The Fundamental Technical Knowledge

of Passive Components
for Windows version

http://www.ty-top.com

- Chapter 1-

Capacitor

Impedance Characteristics of Capacitor

Impedance equivalent circuit with capacitor is the same as the RLC series model.
Changes in Frequency

ESR: Increase

Impedance

Frequency

Frequency

ESL: Decrease
Frequency

Impedance

Impedance

ESL increases

Capacitance

Frequency

Impedance

ESR is constant

ESL

Changes in Element
Impedance

ESR

Impedance

Elements in Capacitor

Cap. : Increase

Frequency

Capacitance decreases

Frequency

What happens to the impedance level when connected in series?

Impedance Characteristics of Capacitor

Impedance for series connection

Impedance with different elements

100

100

10
[]
Impedance

[]
Impedance

10

Impedance
depends on ESL

Impedance depends
on capacitance

0.1

Resonance
Point

0.01

0.001
0.001

0.01

0.1

Impedance
depends on
ESR
1

10

0.1

0.01

100

[MHz]
Frequency

At resonance point, no impedance

for Capacitor & ESL
(Impedance for ESR only)
The frequency at resonance point depends
on Capacitor & ESL

Cap. : Increase

0.001
0.001

Resonance Point
Cap. : Increase,
ESL: Increase
0.01

0.1
1
Frequency
[MHz]

ESL:
Decrease
ESR:
Decrease
10

Impedance characteristics vary

depended on each element.

100

Impedance Characteristics of Capacitor

ESR varies depended

on frequency

Frequency characteristics for

different type of capacitors

Impedance,ESR Freq.-Temperature Characteristic

100

1000
R

100

10

Z
ESR[]
Impedance

Impedance,ESR[]

Ta47FESR
Ta47FZ
NEO 47FESR
NEO 47FZ
SPCAP 47F ESR
SPCAP 47F Z
MLCC47FESR
JM432BJ476MMESR
MLCC47FZ
JM432BJ476MMZ
SDK47FESR
SDK47FZ

10

0.1

0.1

0.01

0.01

0.001
0.1

10

100
1000
Frequency[KHz]

10000

100000

0.001
1

10

100

1000

[kHz]
Frequency

10000

100000

RLC Series Model ESR independent

from frequency

RLC varies depended on capacitors

material, structure and case size

ESR actually varies.

Frequency characteristic varies depended

on the type of capacitor,
especially on ESR.

Reliabilities of Multi-Layered Ceramic Capacitor

1. Operational condition comparison chart for Circuit
Polarity De-rating
MLCC

Ta Cap.

No

Ripple CU.
Solvent
Heat
Limitation Resistance Resistance

Al Capacitor

Leaded

Whats Electrolytic Capacitor?

Loading
Test

Al
foil
Al foil

Al
foil

Al foil

Electrolytic paper
Dielectric
<Surface mounted>

Yes

Electrolytic paper

Al2O3 )

Vertical style

Electrolysis solution
La

Da

Dk

Ca

Ck

Ra

Al Cap.

Horizontal style

Yes
Layout

Application
Problems

Operational

Polarity exam

limitation for rated

voltage

When mounting

(7050%level)

Have margin
capacity for
ripple current
Less reliable
associated from
self heating

Reverse voltage
Consideration

Limitation
for reflow
molding and
degrading
advancement

Liquid solution
flooding except
block structure
MLCC

Al capacitor:
decreasing in
capacitance from
electrolysis loss

Ta Capacitor

Leaded

Ta capacitor:
diffusion of Ag,
short circuit from
degrading of
insulating layer

Rk

Ca, Ck: positive/negative pole cap.

Da,Dk: rectification from negative
poles oxidization coating
La,Lk: Inductance for +,- leads
R: resistance of electrolsis solution
and paper
Ra,Rk: Inside resistance of forward
direction from +,-poles oxidization
coating
<Surface mounted>

Dielectric

Ta2O

MnO2
Graphite

Ceramic Capacitor

Tantal

Argentum paste
Solder

Da
La

Dielectric
Barium Titanate

Lx

Ca

Lx

Ra

Breakdown Voltage (V)

500

Breakdown voltage level comparison: rated voltage 10V

MLCC

400
300
200
100
0

Electrode: Ni

Ta Capacitor

Backward
direction

Forward
direction

uF

212F475
4.7uF

316
uF

212
uF

316
2.2uF

Characteristics Comparison for the Different Type of Capacitors

Frequency Characteristics
100

Ta47FESR
Ta47FZ
NEO 47FESR
NEO 47FZ
SPCAP 47F ESR
SPCAP 47F Z
MLCC47FESR
JM432BJ476MMESR
MLCC47FZ
JM432BJ476MMZ
SDK47FESR
SDK47FZ

ESR[]
Impedance

10

ESR varies greatly depended

on each type of capacitors.
Al>Ta>Functional Ta>Functional Al>ML

0.1

The lower ESR becomes, the lower

the impedance for high frequency gets.

0.01

0.001
1

10

100
1000
Frequency
[kHz]

10000

100000

Al>Ta>Functional Ta>Functional Al>ML

MLCC has superior frequency characteristics.

The most competitive merit

Characteristics Comparison for the Different Type of Capacitors

Ripple Current Characteristics

Ripple current characteristics

for the different type of capacitors

Temperature rise characteristic due to ripple current

Heat

Capacitor
Ripple
current

Heat
ESR

ESL

Temperature rise (degree)

Electrical energy is converted to heat

when current goes through resistance.

