Waste Management 30 (2010) 12201224

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Waste Management
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/wasman

Valorisation of waste tyre by pyrolysis in a moving bed reactor

E. Ayln, A. Fernndez-Colino, R. Murillo *, M.V. Navarro, T. Garca, A.M. Mastral
Instituto de Carboqumica, CSIC, M Luesma Castan 4, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 14 July 2009
Accepted 2 October 2009
Available online 6 November 2009

a b s t r a c t
The aim of this work is to assess the behaviour of a moving bed reactor, based on a screw transporter
design, in waste tyre pyrolysis under several experimental conditions. Waste tyre represents a significant
problem in developed countries and it is necessary to develop new technology that could easily process
big amounts of this potentially raw material. In this work, the influence of the main pyrolysis process
variables (temperature, solid residence time, mass flow rate and inert gas flow) has been studied by a
thorough analysis of product yields and properties. It has been found that regardless the process operational parameters, a total waste tyre devolatilisation is achieved, producing a pyrolytic carbon black with
a volatile matter content under 5 wt.%. In addition, it has been proven that, in the range studied, the most
influencing process variables are temperature and solid mass flow rate, mainly because both variables
modify the gas residence time inside the reactor. In addition, it has been found that the modification
of these variables affects to the chemical properties of the products. This fact is mainly associated to
the different cracking reaction of the primary pyrolysis products.
2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
In the developed countries, approximately one used tyre per capita and per year is produced. Scrap tyres suppose a special challenge for their disposal or reuse because of their size, shape and
physicochemical properties. In order to deal with residues disposal,
the European Commission in the Landfill of Waste Directive (European Commission, 1999) proposes the following routine: to reduce,
to reuse, to recycle and, finally, to perform an energy valorisation
process. Although it would be desirable to implement only the
three first strategies, waste tyre generation is so high that it is
unavoidable to make use of the energy valorisation processes.
Scrap tyres have high-volatile, moderate sulfur content and lowash contents with a calorific value greater than that of coal or biomass. These properties make it an ideal material for thermochemical treatments (combustion, pyrolysis and gasification). Among
these processes, pyrolysis would be very interesting because not
only valuable products can be obtained but low emissions are also
generated, since approximately only 20% of the raw material is finally burnt (Murillo et al., 2006) to provide the internal energy
demand.
In the pyrolysis process, the organic volatile matter of tyres
(mainly the rubber polymer/s) is decomposed to low molecular
weight products, liquids or gases. The inorganic components and
the non-volatile carbon black remain as a solid residue which is
relatively unaltered, and therefore can be recycled in worthwhile
applications. The derived oils can be used as fuels or as a source
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +34 976 733977; fax: +34 976 733318.
E-mail address: ramonm@icb.csic.es (R. Murillo).
0956-053X/$ - see front matter 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2009.10.001

of refined chemicals (Laresgoiti et al., 2004). Gases are also useful

as fuels and the solid char may be used either as smokeless fuel,
carbon black or activated carbon precursor (Laresgoiti et al.,
2000; Berrueco et al., 2005).
There are a number of studies in the literature related to tyre
pyrolysis carrying out very different experimental procedures,
ranging from laboratory to commercial scale plants. Such studies
have been focused on different items of the pyrolysis process, such
as kinetics, reactor design, products characterisation, economics,
etc. Results obtained are related not only to the feedstock and
operating conditions used for the experiments, but also to the specific characteristics of the system used, such as type of reactor, efficiency of heat transfer, etc.
Beyond laboratory scale, some bench scale experimental studies
on the disposal of scrap tyres have already been reported by various researchers but many problems are still far from solution.
Within this context, Rofiqul et al. (2008) have developed a batch
system where the solid is fed from a chamber placed on top of a
fixed-bed fire-tube heating reactor with a power system. Cunliffe
and Williams (1998) have studied the pyrolysis of tyres including
the steel core in a static-bed batch reactor. Roy et al. (1990) and
Pakdel et al. (2001) worked in two different vacuum systems able
to process up to 32 kg/h. The main part of this system is a 3 m long
reactor composed by two horizontal heating plates, one on top of
the other, heated by commercial eutectic molten salts circulating
counter-currently with the feedstock. The feedstock is conveyed
over both heating plates while being agitated. Dai et al. (2001) used
an experimental unit which consists of five components: a combustion chamber, a variable-speed screw feeder that can be placed
at two different levels along a Circulating Fluidized Bed, a reactor

