Clifford

20074


z20005

z2003
Claus Ringel

z Claus

Claus

z 2006

Claus

Clifford

z
Clifford
On Miquels Theorem.

zWilliam Kingdon Clifford1845-79

34
zClifford

Hamilton

KleinClifford
zClifford

z1838Miquel
Clifford1871
Clifford

Clifford
z

zClifford
F. Morley1900
TransactionOn
the metric geometry of the plane n-line

Clifford
n=2

n=3

n=4

n=4

z
z
z

z
z Wallace

n=5

z
z
z
z Wallace
z
z Miquel
z

n=6

z
Miquel
z

n=7

z
z
z
z
z


z
2n2n-1
2n
2n 2n
Clifford
z
2n+1 2n
Clifford 2n+1
2n+1 2n+1
Clifford


z Clifford
n=7

z C,

x1t1
x=
t1 t

z 0

| x 0 |=| x x1 |
z

y1 = x1 , t1 =

y1

x1

z t

x 1t1
x =
t1 t


x1t1
z x = t1 t

x2t2
x = t2 t

.
x1t1
x2 t 2
a1 =
+
t1 t 2 t 2 t1

x1
x2
a2 =
+
t1 t 2 t 2 t1

. a1 ,a2 n=2

z (1 2 3)
(1 2 3), (2 3 1) , (3 1 2).
a1 , a 2 , a3 n=3

z a1
| a2 |
x = a1 a 2 t
z

z 4.1. n x1 , x2 , L , L , xn
n
n
n
a
,
a
,
L
,
L
,
a
1 2

n
ain =

x1t n i
(t1 t 2 )(t1 t 3 ) LL (t1 t n )

z (12- - -n)
1

z4.2.

n 1
i

= a a t
n
i

n
i +1 n

z
x1t1n i 1t n
x1t1n 1
(t t )LL(t t )(t t ) (t t )LL(t t )(t t )
1
2
1
n 1
1
n
1
2
1
n 1
1
n
x1t1n1i +1 (t1 t n )

x1t1n i +1
=
=
(t1 t 2 ) LL (t1 t n 1 )(t1 t n )
(t1 t 2 ) LL (t1 t n 1 )

z n
n
x1t1
a =
= 1,2,...., n
(t1 t2 ) L (t1 tn )
z a b sn = t1t2 L tn
y1t1 n
b =
1 1
1 1
( )L ( )
t1 t2
t1 tn
n2
n
x
t
t
t

1
= ( 1) n 1 t1t2 L tn 1 1 1
(t1 t2 ) L (t1 tn )

= ( 1)

n 1

t1t2 L tn an +1 = ( 1)

z 4.3. b = ( 1) n 1 s n a n +1

n 1

s a
n

n +1

z4.4. u1 , u 2 ,L ,L , u n n
u i u i
n 1
u i u n = u n i
z ui = v1v2 LLvi vi = 1,1 i n.
z u u = v1 L vi vi +1 L vn = v L v =u
i

v1 L vi

i +1

n i

n=4 n=5
z
z
x = a1 a2t
x = a1 a 2 s1
z
z s1
4.2,

x = (a1 a 2 t ) ( a 2 a 3 t ) s1

z 4.3, 0 = a 2 a3t
0 = a3 a2 t

tt = 1

z t t
x = a 1 a 2 s1

0 = a 2 a 3 s1

z a1 , a2 , a3 n= 4
z

x a1
a2

a2
=0
a3

z Clifford

a22
x = a1
a3

s1 ,

z n=5
i = 1,2,3,4,5.

z
Cliford
z 4.2n=5
n=4

x = (a1 a 2 t ) (a 2 a3t ) s1
0 = (a 2 a3t ) + (a3 a 4 t ) s1

z s1
s1 + t , s1t

z s1 s2
z

x = a1 a2 s1 + a3 s2

0 = a 2 a3 s1 + a 4 s 2

z 4.3 t

z t1 + t t t1t
t1 + t t1t t
Cramer x t
t

a1 x a2
a2
=t
a2
a3
a3

z Clifford

a3
a4

Clifford
z 6.1. 2p Clifford

a1 x a2 L a p
a2
M
ap

a3 L a p +1
=0
M
M
M
a p +1 L a2 p 1

z 2p+1 Clifford
a1 x a2 L a p
a2
a2
a3 L a p +1
a3
=t
M
M
M
M
M
ap
a p +1 L a2 p 1
a p +1

