What Is High Blood Pressure?

Blood pressure is the amount of force exerted by the blood against the walls
of the arteries. A person's blood pressure is considered high when the
readings are greater than 140 mm Hg systolic (the top number in the blood
pressure reading) or 90 mm Hg diastolic (the bottom number). In general,
high blood pressure, or hypertension, contributes to the development of
coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure and kidney disease.
What Are the Effects of High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy?
Although many pregnant women with high blood pressure have healthy babies without serious
problems, high blood pressure can be dangerous for both the mother and the fetus. Women with
pre-existing, or chronic, high blood pressure are more likely to have certain complications during
pregnancy than those with normal blood pressure. However, some women develop high blood
pressure while they are pregnant (often called gestational hypertension).
The effects of high blood pressure range from mild to severe. High blood pressure can harm the
mother's kidneys and other organs, and it can cause low birth weight and early delivery. In the
most serious cases, the mother develops preeclampsia--or "toxemia of pregnancy"--which can
threaten the lives of both the mother and the fetus.
What Is Preeclampsia?
Preeclampsia is a condition that typically starts after the 20th week of pregnancy and is related to
increased blood pressure and protein in the mother's urine (as a result of kidney problems).
Preeclampsia affects the placenta, and it can affect the mother's kidney, liver, and brain. When
preeclampsia causes seizures, the condition is known as eclampsia--the second leading cause of
maternal death in the U.S. Preeclampsia is also a leading cause of fetal complications, which
include low birth weight, premature birth, and stillbirth.
There is no proven way to prevent preeclampsia. Most women who develop signs of
preeclampsia, however, are closely monitored to lessen or avoid related problems. The only way
to "cure" preeclampsia is to deliver the baby.
How Common Are High Blood Pressure and Preeclampsia in Pregnancy?
High blood pressure problems occur in 6 percent to 8 percent of all pregnancies in the U.S.,
about 70 percent of which are first-time pregnancies. In 1998, more than 146,320 cases of
preeclampsia alone were diagnosed.
Although the proportion of pregnancies with gestational hypertension and eclampsia has
remained about the same in the U.S. over the past decade, the rate of preeclampsia has increased
by nearly one-third. This increase is due in part to a rise in the numbers of older mothers and of
multiple births, where preeclampsia occurs more frequently. For example, in 1998 birth rates
among women ages 30 to 44 and the number of births to women ages 45 and older were at the
highest levels in 3 decades, according to the National Center for Health Statistics. Furthermore,
between 1980 and 1998, rates of twin births increased about 50 percent overall and 1,000 percent
among women ages 45 to 49; rates of triplet and other higher-order multiple births jumped more

than 400 percent overall, and 1,000 percent among women in their 40s.
Who Is More Likely to Develop Preeclampsia?

Women with chronic hypertension (high blood pressure before becoming pregnant).
Women who developed high blood pressure or preeclampsia during a previous pregnancy,
especially if these conditions occurred early in the pregnancy.
Women who are obese prior to pregnancy.
Pregnant women under the age of 20 or over the age of 40.
Women who are pregnant with more than one baby.
Women with diabetes, kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or scleroderma.

How Is Preeclampsia Detected?

Unfortunately, there is no single test to predict or diagnose preeclampsia. Key signs are increased
blood pressure and protein in the urine (proteinuria). Other symptoms that seem to occur with
preeclampsia include persistent headaches, blurred vision or sensitivity to light, and abdominal
pain.
All of these sensations can be caused by other disorders; they can also occur in healthy
pregnancies. Regular visits with your doctor help him or her to track your blood pressure and
level of protein in your urine, to order and analyze blood tests that detect signs of preeclampsia,
and to monitor fetal development more closely.
How Can Women with High Blood Pressure Prevent Problems During Pregnancy?
If you are thinking about having a baby and you have high blood pressure, talk first to your
doctor or nurse. Taking steps to control your blood pressure before and during pregnancy--and
getting regular prenatal care--go a long way toward ensuring your well-being and your baby's
health.
Before becoming pregnant:

Be sure your blood pressure is under control. Lifestyle changes such as limiting your salt
intake, participating in regular physical activity, and losing weight if you are overweight can be
helpful.
Discuss with your doctor how hypertension might affect you and your baby during pregnancy,
and what you can do to prevent or lessen problems.
If you take medicines for your blood pressure, ask your doctor whether you should change the
amount you take or stop taking them during pregnancy. Experts currently recommend avoiding
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and Angiotensin II (AII) receptor antagonists
during pregnancy; other blood pressure medications may be OK for you to use. Do not,
however, stop or change your medicines unless your doctor tells you to do so.

While you are pregnant:

Obtain regular prenatal medical care.

Avoid alcohol and tobacco.
Talk to your doctor about any over-the-counter medications you are taking or are thinking
about taking.