E. Ayln et al. / Waste Management 30 (2010) 12201224

assembly with two cyclone separators, a cooling system and a gascirculating pump and preheating system. This system is used to
process 5 kg/h of tyre powder. Diez et al. (2005) compared results
obtained at two different working scales, laboratory batch experiments with 50 g of ground tyre shreds and bench scale experiments of batches of 20 kg. The bench plant consists of a
discontinuous feeding system and an electrically heated chamber
containing a wormscrew that pushes the shredded tyre material
through the reactor. Galvagno et al. (2002) utilised a pilot scale
experimental pyrolysis plant to treat scrap tyres which consists
on a rotary kiln reactor externally heated working with a maximum feeding rate of around 50 kg/h of tyre.
The present study used a pyrolysis system for rubber tyre loading up to 15 kg/h in a moving bed reactor. The main objective of
the research work in progress is to evaluate both, process performance and chemical characteristics of the products obtained, while
varying the main operational parameters. Scrap tyre samples used
for the treatment, solid and liquid by-products and the produced
gas were analysed and the results are discussed in the present
paper.

2. Experimental
The raw material used for the pyrolysis experiments was a sample of tyre rubber shreds (without steel core) supplied by Negrell
Residus SL, a Spanish waste tyre recycling company. These tyre
shreds were a mixture of tyres from trucks, tractors and cars. The
average particle size was 5 mm approximately and had the following ultimate and proximate analyses: C (ar) 81.72%; H (ar) 6.54%; S
(ar) 1.87%; N (ar) 0.55%; moisture (ar) 0.71%; ash content 6.64% and
volatile matter (ar) 62.58% where ar means as received. The ultimate analysis was determined with a Carlo Erba EA1108 instrument. The moisture was determined by ISO-589-1981, the ash
content by ISO-1171-1976 and the volatile matter by ISO-56231974.
The experimental system has been described in detail elsewhere (Ayln et al., 2008) and consists of four main parts: the feeding system, the reactor, the solid collecting system and the
condensing system. The feeding system presents a total capacity
of 10 kg approximately and allows carrying out the process continuously under inert atmosphere by using nitrogen as carrier gas. The
reactor is a continuously operated moving bed reactor and designed to process up to 15 kg/h of waste tyre. The tyre shreds move
through the reactor and, at the same time, they decompose into a
gaseous product and a solid residue. The solid residue leaves the
reactor by gravity falling into a solid collecting system and the gas
reaches the condensing system by natural convection helped by
the carrier gas. Eventually, the non-condensed pyrolysis gas is
pipelined to a burner before it reaches the atmosphere. Several
experiments were carried out under the same conditions to determine the plant reproducibility. It was observed an excellent process reproducibility and stability. In the present work, four series
of experiments have been carried out in order to study the main
operation variables: reaction temperature, solid residence time,
mass flow rate and inert gas flow. The pyrolysis conditions for
these experiments are collected in Table 1.
Yields to solid and liquid products were directly obtained by
weight. The gas fraction percentage was calculated through a mass
balance. The pyrolysis products obtained in all the experiments
have been characterized as follows: permanent gases were analysed in a Varian 3800 CP gas chromatograph equipped with a
thermal conductivity detector (TCD) and HAYESEP Q and Mole
Sieve HP-Al/KCl columns. Hydrogen was analysed in a Hewlett
Packard 5890 series II model, equipped with a TCD detector, a Mole
Sieve column and argon as carrier gas. For C1C4 compounds the

