( Concepts NREC )

( )

( )

( )

(fluid machines)

(pump) (fan) (blower)

(compressor)
713

714

12.1
( Concepts NREC )

12.1
( )

1~3

12.1

( ) ( )

( Mid
American Energy)

 12

715

( )
( )

( 12.2)

(axial-flow) (mixed-flow)
(radeal-flow)
( 12.2)

12.2

(a) (b) ( Comair Rotron )

716

12.2

( ) ( )
(
)

12.3(a)
U = r r

12.3 (a)
(b)
V W
U

 12

717

V W ( )

V = W+U

(12.1)

12.3(b) r
a -b-c-d 12.3(a)

( 1 2)
U1 = U 2 = r

12.3(b)
(velocity triangles)

V
(1) (2) (
)

12.4(a)
( 12.3 )
(1) (2) V1
V2
( /
)

718

12.4 (a) (b) (c) V

W U

(2.5 m/s) 70

(wind

km/hr (19.4 m/s)

farms)

800

70%

 12

12.1

719

E12.1(a) =

12.2(a)]

100 rad / s

V1 = 12 m / s V2 = 25 m / s

U1 = r1 = (100 rad / s)(0.1 m) = 10 m / s

( ) (

U 2 = r2 = (100 rad / s)(0.2 m) = 20 m / s

E12.1(b)

E12.1

E12.1(c)

720

( V1 )
U 2 V2 2
( )
E12.1(c)

12.3

(Ans)

E12.1(d)
E12.1(a)(b) (c)
V1
V

( ) 5.2.3

E12.1(a)(b) (c)
( ) (1)
(2) ( r )
( )

( ) 5.2.3
(5.42)
(r F ) =

cs

(r V ) V n dA

( )
( )
(1) (2)

 12

721


Tshaft = m 1 ( rV
1 1 ) + m2 ( r2V 2 )

(12.2)

Tshaft
+ V V
U V U
Tshaft Tshaft Tshaft

(12.2) m = Q
V (12.2)

(Euler turbomachine equation)

Wshaft
Wshaft = Tshaft

(12.3)

(12.2) (12.3) U = r
Wshaft = m 1 (U1V 1 ) + m 2 (U 2V 2 )

(12.4)

V U V
Wshaft Wshaft
( ) ( )
wshaft = Wshaft / m (12.4)
wshaft = U1V 1 + U 2V 2

(12.5)

m 1 = m 2 (12.3)(12.4)
(12.5)

(12.5)
12.5 Vx

12.5 V = W =
U =

722
V 2 = V2 + Vx2

Vx2 = V 2 V2

(12.6)

Vx2 + (V U ) 2 = W 2

(12.7)

(12.6) (12.7)
V U =

V 2 +U 2 W 2
2

(12.5)
wshaft =

V22 V12 + U 22 U12 (W22 W12 )

2

(12.8)

U V
W

1948 Dynaflow

1948

1948 Dynaflow

84%

( ) (

12.4

(centrifugal pump)
(impeller)
(casing housing)
(vane)
12.6 (eye)

(volute casing)

 12

12.6

723

(diffuser pump)

( ) (open impeller) 12.7(a)

(enclosed shrouded
impeller) 12.7(b)
(single double suction)

12.7 (a) (b)

( Ingersoll -Dresser )

724
(single-stage) (multistage)

12.4.1
( )

12.8 V1

12.8

 12

725

U1
W1 V1 = W1 + U1 V2 = W2 + U 2 U1 = r1

U 2 = r2
12.8

12.3 (12.2)
Tshaft m 1 = m 2 = m
Tshaft = m ( r2V 2 rV
1 1)

(12.9)

Tshaft = Q ( r2V 2 rV
1 1)

(12.10)

V 1 V 2 V1 V2 [ 12.8(b)
12.8(c)]
Wshaft
Wshaft = Tshaft

(12.10)
Wshaft = rQ ( r2V 2 rV
1 1)

U1 = r1 U 2 = r2
Wshaft = Q (U 2V 2 U1V 1 )

(12.11)

