( )

( )

587

588

10.1

( 8 )

y t x

( dy / dx = 0)

(uniform flow, UF) (dy / dx 0)

(nonuniform flow) (varied flow)
(rapidly
(
Stillwater
)

varying flow, RVF) dy / dx ~ 1 ( dy / dx

1) (gradually varying flow, GVF) 10.1

Re = VRh /
V Rh

10.1

 10

589

Re < 500 Re > 12,500

( )
10C ( =
1.3 106 m 2 / s) V = 0.3 m / s Rh = 3 m

Re = VRh / = 6.9 105

( Rh = 6 103 m) V = 0.08 m / s
Re = 369
(homogeneous flow)
(stratified flow)

( )
( )
Fr = V /( g A)1/ 2 A
1 (Fr = 1)

(critical flow) 1 (subcritical flow)

(tranquil flow) 1 (supercritical
flow) (rapid flow)

10.2

( )

( )

( 1~3)

590

2006

30 m

(Poseidon)

15 m

10.2.1
10.2(a) y
V (t = 0)

(wave speed) c
V
c
10.2(b) V = ci
V = ( c + V )i

10.2 (a) (b)

 10

591

10.2(b)

cyb = ( c + V )( y + y )b

b
c=

( y + y) V
y

y y
c= y

V
y

(10.1)

1
2

y 2b 12 ( y + y )2 b = bcy[( c V ) c ]

m = bcy
(1) (2) F1 = yc1 A1 = ( y + y )2 b / 2
F2 = yc 2 A2 = y 2 b / 2 ( y ) 2 y y

V g
=
y c

(10.2)

(10.1) (10.2)
c = gy

(10.3)

10.2 y
y
( )
( = g )
g

10.3 c

V2
+ y =
2g

V V
+ y = 0
g

592

10.3

( Vy = )
y V +V y = 0

V y V = c (
c ) (10.3)

y / y 1
(10.3) ( 4)
1/ 2

y
c gy 1 +

10.4
y

) ( )

( 1)
1/ 2

g
2 y
c=
tanh

10.4

(10.4)

 10

10.5

593

tanh(2 y / ) 2 y / 10.5
( y ) y
c=

g
2

(10.4) y / tanh(2 y / ) 1
( y ) 10.2 c = ( gy )1/ 2
(10.4) y / 0 tanh(2 y / ) 2 y /
10.5 ( y ~ )
(10.4)
c = ( gy )1/ 2

1 m

30 m 100 km

2005 12

8000 km

500~1000 m/s

10.2.2
10.2(a)
c

594
V < c c V
V = c V > c
V c
Fr = V /( gy )1/ 2
y Fr = V /( gy )1/ 2 = V / c

(V < c )

( V < c
Fr < 1 )
(V > c)

( V > c Fr > 1 ) V = c
Fr = 1

10.1
V = 3.37 y 2 / 3

E10.1(a) (Rock
River) V y
E10.1(b)

(1)

V y m/s m

E10.1(a)

V
( ) c = ( gy )1/ 2

E10.1(b)

( )

c V = ( gy )1/ 2 3.37 y 2 / 3 = (9.81 y )1/ 2 3.37 y 2 / 3 (2)

 10
c V > 0

595

Fr y E10.1(c)

(2)
(9.81 y )1/ 2 > 3.37 y 2 / 3
y < 0.64 m

(Ans)

0.64
m

( Fr = V / c < 1 ) Fr
Fr = V / c = (3.37 y 2 / 3 ) /( gy )1/ 2 = 3.37 y1/ 6 /(9.81)1/ 2

E10.1(c)

1/ 6

= 1.08 y

10.3
Fr

(
10.6.1 ) [
(10.6.3)]

(Fr < 1) (Fr > 1)

(Ma < 1) (Ma > 1)

10.3

10.6 [ (bottom
slope)] S0 = ( z1 z2 ) / A
y1 y2 V1 V2 x
S0
( ) 3780 km 450
m S0 = 1.2 104 x y

596

10.6

[ (5.84)]

p1

V12
p V2
+ z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 + hL
2g
2g

(10.5)

hL (1) (2) z1 z2 = S0 A
p1 / = y1 p2 / = y2
(10.5)
y1 +

V12
V2
+ S0 A = y2 + 2 + hL
2g
2g

(10.6)