1221

Table 1
Experimental pyrolysis conditions.
Experiment

T (K)

Solid residence
time (min)

Mass flow rate

(kg/h)

Inert gas flow

(l N/h)

T 873
T 973
T 1073
SRT 1
SRT 2
SRT 3
SRT 4
SRT 5
MFR 1
MFR 2
MFR 3
INERT 1
INERT 2
INERT 3

873
973
1073
873
873
873
873
873
873
873
873
873
873
873

3.7
3.7
3.7
5.3
3.7
2.5
1.9
1.5
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7

3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
6
8
3.5
3.5
3.5

11.4
11.4
11.4
11.4
11.4
11.4
11.4
11.4
11.4
11.4
11.4
11.4
68.4
144.0

same gas chromatograph was used since it is equipped with a

split/splitless injector, FID detector and a wide bore capillary Supelco KCl/Al2O3 column.
The ultimate tyre oil composition was determined using a Carlo
Erba analyser model EA1108. In addition, thin layer chromatography with FID detector (IATROSCANTM MK-5) was performed to
determine the saturated, aromatic and polar compounds in the
sample. Finally, the tyre oil was also analysed by GC-FID in a Varian
Star 3400 model in order to find the boiling point range according
to the simulated distillation method described in ASTM D2887-04.
3. Results and discussion
The influence of the main process variables (reaction temperature, mass flow rate, solid residence time and inert gas flow) on
the product yields and their properties have been studied and
the results are reported below. For all the runs performed, it has
been found that the tyre devolatilisation is complete and the obtained pyrolytic carbon black has a volatile matter content under
5%. Therefore, it has been demonstrated that the performance of
the experimental system is suitable for waste tyre processing, at
least in the range of variables studied.
3.1. Temperature influence on the reaction product yields and
properties
It is well-known that pyrolysis is a chemical process where efficiency depends mainly on the temperature and the heating rate. In
many studies, this variable do not only influence the degree of conversion achieved, but also the product distribution, mainly through
cracking reactions.
The influence of the process temperature was evaluated at three
different values, 873, 973 and 1073 K. Table 2 shows the volatile

Table 2
Product yields, proximate analysis of the solid and gas residence time at different
reaction temperatures (3.5 kg/h, solid residence time = 3.7 min, N2 = 11.4 l N/h).
Reaction temperature (K)

873

973

1073

Product yields
Solid (wt.%)
Liquid (wt.%)
Gas (wt.%)

40.6
41.5
17.9

39.0
31.3
29.7

41.0
27.5
31.5

Char proximate analysis

Moisture (wt.%)
Volatile (wt.%)
Volatile conversion (%)
Gas residence time (s)