Does Hypertension or Preeclampsia During Pregnancy Cause Long-Term Heart and Blood
Vessel Problems?
The effects of high blood pressure during pregnancy vary depending on the disorder and other
factors. According to the National High Blood Pressure Education Program (NHBPEP),
preeclampsia does not in general increase a woman's risk for developing chronic hypertension or
other heart-related problems. The NHBPEP also reports that in women with normal blood
pressure who develop preeclampsia after the 20th week of their first pregnancy, short-term
complications--including increased blood pressure--usually go away within about 6 weeks after
delivery.
Some women, however, may be more likely to develop high blood pressure or other heart disease
later in life. More research is needed to determine the long-term health effects of hypertensive
disorders in pregnancy and to develop better methods for identifying, diagnosing, and treating
women at risk for these conditions.
Even though high blood pressure and related disorders during pregnancy can be serious, most
women with high blood pressure and those who develop preeclampsia have successful
pregnancies. Obtaining early and regular prenatal care is the most important thing you can do for
you and your baby.
For More Information
The NHBPEP has updated clinical guidelines on high blood pressure in pregnancy through a
coordinating committee representing more than 45 medical organizations and agencies. NHBPEP
is coordinated by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the National
Institutes of Health. The Working Group Report on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy (NIH
Publication No. 00-3029) can be purchased through the NHLBI Health Information Network at
(301) 592-8573 and is available on the NHLBI Web site at:
"http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/heart/hbp/hbp_preg.htm."

BOGUE CALCULATION
C3S = 4.0710CaO-7.6024SiO2-1.4297Fe2O3-6.7187Al2O3
C2S = 8.6024SiO2+1.0785Fe2O3+5.0683Al2O3-3.0710CaO
C3A = 2.6504Al2O3-1.6920Fe2O3
C4AF = 3.0432Fe2O3
Clinker analysis
SiO2

Al2O3

Fe2O3

CaO

MgO

K 2O

Na2O

SO3

LOI

IR

Total

21.5

5.2

2.8

66.6

1.0

0.6

0.2

1.0

1.5

0.5

98.9

Free lime = 1.0% CaO

Using the above analysis, the calculation is as follows:

Worked example of a Bogue calculation:
Combined CaO = (66.6% - 1.0% free lime) = 65.6%
This is the figure we use for CaO in the calculation.
From the analysis, we have:
CaO=65.6%; SiO2=21.5%; Al2O3=5.2% and Fe2O3=2.8%
The Bogue calculation is therefore:
C3S = 4.0710CaO-7.6024SiO2-1.4297Fe2O3-6.7187Al2O3
C2S = 8.6024SiO2+1.1Fe2O3+5.0683Al2O3-3.0710CaO
C3A = 2.6504Al2O3-1.6920Fe2O3
C4AF = 3.0432Fe2O3
Therefore:
C3S = (4.0710 x 65.6)-(7.6024 x 21.5)-(1.4297 x 2.8)-(6.718 x 5.2)
C2S = (8.6024 x 21.5)+(1.0785 x 2.8)+(5.0683 x 5.2)-(3.0710 x 65.6)
C3A = (2.6504 x 5.2)-(1.6920 x 2.8)
C4AF = 3.0432 x 2.8
So:
C3S = 64.7%
C2S = 12.9%
C3A = 9.0%
C4AF = 8.5%
It should be stressed that the Bogue calculation does not give the 'true' amounts of the four
main clinker phases present, although this is sometimes forgotten. The results of the Bogue
calculation differ from the 'true' amounts (often called the phase proportions) principally
because the actual mineral compositions differ - often only slightly, but occasionally more
so, particularly in the case of the ferrite phase - from those assumed in the calculation.

To adjust the calculation for use with Portland cement, it is necessary to consider first what
other materials may be present in the cement. If the cement is a mixture of clinker and
gypsum only, the calcium bound with the gypsum can be allowed for approximately by
deducting (0.7 x SO3) from the total CaO. Note that this does not allow for any clinker
sulfate present as potassium or sodium sulfate and a small error will therefore be
introduced. A similar adjustment can be carried out for limestone; the limestone content can
be estimated by determining the CO2 content of the cement and calculating the
coresponding CaO. If either slag or fly ash is present, in principle the formula could be
adjusted to take it into account, but the slag or ash composition would need to be known
accurately and in practice this is not an adjustment normally made.
Next / Home

You are in Clinker: the Bogue calculation

The following pages have more details on clinker composition, reactions in the kiln and
cement milling:
Cement notation / Clinker compositional parameters / Combinability / Reactions in the kiln /
Cement milling

Definition
The relative humidity
water vapor
temperature.

of an air-water mixture is defined as the ratio of the partial pressure of

in the mixture to the saturated vapor pressure of water

at a prescribed

Relative humidity is normally expressed as a percentage and is calculated by using the following
equation:[1]

[edit] Measurement
The relative humidity of an air-water vapor mixture can be determined through the use of
psychrometric charts if both the dry bulb temperature (T) and the Wet Bulb Temperature (Tw) of
the mixture are known. These quantities are readily estimated by using a sling psychrometer.
There are several empirical correlations that can be used to estimate the saturated vapor pressure
of water vapor as a function of temperature. The Antoine equation is among the least complex of
these formulas, having only three parameters (A, B, and C). Other correlations, such as the those
presented by Goff-Gratch and Magnus Tenten, are more complicated but yield better

accuracy[citation needed]. The correlation presented by Buck (1996) is commonly encountered in the
literature and provides a reasonable balance between complexity and accuracy:

where
is the dry bulb temperature expressed in degrees Celsius and
vapor pressure in hPa (absolute).

is the saturated

[edit] A common misconception

Often the notion of air holding water vapor is presented to describe the concept of relative
humidity. However, air simply acts as a transporter of water vapour and is not a holder of it.
Therefore, relative humidity is wholly understood in terms of the physical properties of water
alone and thus is unrelated to this concept.[2][3] In fact, water vapor can be present in an airless
volume and therefore the relative humidity of this volume can be readily determined.
The misconception that air holds water is likely the result of the use of the word saturation
which is often misused in descriptions of relative humidity. In the present context the word
saturation refers to the state of water vapor,[4] not the solubility of one material in another.
The thermophysical properties of water-air mixtures encountered at atmospheric conditions are
reasonably approximated by assuming they behave as a mixture of ideal gases. For many
practical purposes the assumption that both components (air and water) behave independently of
each other is reasonable. Therefore the physical properties of an air-water mixture can be
estimated by considering the physical properties of each component separately.

[edit] Significance of relative humidity

[edit] Climate control
Climate control refers to the control of temperature and relative humidity for human comfort,
health and safety, and for the technical requirements of machines and processes, in buildings,
vehicles and other enclosed spaces.

[edit] Comfort
Humans are sensitive to humid air because the human body uses evaporative cooling as the
primary mechanism to regulate temperature.[citation needed] Under humid conditions, the rate at which
perspiration evaporates on the skin is lower than it would be under arid conditions. Because
humans perceive the rate of heat transfer from the body rather than temperature itself [5], we feel
warmer when the relative humidity is high than when it is low.
For example, if the air temperature is 24 C (75 F) and the relative humidity is zero percent,
then the air temperature feels like 21 C (69 F).[6] If the relative humidity is 100 percent at the
same air temperature, then it feels like 27 C (80 F).[6] In other words, if the air is 24 C and
contains saturated water vapor, then the human body cools itself at the same rate as it would if it

were 27 C and dry.[6] The heat index and the humidex are indices that reflect the combined
effect of temperature and humidity on the cooling effect of the atmosphere on the human body.

[edit] Buildings
When controlling the climate in buildings using HVAC systems the key is to control the relative
humidity in a comfortable range - low enough to be comfortable but high enough to avoid
problems associated with very dry air.
When the temperature is high and the relative humidity is low, evaporation of water is rapid; soil
dries, wet clothes hung on a line or rack dry quickly, and perspiration readily evaporates from the
skin. Wooden furniture can shrink causing the paint that covers these surfaces to fracture.
When the temperature is high and the relative humidity is high, evaporation of water is slow.
When relative humidity approaches 100 percent, condensation can occur on surfaces, leading to
problems with mold, corrosion, decay, and other moisture-related deterioration.
Certain production and technical processes and treatments in factories, laboratories, hospitals and
other facilities require specific relative humidity levels to be maintained using humidifiers,
dehumidifiers and associated control systems.

[edit] Vehicles
The same basic principles as in buildings, above, apply. In addition there may be safety
considerations. For instance high humidity inside a vehicle can lead to problems of condensation,
such as misting of windshields and shorting of electrical components.
In sealed vehicles and pressure vessels such as pressurised airliners, submersibles and spacecraft
these considerations may be critical to safety, and complex environmental control systems
including equipment to maintain pressure are needed. For example, airliner fuselages are
susceptible to corrosion from humidity, and avionics are susceptible to condensation, and as the
failure of either is potentially catastrophic, airliners operate with low internal relative humidity,
often under 10%, especially on long flights. The low humidity is a consequence of drawing in the
very cold air with a low absolute humidity, which is found at airliner cruising altitudes.
Subsequent warming of this air lowers its relative humidity. This causes discomfort such as sore
eyes, dry skin, and drying out of mucosa, but humidifiers are not employed to raise it to
comfortable mid-range levels because dry air is essential to safe flight.

[edit] Pressure dependence

The relative humidity of an air-water system is dependent not only on the temperature but also
on the absolute pressure of the system of interest. This dependence is demonstrated by
considering the air-water system shown below. The system is closed (i.e. no matter enters or
leaves the system).

If the system at State A is isobarically heated (heating with no change in system pressure) then
the relative humidity of the system decreases because the saturated vapor pressure of water
increases with increasing temperature. This is shown in State B.
If the system at State A is isothermally compressed (compressed with no change in system
temperature) then the relative humidity of the system increases because the partial pressure of
water in the system increases with increasing system pressure. This is shown in State C.
Therefore a change in relative humidity can be explained by a change in system temperature, a
change in the absolute pressure of the system, or change in both of these system properties.

[edit] Enhancement factor

The enhancement factor
moist air

is defined as the ratio of the saturated vapor pressure of water in

to the saturated vapor pressure of pure water vapor.

The enhancement factor is equal to unity for ideal systems. However, in real systems the
interaction effects between real gas molecules result in a small increase of the saturation vapor
pressure of water in air relative to saturated vapor pressure of pure water vapor. Therefore, the
enhancement factor is normally slightly greater than unity for real systems.
The enhancement factor is commonly used to correct the saturated vapor pressure of water vapor
when empirical relationships, such as those developed by Wexler, Goff, and Gratch, are used to
estimated the properties of psychrometric systems.
Buck has reported that, at sea level, the vapor pressure of water in saturated moist air amounts to
an increase of approximately 0.5% over the saturated vapor pressure of pure water.[7]

[edit] Related concepts

The term relative humidity is reserved for systems of water vapor in air. The term relative
saturation is used to describe the analogous property for systems consisting of a condensable
phase other than water in a non-condensable phase other than air.[8]

[edit] Other important facts

A gas in this context is referred to as saturated when the vapor pressure of water in the air is at
the equilibrium vapor pressure for water vapor at the temperature of the gas and water vapor
mixture; liquid water (and ice, at the appropriate temperature) will fail to lose mass through
evaporation when exposed to saturated air. It may also correspond to the possibility of dew or
fog forming, within a space that lacks temperature differences among its portions, for instance in
response to decreasing temperature. Fog consists of very minute droplets of liquid, primarily
held aloft by isostatic motion (in other words, the droplets fall through the air at terminal
velocity, but as they are very small, this terminal velocity is very small too, so it doesn't look to
us like they are falling and they seem to be being held aloft).
The statement that relative humidity (RH%) can never be above 100%, while a fairly good guide,
is not absolutely accurate, without a more sophisticated definition of humidity than the one given
here. An arguable exception is the Wilson cloud chamber which uses, in nuclear physics
experiments, an extremely brief state of "supersaturation" to accomplish its function.
For a given dewpoint and its corresponding absolute humidity, the relative humidity will change
inversely, albeit nonlinearly, with the temperature. This is because the partial pressure of water

increases with temperature the operative principle behind everything from hair dryers to
dehumidifiers.
Due to the increasing potential for a higher water vapor partial pressure at higher air
temperatures, the water content of air at sea level can get as high as 3% by mass at 30 C (86 F)
compared to no more than about 0.5% by mass at 0 C (32 F). This explains the low levels (in
the absence of measures to add moisture) of humidity in heated structures during winter,
indicated by dry skin, itchy eyes, and persistence of static electric charges. Even with saturation
(100% relative humidity) outdoors, heating of infiltrated outside air that comes indoors raises its
moisture capacity, which lowers relative humidity and increases evaporation rates from moist
surfaces indoors (including human bodies.)
Similarly, during summer in humid climates a great deal of liquid water condenses from air
cooled in air conditioners. Warmer air is cooled below its dewpoint and the excess water vapor
condenses. This phenomenon is the same as that which causes water droplets to form on the
outside of a cup containing an ice-cold drink.
A useful rule of thumb is that the maximum absolute humidity doubles for every 20 F or 10 C
increase in temperature. Thus, the relative humidity will drop by a factor of 2 for each 20 F or
10 C increase in temperature, assuming conservation of absolute moisture. For example, in the
range of normal temperatures, air at 70 F or 20 C and 50% relative humidity will become
saturated if cooled to 50F or 10 C, its dewpoint and 40 F or 5 C air at 80% relative humidity
warmed to 70 F or 20 C will have a relative humidity of only 29% and feel dry. By
comparison, a relative humidity between 40% and 60% is considered healthy and comfortable in
comfort controlled environments (ASHRAE Standard 55 - see thermal comfort).
Water vapor is a lighter gas than air at the same temperature, so humid air will tend to rise by
natural convection. This is a mechanism behind thunderstorms and other weather phenomena.
Relative humidity is often mentioned in weather forecasts and reports, as it is an indicator of the
likelihood of precipitation, dew, or fog. In hot summer weather, it also increases the apparent
temperature to humans (and other animals) by hindering the evaporation of perspiration from the
skin as the relative humidity rises. This effect is calculated as the heat index or humidex.
A device used to measure humidity is called a hygrometer, one used to regulate it is called a
humidistat, or sometimes hygrostat. (These are analogous to a thermometer and thermostat for
temperature, respectively.)

Average, Standard Deviation and Relative Standard Deviation

How will your data compare with other peoples data? Lets find out. We will do this by pulling
together everybodys
data, then calculating the average, standard deviation, and relative standard deviation. You can
then compare your
data with the average of everybodys data.
The average result, x, is calculated by summing the individual results and dividing this sum by
the number (n) of

individual values:
x=
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + . . . .
n
The standard deviation is a measure of how precise the average is, that is, how well the
individual numbers agree with
each other. It is a measure of a type of error called random error - the kind of error people cant
control very well. It
is calculated as follows:
standard deviation, S =
(x1 - x)2 + (x2 - x)2 + (x3 - x)2 + . . .
n-1
The relative standard deviation (RSD) is often times more convenient. It is expressed in percent
and is obtained by
multiplying the standard deviation by 100 and dividing this product by the average.
relative standard deviation, RSD = 100S / x
Example: Here are 4 measurements: 51.3, 55.6, 49.9 and 52.0. Calculate the average, standard deviation, and
relative standard
deviation.
average, x=
51.3 + 55.6 + 49.9 + 52.0
4
=
208.8
4
= 52.2
standard deviation, S =
(51.3 - 52.2)2 + (55.6 - 52.2)2 + (49.9 - 52.2)2 + (52.0 - 52.2)2
4-1
=
(-0.9)2 + (3.4)2 + (-2.3)2 + (-0.2)2
3
=
0.81 + 11.56 + 5.29 + 0.04
3
= 5.9
= 2.4
relative standard deviation, RSD = 100S / x=
2.4
52.2
x 100 = 4.6%
Our final result for this example can be written as 52.2 2.4 or 52.2 4.6%

Estimation Of Degree Of Calcination

Collect a Kilnfeed sample and corresponding V cyclone discharge material.
Determine the Loss on Ignition of both the samples as,

L1 = %LOI of Kilnfeed
L2 =%LOI of V Cyclone discharge material
Calculate the % Degree of Calcination using the formula:
% degree of calcination = [L1 * (100-L2)- L2 * (100-L1)]/[L1 * (100-L2)]* 100
or
1-[{ L2 * (100 - L1)}/{L1 * (100 - L2)}]*100
For routine analysis consider % LOI of Kilnfeed as 36% and prepare a chart for various % LOI of V
Cyclone discharge meal and use as ready reconer.

Degree of Calcination
C (%) = ( fi - di) * 100
fi
(or)
= (1 - LOIsample) x (100 - LOIfeed)
(100 - LOIsample) x (LOIfeed)
C : Apparent percent calcination of the
sample
fi : Ignition loss of the original feed
di : Ignition loss of the sample
.

Sr. Joint President (HQ)

Jaiprakash Associates Limited
Sector-128, Noida-201 304,
Distt. Gautam Budh Nagar, (U.P)
Website: www.jalindia.com

KIND Attn: T.MOHAN RAO ,DY.MANAGER

DEAR SIR,
earliear we asked for raw maerials testing charges , we need clinker analysis also please
send testing charges for clinker including minor oxides and excluding minor oxides both
rates we go further
regards
K.SUBBA RAO
AGM(P&QC)
SREE JAYAJOTHI CEMENTS LTD
e mail: subbarao.k@jothicements.com

Code

College Name

ABIT

AKSHAYA BHARATHI INST OF

TECHNOLOGY,SIDDAVATAM

ABRK

ABR COLLEGE OF ENGG AND

TECHNOLOGY,KANIGIRI

AGCT

AKULA GOPAYYA COLL. OF ENGG. AND

TECHNOLOGY,TADEPALLIGUDEM

AIET

AMARA INST. OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY,NARSARAOPET

AKIT

ABDULKALAM INST. OF TECHNOLOGY AND

SCI.,KOTHAGUDEM

AMRN

A.M.REDDY MEMORIAL COLL. OF

ENGINEERING,NARSARAOPET

AMRT

AMR INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY,ADILABAD

ANSN

ST. ANNS COLLEGE OF ENGG. AND

TECHNOLOGY,CHIRALA

ASEK

AKULA SREERAMULU COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING,TANUKU

AZDW

AZAD COLLEGE OF ENGG FOR

WOMEN,MOINABAD

BVCE

B V CHALAMAIAH ENGINEERING
COLLEGE,ODALAREVU

BVSR

BVSR ENGINEERING
COLLEGE,CHIMAKURTHY

CHBR

CHEBROLU ENGINEERING
COLLEGE,GUNTUR

CHKN

CHAITANYA INST. OF SCI. AND

TECHNOLOGY,KAKINADA

CHND

CHUNDI RANGANAYAKULU ENGINEERING

COLLEGE,CHILAKALURIPET

CITM

COASTAL INST OF TECHNOLOGY AND

MANAGEMENT,VIZIANAGARAM
CHALAPATHI INST OF

LIST OF QUALITY CONTROL EQUIPMENT

S.
No.

Test equipment/chemicals and

identification numbers(where
applicable)

2
3

XRF analyzer (11 elements) Bruker

make
Vibrating Cup Mills Insmart make
Pelletizers Insmart make

Compressive Strength Machine

5
6

Proving ring 1000KN

Humidity Chambers - Remi Make

Least count
and range
(where
applicable)
0.01 %

Remarks
(Indicate Number
of equipments)
1
2
2

0-250 1KN
0-500 2 KN
0-1000 5KN
0.002mm
1o C/ 1 %

1
1
3

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35

Environmental chamber Aimil make

Vibrating Machine, Aimil make
Cube Moulds Aimil Make
Auto Clave Testing Machines Aimil
make
Le-Chatlier Water Bath - Aimil make
Laboratory Ball Mill Aimil Make, 5kg
capacity
Laboratory Jaw Crusher- Aimil Make
1 & Insmart Make 1
Pulveriser Aimil make
Length Comparator
Tacho meter 20000 rpm capacity
Vicat Apparatus Aimil Make
Setting Time Moulds Aimil Make
Mixer Machine Flow Table
Hot Plates Indo Tech make
Hot Air Oven Indo Tech Make 2;
Aimil Make 2
Muffle Furnace 0-1200oC Tempo
make 2 ; Indo Tech Make 1
Muffle Furnace 0-1400oC - Indo Tech
Make 1
Electronic Balances 6KG capacity
Electronic Balances 200 Grams
capacity
Electronic Top loading Balances 200
Grams capacity
Laboratory Test Sieves
Blains Apparatus Aimil Make
Standard NCCBM Cement Veils
Bomb Calorimeter Make - Advance
Research Instruments
Flame Photo meter Aimil make
Digital stop watch
Platinum Crucibles with lid, 30gms
capacity
Distilled water Plant

1 rpm

1
2
150

0.4Kg/Cm2

2
1
2
2

0.002mm
1 rpmd

2
1
1
8
18
1
1
3

1O C

1O C

1O C

0.5Grams
Adair dutt-0.0001 &
Essae 0.001

0.001

As required
3
OPC 4; PPC 4;FLY ASH 4
1 cal

0-0.01 second

1
2

ALL OTHER NECESSARY CHEMICALS, GLASS WARE AND BOOKS ARE AVAILABLE AS
PER IS 4031 & IS 4032.

4
2

Code

College Name

ABRK

ABR COLLEGE OF ENGG AND

TECHNOLOGY,KANIGIRI

ACEE

ADARSH COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GOLLAPROLU

ADTS

ANASUYA DEVI INST OF TECH

SCIENCES,BIBINAGAR

AESS

ARAVINDAKSHA EDNL SOC GROUP OF

INSTNS,SURYAPET

AGCT

AKULA GOPAYYA COLL. OF ENGG. AND

TECHNOLOGY,TADEPALLIGUDEM

AIME

AMALAPURAM INST OF MGMT SCI COLL

OF ENGG,MUMMIDIVARAM

AMRN

A.M.REDDY MEMORIAL COLL. OF

ENGINEERING,NARSARAOPET

ASEK

AKULA SREERAMULU COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING,TANUKU

ASOK

ASHOK INST OF ENGINEERING

TECHNOLOGY,MALKAPUR

AZDW

AZAD COLLEGE OF ENGG FOR

WOMEN,MOINABAD

BCTW

BHARATH COLL OF ENGG AND

TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN,KADAPA

BITW

BADARI INST OF TECHNOLOGY SCI

WOMEN,KAKINADA

DBIT

DON BOSCO INST. OF TECHNOLOGY AND

SCI,GUNTUR

GLIM

A1 GLOBAL INST OF ENGG

TECHNOLOGY,MARKAPUR

GNAW

SRI GNANESWARI RES AND TECHNOLOGY

ACADEMY FOR WOMEN,VIZIANAGARAM

GOKB

GOKUL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. AND

SCI.S,BOBBILI

GVIT

G V V R INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY,BHIMAVARAM

GVRS

G V R AND S COLLEGE OF ENGG. AND

TECHNOLOGY,GUNTUR

GVRW

GVRS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOR

WOMEN,GUNTUR

ISTS

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF TECH AND

SCIENCES FOR WOMEN,RAJAHMUNDRY

KECW

KRISHNAVENI ENGG COLLEGE FOR

WOMEN,NARSARAOPET

KIMS

KONASEEMA INST OF MGMT SCIENCES

AND COLL OF ENGG.,AMALAPURAM

KISR

KAKINADA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCES,RAMACHANDRAPURAM

MJRT

MJR COLLEGE OF ENGG AND

TECHNOLOGY,PULICHERLA

MLEW

MALINENI LAKSHMAIAH WOMENS ENGG.

COLLEGE,GUNTUR

MPLW

SRI MITTAPALLI INST OF TECHNOLOGY

FOR WOMEN,GUNTUR

MPTB

MENTEY PADMANABHAM COLL OF ENGG

AND TECHNOLOGY,BHIMAVARAM

MXIT

MATRIX INST OF
TECHNOLOGY,CHIKATIMAMIDI

NEWT

NEWTON INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING,MACHERLA

NMRW

NIMRA WOMENS COLL OF

ENGINEERING,JUPUDI

NOVW NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGG.AND

TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN,JUPUDI

NVEW

NOVA INST OF TECHNOLOGY FOR

WOMEN,ELURU

NVRT

N.V.R.COLLEGE OF ENGG
TECHNOLOGY,TENALI

PECC

PONNUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE,GUNTUR

PETW

PRINCETON INST OF ENGG TECH FOR

WOMEN,GHATKESAR

PITT

PRIYADARSHINI INST. OF TECHNOLOGY

AND SCIENCES,TENALI

PNCV

P. NAGAIAH CHOUDARY AND VIJAY INST

OF ENGG AND TECH,GUNTUR

PYDE

PYDAH COLL OF ENGINEERING,KAKINADA

SECT

SREENIVASA COLLEGE OF ENGG

TECHNOLOGY,KURNOOL

SGIT

DR SAMUEL GEORGE INSTITUTE OF

ENGG. AND TECHNOLOGY,MARKAPUR

SIMH

SIMHADRI EDNL SOC GRP OF

INSTNS,SABBAVARAM

STMW

ST.MARYS WOMENS ENGINEERING

COLLEGE,GUNTUR

VBTS

VISHWA BHARATHI INST OF TECH AND

SCINCES,NADARGUL

VIIT

VIVEKANANDA INST OF SCI AND

INFO.TECHNOLOGY,SHADNAGAR

VJIT

VIJETHA INST OF TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE,NARSAPURAM

VKRT

SRI V.KRISHNAM RAJU COLL OF ENGG

AND TECHNOLOGY,BHIMAVARAM

VSEK

SRI VASAVI INST OF ENGG AND

TECHNOLOGY,TANUKU

VSLW V.S.LAKSHMI ENGG COLLEGE FOR

WOMEN,KAKINADA
VTTW

VAISHNAVI INST OF TECHNOLOGY FOR

WOMEN,TIRUPATHI

From Human Resource Manager.

Cappa and D'Alberto Nigeria Plc
PO Box 870,
72 Campbell Street,
Lagos, Nigeria.
www.cappadalberto.co.cc
ATTN: Krishna Murthy B,
This is an Affirmation that your experience and qualifications were found satisfactory for the requirements of
Cappa and D'Alberto Nigeria Plc, and as such you have emerged successful and have been issued a job offer
by us.
The soft copy of your Job Offer letter is attached, do accept our offer by signing in the appropriate place and
send us scanned copy of the duly signed Job Offer Letter. The terms of agreement are not negotiable, do
ignore or inform us if you do not accept the offer, as a suitable replacement will be sort after 5 working days.
Contact the Nigerian Ministry of Internal Affairs with the below contact details and obtain your Expatriate Quota
Approval Certificate to enable us safely apply for your Work and Residence Permit / Visa;
Nigerian Ministry of Internal Affairs
Block F Old Federal Secretariat,
Garki Area 1, P.M.B.16,
Garki, Abuja,
Nigeria.
Tel: +234-8077856267
E-mail: intaffairs.ng@minister.com
Direct all your queries to me via email or call me on +234-80754 -33118.
Congratulations,
Regards,

Ogunkoya Daniel
Human Resource Manager

To

Date: 16.08.2010

THE UNIT HEAD

SREE JAYAJOTHI CEMENTS LTD.,

THROUGH: A.G.M (Q.C.)

&

G.M. (ENG)

Respected Sir,
Sub: payment of house rent payment reg.
Humbly, I (E.Venkateswarlu, Chemist, Q.C. Department) would like to bring to your kind
notice that, I have taken a house at Banaganapalli, for a monthly rent of Rs.2000/- .
Hence I am requesting your kind selves to advise our Personal Department to arrange
to pay the house rent Rs.2000/-(Two thousand only) every month as per the norms of
the company.
For your kind action in this regard, I am very much thankful to you forever.
Thanking you Sir,
Yours faithfully,

(E.VENKATESWARLU)

To
Vice President (T & A)
SREE JAYAJOTHI CEMENTS LTD.,

Date: 24.07.2010

Respected Sir,
Sub: payment of house rent payment reg.
Humbly, I (S.Gridhar Reddy, Chemist, Q.C. Department) would like to bring to your
kind notice that, I have taken a house at Banaganapalli, for a monthly rent of
Rs.2000/- . Hence I am requesting your kind selves to advise our Personal
Department to arrange to pay the house rent Rs.2000/-(Two thousand only) every
month as per the norms of the company.
For your kind action in this regard, I am very much thankful to you forever.
Thanking you Sir,
Yours faithfully,

(S.GIRIDHAR REDDY)