100

M LCC47uF
F
Tant.Cap47uF
F
POSCAP100uF
POSCAPF

10

0.1
0

Capacitor

0.5

1.5

2.5

A
Ripple
current(Arms)

3.5

Given the same amount of calorific power,

ripple current goes through MLCC
the most because of its low ESR.

Electrical energy is converted

to heat when ripple current
(AC) goes through capacitor.
(DC does not go through it)

Operational recommendation of heat release

value for MLCC is within 10.
There is no limitation of allowed ripple current for MLCC.

Heat shortens capacitors

durability.

Operational recommendation of heat release

value for electrolytic capacitor is within 5.
Allowed ripple current is regulated by makers.

The Basic Knowledge of

Circuits

The Functions of Bypass (decoupling) Capacitor

The Role of Bypass Capacitor
Noise + Load current

Power supply line

Necessary Characteristics for Bypass Capacitor

It has low impedance.

Load
Current

Noise
Current

(low prevention of an electric current)

IC

To connect
the noise
current to
the earth
(grounding)

It electrifies an electric current well.

It efficiently grounds the noise current.
It effectively decreases the noise current.

The principle of operation for Bypass Capacitor

DC does not go through the capacitor

(Impedance:)

DC is supplied directly to IC

Noise: more

Noise: less

Low Impedance

High Impedance

AC (noise) does go through the capacitor

AC (noise) is grounded

Noise Suppression Stabilize IC operation

Impedance

Low

High

Noise effect of
decreasing

More
effective

Less
effective

The Functions of Bypass (decoupling) Capacitor

Replacement of Ta capacitor
by Bypass Capacitor

Selection Criteria for Capacitor

1000

Increasing in noise
suppression effectiveness

Impedance,ESR[]

100

R
Z

10

Decreasing in noise
suppression effectiveness

Impedance(

Change
product name
100
to MLCC +
capacitance
10

Impedance,ESR Freq.-Temperature Characteristic

Impedance Comparison
F
Ta10uF
F
Ta47uF
LMK212F475ZG
LMK316F106ZL
LMK212BJ225KG
EMK325BJ106KN

0.1

0.01

0.001
10

0.1

0.01

0.001
0.1

Maximum level for noise

suppression effectiveness

10

100
1000
Frequency[KHz]

10000

100

1000
Frequency(kHz

10000

100000

When the frequency is over 10kHz,

the impedance of MLCC is lower than
that of Ta capacitor.

100000

Several kinds of Noise Frequencies

Effectiveness of reduction in high

frequency noise for MLCC is more
superior than that of Ta capacitor.

Select a Capacitor based on noise

frequency needs to be eliminated

It enables to replace Ta capacitor

with a smaller value of MLCC.

The Functions of Backup Capacitor

Load current doesnt stay constant.

Load current:
small

IC

Operating
at low-speed

Load current:
large

IC

Operating
at high-speed

High-speed load change

Load current

When ICs operational speed changes rapidly,

large load current is quickly needed.
Low-speed
operation

High-speed
operation

Power line for high-speed load changing

The current cant flow
Large load current is
to IC quickly enough.
quickly needed.

Line
voltage

IC

Line
voltage

Line voltage cant be

maintained, therefore
voltage is dropped.
Voltage
dropped

Line
voltage

IC

Low-speed
operation

IC

High-speed
operation

Circuit voltage,
Load current

Load current to IC

Minimum
required
operational
voltage
for IC

Time
Line voltage decreases below the required
operational voltage for IC.

Time

The IC stops its operation.

The Functions of Backup Capacitor

Capacitors actual
(considering equivalent circuit)

The Role of Backup Capacitor

Electric current delays

IC

Line
voltage

Line voltage,
needed load current,
Discharge current from
Capacitor

Voltage dropped
by electric current

ESR

Low-speed
operation

Maintaining
Line
voltage

IC
Capacitor

Minimum required
operational voltage
for IC

Voltage dropped
by discharge
current

Line voltage
dropped

Voltage fluctuation occurs

when capacitor charging

High-speed
operation

Line voltage

Voltage
dropped

This is a simplified version, so disregard ESL

Making up for electric

current shortage

Voltage dropped
by ESR
Voltage dropped
by electric
discharge

Voltage risen by
capacitor charging

Voltage risen by ESR

Time

Keeping the minimum required

operational voltage for IC

Maintaining
stable operation

Capacitor and ESR decide the amount

of voltage dropped

The Functions of Backup Capacitor

Experimental
circuit

To oscilloscope

R = 1
Power
Supply
Voltage=
5V

Experimental result for Capacitance and ESR

Load
resistance
R=5

LMK432BJ226MM
Ripple
Voltage of LMK432BJ226MM

F
Ripple
Voltage of 100uF Ta Cap

ESR
Voltage
fluctuation by ESR

Pulse generator
1945 (NF)
MLCC
47F7

VDiv

Rating
Capacitor

VDiv

2SK2684

Current
probe

Voltage
fluctuation

by capacitance

Switching frequency =
1000KHz
SDiv

ESR comparison

SDiv

10

MLCC
22uF

Ta Cap
100uF

High Value
Low ESR

The fluctuation band of

line becomes narrower.

0.1

Merits of MLCC
0.01

It enables to replace Ta capacitor with a

smaller value of MLCC.