S f = hL / A [ (friction slope)] 10.6

3 z ( ) ( p / )
(V 2 / 2 g ) (10.6)
y1 y2 =

(V22 V12 )
+ ( S f S0 ) A
2g

(10.7)

( S f = 0)
( S0 = 0) ( S f = 0)
(10.7)
y1 y2 =

(V22 V12 )
2g

 10

597

10.3.1
(speific energy)

( )

E = y+

V2
2g

(10.8)

(10.7) E
E1 = E2 + ( S f S0 )A

(10.9)

S f = 0 ( S f S0 )A = S0 A = z2 z1
E1 + z1 = E2 + z2

b
( q = Q / b = Vyb / b = Vy )
E = y+

q2
2 gy 2

(10.10)

q y
10.7 (specific energy diagram)
q E = E ( y )

q E (10.10)
ysup , ysub yneg ( E > Emin Emin q )

yneg 10.7

10.7

598

q E ( E < Emin )
(alternate depths)
E ( ysub ysup )
y = E y = 0 ( y
q = Vy E = y + V 2 / 2 g y ) (
y 0 , E = y + V 2 / 2 g V 2 / 2 g )

10.7 ysup < ysub q = Vy = Vsup >

Vsub Vsup Vsub ysup ysub

Emin
(Fr = 1) ( sub
) ( sup )
Emin (10.10) dE / dy = 0
dE
q2
= 1 3 = 0
dy
gy

1/ 3

q2
yc =
g

(10.11)

c Emin (10.11) (10.10)

Emin =

3 yc
2

(10.11) Vc = q / yc
Vc =

q ( yc3/ 2 g 1/ 2 )
=
= gyc
yc
yc

Frc Vc /( gyc )1/ 2 = 1 (Fr = 1) Emin

(Fr < 1) (Fr > 1)

q E > Emin

10.2

 10

10.2

599

q = 0.5 m 2 / s
0.15 m E10.2(a) (
) 0.7 m
y2 + z2

S0 A = z1 z2 hL = 0

y1 +

V12
V2
+ z1 = y2 + 2 + z2
2g
2g

( z1 = 0 z2 = 0.15 m y1 = 0.7 m
V1 = q / y1 = 0.8 m / s )

0.58 = y2 +

V22
19.6

(1)

V2 y2 m/s m

y2V2 = y1V1

y2V2 = 0.5 m 2 / s

(2)
E10.2

(1) (2)
y23 0.58 y22 + 0.013 = 0

y2 = 0.53 m ,

y2 = 0.18 m

y2 = 0.13 m

E = y+

0.013
y2

E y m E10.2(b)

2 2

y2 + z2 = 0.53 m + 0.15 m = 0.68 m

y2 + z2 = 0.18 m + 0.15 m = 0.33 m

(10.10)

E1 = E2 + ( z2 z1 ) = E2 + 0.15 m
0.15 m
q
(1) (2) (2)
q = 0.5 m 2 / s
q

600
(1)

of flow regimes)

( c ) (2)

y2 + z2 = 0.68 m

Emin E10.2(a)

( )
E1 = y1 + 0.013/ y12 =
0.73 m Emin = 3 yc / 2 = 3( q 2 / g )1/ 3 / 2 = 0.44 m

(Ans)

y1 + z1 = 0.7 m , y2 + z2 = 0.6 m

zc z1 = E1 Emin = 0.73 m

0.44 m = 0.3 m (1)

0.3 m E10.2(a)

E10.2(c)

(Fr2 > 1)

E10.2(d)

( ) (1)

E10.2(a) ( )

(2) y2 > y1 (1)

(2) y z y + z

(2) (2)

(2) (1)

(accessibility

E10.2

( )

10.3.2
(Fr = 1)
dy / dx
1
dy / dx 1
H = V 2 / 2 g + y + z

 10

601

[ (10.5)]
H1 = H 2 + hL

hL (1) (2)
dH / dx = dhL / dx = S f
dz / dx = S0
V dV dy dz
dH d V 2
=
+ y + z =
+ +
dx dx 2 g
g dx dx dx

dhL V dV dy
=
+ + S0
dx
g dx dx

V dV dy
+
= S f S0
g dx dx

(10.12)

q b V = q / y

dV
q dy
V dy
= 2
=
dx
y dx
y dx

(10.12)
V dV
V 2 dy
dy
=
= Fr 2
g dx
gy dx
dx

(10.13)

Fr = V /( gy )1/ 2 (10.13) (10.12)

dy ( S f S0 )
=
dx (1 Fr 2 )

(10.14)

dy / dx
S0 S f ( ) dy / dx

S0 S f Fr (10.14)
1 Fr 2
(10.14) q
( 3)

602

10.4

( dy / dx = 0) S0
S f ( S0 = S f ) (10.14)

( )

10.4.1
10.8
A (wetted perimeter) P P

10.9(a)

w
10.9(b)
V w
8

10.8

 10

603

10.9 (a) (b)

6.40

2030 6475

10.4.2

10.10 x
[ (5.22)]

604

10.10

Fx = Q (V2 V1 )0

V1 = V2 (1) (2)
( Fx = 0 )
F1 F2 w PA + sin = 0

(10.15)

F1 F2
( y1 = y2 ) F1 = F2
sin w PA
(10.5)

w =

sin S0
=
PA
PA

sin tan = S0
( S0 1) = AA (hydraulic radius)
Rh = A / P

w =

AAS0
PA

= Rh S0

(10.16)

8 ( ) f

V 2 / 2

w = K

V2
2

 10

605

(10.16)
K

V2
= Rh S0
2

V = C Rh S0

(10.17)

C (Chezy coefficient) (10.17) (Chezy

equation) ( ) 1/ 2 /
( )
(10.16) (V ~ S01/ 2 )

Rh
Rh2 / 3 S01/ 2
n

V=

(10.18)

(10.18) (Manning equation) n

(Manning resistance coefficient)
s / m1/ 3
n
10.1 SI

V=

Rh2 / 3 S01/ 2

(10.19)

ARh2 / 3 S01/ 2

(10.20)

Q=

SI = 1 SI Rh m A m 2 = 1
m / s m3 / s
10.1 n

n
( 5) Q n
n 10.1 n

606
10.1

n ( 6)
n

A.

D.
0.030

0.010

0.040

0.011

0.035

( )

0.012

( )

0.014

0.035

( )

0.015

0.050

0.013

0.075

( )

0.012

0.150

( )

0.014

0.012

0.014

0.015

0.016

B.

C.

0.022

0.025

0.030

0.035

0.022

0.025

n f (
8) 10.1

10.4.3

( A
Rh ) (S0 ) ( n )

( V Q )

(normal depth) yn

(normal flowrate) 10.3

 10

10.3

607

E10.3(a)
305 m 0.4 m

(a) (b)
E10.3(a)

( n ) Q

(a) (10.20)
Q=

1
ARh2 / 3 S01/ 2
n

(1)

E10.3(b)

SI = 1 y = 1.5 m

10C
1 m Re = RhV / =

1.5

A = 4 m(1.5 m) + 1.5 m
m = 8.7 m 2
tan 40

1 m(3 m / s) /(1.3 106 m 2 / s) = 2.31 106

P = 4 m + 2(1.5 / sin 40 m) =

8.6 m Rh = A / P

(b)

= 1 m

( 7 m)
1 m
S0 = 0.4 m / 305 m = 0.0013
(1)

Fr = V /( gy )1/ 2
Fr =

3 m/s
= 0.8
(9.81 m / s2 1.5 m)1/ 2

1
0.31
Q = (8.7 m 2 )(1 m)2 / 3 (0.0013)1/ 2 =
n
n

Q m3 / s
10.1 n
0.012
Q=

0.31
= 25.8 m3 / s
0.012

(Ans)

V = Q / A = 3 m / s
[( S0 = 0.0013

= tan 1 (0.0013) = 0.074 )]

E10.3(b)

(Ans)

608

10.4

E10.3(a)

Q = 10.0 m / s

y = 1.40 m

(Ans)

y
2
A = y
+ 4 y = 1.19 y + 4 y
tan 40

Q y

4 m A y m 2

E10.4 Q y

y
P = 4 + 2
= 3.11 y + 4
sin 40

Rh =

A 1.19 y 2 + 4 y
=
P
3.11 y + 4

Rh y m 10.1
n = 0.030 (10.20)

Q = 10 =
=

ARh2 / 3 S01/ 2

1.19 y 2 + 4 y
1.0
(1.19 y 2 + 4 y )

0.030
3.11 y + 4

2/3

(0.0014)1/ 2

(1.19 y 2 + 4 y )5 515(3.11 y + 4) 2 = 0

(1)

y m (1)

E10.4

10.4

10.5

 10

10.5

609

D
0 y D E10.5(a)
S0 n

[ (10.20)]
Q=

ARh2 / 3 S01/ 2

(1)

S0 n

A=

E10.5

D2
( sin )
8

Q = Q ( y )

(rad) E10.5(a)

E10.5(b)

P=

Qmax Qfull = 0.929Qmax

D
2

y = 0.938D = 5.28 rad =

303

A D ( sin )
Rh = =
4
P

y = 0.938D Q = Qmax

Q 0.929Qmax Qmax

(1)
Q=

S01/ 2

(Ans)

D8 / 3 ( sin )5/ 3

2/3
8(4) 2 / 3

P y D

y = ( D / 2)[1 cos( / 2)]

(GPS)

River) 50 km

GPS 2000

20 km

14.6 m 3 104

(Pont du

(average bottom slope)

Gard)

(Gardon

610
( )

n
n
n
n ( 7) (

)
n
( 5)
N
Pi Ai ni Pi

10.6

E10.6(a) S0 = 0.3 m /150 m

= 0.002 y = 0.24 m + 0.18 m = 0.42 m

E10.6(a)

E10.6(a)
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3

E10.6
i

Ai (m2 )

Pi (m)

Rhi (m)

ni

0.16

0.16

0.020

Ai Pi Rhi ni

0.25

0.25

0.015

E10.6

0.16

0.16

0.030

Qi =

1.49
Ai Rh2i / 3 S01/ 2
ni

[ E10.6(a) ] Pi
(2)
A2 = 0.6 m(0.24 + 0.18) m = 0.25 m 2

Rh2 =

P2 = 0.6 m + 2(0.24 m) = 1 m

A2 0.25 m 2
=
= 0.25 m
1m
P2

 10

611

( n )

Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 1(0.002)1/ 2

(n2 = 0.015) ( n3 = 0.030)

(0.16 m 2 )(0.16 m) 2 / 3 (0.25 m 2 )(0.25 m)2 / 3

+
0.020
0.015

2
2/3
(0.16 m )(0.16 m)
+

0.030

y Q E10.6
(b)
( y < 0.24 m)

Q = 0.47 m3 / s

( y > 0.24 m)

(Ans)

A = A1 + A2 + A3 = 0.6 m 2 P = P1 + P2 + P3 =
3 m Rh = A / P = 0.6 m 2 / 3 m = 0.2 m

(10.20)
Q=

1
ARh2 / 3 S01/ 2
neff

neff n
Q = 0.47 m3 / s neff
neff =

1ARh2 / 3 S01/ 2 1(0.6)(0.2) 2/3 (0.002)1/ 2

=
= 0.019
Q
0.47

E10.6(b)

Q S0 ( n )

(best hydraulic cross section) Rh =

A / P (10.20)

Q=

A
A
n P

2/3

S01/ 2 =

A5/ 3 S01/ 2
n

P2 / 3

nQ
A = 1/ 2
S0

3/ 5

P2 / 5

( )
10.11
( )

612

10.11

10.5

60

( y )

dy / dx 1

dy / dx 0 , dV / dx 0 (10.10)

( 5, 9)
[ y = y ( x ) ]

10.6

dy / dx ~ 1 (rapidly varied flow)

10.12

10.13

 10

10.12

10.13

613

10.14

10.14

614

10.6.1

( dy / dx = )

(hydraulic jump)

( )

10.15
(1) (2)

w x
[ (5.22)]
F1 F2 = Q (V2 V1 ) = V1 y1b(V2 V1 )

F1 = pc1 A1 = y12 b / 2 F2 =
pc 2 A2 = y22 b / 2 pc1 = y1 / 2 pc 2 = y2 / 2

b
y12 y22 V1 y1

=
(V2 V1 )
g
2
2

(10.21)