(12.11)

wshaft =

Wshaft
= U 2V 2 U1V 1
Q

(5.82)
p
p

V2
V2
wshaft = out + out + gzout in + in + gzin +

(12.12)
p
p

V2
V2
U 2V 2 U1V 1 = out + out + gzout in + in + gzin +
2
2

(12.12)

726
U 2V 2 U1V 1
= H out H in + hL
g

H
H=

p V2
+
+z
g 2g

(U 2V 2 U1V 1 ) / g
hL H out H in hi
hi =

1
(U 2V 2 U1V 1 )
g

(12.13)

H out H in = ha hi
hL (12.13) [ (12.8)]
hi =

1
[(V22 V12 ) + (U 22 U12 ) + (W12 W22 )]
2g

(12.14)

V 1 (swirl)
90 ( 12.8 1 = 90 ) (12.13)
hi =

U 2V 2
g

(12.15)

12.8(c)
cot 2 =

U 2 V 2
Vr 2

(12.15)
hi =

U 22 U 2Vr 2 cot 2

g
g

(12.16)

Q
Q = 2 r2 b2Vr 2

(12.17)

b2 r2 (12.16) (12.17)

hi =

U 22 U 2 cos 2
Q

2 r2 b2 g
g

(12.18)

 12

727

Q ( ) 2 15 ~ 35

20 < 2 < 25 15 < 1 < 50 ( 10)

2 < 90 (backward curved vane) 2 > 90
(forward curved vane)

12.2

1750 rpm

(1

5300 L/min

= 90)

b = 5 cm r1 = 4 cm r2 = 18
cm 2 = 23 ( 12.8)

(a) V 2 (b)
hi (c) Wshaft

(a) 12.8(c) V2

(b) (12.15)

W2 U 2

hi =

U 2 = r2 = (18 /100 m)(2 rad / rev)

(1750 rpm)
(60 s / min)

= 33 m / s

= 98 m

Q
2 r2b2

(c) (12.11) V 1 = 0

5300 L / min
(1000 L / m )(60 s / min)(2 )(18/100 m)(5/100 m)
= 1.6 m / s
=

U 22 U 2Vr 2 cot 2

g
g

(33 m / s) 2 (33 m / s)(1.6 m / s)cot 23

9.81 m / s2
9.81 m / s2
(Ans)
= 98 m

Q = 2 r2 b2Vr 2

Vr 2 =

(Ans)

(12.16)
hi =

U 2V 2 (33 m / s)(29 m / s)
=
g
9.81 m / s2

Wshaft = QU 2V 2
=

12.8(c)
cot 2 =

(1000 kg / m3 )(5300 L / min)(33 m / s)(29 m / s)

[1 (kg m / s2 ) / N](1000 L / m 3 )(60 s / min)

= (84,500 N m / s)(1 W / N m / s)

U 2 V 2
Vr 2

= 84.5 kW

(Ans)

V 2 = U 2 Vr 2 cot 2

Wshaft = gQhi

= (33 1.6cot 23) m / s

= 29 m / s

(Ans)

728

12.9 -

12.9 ( 2 < 90)

hi ( )
ha hi 12.9 ha Q
Q
( Q 2 )

(
4~6)
12.9
(pump performance curves)

12.4.2
ha 12.10
[ (5.84)] ha = hs hL hs hi
hL

ha =

p2 p1

+ z2 z1 +

V22 V12
2g

(12.19)

(1) (2)

ha

p2 p1

(12.20)

 12

729

12.10

f = Qha

(12.21)

f = Qha

(12.22)

N / m3 Q m3 / s ha m
(12.22)
(overall
efficiency)

f
=
Wshaft

(12.23)

(hydraulic losses)
(mechanical losses)
(volumetric
loss) (hydraulic efficiency)

h (mechanical efficiency) m (volumetric

efficiency) = hm
ha
Q ( capacity) 12.11
ha [ (12.23)
]
12.11
(rising head) ha Q
Q
(falling head)
(shutoff head)

( Q = 0 )

730

12.11

12.11
ha
12.11
(normal flowrate)
(design flowrate)

(best efficiency points) BEP

12.11

12.12

12.12 12.11

12.12 NPSH R

12.12
3500 rpm
(
)