1.26
4.41
97.3
16.7

0.86
2.15
98.8
14.9

0.45
1.33
99.2
13.5

1222

E. Ayln et al. / Waste Management 30 (2010) 12201224

matter conversion and the product yields at the different process

conditions. It is also observed that almost total conversion has
been reached for all the temperatures tested, leaving the volatile
matter <5% in the char. Although the solid yield obtained after
the reaction remains constant, the gas fraction increases and therefore the liquid fraction decreases when the temperature reaction is
increased. This could be mainly due to the more severe cracking of
the primary pyrolysis products occurring at higher temperatures.
The mechanism of leading to the changes between gas fraction
and liquid fraction has been thoroughly reported elsewhere (Mastral et al., 2000).
There are several works published about the influence of temperature on tyre pyrolysis. In these works, it can be observed that
there is a significant dispersion on the yields reported in terms of
working temperature (Chang, 1996; Laresgoiti et al., 2004; Leung
et al., 2002; Williams et al., 1990). The most significant variations
are reported on the gas and liquid yields, in such a way that in
these works the gas yield varies in a range from 4% to 53% for a
reaction temperature of 873 K. These variations indicate that the
product yields are not only influenced by the reaction temperature,
but also by the specific characteristics of the system, mainly heating rate and reactor type. Hence, different reactor designs can lead
to different gas residence times, varying the cracking of the primary pyrolysis products.
It has been also observed a great influence of this variable on
the characteristics of the conversion products, except in the case
of the solid product where no influence was found in terms of both
solid yield and volatile matter content. Fig. 1 shows gas composition for the reaction temperatures studied. The composition has
been expressed in terms of yield to the different gas compounds
since the gas yield varies noticeably for each temperature. As it
was expected, higher reaction temperature produces a higher
cracking in the gas phase, increasing both the total gas yield and
the fraction of light gases in the mixture, such as hydrogen and
methane. With respect to the temperature influence on COx production, there is a slight increase in COx with reaction temperature
probably due to the decomposition of inorganic compounds like
calcium carbonate present in the tyre composition. These compounds decompose at higher temperatures than organic
compounds.
In addition, Table 3 shows the results of ultimate analysis, thin
layer chromatography and simulated distillation of the pyrolysis
oil. It is observed a decrease in the hydrogen percentage and an increase of aromatic compounds when the temperature is increased.
This could be attributed to the promotion of aromatisation reactions at higher reaction temperatures as it has been previously reported by this research group (Bartle et al., 2000). On the other

16.0
14.0

(g /g tyre)*100

12.0

600 C
700 C
800 C

10.0
8.0

Table 3
Ultimate analysis, thin layer chromatography and simulated distillation of the
pyrolysis oil obtained at different reaction temperature (3.5 kg/h, N2 = 11.4 l N/h,
solid residence time = 3.7 min).
Reaction temperature (K)

873

973

1073

Ultimate analysis
Carbon (wt.%)
Hydrogen (wt.%)
Nitrogen (wt.%)
Sulfur (wt.%)

88.58
10.40
1.43
1.05

91.00
8.17
1.39
1.12

90.56
7.66
1.28
0.93

Thin layer chromatography

Saturate (wt.%)
Aromatic (wt.%)
Polar (wt.%)

4.8
67.8
27.5

2.2
68.5
29.4

0.0
72.8
27.2

Boiling point distribution

<473 K
473623 K
>623 K

46.5
36.5
17

55.5
33.7
10.8

59.3
33.4
7.3

hand, the cracking effect, explained according to the gas analysis,

(see Fig. 1) is also observed in the liquid simulated distillation results (see Table 3). A more severe cracking of the liquid pyrolysis
products is obtained at increasing temperature and the yield of
the lowest boiling point fraction increases notably (from 46% to
59%) in the temperature range studied.
3.2. Solid residence time influence on the reaction product yields and
properties
Other important variable in the pyrolysis process is the solid
residence time. The optimization of the solid residence time inside
the reactor is a key factor in order to scale up an industrial system.
Lower residence times involve lower reactor volumes to process a
certain load of tyre and, therefore, lower cost of the systems. In order to carry out this study, five experiments were performed at different solid residence times by varying the speed of the screw in
the moving bed reactor. The solid residence time inside a screw
reactor can be calculated according to Eq. (1), where tr is the solid
residence time, L is the reactor length, rpm is the rotational speed
and P is the screw pitch

tr

L
rpm  P

The range of solid residence time studied varies from 1.5 to

5 min. Due to experimental limitations, it was not possible to perform experiments above or below these residence time values. In
this range, neither in the product yields nor in the reaction conversion were variations observed, obtaining similar values in all the
runs performed. However, according to previous simulations, the
variation of the solid residence time involves the variation of the
gas residence time (from 15 to 21 s in the range studied). This variation is due to the increment of the free volume inside the reactor.
According to Eq. (2), the higher the screw speed, the lower the solid
residence time and the higher the free volume. Eq. (2) calculates
the solid mass flow rate in terms of screw geometry, rotational
screw speed and bed density

