air Stoff)2A
lr:r'rr'::
show thqt once there is q o
icme of reference in lhe
shot, such os o building,
E
E
''UFF
o
cnclysts con more eosily o
p
define size qnd distonce.
the smattering of dark blobs otr a grainv The Alex Birch revelation stung the UFO
picture of the sky:Like so manv others before c o m r n r r r r i q . ( i r r i d e l i r r e s\ ^ c r e s e t u p t o i r r ve sti -
it, the case entered UFO folkl<-rre as an gate photographic cases,and these have been
unsolved myster)'. constantly refined and improvcd. It soon
This one, however,wasall too solvable.Ten became obvious that m:rny photos of rvhat
yearslater, the now adult Alex Birch clecicled purported tci be UFOs r,vcre reallr' no sttclt
to confess.The photograph r,vasa trick. He thing. There wcre other hoaxes. of course.
h:,rclpainted a fen crude UFOs on to a sheet But most of the confitsion stetnmecl from
ol slass.propped this up in the sarden and what are trorr' tet'tnecl 'acciclctltlrl firkes'.
r>lrotri{r'apheclthe skr'. Tl-re restrlt vaguelv A canrera rr'olks muclr like the htttnatr eye,
:'r'.cDblcrl \l)irceshiPS
floating in rt'ricl:rir'. lecolcLing rr hr,rtii 1lreseut brtt open to clecep-
r i o n . - \ r r ' l i g h t c a r r e l l i l e a r s t r a r ) g e .e sp e ci a l l ,v
.- r 'h c : r . h i r i n , : t i r r o L L g h n r i s t - f i 1 l e c ls k i e s. If a
- , . . r . : r c . .r . r 'c 'e c 1 i 1l or o l e c l i n t o b e l i e v i n g th i s i s
e sg ., L-F(). ijrelr a canrera rr-ill fare tro belter.
${fint
hls
L lGF
tlStlqlld the
ilq7*rirc,glo\rir€
tu*rdc.rhe rnosf
€bFdF o beseen ar |lre
bgE, ra' rhe eddr's lsizon
ftc tmognified lmoges {f;e
obied npvirg io rhe lc*tf }
rcneen b A.p by o fiodrof ft
a+drtren dugEs &eobn i2; onci
occ#ttes ':l
quru . Seo*ds
l*r, crod*rer
iti'dsftoks
pd the sornero €4
{31rd heqds
hlo spoce { }. direcrion rhe wcy these l'..we
Frrofessor cokuk*ed th€f:'if l*rey were teri :&om
€r"a xcsbe., tle shuttle, the biggesl went fiom.!!@$
;*"* rt- 2,5oo mph 14,0123kmlh] in one serd*.'
t
I
.
= q:.€l;-"";T;l
es q pryilmm .H " *. He admitted that he at first believed it real- Y Computer onolysis of the phorogroph
THE U N EX PT A IN E D
There are some UFO photographs, however,
that cannot be explained. On 16 January
1958, the Brazilian naval vessel Alrnirante
Saldanha was carrying a team of
scientists to a weather station on Trindade in camera ownership. Is this because
Island - an uninhabited rock in the South and accidental fakes are now so
Atlantic - when a UFO appeared low above eliminated that only the few t.rrly ,trung.
the ocean. It flew past the ship, circled the casesget l eft behi nd?
. _
island and headed awayin full view of dozens During the 1990s,there has been a rapid
of people. One of them was the expedition increasein the number of video films showing
photographeq who took a sequenceof shots UFOs. Most are casesof mistaken identity bri6
clearlv depicting the object. to date, the film taken bv Stephen
The Brazilian captain immediatelr'order- near Blackpool in 1993has resistedall
ed that the negativesbe processed.and the to resolve ir. Attempts to find a
film u.ashanded oler to the miiitanr'. After source rvere carried out by the
Aromalies Research Organization
33 1B An airship was one possibility, ,
helicopter. Local air-traffic m
Photogrophs qre poor
indicated that neither were Dresenton
evidence becouse lhere qre
day and the'caseremains unsolved.
so mqny things \Me cqn do to
te ch n i co l l y p ro d uce imoges MOR E E V ID E N C E NEEDED:
ColonelWendelleStevens.