 12

731

(required net positive suction head)

12.4.3 (NPSH)

1.8
( )

ps / + Vs2 / 2 g p /
(net positive suction head, NPSH)
NPSH =

ps

Vs2 p

2g

(12.24)

NPSH NPSH NPSH R

12.12
NPSH R NPSH NPSH
(available NPSH) NPSH A

12.13 patm

patm

z1 =

ps

Vs2
+ hL
2g

hL

12.13

732
ps

Vs2 patm
=
z1 hL
2g

NPSH A =

NPSH A
NPSH R

patm

z1 hL

(12.25)

NPSH A NPSH R

(12.25) z1 NPSH A
z1

(12.25) z1 NPSH A
z1

12.3

10 cm

( 12.13 ) 1.4 10 m / s

NPSH R = 4.5 cm 30C

101.3 kPa

z1

(
K L = 20 )

(12.25) NPSH A

V=

NPSH A =

patm

z1 hL

hL = (20)

NPSH A = NPSH R z1
( z1 ) max =

patm

hL

NPSH R

hL = K L

V2
2g

Q
1.4 102 m3 / s
=
= 1.8 m / s
A ( / 4)(10 /100 m) 2

(1)

(1.8 m / s) 2
=3m
2(9.81 m / s 2 )

B.1 30C p =
4.243 kPa = 9.765 kN / m3 (1)

(101.3 kPa)
(4.243 kPa)
3m
4.5 m
9.765 kN / m3
9.765 kN / m3
= 2.37 m
(Ans)

( z1 ) max =

 12

733

2.37 m

12.4.4

12.14 (1) (2)

(12.26)

ha = z2 z1 + hL

ha hL
hL
hL Q 2 ( 8.4 ) (12.26)
h p = z2 z1 + KQ 2

(12.27)

K (12.27)

(system equation)
z2 z1
KQ 2
Q Q 2 ( 8.2 )

(system cruve)

12.14

734

12.15

( 12.15 ) ( A )

(BEP)

A B
12.15

35,360 rpm 0.7 51

( )

MPa 0.21 50 MPa

65 kL/min 23 kL/min

12.4

E12.4(a)

E12.4(b)

15 cm 60 m

0.02

 12

735

E12.4(a, b)

(1)
(2)
p1

+f

(2)

V12
p V2
+ z1 + ha = 2 + 2 + z2
2g
2g
2

V2

+ (0.5 + 1.5 + 1.0)

2
2(9.81 m / s )

V=

AV
V
+ KL
2g
D 2g

(1)

p1 = p2 = 0 V1 = V2 = 0 z = z2 z1 = 3 m

Q
Q (m3 / s)
=
A ( / 4)(15/100 m) 2

(2)
ha = 3 + 1795Q 2

f = 0.02 D = 15/100 m A = 60 m

(3)

Q m / s Q L/min

(1)

(60 m)
ha = 3 + 0.02
(15/100 m)

(3)

ha = 3 + 5 107 Q 2

(4)

736

Qha
Wshaft =

(6 kL / min)
(9800 N / m3 )
(21 m)
3
(1000 L / m )(60 s / min)
=
0.84
= 24,500 N m / s = 24.5 kW

z = z2 z1 = 24 m 30 m
E12.4(d)
z = 24 m
z = 24 m
E12.4(c)

36% ( ha =

( )

26.8 m Q = 0 ) 30 m

(3) (4)

E12.4(b)

z = 30 m
12.4(d) z =
30 m

(4)

E12.4(c)
Q = 6 kL / min

(Ans)

21 m

E12.4(c)
86%
( 84%)
6 kL/min

21 m / 0.84 = 25 m

E12.4(d)

12.16(a)

A B

 12

737

12.16
(a)
(b)

12.16(b)

12.16(b)
(A) (B)

12.5

ha
Wshaft
D A i
Q

ha Wshaft
= f ( D , A i , , Q , , , )

A
Q D 2
= i , ,
,

3

D D D

(12.28)

CH = gha / 2 D 2 gha
ha
CH (head rise coefficient)
C = Wshaft / 3 D 5 (power
coefficient) rad / s