0.001
0.1

10

100
1000

Frequency (KHz)

10000

100000

The effectiveness of MLCCs voltage fluctuation

depressing effect is greater than that of Ta capacitor.

Application Examples for Backup Capacitor

22uF
LMK432BJ226MM( F

Ta

F
Cap
10uF

OS F

SDiv

5VDiv

OS F

OS-CON 22uF

OS F

OS-CON 47uF

VDiv
SDiv

Ta Cap 100uF

SDiv

OSF

VDiv
SDiv

Ta Cap 47uF

SDiv

OS-CON 10uF

VDiv

OSOS-CON

SDiv

Ta Cap 22uF

SDiv

JMK550BJ107MM(100uF)

SDiv

VDiv

5VDiv

Ta Cap

JMK550BJ107MM F

JMK432BJ476MM(47uF)

SDiv

SDiv

JMK432BJ476MM F

VDiv

5VDiv

VDiv

JMK325BJ226MM(22uF)

VDiv

JMK316BJ106ML(10uF)

100uF

VDiv

MLCC
LMK325BJ106MN F

47uF

OS-CON 100uF

VDiv

10uF

SDiv

SDiv

The Basic Knowledge of Power

Supply Circuit

Series Regulator (3 Terminal Regulator)

Load current fluctuation

Load
current

Producing output voltage by

lowering certain amount of input
voltage

Step-down power supply

Controlling element
(transistor)
Input
voltage

Output
voltage

Input
voltage

Controlling element
(transistor)

Output
voltage

Circuit operation (water gate model)

Load
current

Controlling water gate to keep

the water level constant

Controlling load current with transistor

Output voltage stays constant.

Series Regulator (3 Terminal Regulator)

Circuit structure

Effects of input capacitor

Input voltage > Output voltage

Regulator

Add alternate current to input voltage

purposely to measure input current
amount with or without input capacitor

IC

Input Capacitor

IC

Output Capacitor

IC

Consisting of IC, input and output capacitors.

Function of input capacitor

Noise current

Without capacitors

IC

Connecting the line

noise to the ground.

Input VoltageVin

Noise + Load current

Load
current

With capacitors (MLCC)

2000

2000

1000

1000

-1000

-1000
-2000

-2000
-1

-1

Vertical: mV

Same as the function of

Bypass Capacitor

Horizontal: u sec

Input voltage is stabilized as

input capacitor is connected.

Series Regulator (3 Terminal Regulator)

Effects of output capacitor

Unable to supply
current immediately

IC

Voltage
dropped

Cover the current

shortage

IC

Line
voltage

Measuring the voltage fluctuation when load change

is occurred with/without output capacitor.
Load Current Iout

Function of output capacitor

Keeping line
voltage

200
150
100
50
0
-10

-5

IC

Same as the function of

Backup Capacitor

10

IC

Without capacitors
Output fluctuation
Vout

Supply current to control voltage

fluctuation for rapid load change

With capacitors (MLCC)

1000

1000

-1000

-1000

-2000

-2000
-2

-1

-10

-5

10

Output voltage is stabilized as output

capacitor is connected.

Step-Down Converter
Transistor for switching power supply
has only ON or OFF signal.

Circuit operation (water gate model)

Output
voltage

Controlling element
(transistor)

Load current

Controlling element
(transistor)
Output
voltage

Input
voltage

Input
voltage

Producing output voltage by lowering

input voltage with transistor

Load current

Switching operation
Controlling output voltage
by switching
Turn-on cycle

Constant

Time to be ON

Changes

Turn-on cycle

Constant

Time to be ON

Constant

Turn-on cycle of the switch

Control

ON

PWM
method
PFM
method
Switching frequency
Control

ON

PWM

ON
Time

ON

ON

PFM

ON

Time

Step-Down Converter
Operation of input capacitor

Circuit structure
Choke coil
FET1
Control IC

FET2

heat

heat

Heat generated by ESR

FET
(2)

Necessary characteristics of input capacitor

Input
capacitor

Output
capacitor

Input side current

Input
current

Ripple current flows

into input capacitor.

Ripple current

High tolerance for ripple current

Example: Permissible ripple current of a capacitor is 1A.
Ripple current: 6A

6
capacitors

1A

FET1

FET1

FET1

ON

ON

ON
Time

Large amount of alternating current

(ripple current) flows.

1A

1A

1A

1A

1A

Reduced
Example: Permissible ripple current of a
capacitor is 2A.
Ripple current: 6A

3
2A

2A

2A

capacitors

Step-Down Converter
Points of output voltage to remember

Output side operation

Choke coil

Keeping higher voltage than the lowest operating

voltage of load IC.

Ripple voltage
Rated output voltage

Voltage

Voltage

Output
capacitor
Input voltage

ON

ON

Output
voltage

ON

The lowest
operating voltage

Keep the band of

ripple voltage within
the rated value.

Rapid load voltage fluctuation

Time
Input voltage is controlled
by an on-off switching.

Time

Rated output voltage

It is smoothed with a
choke coil and an output
capacitor.
The lowest
operating voltage

Ripple voltage is included.

Control voltage drop by

rapid load voltage
fluctuation

Step-Down Converter
Factor for determining voltage drop by
rapid load voltage fluctuation

Factor for determining ripple voltage

Repeating an on-off switching signal

Operation at rapid load change

Charge and discharge are repeated with

output capacitor.
Voltage is fluctuated by current flowing in
and out.