USAF Intriguing as the evidence may be, it
NU comes down to little more than a light in
,' sky. Such an inconclusive phenomenon
some deliberation, the government released never establish final proof of alien visi
the film and stated that they were unable to there are many storieswhere witnesses
account for what was on it. Subsequent they have been taken inside a UFC
computer enhancement of the photographs ultimate photographic evidence wgli
tts*'
, cg has also yielded no conclusive answers. close-up shots of a spacecraft's'i
It Despite this, scepticshave still denounced Sadly, such proof is lacking, and
the photograph as a mirage. So, as in most UFOlogists are beginning to
s other cases,the search continues for more wonder if such evidence will
= evidence. UFOlogists are pwzzled because ever be found.
E
.9 most of the strong photographic casescome
BrorocIST RUPERTSrrnronAKE'S
RADICAL IDEAS MIGHT BE THE
KEY TO UNDERSTANDING MANY
PARANoRMAL PHENOMENA. IS
THIS WHY HE INFURIATES SOME
FELLOW SCIENTTSTS?
?dtkff=
published. It is the research
with their owners and know when they are returning
resulting from this book that
he is most keen to discuss. home, how pigeons home, how termites organize
themselves.In humans, I'm interested in the senseof
i* -
",,
'r=F'
FAC T O RI E S OF D E AT H
Known locally as the 'Zhong Ma Prison
Camp', the Unit 731 facility was built by
C h i nes e[ or c ed lab o u r.A t th e c e n tre o f th e The experiments conducted ahnost de$
co m pound. a la rg c b u i l d i n g k n o w n a s belief. \Arhen Ishii wanted a human brain
'Zhong M a Cas t le 'h o rrs e dp ri s o n e rsa rrd a to experiment upon, guarclsrvere assigned
h u m an ex per im e rrll a h o ra to rv .T h o s e c h o -
se n f or hum an le s ti rrgrv e rel e fe l rc d to a s
'ma r ut as ' - logs . N rrmb e ri n g u p w a rd s o f
to acqr-rirethe orsan. Grabbing a prisoner,
the guards lvor-rld hold him dorvn, ivhile
another cleaved open his skr,rllrvith an axe.
$ n
-ff
5 0 0 . t he pr is one l s ra n g e d fro rn ' b a n d i ts ' The organ was clumsily removed and A Bound hond ond
a n d ' c r im inals ' t h ro u g h to ' s u s p i c i o u sp e r- rushe d to Ishii's laboratory, and the foot, o Chinese lobourer
so n s ' .T o t heir s ur p ri s e .th e y w e re rv e l l fe d remains of the sacrificed prisoner were dis- is dissected without
and exercised regularly, but even this small poseclo[' i n the camp crematori um. onoeslhetic. 'He knew it
humanity was inhumane. Healthy speci- Ishii's first BW experiments focused on wos over for him so he
mens were vital for good scientific results. contagious diseases such as anthrax and didn'r srruggle,' recolls
plague. In one test,Chineseguerrillaswere rhe Unir 731 porhologist
injected with plaeue bacteria. Twelve days obove, who wishes lo
later, the infectecl prisoners r,verewrithins remoin ononymous.
rvith temperatures of 40'C. One inf'ectecl 'But when I picked up
victim miraculouslv survived fcrr 19 clavs the scolpel, thot's when
'tr before he rvasciissecteclalive. he begon screoming.'
o
I
This wos iust one fype
o
! GR U E S OME E X P E R IME N TS of experimenl corried
In later tests,prisoners were poisoned with out ol lhe biologicol
phosgene gas, others injected with potass- worfore boses (inset).
o
I
ium cyanide. Some subjects bucked under
o
3
20,000 volts of electriciw. Those who sur,-
vived were later disposed of by
lethal injections or autopsied
while alive. Every death was
closely observed and meticulously
recorded by unit members.
The quality of Ishii's work - and
the force of his personality -
ensured a grow i ng empi re. B y
1939, he was able to relocate to
a massive, dedicated facility.
Rivalling in size Nazi Germany's
notorious Auschwitz-Birkenau
death camp, Unit 731'snew head-
quarters was located at Pinsfan, Manchuria.