C p  DT 2  DE2 =4  P  rpm  q  1  U  a  60

6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
H2

COx

H2S

CH4

C2

C3

C4

Fig. 1. Composition of the gas fraction obtained at different reaction temperatures

(3.5 kg/h, N2 = 11.4 l N/h, solid residence time = 3.7 min).

where C is the mass flow rate (kg/h), DT is the screw diameter (m),
DE is the core diameter (m), q is the particle density (kg/m3), U is
the free volume percentage inside the screw, a is the section reduction due to screw inclination (horizontal screw, a = 1).
The increase of the gas residence time would favour the cracking of the primary pyrolysis products and would promote a change
in the gas/liquid ratio. However, experimentally, these variations
seem not to be important enough to change the yields to the three

E. Ayln et al. / Waste Management 30 (2010) 12201224

6.0
5.0

(g /g tyre)*100

fractions obtained and similar values were obtained in the five

experiments. The average solid product yielded 38.9%, the liquid
yielded 42.6% and finally the gas yielded 18.5% being the variations
between the different values (2.7 wt.% for char, 2.1 wt.% for oil and
4.4 wt.% for gas) always under the experimental error evaluated in
a previous work (Ayln et al., 2008). In addition, the volatile matter
content was always under 5 wt.% even at the shortest residence
time. These results indicate that the reaction has been completed
in all the experiments including the one performed at such a low
residence time as 1.5 min.
Regarding to the product characterisation, no relevant differences were observed and similar values to those reported in Table 3
for the experiment performed at 873 K were obtained.

3.5 kg/h
6 kg/h
8 kg/h

4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
H2

3.3. Mass flow rate influence on the reaction product yields and
properties
Results of a set of three experiments (3.5, 6 and 8 kg/h) have
been analysed in order to study the influence of this variable.
The product yields obtained are shown in Table 4, where it is observed that this variable affects considerably to the gas/liquid ratio
obtained, while the solid yield remains constant. According to Eq.
(2), the higher the tyre flow rate, the lower the free volume inside
the reactor and, on the other hand, as a consequence of a higher
tyre flow rate, there is an important increment in the volatile matter released. Both effects make that the gas residence time inside
the reactor decreases considerably (from 17 to 3 s). This remarkable decrease of the gas residence time when the tyre flow rate
is increased, limits the cracking of the gas fraction. Therefore, a bigger amount of liquid is obtained in the process. It must also be
pointed out that the proximate analysis of the solid product indicates a volatile content lower than 5 wt.% in all the experiments.
Thus, it can be concluded that the material devolatilisation has
been achieved even for the highest tyre flow rate studied.
The effect of a lower cracking when the tyre flow rate is increased can be also observed in the product characteristics. Fig. 2
shows the composition of the gas fraction expressed in terms of
gas compound yields. When the mass flow rate is increased, the
gas fraction obtained presents a higher percentage of the heaviest
compounds. It is worth to highlight that the increase of the yield in
light compounds is doubled in the case of the lowest tyre flow rate
(3.5 kg/h).
Regarding to the liquid fraction characteristics the variations
are not so noticeable. It has not been found any difference in the
ultimate analysis data and only a very slight decrease of the aromatic hydrocarbons percentage has been observed when the tyre
flow rate is increased. However, some differences have been found
in the simulated distillation curves. In Table 5 it can be observed
that when the tyre flow rate is increased, the gasoline percentage
in the liquid yield decreases, varying between 25% and 47% in
the studied range.