Same as Backup Capacitor

Necessary characteristics for capacitor
when rapid load fluctuation occurred

Ripple voltage

High capacitance
Supply capacitor of high electronic charge

When discharging

When charging
Charging
Current

ESR

Low ESR

Voltage rise

Discharging
current

Repeat

ESR

Voltage drop

Charging

Reducing voltage drop when supplying

electronic charge

Capacity

Capacity
Voltage rise

High Value MLCC

Suitable

High capacitance and low ESR

reduce ripple voltage.

Discharging
Voltage drop

Charge Pump (Boost)

Circuitry of charge pump
(example: double boost)

Operation of charge pump (image)

Charging 2 capacitors separately
Charging

C1

In

Charging

C2

Output capacitor
(smoothing capacitor)

C1
C2

IC

Output
capacitor

Capacitors for charging

Required characteristics of capacitor

Connect

Input
capacitor

Out

2V

Load

Connecting charged capacitors

Charging capacitor and output capacitor

Lowering voltage fluctuation
occurred by charging/discharging
Backup Capacitor
Same as step-down output capacitor

Output double amount of voltage than input

Smoothing with output capacitor (Switching)
Output voltage is determined by the number of
capacitors connected. (integral multiple)

High capacitance and low ESR

are required.

Comparison of Various Input Capacitors

Summary

Vertical mV, Horizontal sec

Without Capacitor

Input
fluctuation
Output
fluctuation
Vin
Vout
100

Measuring the noise absorption and the output voltage

fluctuation by adding sine wave on input line

2000

Z1
Regulator

Vs:1Vrms

Vs Z2

7.5V

IC

Vin

-1000

-50

-2000

Vout

-100
-1

-1

Input fluctuation of 1Vrms

Vin =

Z2
Vs
Z1 + Z 2

Capacitor (Z2) has low impedance.

Effect of noise suppression: large

Vertical mV, Horizontal sec

250

250

-250

-250

-250

250

-500

-500
-1

-500
-1

-1

1000

With Capacitor
Vout
AlAl1
Cap
1
MLCC
Ta
Cap
1
20

20

20

100

10

10

10

10

-10

-10

-10

MLR
MLZ
TaR
TaZ
AlR
AlZ

0.1
0.01

Vertical mV, Horizontal sec

1F)
Frequency
Characteristics

MLCC is excellent in noise suppression (low impedance).

Constant IC input voltage

10000

Vin
With Capacitor
Al
Cap
Ta
Cap
Al1
1
MLCC
1
500
500

500

(Z1:Line impedance)

Output fluctuation of 35Vrms

Input capacitor inserted

IC used:NJM78L05(JRC)
Capacitor used:LMK212BJ105KG, Ta1uF, A11uF

ZESR[]

50

1000

-20

-20

-20

-1

-1

-1

Output fluctuation becomes smaller as IC input voltage stays constant.

0.001
1

10

100
1000
Freq.[kHz]

10000

100000

MLCC has lower impedance than that of Ta for a wide range of frequency.

MLCC is suitable for input capacitor.

Summary Operation Analysis of Output Capacitor

Vout

150
100
50
0
-10

-5
0
5
sec
Time

Waveform observation: Iout, Vout

(Observing by the type of output capacitors)
IC used: R1112N331B (Ricoh)
Input Cap: LMK212BJ225KG
Input V: 5V
Switching frequency: 100Hz
Load current: 150mA
TaESR-
Frequency
Characteristics Comparison
1000

JMK212BJ475KG
Ta4.7F

ESR[]

100

10

Vout
Fluctuation
VmV

Regulator
IC

200
IoutmA
Load
Current

Iout

Vout Fluctuation

Load
Current Waveform

Observation of output voltage fluctuation

2000

Without
Capacitor

Ta 4.7uF
Ta4.7F
JMK212B475KG
JMK212B475KG

0
-2000
-4000
-10

-5
0
5
sec
Time

10

Vout
Fluctuation

Ta4.7F

JMK212BJ475KG

50

50

-50

-50

-100

-100

-150

-150

-10

-5

Variable
ESR: Large
ESR

ESRLarge

10

-10

-5

10

Variable
ESR: Small
ESR

ESRSmall

Vertical mV, Horizontal sec

10

Using output capacitor with low ESR

reduces the output voltage drop
when load fluctuation occurred.

1
0.1
0.01
0.001
1

10

100
1000
Freq.[kHz]

10000 100000

MLCC with low ESR is well-suitable for output capacitor.

Development Method Direction for ML Lineups and Proposals

Market demand
Circuit segment

Digital circuit
Analog circuit

Capacitor application segment

Required performance

Focusing on impedance and

ESR characteristics

It is for circuit noise suppression and often used

in digital circuits.
Low Impedance, Low ESR
MLCC with Y5V characteristic and 0.1-10uF is best
suited

Decoupling
Backup
Smoothing

Amplifier

It may also be used for a circuit with large load

change (CPU), stability of power line and
protection of IC.
Low ESR, Low ESL, Low Impedance
MLCC with characteristics of Y5V,X5R,X7R
and 0.1-10uF is best suited.