The Pingfan compound was 6 km sq,
and housed the administrative br-rildinss,
by the notorious Nazi, Dr Josef Mengele,
naked prisoners were placed in sub-freez-
ing temperatures. They would then have
their limbs beaten nith sticks until they
rcsorrnded rvi th a hard. hol l ow ring -
signifying the freezins process was
complete . Later, the bodies were 'defrost-
ed' br a rangc of expel i mental techniques.
In lris book, I'-a,cLorie.s of Death, Sheldon
Harris, a California State University history
prof'essor,clctails manv other experiments,
inclucling suspending sr.rbjects upside down -t
to determine hon' long it took for them to
choke to death. Ah.r'rostir-rdescribablewas
the practi seol i nj ct ti rru ai r i rrto prisor r er s
to test for the onset of embolisms - and an
* ' i. r r 's
ffi:
-3
excruciating death rvasassured.Others had
horse urine injected into their kidneys.
C OV E R IN G UP TH E TR U TH
Lacking anv gr.rilt, Ishii regularly produced
scientilic papers giving the results of these
laboratories, barracks, a plison fol hunan hidcous experimenls. Circulated through-
test subjects, ancl an 2rLrtolls\'-clissecting out the Japanese medical and scientific
br-rilding. Three giant fumaccs hanclled the c o r r r m u n i t r . t h e p a p e r s c l a i m e d t h e te sts
(a 1B dispos:ilof caLcasses.
A canrp nt \Iukder-r
were carried out on monkeys. Despite this
ploy, it was an open secret that humans
.*i,,i,l*'"' ::i*I'!li.j,:],.;,
way behind the Japanese in biological rvar-
fa re. US m ilit ar y s tra re g i s lasp p re c i a re drh e
tacticalbenefits- biologicalagenlscould be
i n tr oduc ed int o a w a r z o n e c o v e rtl y In
. F a c t.
Ish ii had done t h i s o n a n u m b e r o f o c c a -
si onsin China and e l s e w h e re .
The A llies wer e d e s p e l a teto a c q u i re th e
e xp er t is eand k no w -h o wo f ts h i i ' sre s e a rc h .
Detailed records of the human experimen-
tation were especially sought. Hindered at
home by social repulsion to such activities,
human experimentation data was viewed
as the jewel in the crown. At the encl of
th e war , s c ient i s ts fro m F o rr D e tri c k ,
Maryland - the US's top secret BW facility
- ra c ed t o int er v i e w J a p a n e s ete c h n i c i a n s .
Ba rely one of t he m s to p p e d to c o n s i d e r
th e et hic al im plic a ti o n s . G;
THE S E CRE T OF SE C R ET S
H a v ing as s es s edt h e fa c rs .a n i n re l l i g e n c e A In on otlempt to
ca b lec oldly inlor m e d rh e Wa r D e p a rrm e n l remove oll froce of
i n W as hingt on D C th a r th e ' fo re g o i rrg U ni r 73I, S hi r6 l shi i
i n fo r m at ion warra n ts c o n c l u s i o n th a t ordered the
[rh e] J apanes eB W g ro u p h e a d e d b y Is h i i deslruclion of every x
did violate rules of land warfare'. The mes- reseorch focility or
sage added coldly, 'This expression of the end of the wor.
opinion is not a recommendation that The fomilies of those deeply. Allied PO\\'s \\'ere s\\'orlt to secrecy
[the] group be charged and tried as such.' who died of the honds and cynically forgotten. Bv 1948, immunity
Anxious to block the Soviets acquiring of Unir 731 ore only from prosecution was offered to all mem-
Ishii's expertise and records, the US dis- now being told obout bers of Ishii's unit in exchange for data
cusseda secret deal. Bur a major obstacle lhe otrocities. After and co-operation. The biggest cover-up of
had to be otercome. [l was the darkest heoring occounts of the war had commenced, and was to Iast
'secret of secrets'.Returning AIlied POWs Chinese lobourers four decades. With the discovery of the
re c ount ed har r ow i n g ra l e s o f b i o l o g i c a l being forlured on bodies hidden beneath Tokyo in 1989, the
e xp er im ent at ion ru th l e s s l y c o rrd u c re d speciolly builr beds true story began to leak out. Eventually,
upon them. If thesesloriesrverereporred by (inset), mony fomilies former Allied servicemen started telling of
the press, the public would bray for blood. ore now seeking their ordeals.