738

CH =

A
gha
Q D 2
,
= 1 i , ,

2 2
3
D

D D D

C =

A
Wshaft
Q D 2
,
= 2 i , ,

3 5
3
D

D D D

gQha
Wshaft

A
Q D 2
,
= 3 i , ,

3

D D D

( )
/ D

( A i
) Q / D 3
gha
Q
= 1
2 2
3
D
D

(12.29)

Wshaft
Q
= 2
3 5
3
D
D

(12.30)

Q
3
D

(12.31)

= 3

CQ = Q / D 3 (flow coefficient)

Q Q
=

3
3
D 1 D 2

(12.32)

gha gha
2 2 = 2 2
D 1 D 2

(12.33)

W s W s
=

3 5
3 5
D 1 D 2

(12.34)

1 = 2

(12.35)

1 2

 12

739

12.17 (a) 12 in 1000 rpm (b)

( 8)

(pump scaling laws)

12.17(a)
12.17(b) CQ CH C

= CQ CH C1

12.5

20 cm 1200 rpm
30 cm 1000 rpm
12.17(a)
12.17(b)

15C

(12.31)

kL/min

12.17(b)
CQ = 0.0625 20 cm
Q = CQ D 3

= 4 kL / min

(Ans)

C H = 0.19 C = 0.014

= (0.0625)(1200 / 60 rev / s)(2 rad / rev)(20 /100 m)

Q = 0.063 m3 / s

Q = (0.063 m3 / s)(1000 L / m3 )(60 s / min)

(Ans)

740
ha =

CH 2 D 2 (0.19)(126 rad / s) 2 (20 /100 m) 2

=
g
9.81 m / s2

= 12.3 m

Qha
(Ans)

f = Qha = (9800 N / m3 )(0.063 m 3 / s)(12.3 m)

Wshaft = C 3 D 5

= 7.6 kN m / s
3

= (0.014)(1000 kg / m )(126 rad / s) (20 /100 m)

= 9.0 kN m / s
Wshaft = 9 kW

7.6

=  f =
= 84 %
Wshaft
9

(Ans)

12.17(b)

12.5.1

( )
D1 = D2 ( ) (12.32)
Q1 1
=
Q2 2

(12.36)

1 2
(12.33) (12.34)
ha1 12
=
ha 2 22

(12.37)

Wshaft1 13
=
Wshaft 2 23

(12.38)

( )

D 1 = 2
(12.32)
Q1 D13
=
Q2 D23

(12.39)

 12

741

(12.33) (12.34)
ha1 D12
=
ha 2 D22

(12.40)

Wshaft1 D15
=
Wshaft 2 D25

(12.41)

( )

(12.39)~(12.41)
( 20%)
(12.36)~(12.41)
(pump affinity laws)

( 9)
1/ 5

1 2 D1

1 1 D2

(12.42)

( )

12.5.2
D
1/2 3/4

Q
(Q / D 3 )1/ 2
=
= Ns
2 2 3/ 4
( gha / D )
( gha )3/ 4

(12.43)

N s (specific speed)

742

Q ha

(12.43)
N sd
N sd =

(rpm) Q (gpm)
[ha (ft)]3/4

(12.44)

N sd (U. S. customary units)

N sd 500 < N sd < 4000 N s N sd

( N sd = 2733N s ) (12.43) rad / s

( N sd ) 2000

( N sd >
9000)

12.18

12.5.3
(suction specific
speed) S s
Ss =

Q
[ g (NPSH R )]3/ 4

(12.45)

(12.43) ha (NPSH R )
(12.45)
N s S s
S s
Q NPSH R
(12.45) S s
S sd

 12

12.18

743

( 10)

S sd =

(rpm) Q (gpm)
[NPSH R (ft)]3/4

(12.46)

(12.45) Q
S sd 7000 12,000 ( 11)
S sd (12.46) NPSH R
NPSH R NPSH R
(12.45) rad / s S sd = 2733S s

12.6

- ( N s ) 1.5

(porpeller pumps)

12.19

N s
3.3

744

12.19

12.20 159 L/min 5 m

(
12)

12.20
( )