Arithmetic
Oscillation

High pressure

Modem

Logic

Digital

High frequency

Power supply

Power supply
Audio
Others

Filter
Coupling
Time constant,
Resonance
Focusing on the stability of real
capacitance, temperature and bias

It is for in/output of power supply circuit and more

used as the miniaturization of equipment.
Real capacitance, Low ESR, Low ESL, Low Impedance
Rated Voltage and Reliability
MLCC with characteristics of X5R, X7R
and 1- tens of uF is best suited.
It is for amplifier, arithmetic, modem and
filter circuits.
Stability of capacitance temperature and bias
is important.
Temperature compensating dielectric type
MLCC is best suited.
(CFCAP, TC type multilayer)

Proposal for Bypass Capacitor

Common Case Example

Ta or
Electrolysis

Multilayer
0.1uF

22F0.1F
Impedance Characteristics
10000

Impedance
[]

Replacement proposal for high capacitance Ta

or Al electrolysis with ML 0.1uF

220.1
Electrolytic
cap 22uF + MLCC 0.1uF
22
Electrolytic
cap 22uF
0.1
MLCC
0.1uF

1000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
1

10

100

1000

10000 100000

[]
Frequency

Impedance for high frequency decreases.

High frequency characteristic is advanced.

Impedance Characteristics

High Value
MLCC

10000

Impedance
[]

Replaced only by a single High

Value MLCC

Electrolytic
cap 22uF + MLCC
0.1uF

MLCC 4.7uF
F F
MLCC 10uF

1000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001

Replaced only by a single MLCC

10

100

1000

10000 100000

Frequency
[]

Wider low impedance range compared with parallel use.

Ta cap & Al cap replacement guideline to MLCC X7R, X5R

1000

Tantalum
Cap. Value
470uF

Capacitance (uF)

220uF
100

Tantalum Cap. Replacement Guideline to

LMK316BJ476ML
(1206 47uF)

100uF

JMK212BJ226MG
(0805 22uF)

47uF

JMK107BJ106MA
(0603 10uF)

10uF
4.7uF

LMK316BJ226ML
(1206 22uF)

JMK105BJ225MV
(0402 2.2uF)

EMK325BJ226MM
(1210 22uF)

EMK212BJ106MG
(0805 10uF)

LMK107BJ475MA
(0603 4.7uF)

GMK316BJ106ML
(1206 10uF)
TMK212BJ475MG
(0805 4.7uF)
TMK212BJ225MD
(0805 2.2uF)

LMK107BJ225MA
(0603 2.2uF)

JMK105BJ105MV
(0402 1.0uF)

2.2uF
1

Part Number
(Case Size Cap)

JMK432BJ107MU
(1812 100uF)

22uF
10

X7R, X5R

UMK325BJ105MA
(1210 1.0uF)

GMK107BJ105A
(0603 1.0uF)

LMK105BJ474MV
(0402 0.47uF)

GMK316BJ225ML
(1206 2.2uF)

UMK212BJ474MG
(0805 0.47uF)

TMK107BJ474MA
(0603 0.47uF)

1.0uF
6.3V

10V

16V

25V

50V

Rated Voltage (V)

Note: Suggested capacitance value of MLCC may be
changed depending on the frequency level of noise.

Note: As derating is not required for MLCCs,use the actual voltage

of the circuit when selecting MLCC for replacement.

It requires as much as 1/5 to 1/20 of Al capacitors capacitance to replace.

Ta cap & Al cap replacement guideline to MLCC Y5V

Tantalum
Cap. Value

Tantalum Cap. Replacement Guideline to

Y5V

1000
Part Number
(Case Size Cap)

470uF

Capacitance (uF)

220uF
100

10

100uF

JMK325 F476ZN
(1210 47uF)

47uF

LMK316 F226ZL
(1206 22uF)

22uF

LMK212 F106ZG
(0805 10uF)

GMK316 F106ZL
(1206 10uF)

10uF

LMK212 F475ZG
(0805 4.7uF)

GMK316 F475ZG
(1206 4.7uF)

4.7uF
2.2uF
1

EMK107 F225ZA
(0603 2.2uF)
JMK105 F105ZV
(0402 1.0uF)

UMK325 F475ZH
(1210 4.7uF)

TMK212F225ZG
(0805 2.2uF)

UMK316 F225ZG
(1206 2.2uF)

UMK212 F105ZG
(0805 1.0uF)

EMK107 F105ZA
(0603 1.0uF)

1.0uF
6.3V

10V

16V

25V

50V

Rated Voltage (V)

Note: Suggested capacitance value of MLCC may be
changed depending on the frequency level of noise.

Note: As derating is not required for MLCCs,use the actual voltage

of he circuit when selecting MLCC for replacement.

MLCC requires as much as 1/5 to 1/20 of Al capacitors capacitance to replace.

Low ESR Electrolytic cap. replacement guideline to MLCC X7R, X5R

Low ESR Electrolytic
Cap. Value

Low ESR Electrolytic Cap. Replacement Guideline to

X7R, X5R

1000
Part Number
(Case Size Cap)

470uF
220uF

Capacitance (uF)

100

10

100uF

JMK432BJ107MU
(1812 100uF)
LMK316BJ476ML
(1206 47uF)

47uF

JMK212BJ226MG
(0805 22uF)

22uF

JMK107BJ106MA
(0603 10uF)

10uF

LMK316BJ226ML
(1206 22uF)

JMK105BJ225MV
(0402 2.2uF)

2.2uF

JMK105BJ105MV
(0402 1.0uF)

GMK316BJ106ML
(1206 10uF)

EMK212BJ106MG
(0805 10uF)

TMK212BJ475MG
(0805 4.7uF)

LMK107BJ475MA
(0603 4.7uF)

4.7uF

EMK325BJ226MM
(1210 22uF)

LMK107BJ225MA
(0603 2.2uF)

GMK316BJ225ML
(1206 2.2uF)

TMK212BJ225MD
(0805 2.2uF)

UMK325BJ105MA
(1210 1.0uF)

GMK107BJ105A
(0603 1.0uF)

1.0uF
6.3V

10V

16V

25V

50V

Rated Voltage (V)

Note: Suggested capacitance value of MLCC may be
changed depending on the frequency level of noise.