There was only one option: cover-up. retribution. 'Damn right I remember,'JosephGozzo
Prosecutors at the Tokyo War Crimes tri- snapsangri l y. A former avi ati on e ngineer
a l s wer e war ned n o r to i n v e s ti g a te to o living in San.|ose, California, Gozzo had
glassrods inserted in his rectum during his
internment. Gozzo is understanclably
resentful. 'I can't believe our government
Iet them get awaywith it,' he say's.
OFFIC IA T E N QU IR Y
Ex-POW Frank James, sharecl his memo-
ries with a US Hor-rse of Representatives
sub-committee in 1986. '\Ve were just
pawns,' he reflected. '\{e alwaysknew there
was a cover-up.' Another prisoner, Max
McClain, remembers lining up for injec-
tions with his br-rnk-mate,George Hayes.
Two days lateq Hayes complained, 'Mac, I
don't know what those sons of bitches gave
secrecy is essential in order to protect the
i nterestsof the U ni red S tatesand to guar d
me, but I feel like crap.' That evening against embarrassment.' The official secre-
Hayes was dissected by the 'boys at the cy R nal l yw i l ted i n I993 w hen U S Def ense
V Mony Unif 731 rest morgue', McClain remembers bitterly. S ecretaryW i l l i am P erry.under i ntensepub.
subiects were infecled The House of Representativeshearing lic pressure.promised ro declassifi,records
wifh onthrox, o highly lastedjust half a day. Only one of 200 US of World War II biological experiments.
infectious diseose survivors was permitted to testif. Incredibly,
which produces pcinful the chief archivist for the US Army restified, TH E TE GA C Y C ON TIN U E S
block skin ulcers, blood sa)4ngthat files and documents provided by Many of those i nvol vedi n theJapan eseBW
poisoning ond o fever Ishii were returned to Japan in the 19b0s. experiments became successful after the
rhor kills nine out of They had not bothered to make copies. lvar.A number held senior universitypostsin
ten suff,erers. Anthrox In an attempt to cover their embarrass- the fi el d of medi ci ne,arrd one heade dup a
experimenls involved ment, the US and Japar-resegovernmeltts l eadi rrgJaparresepharmaceuri calcompany.
fying subiecrs io stokes d e n i e d th a t a tro c i ti e s had occurred. Others gai ned posi ti ons rangi ng f r om
ond exploding Despite this, a body of official informarion Presidentof rheJapan Medical Association,
porceloin onlhrsx became public. A file from General through to Vice Presidentof the renowned
bombs neorby to see Douglas MacArthur's headquarters states Green Cross Corporation. Ironically, one
how effecfively ihe that the investigation of Unit 731 was member from the frostbite team even became
diseose spreod by o 'under direct.foint Chiefs of Staff order'. a major player in the frozen food industry.
controlled explosion. The document continues, 'The utmost Unrepentant, Shird lshii died in 1959.
Before he was through. lshii was ro have
an even more profound effect o n lhe
A l l i es. The accepranceof hi s w ork meant
that the taboo <in tMman experimenration
- agreed duri ng the 1925 Geneva
C onventi on - evaporal ed.U S ancl Br it ish
citizens once more became guinea
pigs, this time at the cynical
hands of their own govern-
'o ments, and on home soil.
.9
!
:
In the next issue,INSIDE STORY examineswhat
: the US and British gouernmentslearned,from
E Lfnit 731, and inuestigatesthesecretexperiments
=
lui;i * being carried out on membersof thepubkc.
r' ,,
;
.'..
.:,
TI-IE,SE,C .TH
.,
,t
Rrsrnc ovERTHEGizA
PIATEAU,
THEGnrlr
:
PvRnrwDIS THEIASTOF
TH E SEVE NW O N D E R S
.
OF THE WORLD. BUT IS IT
SIMPTYAN EMPTYTOMB
OR HAS IT YET TO GIVE
UP Att OF ITS SECRETS?