Table 4
Product yields, proximate analysis of the solid and gas residence time at different
mass flow rate (T = 873 K, solid residence time = 3.7 min, N2 = 11.4 l N/h).
Mass flow rate (kg/h)

3.5

6.0

8.0

Product yields
Solid (wt.%)
Liquid (wt.%)
Gas (wt.%)

40.6
41.5
17.9

39.9
46.4
13.6

39.9
48.4
11.7

Char proximate analysis

Moisture (wt.%)
Volatile (wt.%)
Volatile conversion (%)
Gas residence time (s)

1.26
4.41
97.3
16.71

1.58
3.87
97.8
6.74

1.54
4.41
97.4
3.23

1223

COx

H2S

CH4

C2

C3

C4

Fig. 2. Composition of the gas fraction obtained at different mass flow rate
(T = 873 K, N2 = 11.4 l N/h, solid residence time = 3.7 min).

Table 5
Ultimate analysis, thin layer chromatography and simulated distillation of the
pyrolysis oil obtained at different mass flow rate (T = 873 K, solid residence
time = 3.7 min, N2 = 11.4 l N/h).
Mass flow rate (kg/h)

3.5

6.0

8.0

Ultimate analysis
Carbon (wt.%)
Hydrogen (wt.%)
Nitrogen (wt.%)
Sulfur (wt.%)

88.58
10.40
1.43
1.05

85.81
10.78
4.61
0.98

83.52
10.66
0.90
0.91

Thin layer chromatography

Saturate (wt.%)
Aromatic (wt.%)
Polar (wt.%)

4.8
67.8
27.5

5.5
65.2
29.3

5.8
64.7
29.5

Boiling point distribution

<473 K
473623 K
>623 K

46.5
36.5
17

38.9
32.7
28.4

25.9
33.3
40.8

3.4. Inert gas flow rate influence on the reaction product yields and
properties
The last variable that has been assessed is the inert gas (nitrogen) flow rate. Three experiments have been carried out to check
the influence of this variable on product yields and properties:
5 vol.% N2, 20 vol.% N2 and 35 vol.% N2 in the gas fraction inside
the reactor (these percentages correspond to an inert gas flow of
11.4, 68.4 and 144 l N/h, respectively). It could be expected that
the residence time of the gas phase produced by pyrolysis would
decrease at increasing inert gas flows. High nitrogen flow rates removed the products quickly from the reaction zone and hence minimised secondary reactions such as cracking. However, according
to the experiments performed, no influence of the nitrogen flow
rate has been detected. Both, the product yields and product properties are similar to those reported in Table 2 for the experiment
performed at 873 K. Probably, no change has been found because
the variation of the gas residence time as a consequence of the inert gas increment is almost negligible (the gas residence time only
changes from 17 to 15 s although the inert flow rate has been notably increased). Nevertheless, it has been considered that higher
percentages of nitrogen in the final gas would suppose an excessive
dilution of the gas fraction and therefore these gases may not have
enough calorific value to satisfy the process energy requirement.
4. Conclusions
According to the results shown in this paper, the total conversion of waste tyre has been achieved under all tested experimental

1224

E. Ayln et al. / Waste Management 30 (2010) 12201224

conditions. It has been found that the volatile matter yield in the
produced char is lower than 5 wt.% in all the runs. Therefore, it
would be possible to select the most appropriate operational
parameters in terms of desired product distribution. The maximum
oil yield is obtained working at low temperatures (around 873 K)
and high mass flow rates (8 kg/h). Moreover, it has been proven
that the solid residence time needed to achieve the total conversion is <1.5 min. This residence time is clearly lower than other reported in literature for different reactor geometries. That would be
a remarkable asset of this experimental system compared to other
bench-scale reactors and the scaling up of the technology could be
performed taking into account the obtained experimental results.
Acknowledgements
Authors would like to thank to Negrell Residus SL the tyre sample supply and to the Spanish Science and Education Ministry the
FPU Pre-Doc grant (E. Ayln).
References
Ayln, E., Fernndez-Colino, A., Navarro, M.V., Murillo, R., Garca, T., Mastral, A.M.,
2008. Waste tire pyrolysis: comparison between fixed bed reactor and moving
bed reactor. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research 47 (12), 40294033.
Bartle, K.D., Calln, M.S., Hall, S.R., Mastral, A.M., Garca, T., Ross, A.B., 2000.
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons presence in oils and tars from coaltyre
coprocessing. Fuel Processing Technology 62, 5363.
Berrueco, C., Esperanza, E., Mastral, J.M., Ceamanos, J., Garca-Bacaicoa, P., 2005.
Pyrolysis of waste tyres in an atmospheric static-bed batch reactor: analysis of
the gases obtained. Journal of Analytical of Applied Pyrolysis 73, 6573.
Chang, Y.M., 1996. On pyrolysis of waste tire: degradation rate and product yields.
Resources, Conservation and Recycling 17, 125139.