To
Vice President (T & A)
SREE JAYAJOTHI CEMENTS LTD.,

Date: 26.07.2010

Respected Sir,
Through:

PROPER CHANNEL

Sub:I would like to bring to your kind notice that, I (Y.Venkateswara Reddy, Supervisor,
Mechanical Department) am working in this esteemed Organisation since 07.08.2007
and placed under probation for a period of Six Months w.e.f. 01.04.2009.
My probation is also completed by 01.10.2009 and so far I have not received my
conformation orders.
At present I am drawing a monthly salary is Rs.5000/- only (even not equal to the other
Trainee Diploma holders salary) I am suffering a lot to meet my family expensive.
Hence I am requesting your kind selves to consider my request and help me in this
regard.
For your kind action I am very much thankful to you forever.
Thanking You Sir,
Yours faithfully,

(Y.VENKATESWARA REDDY)

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Coal Statistics

Coal Conversion Statistics

Coal Conversion Statistics

Basis of Analysis

Definitions
As Received (ar): includes Total Moisture (TM)
Air Dried (ad): includes Inherent Moisture (IM) only
Dry Basis (db): excludes all Moisture
Dry Ash Free (daf): excludes all Moisture & Ash
The Proximate Analysis of any coal i.e. the % content of Moisture, Ash (A), Volatile Matter
(VM), Fixed Carbon (FC) - also Sulphur (S) and Calorific Value (CV) - can be expressed on
any of the above bases.

Conversions
To obtain:-Air Dry
Dry Basis
As Received
- multiply
ar by:
(100 - IM%) / (100 - TM%)100 / (100 - TM%)ad by:
100 / (100 - IM%) (100 - TM%) / (100 - IM%)
db by:
(100 - IM%) / 100
(100 - TM%) / 100
[For daf, multiply db by 100/(100-A)]
Example:
ar

ad

db

daf

TM
IM
Ash
VM
FC
Sulphur

11.0
2.0
12.0
30.0
47.0
1.0

2.0
13.2
33.0
51.8
1.1

13.5
33.7
52.8
1.12

39.0
61.0
-

MASS
Units:
Metric ton (t) = tonne = 1000 kilograms (= 2204.6 lb)
Imperial or Long ton (lt) = 1016.05 kilograms (= 2240 lb)
Short (US) ton (st) = 907.19 kilograms (= 2000 lb)
Conversions:
From long ton to metric tonmultiply by 1.016
From short ton to metric tonmultiply by 0.9072
Mt - million tonnes
Mtce - million tonnes of coal equivalent (= 0.697 Mtoe)
Mtoe - million tonnes of oil equivalent

Calorific Values (CV)

Units:
kcal/kg - Kilocalories per kilogram
MJ/kg* - Megajoules per kilogram
Btu/lb - British Thermal Units per pound
* 1 MJ/kg = 1 Gigajoule/tonne (GJ/t)

Gross & Net Calorific Values

Gross CV or higher heating value' (HHV) is the CV under laboratory conditions.
Net CV or 'lower heating value' (LHV) is the useful calorific value in boiler plant. The
difference is essentially the latent heat of the water vapour produced

Conversions Units
From kcal/kg to MJ/kg multiply by 0.004187
From kcal/kg to Btu/lb multiply by 1.800
From MJ/kg to kcal/kg multiply MJ/kg by 238.8
From MJ/kg to Btu/lb multiply MJ/kg by 429.9
From Btu/lb to kcal/kgmultiply Btu/lb by 0.5556
From Btu/lb to MJ/kg multiply Btu/lb by 0.002326

Conversions - Gross/Net (per ISO, for As Received figures)

kcal/kg: Net CV = Gross CV - 50.6H - 5.85M - 0.191O
MJ/kg: Net CV = Gross CV - 0.212H - 0.0245M - 0.0008O
Btu/lb: Net CV = Gross CV - 91.2H - 10.5M - 0.34O
- where M is % Moisture, H is % Hydrogen, O is % Oxygen (from ultimate analysis*, also As
Received).
* Ultimate analysis determines the amount of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur.
For typical bituminous coal with 10% M and 25% Volatile Matter, the differences between
gross and net calorific values are approximately as follows:
260 kcal/kg

1.09 MJ/kg

470 Btu/lb

Power Generation
1 MWh = 3600 MJ
1 MW = 1 MJ/s
1 MW (thermal power) [MWth] = approx 1000 kg steam/hour
1 MW (electrical power) [MWe] = approx MWth / 3
A 600 MWe coal-fired power station operating at 38% efficiency and 75% overall availability
will consume approximately:
- Bituminous coal (CV 6000 kcal/kg NAR*): 1.5 Mt/annum
- Brown coal (CV 2250 kcal/kg NAR*): 4.0 Mt/annum
* Net As Received
Sources: GWC Coal Handbook & IEA Clean Coal Centre

Documents

WCI Coal Conversion Facts fact card (2007)

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