PARANORMAL POWER
A number of visitors hove reporled
1r stronge goings-on inside the Greot
::,,'
Pyromid. The first reports cqme from
Nopoleon who hod o disfurbing
experience there in ihe | 8fh century.
ln 19O3, occultist Aleister €rowley
speni o night of his honeymoon inside
lhe King's Chomber. Af*er reoding o
mystic inconlotion, Crowley reporled
being bofhed in lilac light. No noturol
light con penetrqte fhe chomber.
New Age reseorchers speculofe thot
the light wos cqused by rhe pyromid
shope somehow octing like on omplifier
of 'cosmic energy', rqther like rhe life
force described in Chinese ocupuncture.
These slories hqve creoted o thriving
blqck morket, where tourisis bribe fhe
ormed guords into leffing fhem spend
rhe night inside the pyromid.
ll.!.:P,o_".f
...-ry.I..,4_c_s.u...B..-a.gJ
The Great Pyramicl is a fanrastic piece of
engineering, notjust becauseof its bulk, bllt
becauseof the exactnessin hor,vit was built.
The faces of the pvramid point to trr-re
north, south, east and nest r.vithincredible
accuracy- there is onll' a 0.015 per cent
rnargin of error. Toda.V,gettins this kincl of
accuracyrvould require a laser theodolite, a
map accufal e to w i thi n ten mcl fe\. engin-
eers, astronomers and master stonemasons.
The baseforms almost a perfect sqlrare-
E
F each side is over 230 metres in length, and
F the difference befiveen the longest and
d
u shorl estsi desi s onl l 25 cm. The col ' ner .ar
s e
€ less than a degree off from beine perfect
ai
p right-angles of 90'. These enuineering
masterpieceswere achievedwithout pulleys,
o wheels or the sophisticated cutting tools
that toda,v'sengineers take fbr granted.
I
IN S IDE THE PYRAM I D
The mony shcfts, chombers qnd
possoges inside rhe Greor Pyromid
mcrke it unique omongsl oll Egyption
Pyromids. The King's Chomber (l )
ond the Glueen'sChcmber (2) hove
yielded no riches. Whot lies
:E
behind the door of the secret =
chomber (3) could prcvide
fhe onswerg to oll of the i
pyromid's mysferies. .9
1..,.-
gronife
found in the
€homber, is the
evidence found thot
indicotes rhe pyrcmid
wos o tomb. The Glueen"
Chomber wos never lhe
= losl resting ploce of the
6
Phqrooh's wife. lt got its
.E
4 nqme becouse of the
p
o Arob cuslom of burying
o
o women in tombs wirh
6€d
A The door, found by
'*(,
Upuouf 2 (inset), is
close lo the south foce So, rvhy did the builders insist on such R ,,ere bui l t duri rrg the foul th dyr r ast y
of rhe pyromid. precision? \Ahat did they have in mind that (2631-21948C). The Great Pvramid was
Egypfologisrs believe requir.ed a pregision that the human eye built by the Pharaoh Khufu, the second
lhot there moy be o c a n n o l e v e n d e re c l ? largest by his brother Khafre, and the third
slotue of Khufu behind Egyptologists believe that . the Great by Menkaure, son of Khufr.r. This attribu-
the door, signifying rhe P y ra n ri d a n d i ts c o m pani ons w ere con- ti on ori gi rrated from tl re (,r' eek lr ist or ian
Phorqoh's ofterlife stiucted for one single purpose: as burial Herodotus, rvho had been told this some
iourney lo the heovens tombs for the Pharaohs. 2,000 vearsafter ther rverebuilt.
ond immortolity. The three pyramids on the Ciza plateau In 820. the Caliph AI Mamoun was
l epor tccl l r rl re fi rsr ro penetrarethe G r eat
Pu'amid. Inside. he found ver,vlittle - no
boclies.no treaslrre,no tools and no hiero-
gh pl ri c i rrscri pti onson any part of t he
prr-ar.r-rid.All he discovered,was an emptyj
sal cophagrrs i n the K i rrg' sC hamb er . !
.9) l.
Lo'
-.: