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8-53 Hot air enters a sheet metal duct located in a basement. The exit temperature of hot air and the rate
of heat loss are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the duct are smooth. 3 The thermal
resistance of the duct is negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 5 The pressure of air is 1
atm.
Properties We expect the air temperature to drop somewhat, and evaluate the air properties at 1 atm and
the estimated bulk mean temperature of 50C (Table A-15),
1.092 kg/m 3 ;
k 0.02735 W/m.C
1.797 10 -5 m 2 /s;
Air duct
20 cm 20 cm
C p 1007 J/kg.C
Pr 0.7228
Analysis The surface area and the Reynolds number are
a 0.2 m
p
4a
T = 10C
Air
60C
4 m/s
L = 12 m
= 0.3
Vm Dh
(4 m/s)(0.20 m)
44,509
1.797 10 5 m 2 /s
Re
which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this case are
roughly
L h Lt 10 D h 10(0.2 m) 2.0 m
which is much shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we can assume fully developed
turbulent flow for the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
Nu
hDh
0.023 Re0.8 Pr 0.3 0.023( 44,509)0.8 (0.7228)0.3 109.2
k
and
k
0.02735 W/m.C
Nu
(109.2) 14.93 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0. 2 m
conv+rad,out
hot air
Assuming the duct to be at an average temperature of Ts , the quantities above can be expressed as
Q
:
conv,in
Te Ti
Q hi As Tln hi As
T s Te
T
i
s
ln
Q conv+rad,out :
Te 60
T s Te
60
s
ln
m
(0.1748 kg/s)(1007 J/kg.C)(60 T )C
C p (Te Ti ) Q
Q
e
8-32
8-33
Te [C]
33.85
39.43
42.78
45.1
46.83
48.17
49.25
50.14
50.89
51.53
Q [W]
1150
1810
2273
2622
2898
3122
3310
3469
3606
3726
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Te [C]
45.82
45.45
45.1
44.77
44.46
44.16
43.88
43.61
43.36
43.12
Q [W]
2495
2560
2622
2680
2735
2787
2836
2883
2928
2970
52.5
4000
3500
Te
48.5
Te [C]
Q
2500
40.5
2000
36.5
32.5
1
1500
Vel [m/s]
8-34
1000
10
Q [W]
3000
44.5
46
3000
45.5
2900
2800
44.5
2700
Te
44
2600
43.5
43
0.1
2500
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
8-35
0.7
0.8
0.9
2400
1
Q [W]
Te [C]
45
1.146 kg/m 3
Air duct
16 cm 16 cm
k 0.02625 W/m.C
1.654 10 -5 m 2 /s
90 W
C p 1007 J/kg.C
Pr 0.7268
Analysis (a) The mass flow rate of air and the exit
temperature are determined from
Air
32C
0.65 m3/min
L=1m
m
C p (Te Ti ) Te Ti
Q
Q
(0.85)(90 W)
32C +
38.1C
Cp
m
(0.01241 kg/s)(1007 J/kg.C)
V
0.65 m/min
0.16 m
P
4(0.16 m)
Vm
Then
Re
V m D h (0.4232 m/s)(0.16 m)
4093
1.654 10 5 m 2 /s
which is greater than 10,000. Also, the components will cause turbulence and thus we can assume fully
developed turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
Nu
hDh
0.023 Re0.8 Pr 0.4 0.023( 4093)0.8 (0.7268)0.4 15.70
k
and
k
0.02625 W/m.C
Nu
(15.70) 2.576 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.16 m
The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Assuming uniform surface
heat flux, its value is determined from
Q / As
(0.85)(90 W)/ 4(0.16 m)(1 m)
Q / As h(Ts , highest Te ) Ts , highest Te
38.1C +
84.5C
h
(2.576 W/m 2 .C)
8-36
Electronics, 90 W
Air
32C
0.65 m3/min
167
. 10 -5 m 2 / s
C p 1006 J / kg. C
Pr 0.710
D = 15 cm
Te
L=1m
Analysis (a) The mass flow rate of air and the exit temperature are determined from
m V (1143
.
kg / m 3 )(0.65 m 3 / min) = 0.74295 kg / min = 0.0124 kg / s
Q
(0.85)(90 W)
p (Te Ti ) Te Ti
Q mC
32 C +
38.1 C
p
mC
(0.0124 kg / s)(1006 J / kg. C)
(b) The mean fluid velocity is
V
0.65 m / min
Vm
Vm Dh (0.612 m / s)(0.15 m)
5497
167
. 10 5 m 2 / s
which is greater than 4000. Also, the components will cause turbulence and thus we can assume fully
developed turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
Nu
hDh
0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.4 0.023(5497) 0.8 (0.710) 0.4 19.7
k
and
h
k
0.0268 W / m. C
Nu
(19.7) 352
. W / m2 . C
Dh
015
. m
The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Assuming uniform heat flux,
its value is determined from
q h(Ts,highest Te ) Ts,highest Te
8-37
1.143 kg/m 3
k 0.0268 W/m.C
Electronic components,
20 W
1.67 10 -5 m 2 /s
C p 1006 J/kg.C
Pr 0.710
Air
32C
0.8 L/s
b 1.89 10 5 kg/m.s
s ,@ 350 K 2.08 10 5 kg/m.s
Te
L = 18 cm
Air channel
0.25 cm 12 cm
Analysis (a) The mass flow rate of air and the exit temperature are determined from
m V (1143
.
kg / m 3 )(0.8 10 -3 m 3 / s) = 9.14 10 -4 kg / s
Q
20 W
p (Te Ti ) Te Ti
Q mC
32 C +
53.7 C
4
p
mC
(9.14 10 kg / s)(1006 J / kg. C)
(b) The mean fluid velocity and hydraulic diameter are
Vm
V
0.8 10 3 m 3 /s
2.67 m/s
Ac
(0.12 m)(0.0025 m)
Dh
4 Ac
4(0.12 m)(0.0025 m)
0.0049 m
P
2[(0.12 m) + (0.0025 m)]
Then,
Re
Vm Dh (2.67 m / s)(0.0049 m)
783
167
. 10 5 m 2 / s
which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar and the thermal entry length in this case is
Lt 0.05 Re Pr Dh 0.05(783)(0.71)(0.0049 m) = 0.14 m
which is shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we assume thermally developing flow , and
determine the Nusselt number from
hD h
Re Pr D
Nu
1.86
k
L
1/ 3
0.14
(783)(0.71)(0.0049)
1.86
0.18
1/ 3
1.89 10 5
2.08 10 5
0.14
and,
k
0.0268 W/m.C
Nu
(8.24) 46.2 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.0049 m
The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Its value is determined from
Q
Q hAs (Ts , highest Te ) Ts , highest Te
hAs
20 W
53.7C +
64.0C
2
(46.2 W/m .C) 2(0.12 0.18 + 0.0025 0.18)m 2
8-58 Air enters a hollow-core printed circuit board. The exit temperature of the air and the highest
temperature on the inner surface are to be determined.
8-38
8.24
1143
.
kg / m 3
k 0.0268 W / m. C
Te
167
. 10 -5 m 2 / s
C p 1006 J / kg. C
Air
32C
0.8 L/s
Pr 0.710
b 189
. 10
kg / m.s
kg / m.s
s,@350 K 2.08 10
L = 18 cm
Air channel
0.25 cm 12 cm
Analysis (a) The mass flow rate of air and the exit temperature are determined from
m V (1143
.
kg / m 3 )(0.8 10 -3 m 3 / s) = 9.14 10 -4 kg / s
Q
35 W
p (Te Ti ) Te Ti
Q mC
32 C +
70.1 C
4
p
mC
(9.14 10 kg / s)(1006 J / kg. C)
(b) The mean fluid velocity and hydraulic diameter are
V
0.8 10 3 m 3 / s
2.67 m / s
Ac (0.12 m)(0.0025 m)
4 Ac
4(012
. m)(0.0025 m)
Dh
0.0049 m
P
2[(0.12 m) + (0.0025 m)]
Vm
Then,
Re
Vm Dh (2.67 m / s)(0.0049 m)
783
167
. 10 5 m 2 / s
which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar and the thermal entry length in this case is
Lt 0.05 Re Pr Dh 0.05(783)(0.71)(0.0049 m) = 0.14 m
which is shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we assume thermally developing flow , and
determine the Nusselt number from
hDh
Re Pr D
Nu
1.86
k
L
1/ 3
0.14
(783)(0.71)(0.0049)
1.86
0.18
1/ 3
1.89 105
2.08 10 5
0.14
and,
h
k
0.0268 W / m. C
Nu
(4.54) 24.8 W / m 2 . C
Dh
0.0049 m
The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Its value is determined from
hA (T
Q
s
s ,highest Te )
70.1C +
T s ,highest Te
Q
hAs
35 W
2
102.1C
8-59E Water is heated by passing it through thin-walled copper tubes. The length of the copper tube that
needs to be used is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the tube are smooth. 3 The thermal
resistance of the tube is negligible. 4 The temperature at the tube surface is constant.