(134 kW) 388 kW

12.20

(1.5 < N s < 3.3) 12.21

 12

745

LVAD

LVAD

(LVAD)

12.21

12.7

( 12)

(fans)

7% 7 kPa ( 14)

746
(blower) (booster)
(exhauster)

(compressor)
( )
( )
12.20

(12.32)~(12.35)
(12.33) ha pa / g (12.33)
pa pa
=

2 2
2 2
D 1 D 2

(12.47)

1 2 (12.32)
(12.34) (12.47) (fan laws)

25%

200 rpm

1979

12.8

12.2

 12

747

12.22 (a) (b)

( Voith Hydro, York, PA)

( )

(impulse turbine)

(reaction turbine)
12.22 (Pelton wheel turbine)

(bucket)

12.23

748

12.23 (a) (b)

( Voith Hydro, York, PA)

12.3

 12

749

12.8.1
( 12.24)

12.24
(
)
( )

12.25
180

180 12.26
rm 12.27

12.27
V 1 = V1 = W1 + U

(12.48)

V 2 = W2 cos + U

(12.49)

12.24

750

12.25

12.26
-

12.27

( )

W1 = W2 (12.48) (12.49)
V 2 V 1 = (U V1 )(1 cos )

(12.50)

12.3 (12.2) (12.4)

 m (U V1 )(1 cos )
Tshaft = mr

U = Rm
 (U V1 )(1 cos )
Wshaft = Tshaft = mU

(12.51)

 12

751

12.28

12.28 V1 > U (
) Wshaft < 0 ( )

165 ( 180 ) 1 cos165 = 1.966
1 cos180 = 2 ( 2%)
(U = 0)
(12.51) U
dWshaft / dU = 0
U |max power =

V1
2

(12.52)

Tshaft = 0 U = R = V1

752

12.6

E12.6(a)

(a) D1
(b)
E12.6(a)

(a) m = Q (12.51)
Wshaft = QU (U V1 )(1 cos )

1/ 2

(1)

V1 (5.85)
(V0 = p0 = 0)
( z1 = p1 = 0)
V2
z0 = 1 + hL
2g

(4)

D1 m
(2)

(1) (4) Q = D12V1 / 4

f [
(8.34)]
2

AV
D 2g

hL = f

2(9.81 m / s 2 )(60 m)

4
=
300 m D1
1 + 0.02

20/100 m 20 /100

34.3
=
1 + 18750 D14

5.02 104 UD12

34.3
U

Wshaft =
1 + 18750 D14
1 + 18750 D14

(5)

D V

U Wshaft m/s N m / s
(5) Wshaft D1 U

E12.6(b)
2

V=

AV
D
1 1
= 1 V1
A
D

(2)
4

A D V 2
z0 = 1 + f 1 1
D D 2 g

(3)

1/ 2

2 gz0

4
V1 =
D
A

1 + f 1

D D

E12.6(b)

 12
(12.52) U = V1 / 2

Wshaft

753

V1 (4)

(4) (5)
15 106 D12
=
(1 + 18750 D14 )3/ 2

34.3

m/s
1 + 18750(0.07)4
V1
=
=
2R
0.9
2
m
2

= 31.6 rad / s 1 rev / 2 rad 60 s / min

(6)

dWshaft / dD1 = 0

= 302 rpm

(6)

dWshaft
2 D1
= 15 106
4 3/ 2
dD1
(1 + 18750 D1 )

5
3 4(18750) D1

=0
4 5/ 2
2 (1 + 18750 D1 )

37250D14 = 1

[ (1)]

D1 = 0.07 m

(Ans)

(b) (6)
Wshaft =

(Ans)

15 106 (0.07) 2
= 4.2 104 N m / s
[1 + 18750(0.07) 4 ]3/ 2

(1) (3) U = V1 / 2

Wshaft | U =V1 / 2 = (1 cos )

16
A

(2 gz0 )3/ 2 D12 1 + f 5 D14

D

3/ 2

dWshaft / dD1 = 0

Wshaft = 4.2 104 N m / s

1W
= 42 kW (Ans)
1 Nm/s

V
U = R = 1
2

12.7

1/ 4

D1 = D 2 f
D

12.24

[ (5.84)]