[ (5.12)]
y1bV1 = y2 bV2 = Q

10.15

(10.22)

 10

615

[ (5.84)]
y1 +

V12
V2
= y2 + 2 + hL
2g
2g

(10.23)

(10.23) hL

(10.21)(10.22) (10.23) y1 = y2 V1 = V2
hL = 0

(10.21) (10.22)
V2
V12 y1
y12 y22 V1 y1 V1 y1

V
( y1 y2 )

1 =
2
2
g y2
gy2

y1 y2
2

y 2 y2
2
+ 2Fr1 = 0
y
y
1 1

Fr1 = V1 / gy1
y2 1
= ( 1 1 + 8Fr12 )
y1 2

y2 1
= ( 1 + 1 + 8Fr12 )
y1 2

(10.24)

y2 / y1 10.16
Fr1 < 1
(10.24) Fr1 1 y2 / y1 1
[ (10.23)] (10.23)
hL / y1
2
hL
y2 Fr12 y1
= 1 +
1
y1
y1
2 y2

(10.25)

y2 / y1 (10.24) Fr1 10.16 Fr1 <

1 (
) Fr1 < 1
10.15

616

10.16

(Fr > 1)
y1 = y2 V1 = V2

(USACE)

1890 1966

1966

1983

 10

10.7

617

30 m

y2

0.18 m 5.5 m/s E10.7(a)

Fr1 Fr2 d

Fr1 =

V1
5.5 m / s
=
= 0.41 (Ans)
gy1 [(9.81 m / s2 )(0.18)]1/ 2

d =

(10.24)
y2 1
1
= ( 1 + 1 + 8Fr12 ) = [ 1 + 1 + 8(4.10) 2 ] = 5.32
y1 2
2

y2 = 5.32(0.18 m) = 1 m

(Ans)

Q1 = Q2 V2 = ( y1V1 ) / y2 = 0.18 m(5.5 m / s) /

1 m = 1 m / s

Fr2 =

V2
1m/s
=
= 0.32 (Ans)
gy2 [(9.81 m / s2 )(1 m)]1/ 2

( ) d
(5.85)
d = QhL = by1V1hL

(1)

hL (10.23) (10.25)

V2
V2
hL = y1 + 1 y2 + 2
2g
2g

(5.5 m / s) 2
(1 m / s) 2
= 0.18 m +
1m+

2
2(9.81 m / s )
2(9.81 m / s 2 )

hL = 0.67 m

(1)
d = (9800 N / m3 )(30 m)(0.18 m)(5.5 m / s)(0.67 m)
= 2 105 N m / s

E10.9

2 105 N m / s
= 2 105 W
1 N m/s/ W

(Ans)

618

T T2 > T1

V = q / y
q = q1 = q2 =

Q
= y1V1 = 0.18 m(5.5 m / s) = 1 m 2 / s
b

Q = AV
1 1 = b1 y1V1 = (30 m)(0.18 m)
(5.5 m / s) = 30 m3 / s

d y1
E10.7(b)
y1 > 0.5 m
(Fr1 < 1)

10.3

E = y+

q2
(1 m 2 / s)2
0.05
= y+
= y+ 2
2
y
2 gy
2(9.81 m / s2 ) y 2

y E m
E10.7(c)
E (1)
(2)
(2) (1)

(10.23) ( E = y + V 2 / 2 g )

(2)

E1 = E2 + hL E1 = y1 + V12 / 2 g = 1.72 m

E2 = y2 + V22 / 2 g = 1.05 m 10.3

Fr1
[ (10.24) (10.25)]
10.2
10.2

( 12)

Fr1

y 2 / y1

<1

1~1.7

1~2.0

1.7~2.5

2.0~3.1

2.5~4.5

3.1~5.9

4.5~9.0

5.9~12

> 9.0

> 12

 10

619

10.17
(a)
(b)

(
)

( 5)

10.17(a) 10.17(b)
(submerged jump)

10.6.2

(sharp-crested weir)
10.18
10.19

620

10.18

10.19

(a) (b) (c)

Pw H
( b / H )

10.20 pB = 0 A-B

pA

V12
u2
+ z A = ( H + Pw h ) + 2
2g
2g

(10.26)

h B A
B (1) z A + p A
/ + V12 / 2 g = H + Pw + V12 / 2 g A

(10.26)

V2
u2 = 2 g h + 1
2g

 10

10.20

621

Q=

(2)

u2 dA =

h=H
h =0

u2 A dh

(10.27)

A = A( h ) 10.20(b)
A A h

A = b
Q = 2g b

H
0

1/ 2

V12
h +

2g

dh

Q=

3/ 2
3/ 2

V 2
2
V2
2 g b H + 1 1
3
2g
2 g

(10.28)

(10.28) Pw H
V12 / 2 g H (10.28)

Q=

2
3

2 g b H 3/ 2

(10.29)

H 10.18
(drawdown effect) H

(10.29)

622
Q = Cwr

2
3

2 g b H 3/ 2

(10.30)

Cwr Cwr (
) ( ) H / Pw ( )

( 47)
H
Cwr = 0.611 + 0.075
Pw

(10.31)

Cwr ( 314)

H
H

(10.27)

A = 2( H h ) tan
2

V ( 10.19 10.20)
(V12 / 2 g H )
Q=

8

tan 2 g H 5/ 2
15
2

Cwt

Q = Cwt

8

tan 2 g H 5/ 2
15
2

(10.32)

Cwt 0.58 0.62 10.21

Cwt Cwt H

10.22 (10.30)
(10.32)

 10

623

10.21
( 10)

10.22 (a) (plunging nappe)(b)

(submerged nappe)

10.6.3
(broad-crested weir)
10.23
0.08 < H / Lw < 0.50 ( H / Lw < 0.08)
( H / Lw > 0.50)

10.23

624

H / Lw < 0.08
( V12 / 2 g y1 )
E1 = V12 / 2 g + y1 y1
y2 = yc Fr2 = 1 (V2 = c2 )
( 10.7) (Fr2 >
1)

(1) (2)
H + Pw +

V2
V12
= yc + Pw + c
2g
2g

H yc =

(Vc2 V12 ) Vc2

=
2g
2g

V2 = Vc = ( gyc )1/ 2 Vc2 = gyc

H yc =

yc
2

yc =

2H
3

Q = by2V2 = bycVc = byc ( gyc )1/ 2 = b g yc3/ 2

2
Q=b g
3

3/ 2

H 3/ 2

2
Q = Cwb b g
3

3/ 2

H 3/ 2

(10.33)

Cwb 6 Cwb
1/ 2

Cwb

1 + H / Pw
= 1.125

2 + H / Pw

(10.34)

 10

10.8

625

b = 2 m
3

Qmin = 0.02 m / s Qmax

= 0.60 m / s

(a)
(b) ( = 90) (c)

Pw = 1 m
Q = Q ( H )

(a) Pw = 1 m (10.30)
(10.31)
Q = Cwr

2
H 2
2 g bH 3 / 2 = 0.611 + 0.075
2 g bH 3 / 2
3
3
P
w

Q = (0.611 + 0.075H )

2
2(9.81 m / s 2 )(2 m) H 3/ 2
3

Q = 5.91(0.611 + 0.075H ) H 3/ 2

(1)

H Q m m3 / s
E10.8
(b) (10.32)
8

tan 2 g H 5/ 2
15
2
8
= Cwt tan(45) 2(9.81 m / s2 ) H 5 / 2
15

Q = Cwt

E10.8
Pw = 1 m

1/ 2

Q = 2.36Cwt H 5/ 2

(2)

H Q m m3 / s Cd
10.21 H = 0.20 m
Cwt = 0.60 Q = 2.36(0.60)(0.20)5 / 2 =
0.0253 m3 / s

E10.8
(c) (10.28) (10.29)
2
Q = Cwbb g
3

1 + H / Pw
Q = 1.125

2 + H / Pw

2
(2 m) 9.81 m / s 2
3

3/ 2

H 3/ 2

1/ 2

1+ H
Q = 3.84

2+H

H 3/ 2

(3)