8-39
4.54
62.0 lbm/ft 3
250F
k 0.363 Btu/h.ft.F
0.738 10 -5 ft 2 /s
Water
54F
0.7 lbm/s
C p 0.999 Btu/lbm.F
Pr 4.54
Analysis (a) The mass flow rate and the Reynolds number are
m
0.7 lbm/s
Ac V m V m
m
3.68 ft/s
3
Ac
(62 lbm/ft )[ (0.75/12 ft) 2 /4]
Re
D = 0.75 in
140F
L
Vm Dh
(3.68 ft/s)(0.75/12 ft)
31,165
0.738 10 5 ft 2 /s
which is greater than 4000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this case are roughly
which is probably shorter than the total length of the pipe we will determine. Therefore, we can assume
fully developed turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
Nu
hDh
0.023 Re0.8 Pr 0.4 0.023(31,165)0.8 ( 4.54)0.4 165.8
k
and
k
0.363 Btu/h.ft.F
Nu
(165.8) 963 Btu/h.ft 2 .F
Dh
(0.75 / 12) ft
The logarithmic mean temperature difference and then the rate of heat transfer per ft length of the tube are
Te Ti
Tln
T s Te
T
i
s
ln
140 54
148.9F
250 140
ln
250 54
Q hAs Tln (963 Btu/h.ft 2 .F)[ (0.75 / 12 ft )(1 ft)](148.9F) 28,150 Btu/h
The rate of heat transfer needed to raise the temperature of water from 54 F to 140 F is
m
C p (Te Ti ) (0.7 3600 lbm/h)(0.999 Btu/lbm.F)(140 - 54)F = 216,500 Btu/h
Q
Then the length of the copper tube that needs to be used becomes
216,500 Btu/h
Length
7.69 ft
28,150 Btu/h
(b) The friction factor, the pressure drop, and then the pumping power required to overcome this pressure
drop can be determined for the case of fully developed turbulent flow to be
f 0.184 Re 0.2 0.184(31,165) 0.2 0.02323
P f
2
(7.69 ft) (62 lbm/ft 3 )(3.68 ft/s) 2
L V m
1 lbf
0.02323
37.27 lbf/ft 2
2
D
2
(0.75 / 12 ft)
2
32.174 lbm ft/s
W pump
0.00078 hp
3
62 lbm/ft
550 lbf ft/s
8-40
b 1.85 10 5 kg/m.s
k 0.0261 W/m.C
1.57 10 -5 m 2 /s
C p 1005 J/kg.C
Analysis (a) Noting that the electric energy consumed by the fan is converted to thermal energy, the mass
flow rate of air is
W
Q
(8 10 25) W
elect, fan
m
C p (Te Ti ) m
Q
0.01045 kg/s
C p (Te Ti )
(1005 J/kg.C)(10C)
(b) The fraction of temperature rise of air that is due to the heat generated by the fan and its motor is
Q
25 W
m
C p T T
Q
2.38C
Cp
m
(0.01045 kg/s)(1005 J/kg.C)
2.38C
0.238 23.8%
10C
(c) The mean velocity of air is
(0.01045 / 8) kg/s
m
AcV m V m
m
3.08 m/s
Ac
(1.177 kg/m 3 ) (0.003 m)(0.12 m)
and,
Cooling
4 Ac
4(0.003 m)(0.12 m)
Dh
0.00585 m
air
P
2(0.003 m 0.12 m)
Therefore,
f =
Re
Vm Dh
(3.08 m/s)(0.00585 m)
1148
1.57 10 5 m 2 /s
which is less than 4000. Therefore, the flow is laminar. Assuming fully developed flow, the Nusselt
number from is determined from Table 8-4 corresponding to a/b = 12/0.3 = 40 to be Nu = 8.24. Then,
k
0.0261 W/m.C
Nu
(8.24) 36.8 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.00585 m
The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Assuming uniform heat flux,
the air temperature at the exit is determined from
q
[(80 25) W]/[8 2(0.12 0.18 + 0.003 0.18) m 2 ]
70C
61.9C
h
36.8 W/m 2 .C
8-41