180

(12.51)
Wshaft = QU (U V1 )(1 cos ) = 2 Q (U 2 V1U ) (1)

= 180
E12.7

(a) V2 (b)
(c)

(12.52) U = V1 / 2

754
p1

V12
p V2
+ z1 + hS = 2 + 2 + z2 + hL
2g
2g

hS
hS =

V22 V12
+ hL
2g

(2)

p1 = p2 z1 = z2

V2 = 0

(Ans)

E12.7(b)

(1)
( < 180)

E12.7

( 1 cos )

E12.7(b)
U = V1 / 2 = W1
W1 = W2 U = W2

V2 = 0

12.29

(Ans)

[ (2)] < 180

E12.7(d)
U V2
(2)

 12

755

12.30 12.29

12.29
( )
( )

12.30 12.2

( )

12.8

E12.8(a)

300,000 rpm

rm

1
rm = ( r0 + ri )
2

[
E12.8(b)]

E12.8(c)

756

E12.8
wshaft = U1V 1 = 2U 2 = 2(121 m / s) 2

(12.5)
wshaft = U1V 1 + U 2V 2

(1)

wshaft
V 1 = 2U V 2 =

= ( 29.3 103 m 2 / s2 ) /[1 m kg /(N s 2 )]

(Ans)
= 29 kN m / kg

Wshaft
 shaft
Wshaft = mw

0
U = rm
= (300,000 rev / min)(1 min / 60 s)(2 rad / rev)
(0.43 cm + 0.34 cm) / 2(100 cm / m)
(2)
= 121 m / s

(1)

m

(29 kN m / kg)

 12

757

12.8.2

(Francis
turbine)
(Kaplan turbine)
12.31
12.31(a)

12.4 [ (12.2)]

12.31

(a) (b)

758
[ (12.4)]
12.31(b)

Concepts NREC

90%

60% 98%

ha

CQ = Q / D 3 CH = gha / 2 D 2 C =

hs

Wshaft / 2 D 5

Wshaft
gQha

(12.29)(12.30) (12.31)
CH = 1 (CQ ) , C = 2 (CQ ) , = 3 (CQ )

1 2 3
= C / CH CQ

(power specific speed) N s

 12

N s =

Wshaft /
( gha )5/ 4

759

(12.53)

N sd =

( )

(rpm) Wshaft (bhp)

[ha (ft)]5/4

N sd (rpm) Wshaft (bhp)

ha (ft) 12.32

12.32

12.32

760

12.9

rev/s 0.28 m3 / s 6 m

N s

V1 = 2 gz = 2 9.81 m / s2 6 m = 10.8 m / s

12.32

(12.52)

V1 =

= 6 rev / s 2 rad / rev = 37.7 rad / s

2 R D = 2 R

94%
D=

( 94%)
Wshaft = Qz

Wshaft

V1

10.8 m / s
= 0.29 m
(6 rev / s 2 rad / rev)

V1 = 10.8 m / s Q = 0.28 m3 / s

6 m(0.94)
= (9800 N / m 3 )(0.28 m3 / s)

1 N m / s W
= 15.5 kW

d1
Q=

1/ 2

N s =

( gha )5 / 4

d12V1

Wshaft /

15.5 kW
(37.7 rad / s)
999 kg / m3
(9.81 m / s2 6 m)5/4

= 0.9

12.32

94% (Ans)

6 m
V1

4Q
d1 =

V1

1/ 2

4(0.28 m3 / s)
=

(10.8 m / s)

= 0.18 m

12.22 d1 << D
D = 0.29 m d1 = 0.18 m

8
0.06 m

 12

12.9

761

(compressible flow turbomachines)

(12.2 )
(12.3 )

12.9.1

( ) ( 12.4
)
12.33
(total pressure ratio) PR = p02 / p01
PR = 3.0
101.3 kPa 3.0 101.3 = 304 kPa

(multiple stage)
PR
n PR n ( )

12.33
( Concepts
NREC)

