Cattle breed

Cattle are considered to have been one of the first animals

domesticated by man for agricultural purposes. They were tamed
to provide milk, meat and hides and for draft purposes. The exact
time and place this happened is hidden in the mists of antiquity,
but it is thought they were probably first domesticated in Europe
and Asia about 8500 years ago.Domesticated cattle are in the
family Bovidae which includes ruminates with paired, hollow,
unbranched horns that do not shed and an even number of toes.
They belong to the genus Bos and the subgenera Taurine which
includes the two species tarus and indicus. Cattle are ruminants
(as are sheep, goats, deer, and giraffes), which gives them a
unique digestive system that allows the digestion of otherwise
unuseable foods by regurgitating and rechewing them as cud.
They thrive on grasses and other low quality plants built
predominantly of cellulose. Cattle have one stomach that has four
compartments. They are named the rumen, reticulum, omasum,
and abomasum. The rumen is the largest compartment and is like
a fermentation tank, providing the anaerobic environment,
constant temperature and pH, and constant mixing that allows
microbes to break down the cellulolse. The reticulum, known as
the "Honeycomb", is is the smallest compartment. The omasum's
main function is to absorb water and nutrients and is known as
the "Many Plies." The abomasum is most like the human stomach;
this is why it is known as the "True Stomach."All breeds of British
and European cattle like Angus, Hereford, Charolais and
Simmental belong to the tarus species. The humped cattle of the
tropical countries like Brahman and Africander belong to
the Indicusspecies. Many contemporary breeds are the result of
crossing two or more of the older breeds. Most of the new breeds
originating in the United States were developed in the Southern
states where the standard breeds lacked resistance to heat and
insects and did not thrive on the native grasses.

Other Bovidae that are so closely related to true cattle that they
can interbreed include the bison, buffalo, and yak. Purebred cattle
breeds have been selectively bred over a long period of time to
possess a distinctive identity in color, size, conformation, and
function and have the prepotency to pass these traits to their
progeny.The world cattle population is estimated to be about 1.3
billion head, with about 30 percent in Asia, 20 percent in South
America, 15 percent in Africa, 14 percent in North and Central
America, and 10 percent in Europe.

Rasegoveda
Goveda se
smatrajujednimodprvihpripitomljenihzivotinjaodstranecovekakoris
cenih u poljoprivrednesvrhe.Onesupripitomljene da
obezbedemleko,meso I kozezatekstilnesvrhe.Tacnovreme I
mestogde se ovodesilokrije se u magliantikeali se smatradasuprvi
put pripitomljeni u Evropi I Aziji pre 8500
godina.PripitomljenagovedapripadajuporodiciBovidaekojaukljucuje
ruminantessauparenimsupljimnerazgaranatimrogovimakoje se ne
linjaju I imajuparanbrojprstiju.OnipripadajuroduBos I Subgenera
taurinkojiukljucujedvevrste Taurus i
Indicus.Govedapripadajuroduprezivarakaostosu
(ovce,koze,jeleni,zirafe) stoimdajejedinstven system
zavarenjekojiimomogucavavarenjeinaceprogutanehrane.Onezive
od trava I
niskokaloricnihbiljakaizgradjenihpreteznoodceluoze.Govedaimajuj
edanzeludacpodeljennacetiridela.Njihovinazivisurumen,reticulum,
omasum I abomasum.Rumen je najvecapregrada I
predstavljatenkfermentacije,pruzajucianaerobnookruzenje,konsta
ntnutemperaturu, PH I stalnomesanjekojeomogucava da
mikrobiprovale u celulozu.Reticulumkoji je poznatkaosacekoji je I
najmanjiodeljak.Glavnaulogaomasuma je da apsorbujevodu i

hranljivematerije I poznat je kaopapilarnideo.Abomasum je

najviseslicanljudskomzeludcu I poznat je
kaopravizeludac.SveraseBritanske I Evropske stoke
poputAngusa,Sarolea,Herforda I Simentalpripadaju Taurus
vrsti.Grbavastoka je karakteristicnazatropskekarajevekaostosu
Bahrain I
AfrikapripadajuIncidusvrsti.Mnogesavremenerasesurezultatspajanj
advestarijerase.Vecinanovih rasa poreklomiz SAD surazvijene u
juznimdrzavamagdestandardnerase ne postoje I
otpornostnatoplotu I insekte I
nijepravookruzenjezaprirodnerase.DrugeBoavidesubliskopovezane
sarasamakoje semoguukrstitisabizonom,bufalom I
jakom,Rasnerasesutokomdugogperidaselektovane da
posedujukarakteristicanidentitet u boji,velicini,konformaciji I
funkciji da imajuprepotentnost da
prodjuoveosobine.Svetskapopulacijaprocenjuje se naoko 1.2
milijardegrlasaoko 30% u Aziji,20% u JuznojAmerici, 15% u
Africi,14% u Severnoj I CentralnojAmerici I 10% u Evropi.

Soy
Corn
Buckwheat
Millet
Wheat
Bone meal
Oats
Nitrogen
Phosphorus

Calcium

Poljoprivrednifakultet u Beogradu
Student Jovan Djordjevic
Brojindeksa 14/6
ProfesorDanijelaDjordjevic