Note: As derating is not required for MLCCs,use the actual voltage

of the circuit when selecting MLCC for replacement.

- Chapter 2-

Inductor

Impedance of Inductor and Capacitor Inductive Reactance & Capacitive Reactance

Ohms lawAlternate voltageImpedanceAlternate current

Impedance of pure inductor: inductive reactance: it increases as frequency increases.

Alternate
power supply

Frequency :
Voltage magnitude : VO
V=V0exp(j)

According to the Ohms law, the

impedance of pure inductor is
proportional to frequency and
inductance.

V=Ldi/dt
Solving for V: V0=j2fL
Impedance is equal to:Z=XL=2fL

Inductance:
High
Inductance:
Medium

Impedance

Inductance L

Inductance:
Low

Frequency

Frequency :
Voltage magnitude : VO

=V0exp(j)

According to the Ohms law, the

impedance of pure capacitor is
inversely proportional to
frequency and capacitance.

Alternate
power supply

Capacitance :C

V=1/Cidt
Solving for V: V0 = 1/(2fC)
Impedance is equal to: Z = Xc = 1/(2fC)

Impedance

Impedance of pure capacitor: capacitive reactance: it decreases as frequency decreases.

Capacitance:
Medium

Capacitance:
High

Frequency

Capacitance:
Low

Usage of Inductor and Capacitor: Low-pass Filter and High-pass Filter

Impedance of inductor: It increases as frequency increases.

Impedance of capacitor: It decreases as frequency increases.
Typical characteristic of
low-pass filter

GND
In case of high frequency,
inductors high Z:
blocked
capacitors low Z:
dropping to the ground

Gain
Gain

IN

OUT

In case of low frequency,

inductors low Z:
passing-through
capacitors high Z:
passing-through instead
of dropping to the ground

Frequency

OUT

In case of low frequency,

inductors low Z:
dropping to the ground
capacitors high Z:
blocked

Gain

IN

Typical characteristic of
high-pass filter

GND

In case of high frequency,

inductors high Z:
passing-through instead of
dropping to the ground
capacitors low Z:
passing-through

Frequency

Series CircuitSeries Resonance and Parallel CircuitParallel Resonance of Inductor and Capacitor

Impedance of inductor: It increases as frequency increases.

Impedance of capacitor: It decreases as frequency increases.
Series circuit of pure
inductor and capacitor:
Series resonance

Parallel circuit of pure

Inductor and capacitor:
Parallel resonance
Parallel circuit:
Basically an electric
current flows in
lower impedance.

Series circuit:
Basically addition

At resonant
frequency:
zero

Impedance of
series circuit

Inductors
impedance
Frequency

Impedance of
parallel circuit

Capacitors
impedance

Impedance

Impedance

Capacitor
impedance

At resonant
frequency:

Inductors
impedance
Frequency

Application of Inductor and Capacitor Band-pass Filter and Trap Filter

Impedance of series circuit: Lowest at frequency resonance point

Impedance of parallel circuit: Highest at frequency resonance point
Typical characteristic of
trap filter

Typical characteristic of
band-pass filter

OUT

IN

Series circuit:
low Z at resonant
frequency:
dropping to the
ground

GND

Parallel circuit:
high Z at resonant
frequency:
passing-through
instead of dropping to
the ground

Gain

Gain

GND

OUT

IN

Frequency

Frequency

Real Characteristics of Inductor Self-Resonance Point Characteristic

Typical impedance characteristic
of existing inductor
~similar to the typical impedance characteristic
of LCR parallel circuit~

Multilayer inductor

Ex) Stray capacitance

existed between internal
and external electrode

Impedance

Wound chip inductor

Frequency
Ex) Stray capacitance
existed between winding
wires

Inductor for the low frequency side,

capacitor for the high frequency side and
at resonance point, impedance is limited.

Application Ex. using Self-Resonance Characteristic of Inductor Trapping Formulation by Low-pass Filter

OUT

IN
GND

Impedance

Example of Low-pass filter

It has a sharp peak point at

a resonance frequency.

Inductor B: impedance characteristic

Impedance

Inductor A: impedance characteristic

Frequency

Filter characteristic of
pure inductor

Inductor A in use

Same inductance as inductor A,

but its impedance is lower than
that of As.

Frequency

Inductor B in use

Frequency

Trapping
resulted from
the sharp peak
point

Frequency

Gain

Gain

Trap-less
Transmitting
characteristic
deformed

Frequency

This self-resonance characteristic is proactively implemented for a filter circuit application,

and therefore this unique characteristic needs to be considered
for both replacement and downsizing applications.

Real Characteristics of Inductor Lost Elements and Q Characteristic

ML inductor

Inductors Q factor

Wound chip inductor

Impedance of pure inductor:

Inductive reactance
Resistance
elements
(Summation of loss)

R
Print internal electrode
on sheet made of core
material

Wind up wire
around core

Core materials:
Hysterisis loss, Eddy current loss, dielectric material loss
and more
Internal electrode:
DCR, resistance loss in high frequency zone originated from
skin effect and more
Pure inductor has no loss at all.