762
PR = 2.0 P0 in = 101.3 kPa P0 out = 24
101.3 = 1620 kPa

12.34

12.35
-
11 PR = 1.2 p02 / p01 = 1.211

= 7.4

12.36
( 21)
(inlet guide
vanes)
(rotor blade)
( ) (stator

12.34

12.35

 12

12.36

763

Rolls-Royce Trent 900 ( Rolls-Royce plc.)

blade)

12.35 (reaction)
( )
50%

( 9.4 )
(compressor surge)
(stall)

12.37
( 11.3 )
( 11.5.3 ) ( 11.4.2 )

( 12.37)

764

12.37
19)

( 23)
(isentropic efficiency)

(polytropic efficiency)

Rm kRT01
D 2 p01

R m k T01
D p01

Rm kRT01

2
D p01

Rm kRT01
=
2
test D p01

std

 12

765

teststd
( p0 = 101.3 kPa , T0 = 288 K)

( R k D )
m std =

m test T01 test / T0 std

p01 test / p0 std

(12.54)

m std (corrected compressor mass flowrate)

m std

ND
kRT01

D k R
N std
N std =

N
T01 / Tstd

(12.55)

12.9.2

( )

12.33
(1) (2) (3)

12.38(a)

12.38(b)

( )

766

12.38

12.39

12.39(a)
12.39(c)

[ 12.38(b)]

12.39(b)

( 23 20) ( p01 /
p02 ) [ (12.55)] [ (12.54)]

12.40

 12

767

12.40
( 20)

12.10

V = W+U

(12.1)


Tshaft = m 1 ( rV
1 1 ) + m2 ( r2V 2 )

(12.2)

Wshaft = Tshaft

(12.3)

768

Wshaft = m 1 (U1V 1 ) + m 2 (U 2V 2 )

wshaft =

V22 V12 + U 22 U12 (W22 W12 )

2

(12.4)
(12.8)

ha =

p2 p1

+ z2 z1 +

V22 V12
2g

(12.19)

gha
Q
= 1
2 2
3
D
D

(12.29)

Wshaft
Q
= 2
3 5
3
D
D

(12.30)

= 3

Q
3
D

(12.31)

Q Q
=

3
3
D 1 D 2

(12.32)

gha gha
2 2 = 2 2
D 1 D 2

(12.33)

W s W s
=

3 5
3 5
D 1 D 2

(12.34)

1 = 2

(12.35)

( )

Q
(Q / D 3 )1/ 2
=
= Ns
( gha / 2 D 2 )3/ 4 ( gha )3/ 4

Ss =

( )

N s =

m std =

N std =

Q
[ g (NPSH R )]3/ 4

Wshaft /
( gha )5/ 4
m test T01 test / T0 std
p01 test / p0 std
N
T01 / Tstd

(12.43)
(12.45)

(12.53)

(12.54)
(12.55)

 12

769

1. Cumpsty, N. A., Jet Propulsion, 2nd Ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK,
2003.
2. Saravanamuttoo, H. I. H., Rogers, G. F. C., and Cohen, H., Gas Turbine Theory, 5th Ed.,
Prentice-Hall, Saddle River, New Jersey, 2001.
3. Wilson, D. G., and Korakianitis, T., The Design of High-Efficiency Turbomachinery and
Gas Turbines, 2nd Ed., Prentice-Hall, Saddle River, New Jersey, 1998.
4. Stepanoff, H. J., Centrifugal and Axial Flow Pumps, 2nd Ed., Wiley, New York, 1957.
5. Wislicenus, G. F., Preliminary Design of Turbopumps and Related Machinery, NASA
Reference Publication 1170, 1986.
6. Neumann, B., The Interaction Between Geometry and Performance of a Centrifugal
Pump, Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited, London, 1991.
7. Garay, P. N., Pump Application Desk Book, Fairmont Press, Lilburn, Georgia, 1990.
8. Rouse, H., Elementary Mechanics of Fluids, Wiley, New York, 1946.
9. Moody, L. F., and Zowski, T., Hydraulic Machinery, in Handbook of Applied
Hydraulics, 3rd Ed., by C. V. Davis and K. E. Sorensen, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1969.
10. Hydraulic Institute, Hydraulic Institute Standards, 14th Ed., Hydraulic Institute,
Cleveland, Ohio, 1983.
11. Heald, C. C., ed., Cameron Hydraulic Data, 17th Ed., Ingersoll-Rand, Woodcliff Lake,
New Jersey, 1988.
12. Kristal, F. A., and Annett, F. A., Pumps: Types, Selection, Installation, Operation, and
Maintenance, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1953.
13. Karassick, I. J., et al., Pump Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1985.
14. Stepanoff, A. J., Turboblowers, Wiley, New York, 1955.
15. Berry, C. H., Flow and Fan Principles of Moving Air Through Ducts, Industrial Press,
New York, 1954.
16. Wallis, R. A., Axial Flow Fans and Ducts, Wiley, New York, 1983.
17. Reason, J., Fans, Power, Vol. 127, No. 9, 103128, 1983.
18. Cumpsty, N. A., Compressor Aerodynamics, Longman Scientific & Technical, Essex,
UK, and John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1989.
19. Johnson, I. A., and Bullock, R. D., eds., Aerodynamic Design of Axial-Flow
Compressors, NASA SP-36, National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Washington, 1965.
20. Glassman, A. J., ed., Turbine Design and Application, Vol. 3, NASA SP-290, National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, 1975.
21. Saeed Farokhi, Aircraft Propulsion, Wiley, New York, 2009.