H Q m m3 / s
E10.8

3/ 2

H 3/ 2
1/ 2

1 + H / Pw
= 1.125

2 + H / Pw

Q = Qmin
2
b g
3

3/ 2

H 3/ 2

626
H Q = Qmin = 0.02 m3 / s

0.0312

Q = Qmin = 0.02 m3 / s H min

m0.182 m 0.0375 m

= 0.0375 m Lw < H min / 0.08

0.08 < H / Lw < 0.50 Lw

3

= 0.469 m

(3) Qmax = 0.60 m / s H max =

H max = 0.719 m

0.349 Lw > H max / 0.5 = 0.698

10.6.4
10.24

Pend
Oreille
PUD

( 10.24 )
a (2 gy1 )1/ 2
q = Cd a 2 gy1

(10.35)

q Cd (Cc = y2 / a )
( y1 / a ) 0.55
0.60 10.25 ( 3)
10.26

[ (10.35)]
Cd 10.25
( y1 / a ) y3 / a = y1 / a ( y3 = y1 )
Cd = 0 ( y1 / a ) Cd

10.24

(a) (b) (c)

 10

627

10.25

( 3)

10.26

y3 / a Cd (Cd ) max
( 10.25) y3 / a Cd

10.9

E10.9
b = 6 m y1 = 2 m
a = 0.3 m

Q y3

(10.35)
Q = bq = baCd 2 gy1
= 6 m(0.3 m)Cd 2(9.81 m / s 2 )(2 m)

Q = 11.0Cd m 2 / s

(1)

E10.9

628
Cd 10.25 y1 / a = 2 m / 0.3

y3 < 0.96 m y3

m = 6.7 y3 = 2 m( y3 / a

y3 > a

= 6.7 = y1 / a )

Cd = 0

Cd y3 / a

y3 / a = 3.2 Cd = 0.56
y3 = 3.2a = 0.96 m

Cd 10.24 (1)
2

Q = 11.0(0.56) m / s = 6 m / s

10.7

y3 0.96 m y3 2 m
Q y3 10.9

Fr > 1

Fr = V /( gy )1/ 2
c = gy
V2
2g

(10.8)

Rh2 / 3 S01/ 2

(10.19)

E = y+
V=

(10.3)

 10

629

y2 1
= ( 1 + 1 + 8Fr12 )
y1 2

(10.24)

2
hL
y2 Fr12 y1
= 1 +
1
y1
y1
2 y2

(10.25)

Q = Cwr
Q = Cwt

2
3

2 g b H 3/ 2

8

tan 2 g H 5/ 2
15
2

2
Q = Cwb b g
3

(10.30)
(10.32)

3/ 2

q = Cd a 2 gy1

H 3/ 2

(10.33)
(10.35)

1. Currie, C. G., and Currie, I. G., Fundamental Mechanics of Fluids, Third Edition,
Marcel Dekker, New York, 2003.
2. Stoker, J. J., Water Waves, Interscience, New York, 1957.
3. Henderson, F. M., Open Channel Flow, Macmillan, New York, 1966.
4. Rouse, H., Elementary Fluid Mechanics, Wiley, New York, 1946.
5. French, R. H., Open Channel Hydraulics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1992.
6. Chow, V. T., Open Channel Hydraulics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1959.
7. Blevins, R. D., Applied Fluid Dynamics Handbook, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York,
1984.
8. Daugherty, R. L., and Franzini, J. B., Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications,
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1977.
9. Vennard, J. K., and Street, R. L., Elementary Fluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition Wiley,
New York, 1995.
10. Lenz, A. T., Viscosity and Surface Tension Effects on V-Notch Weir Coefficients,
Transactions of the American Society of Chemical Engineers, Vol. 108, 759820, 1943.
11. White, F. M., Fluid Mechanics, 5th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2003.
12. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Research Studies on Stilling Basins, Energy Dissipators,
and Associated Appurtenances, Hydraulic Lab Report Hyd.-399, June 1, 1955.
13. Wallet, A., and Ruellan, F., Houille Blanche, Vol. 5, 1950.
14. Spitzer, D. W., ed., Flow Measurement: Practical Guides for Measurement and Control,
Instrument Society of America, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1991.