a3 L a p +1
a4 L a p + 2
M
M
M
a p + 2 L a2 p

z p=1 2x1

x = a1
z P=2 s1
2x2-1 Clifford
x = a1 a 2 s1

z 2x2 Clifford
x = a1 a 2 s1

0 = a 2 a3 s1

z p=3, s1 s2
2x3-1 Clifford
x = a1 a 2 s1 + a3 s 2
0 = a 2 a3 s1 + a 4 s 2

z 2p-1 Clifford
x = a a s + LL + (1) p 1 a s
1

2 1

p 1

0 = a 2 a3 s1 + LL + (1) p 1 a p +1 s p 1
LLLLLL
0 = a p 1 a p s1 + LL + (1) p 1 a 2 p 2 s p 1

z s1 , s 2 , LL , s p 1 p-1
p=2p=3
2p

z 4.2, 2p-1
2p

x = (a1 a2t ) (a2 a3t )s1 +LL+ (1) p1(ap ap+1t )sp1
0 = (a2 a3t ) (a3 a4t )s1 +LL+ (1) p1(ap+1 ap+2t )sp1
LLLLLL
0 = (ap1 apt ) (ap ap+1t )s1 +LL+ (1) p1(a2 p2 a2 p1t )sp1

z t p
x = a1 a 2 s1 + LL + (1) p 1 a p s p 1
0 = a 2 a3 s1 + LL + (1) p 1 a p +1 s p 1
LLLLLL
0 = a p 1 a p s1 + LL + (1) p 1 a 2 p 2 s p 1
0 = a p a p +1 s1 + LL + (1) p 1 a 2 p 1 s p 1

z 1+i p-i+1
2 p

z u1 , u 2 ,L,L, u p 2 1
t1 , t 2 , L , L , t p 2
z

si = u i + u i 1t

z 4.3,
0 = a2 p1 a2 p2 s1 +L+ (1) p2 ap+1s p2 + (1) p1ap s p1
= a2 p1 a2 p2 (u1 +t) +L(1) p2 ap+1(u p2 + u p3t) + (1) p1ap (u p2t)

z u p 2 4.4

0 = a2 p1up2 a2 p2 (up3 +up2t) +L(1) p2 ap+1(1+u1t) + (1) p1ap t

p 1
(

1
)

z p

0 = a2 p1u p2t a2 p2 (u p2 + u p3t ) + L(1) p2 a p+1 (u1 + t ) + (1) p1 a p

z t t = 1 t
s1 , s 2 , LL , s p 1

z 2p p

z 2p+1 4.2, 2p
2p+1
2p Clifford
p
x = (a1 a2t ) (a2 a3t )s1 + LL+ (1) p1 (a p a p+1t )s p1
0 = (a2 a3t ) (a3 a4t )s1 + LL+ (1) p1 (a p+1 a p+2t )s p1
LLLLLL
0 = (a p1 a pt ) (a p a p+1t )s1 + LL+ (1) p1 (a2 p2 a2 p1t )s p1
0 = (a p a p+1t ) (a p+1 a p+2t )s1 + LL+ (1) p1 (a2 p1 a2 p t )s p1

z p-1

s1 , s 2 , LL , s p 1
z t p
s1 , s 2 , LL , s p 1 , s p
z
x = a1 a 2 s1 + LL + (1) p 1 a p s p 1 + (1) p a p +1 s p
0 = a 2 a3 s1 + LL + (1) p 1 a p +1 s p 1 + (1) p a p + 2 s p
LLLLLL
0 = a p 1 a p s1 + LL + (1) p 1 a 2 p 2 s p 1 + (1) p a 2 p 1 s p
0 = a p a p +1 s1 + LL + (1) p 1 a 2 p 1 s p 1 + (1) p a 2 p s p

z 4.3 2p
i+1 p-i+1 t

z 2p+1 p s1 , s 2 , LL , s p 1

z Clifford

z a

z F.Morley, On the metric geometry of the plane nline, Trans.Am.Math.Soc.7,1900.

z W.B.Carver, The failure of the Clifford chain
American J.Math. Vol.42,No.3, 1920, 137-167.
z