770

12.1

12.2

P12.2

P12.5
12.7
P12.2
12.3

( 12.2 )

(Betz limit)

4 8 cm 30

cm

12.8

P12.8

12.4

SI

12.5

P12.5

120 rpm

12.6

P12.5

90

P12.8

 12

771

12.11

( )

7 103 m3 / s

960 rpm

12.9

14 m/s

( P12.9 )

P12.11

28 m/s

P12.9
12.10

P12.10

1200 rpm
30
V2 = 28 m / s (a)
(b)

P12.11
12.12

12.10 ( SG = 0.9 )
0.5 kL/min (1)
95 mm (2)
80 kPa 110 mm
55 mm z2 z1 = 0.5 m

12.13

23 cm 1750 rpm

12.10
z2 z1 = 0 V2 = V1

Q (L / min)

75 150 225 300 375 450 525

p2 p1 (kPa)

277 276 263 250 231 208 178

(kW)

1.2 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 3.0

ha Q ha = ho kQ 2
P12.10

ha ha
( ha Q 2

772
)
12.3 5C

12.14

z1
40C

12.15

50 mm 200 m 3 m/s
P12.15
(a) 70%
(b) NPSH A

P12.15
12.16

ha = 54 1.2

12.17
5

10 Q ha Q m L/min

P12.19

12.14 10 cm
180 m z2 z1 = 15 m
0.02

(a) (b)

50%

12.18

12.20

15 cm

12.12

1200 m 10 cm

12.21

1200 rpm 4.1 m3 / s

12.19

0.1 m

200 m

1/5

P12.19(a)

P12.19(b)

- ha = 52 1.01

12.22

1 m

12.12 -

103 Q 2 ha Q m m3 / s

(12.39) (12.40)

0.02

12.23

1750 rpm

 12

773

30 m 2 kL/min

0.5 cm

3500 rpm

12.32

12.24

12.13

9 m3 / s 600

C H , C , CQ

rpm 0.46

12.18

0.61 m 2 = 60

12.25

( )

P12.32

12.26

12.27

60 rad/s 20 m

3 m3 / s 12.18

12.28

12.19 19 kL/min

1.5 m

U 2V 2
12.29

12.7

12.30

12.31

P12.32
12.33

( )

P12.33
0.032
0.2 m

P12.31
2.5 cm
135 15 m/s

P12.33
12.34

180 rpm

30 m 15 MW
15 m
P12.31

774
12.35

60 rpm 20 m

22 MW

12.36

( P12.36)

10 m

P12.37

R Tshaft = RA A

(Wshaft = Tshaft )

100%

(rpm)
0

P12.36
12.37

P12.37

12.38

R (N)

11

360

8.5

450

8.2

600

7.5

700

7.0

940

5.2

1120

4.0

1480

0.7

Tshaft