XL

Inductive reactance
Resistance elements

Q factor is an approximation value which

expresses how close an inductor is to be
a pure inductor.
The larger the Q factor an inductor has,
the purer the inductor becomes on circuit.

Q Factor and Filter Characteristics of Inductor Example of How the Difference in Q Factor Influences TrapTrap-Filter Characteristic
Characteristic

Example of trap filter

Series resonance of inductor and capacitor

Inductor A: Q factor characteristic

Inductor B: Q factor characteristic

OUT

IN

Low Q factor

GND

Frequency

Filter characteristic example

of pure inductor

Inductor B in use

Inductor A in use

Gain

Gain

Frequency

Frequency

Frequency

Not
enough
trap

Frequency

In case of resonance circuit with capacitors, generally inductors Q factor characteristic

has huge influence on the circuit.

Q-Value and Matching Characteristics Example of How the Difference in Q-value Influences Matching Characteristic

Example of matching circuit

Example of matching design

with pure inductor
With the inductor,
impedance is matched at
the center of the chart.

Inductor A: Q factor characteristic

Inductor A: Q factor characteristic

Matching for amplifier and antenna

Low Q factor

Frequency

Frequency

Inductor A in use

Inductor B in use

Fit the design

Shifted off the

center of the
chart

Amplifiers
characteristic:
starting point

In case of matching circuit, generally inductors Q factor characteristic

has huge influence on the circuit.

Coffee Break Q Factor of Inductor and Tan of Capacitor

Q factor of inductor
inductors loss elements

Tan of capacitor
capacitors loss elements
Impedance of pure capacitor:
Capacitance reactance

Impedance of pure inductor:

inductive reactance
Resistance
elements

Resistance
elements

(summation of loss)

(summation of loss)

XL

Inductive reactance
Resistance elements

Q factor is an approximation value which expresses

how close an inductor is to be a pure inductor.
The larger the Q factor an inductor has,
the purer the inductor becomes on circuit.

Tan

Xc
Resistance elements

Capacitance reactance

Tan is a value which explains how far

a capacitor is from being a pure capacitor.
The smaller the tan a capacitor has,
the purer the capacitor becomes on circuit.

Real Characteristics of Inductor Example of DC Bias Characteristic

Example of inductors
DC bias characteristic

Impedance

Example of an inductor
which has a strong
characteristic
against DC bias
Example of an inductor
which has a weak
characteristic
against DC bias
DC Bias
Current

Impedance gets
lowered as inductance
is dropped by magnetic
saturation.

Frequency

An inductor which has

a strong characteristic
against DC bias
can maintain high
impedance level
(vice versa).
Generally, an inductor
is selected based
on a margin level for
both required
inductance and
impedance under
operational
circumstances.

Impedance

Impedance

In case of magnetic-material core which has

the magnetic saturation characteristic,
inductance is lowered by increasing in
DC bias current.

Example of impedance characteristic

Frequency

Example of the Influence on Inductors DC Bias Characteristic in use of Power Supply Choke

ON/OFF
noise

IC

Load
fluctuation

Inductor:
Blocked by
impedance
Bypass
improved
Bypass characteristic
of capacitor only

Impedance

Capacitor: Bypass to
the ground

Inductor A: Impedance characteristic

Impedance
increased by
high
frequency

A strong
characteristic
against DC bias
and maintain high
impedance

Frequency

Inductor A in use
Improved bypass
characteristic at high
frequency range

Inductor B: Impedance characteristic

Impedance

Example of power supply choke circuit

A weak characteristic
against DC bias and
unable to keep high
impedance

Frequency

Inductor B in use
Inferior bypass
characteristic

In case of power supply choke application, it should take full advantage of impedance characteristic
in terms of designing of bypass circuit. Since impedance characteristic is degraded by DC bias,
it should be paid attention to see if the required value left under operational circumstances
comparing with self-resonance characteristic.

Example of the Influence on Inductors DC Bias Characteristic of Power Supply Switching Circuit Application

Example of step-up power supply circuit

General relationship between

DC bias characteristic and Is

DC Output
Vout

Is

Vs

While Vs turned on, Is flows to IC and then voltage

is raised by inductor. When Vs being off, it is added
onto the input DC and then Output DC is up-converted.
When Vs is being on, Vin = LdIs/dt, solving for this
Is = Vin / Lt
Is gradually increases as Vs turned on,
it increases rapidly with small inductance .
It is important to know of the tolerance current
when selecting an inductor for the power supply circuit.

s
and Vs

VsON

OFF

ON

OFF

ON

As DC bias current
increases, the
inductance starts
decreasing.
DC Bias

Current
(Is) flows into IC

DC Input
Vin

Impedance

Inductance: L

Switching IC
broken down

Is increases as times goes on.

Is increases even faster with
small inductance.

Time

DC bias current
passes at some
point, inductance
drops suddenly.
When DC bias
current passes
the tolerance current,
(for the worst case
scenario) the switching
IC is broken down.

Is

current

Time

Switching interval is shortened by high frequency

power supply IC, and therefore large inductance is
no longer needed for IC.
Addition to this, flat DC bias characteristic isnt ideal for
all kinds of circuit. It would be better to match a specific
DC bias characteristic with IC and power supply demand.