Cunliffe, M.A., Williams, P.T., 1998. Composition of oils derived from the batch
pyrolysis of tyres. Journal of Analytical of Applied Pyrolysis 44, 131152.
Dai, X., Xiuli, Y., Chuangzhi, W., Wennan, Z., Chen, Y., 2001. Pyrolysis of waste tyres
in a circulating fluidized-bed reactor. Energy 26, 385399.
Diez, C., Sanchez, M.E., Haxaire, P., Martinez, O., Moran, A., 2005. Pyrolysis of tyres: a
comparison of the results from a fixed-bed laboratory reactor and a pilot plant
(rotary reactor). Journal of Analytical of Applied Pyrolysis 74, 254258.
European Commission, 1999. Landfill of Waste Directive, Council Directive 1999/
31/EC, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium.
Galvagno, S., Casu, S., Casabianca, T., Calabrese, A., Cornacchia, G., 2002. Pyrolysis
process for the treatment of scrap tyres: preliminary experiments results.
Waste Management 22, 917923.
Laresgoiti, M.F., de Marco, I., Torres, A., Caballero, B., Cabrero, M.A., Chomn, M.J.,
2000. Chromatographic analysis of the gases obtained in the tyre pyrolysis.
Journal of Analytical of Applied Pyrolysis 55, 4354.
Laresgoiti, M.F., Caballero, V.M., de Marco, I., Torres, A., Cabrero, M.A., Chomn, M.J.,
2004. Characterization of the liquid products obtained in tyre pyrolysis. Journal
of Analytical of Applied Pyrolysis 71 (2), 917934.
Leung, D.Y.C., Yin, X.L., Zhao, Z.L., Xu, B.Y., Chen, Y., 2002. Pyrolysis of tyre powder:
influence of operation variables on the composition and yields of gaseous
product. Fuel Processing Technology 79, 141155.
Mastral, A.M., Murillo, R., Calln, M.S., Garca, T., Snape, C.E., 2000. Influence of
process variables on oils from tire pyrolysis and hydropyrolysis in a swept fixed
bed reactor. Energy and Fuels 14 (4), 739744.
Murillo, R., Ayln, E., Navarro, M.V., Calln, M.S., Aranda, A., Mastral, A.M., 2006. The
application of thermal processes to valorise waste tyre. Fuel Processing
Technology 87 (2), 143147.
Pakdel, H., Pantea, D.M., Roy, C., 2001. Production of dl-limonene by vacuum
pyrolysis of used tyres. Journal of Analytical of Applied Pyrolysis 57, 91107.
Rofiqul, M., Haniu, H., Rafiqul, M., 2008. Liquid fuels and chemical from pyrolysis of
motorcycle tyre waste: product yields, compositions and related properties.
Fuel 87, 31123122.
Roy, C., Labrecque, B., de Caumia, B., 1990. Recycling of scrap tyres to oil and carbon
black by vacuum pyrolysis. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 4, 203213.
Williams, P.T., Besler, S., Taylor, D.T., 1990. The pyrolysis of scrap automotive tyres.
Fuel 69 (12), 14741482.