630

10.1

10.4

10.2

q = 2.3 m 2 / s

(a) 0.2 m(b) 0.8 m(c) 2.5 m

10.3

( )

y V
P10.3 c = ( gy )1/ 2

(a)

/ 2 = arcsin(1/ Fr) Fr = V /( gy )1/ 2

(b) (Fr < 1)

P10.6

10.7

( 10.2.1

)
100 km 3000 m

q =

10.8
2

P10.3
10.4

(1) (2)

2.5 m / s
E = 2.5 m

10.9

3 m 6 m3 / s

2 ( 0.5)

2 m

( 3.0) (1)

4 m (2)

10.10

10.5

/ s y1 = 1 m P10.10

10.6

1.5 m Q = 0.8 m3

(2)

8 cm (

P10.6) V
40

t
t

P10.10

 10
10.11

P10.11 q = 4 m / s
zB = 0.2e

x2

zB x

m y1 = 2 m

631

1.8 m 2 m
1 m
( h = )

y = y ( x )
z = z ( x ) 4 m x 4 m

P10.11
10.12

P10.12

Q = 0.7 m3 / s y1 =

P10.15

0.6 m y2

10.16

P10.16

h = h ( x )
dy / dx = ( dh / dx )[1 (V 2 / gy )]
V = V ( x) , y = y( x)
P10.16
A = A( x )

P10.12
10.13

( ) y1 = 0.2 m

(1) (2) y2

P10.16

q = 1

10.17 P10.17

m 2 / s (2)

0.3 m (1) (2)

Fr = 2.75 dy / dx

0.06 m

10.18

(1) (2)

1000 m 1 m

10.15

10.14

E10.15

2 m/s 5 m 1 m

632

P10.17
P10.22
10.19

A = 26 m 2 ,

P = 16 m , S0 = 0.02 m / 62 m

10.23

2 : 1 ( ) ( n = 0.020)

10.20

P10.20

10 m3 / s

0.75 m/s

5 1 km

S0 = 0.0001

0.14 m n

10.24

3.0 m

30 m3 / s

10.25

3 m

1.2 m 1.5 m/s

P10.20

2.4 m

10.21

P10.21

10.26

P10.26 0.3 m/60 m

0 y 0.3 m r = 0 ,
0.06 , 0.12 , 0.18 , 0.24 , 0.3 m

P10.21
10.22

(Kings River)

1400 m

P10.26

90 m

10.27

85 km P10.22 V

2 m / km y = 1.5 m

15

10.27

 10

633

0.3 m /150 m

10.35

P10.35

2Q
P10.27

( ) (n =

10.28

0.025)

10.29

P10.29

S0 = 0.001

P10.35

10.36

1.0

m
0.2 m3 / s

10.37
P10.29

1 m 5 m

P10.37
b b

10.30

2 m3 / s 0.001

10.31

4 0.5 m

D n

10.32

12 m

P10.37

60 m 150 m

1 m

10.38

0.5 m/km

4 cm/hr

10.39

10.33

1 m 2 m

3 m3 / s

2 m3 / s 10 m / 800 m

10.40

0.8 m/s

P10.29

10.34

1.4 m3 / s 2 m

10.41

P10.29

634
n = 0.020

0.5 m/s

10.49

10.42

b = 0.3 m y Fr =

( ) Vw

1 0.02 y 1.5 m

P10.49 Vw

S0c y

Vw

10.43

y = 0.3 m V = 6 m / s

10.44

0.6 m 0.5 m
( )
10.45

P10.45
8 cm
0.13 cm 0.5 cm

P10.49
10.50

( 10.6.1

) 1983

50 km/hr
6 m 15 km/hr

10.51

2 m

0.1 m 1 m
10.52

3 m

1.4 m3 / s
P10.45

2 m Pw
10.53

8100 m 2

0.3 m3 / s 0.6 m

1 m(a)

P10.53

(b) (c)

H = 0.2 m (a)

10.46

10.47

0.90 3.6 m
10 m

10.48
3

4 m

25 m / s 1.0 m

P10.53

 10

635

dH / dt (b) 0.17 m (

= 90

H = 0.03 m )

H 0.012 m

10.54

= 90

0.06 H 0.3 m

H = 0.003 m Q

10.56

1.5 m

10.55

3 m / s b = 6 m

Pw = 1 m

3 m

636