Coffee Break The Charging and Discharging Mechanisms of Capacitor

Charging mechanism
Increasing
electric charge

+Q

Voltage raised

-Q

Electric
current

Capacitor

Battery

Discharging mechanism
Decreasing
electric charge

+Q

Voltage dropped

-Q

Electric
current

Capacitor

A time-varying electric charge induces electric current.

-I = dQ/dt
Capacitance is the constant of proportion derived from
the relationship between the quantity of electric
charge and voltage.

Q = CV
The relationship among voltage, electric current
and capacitance

-V = 1/cidt or I = CdV/dt
The equivalent relationship for inductor

-V = Ldi/dt

Apply voltage to a capacitor, electronic charge is built up in

the inside of capacitor. On the other hand, when both sides of
external electrodes are short-circuited, the capacitor discharges
the built-up electronic charge.
The quantity of electronic charge is proportional to voltage.
(In case with inductor, an electronic current creates magnetic
flux. The quantity of magnetic flux is proportional to
electronic current.)
Capacitors capacitance is the constant of proportion between the
quantity of electronic charge and voltage. (In case with
inductor, inductance is the constant of proportion from
magnetic flux and electronic current.
A time-varying electric charge or discharge induces electric current.
In case with inductor, a time-varying magnetic flux induces
electric voltage.

- Chapter 3 -

Electro-Magnetic Compatibility
(EMC)

The Different Types of Noise

Contents

Countermeasure components

Radiation noise

It leaks out as an electromagnetic wave. The

sources are signal line and power line. There are
restrictions in countries. (VCCI, FCC, CISPR, EN,
etc.)

Mainly ML Ferrite Chip Beads BK

series, Rectangular Ferrite Chip
Beads (High Current) FB series M
type. Resistors and capacitors may
also be used.

Conduction
noise (noise

It runs through DC power line, i.e. switching noise,

etc. The sources are DC-DC power supply
converter, etc.

Mainly Surface Mount High Current

Inductors NP series, Wound Chip
Inductors LB series and such ferrite
components and capacitors for DCDC, etc.

Ripple voltage
(current)

A fluctuation by voltage drop occurred when IC

operates. It becomes a problem at power line with
high power consumption for CPU, etc.

Mainly capacitors

Electrostatic

A discharge phenomenon, which is caused by

friction charge. It causes element destruction and
malfunctions.

Mainly Chip Varistors and Diodes.

Capacitors and Beads may also be
used.

Surge noise

Instantaneous high voltage and current. It is

occurred by natural phenomenon (eg.
thunderstorm), inserting and removing a cable, etc.

Spark Gaps and Varistors.

Beads and Resistors for low voltage.

terminal voltage)

Standards of Radiation Electric Field

Global Standard: CISPR

Japan: VCC class2

(Consumer Equipment)

U.S.A.: FCC part15

Europe: EN55022
Other countries: Setting regulation based on CISPR

Regulation of the frequency band is between 30MHz to 1000MHz for VCCI.

Others are referred on the next page.

EMI Regulation Example for High Frequency Band (Tightening Regulation for GHz band noise)

1. CISPR 11 Group 2 Class B (1999 industry, chemistry, medical)

For equipment with embedded frequency of 400MHz and above
Regulated frequency: 1-2.4GHz band
Standard: 70dBuV/m and below (3m electric field intensity)

2. CISPR 22 CIS/G/210/CD (2001 IT equipment)

For equipment with embedded frequency of 200MHz and above
Regulated frequency: 1-2.7GHz band
Standard: Average of 50dBuV/m and below,
Max 70dBuV/m and below (3m electric field intensity)

3. FCC Part 15 (IT equipment)

Measurement up to 2GHz is required for an operation
between 108 to 500MHz band.
Measurement up to 5GHz is required for an operation
between 500 to 1000MHz band.

Mechanism of Radiation Noise 1

Spectrum

Digital waveform

Measurement system: Spectrum Analyzer

Measurement system: Oscilloscope

Voltage
(current)

Time axis is transformed to frequency.

Time

Noise
(voltage, current)

Fourier transform

Noise standard restricts

the noise received with
an antenna.

Frequency

Digital wave is formed by various frequencies.

Voltage
(current)
Spectrum Analyzer

sc

e
op
c
s
illo

Frequency
Time

Mechanism of Radiation Noise 2

Flux occurs only with direct current.

Current

Flux

Electric
field
Magnetic
field
Electric and magnetic fields
Electric
occur with alternate current.
field
Current
Magnetic
field

Voltage

voltage

0V
0V

Current

current
0A

0A

Radiated from digital wave

Noise

Clock

Noise

Digital signal

Vcc
Leakage of
high frequency

IC

IC

Vcc

Mechanism of Radiation Noise 3

Magnetic
Magnetic
Magnetic
Magnetic
field
field
field
field
Electric
Electric
Electric
Electric
field
field
field
field

Antenna

RF signal source

Spectrum
Analyzer

Radiation electromagnetic field measurement

(open site, anechoic chamber)

Antenna

Direct wave

EUT
Reflected
wave

Noise standard restricts

the received noise value.
Spectrum
Analyzer

Mechanism of Radiation Noise 4

Ringing occurring
Voltage

Voltage
Time

Spectrum changes
with waveform
distortion.

Time

Level changes
Noise

Noise
Frequency

Frequency

Cause: mismatching of transmission line

Standing wave
=traveling wave+reflected wave
Reflected wave

Because harmonics of a digital signal

make a standing wave, the emission
of the signal increases as noise.

Traveling wave

Transmission line pattern

Mismatching of impedance

Fin.
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