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e-ISSN: 2278-5728, p-ISSN: 2319-765X. Volume 11, Issue 2 Ver. VI (Mar - Apr. 2015), PP 28-38
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[
1
2
M.F. El-Sabbagh , K.R. Abdo
1
Abstract:In this paper, evolution equations with two or more spatial variables, which may describe
pseudospherical planes in higher dimensions, are considered. Necessary and sufficient conditions for equations
of type = , , , , , , ,
to describe a 3-dimensionalpseudospherical plane of 5 are given . Such equations are characterized.
Keywords:Evolution equations, Pseudospherical surfaces, Riemannian manifold, Solitons and differential
equations.
I. Introduction
It has been observed that exactly solvable nonlinear differential equations with two independent
variables are obtained as compatibility conditions for linear systems. Moreover, obtaining a spectral linear
problem associated with a nonlinear equation[14-16] has been useful in order to solve the initial value problem
by the inverse scattering method, [1]. In [2,13] the notion of a differential equation which describe
pseudospherical surfaces (surfaces with constant negative Gaussian curvature inR5 ) was given . Studies are made
in this direction concerning non linear evolution equations of type
k u
uxt = u, ux , uxx , . . , k in 2,11
x
k u
ut = u, ux , uxx , . . , k
in 1,10
x
And
utt = u, ux , , uxx , ut
in [8].
Then, we [6,7] generalized these studies to evolution equations with three independent variables which are
related to pseudospherical planes (P.S.P) in R5 (3-dim planes of R5 with constant negative sectional curvature )
where equations of types
= , , , . . , , , , , (1)
and
= , , , . . , , , , , (2)
Are studied . Here we provide a similar study for another class of evolution equations with two spatial variables
plus the time variable which have the from
= , , . . ,
, , ,
, (3)
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28 | Page
1 = ,
2 = , . . = and
p =
33 ,1
12 , = 13 , = 22 , = 23 , = 33 , = 43, =
52, = 53, = 62 , = 63 , = 0
= 43,1 = 0
13 , = 23 , = 33 , = 43, = 53, = 63 , = 0
33, = 43, = 0,
33 ,1 = 43,1 = 0
33, = 43, = 0 ,
13, = 11,1 = 12,
1
23 , = 21 ,1 = 22 , ,
63 , = 61,1 = 62,
2
11,
2
12
,
2
21,
(8)
2
+ 22
,
2
51
,
2
52
,
2
2
+ 61
, + 62, 0
In U, and
1
+1 11 , +
=1
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11262838
+1 12 , = 22 21 + 51 + 52
(9)
=0
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11 , 11 ,0 +
1
12 , 12 ,0 +
+1 13, = 23 43 22 + 52 33 53
=0
+1 13 , = 23 43 21 + 51 33 53
(10)
=0
(11)
+1 21 , +
+1 22 , = 11 12 + 61 62
(12)
+1 23 , = 11 43 13 + 61 33 63
(13)
=1
=0
21 , 21 ,0 +
=0
1
22, 22 ,0 +
+1 23, = 12 43 13 + 62 33 63
=1
(14)
11 52 12 51 = 22 61 21 62 (15)
+1 33 ,
=0
2
= 11 53 13 51 + 21 63 23 61
+1 33, = 12 53 13 52 + 22 63 23 62
=1
11 22 12 21
2
= 0
(16)
(17)
(18)
+1 43, = 11 23 13 21
(19)
+1 43, = 12 23 13 22
(20)
=0
2
=1
1
+1 51, +
=1
51, 51 ,0 +
+1 52, = 11 12
(21)
+1 53, = 11 33 13
(22)
=0
1
=0
1
52, 52,0 +
+1 53, = 12 33 13
=1
(23)
+1 61, +
=1
61 , 61 ,0 +
+1 62 , = 21 32 22 31
(24)
=0
+1 63 , = 21 33 23
(25)
+1 63 , = 22 33 23
(26)
=0
1
62, 62 ,0 +
=1
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30 | Page
(27)
11 ,
0, = 1 , 1
11, 12 , 21 , 22 , 51, 52, 61 , 62 , 0 1
13 , 21 , 23 , 33 , 43, 51, 53, 61 , 63 , 0
28
11 , +
11 , + 11 , +
=1
=0
13 , +
12 , + 12 ,
=1
13, + 13 ,
=1
=0
12 , +
=0
= 22 21 + 51 52 + 23 43 21 + 51 33 53
+ 23 43 22 + 52 33 53
()
From the above equation we can obtain the following equations by simple calculations and by using equations
(27)
1
12 , 12 ,0 +
+1 13, = 23 43 22 + 52 33 53
=0
1
11 , 11 ,0 +
=0
1
+1 13 , = 23 43 21 + 51 33 53
+1 11, +
=1
+1 12 , = 22 21 + 51 + 52
=0
In similar way by using assumptions (6) and (8) we have the 1-forms satisfy the structure equations (4) then
21, +
=0
21 , + 21 , +
=1
22 ,
=0
22 , + 22 , +
=1
23, +
=0
23, + 23 ,
=1
= 12 + 11 + 61 62 + 13 + 43 11 + 61 33 63
+ 13 + 43 12 + 62 33 63
()
From the above equation we can obtain the following equations by simple calculations and by using
equations (27)
1
22 , 22 ,0 +
+1 23 , = 12 43 13 + 62 33 63
=1
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11262838
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31 | Page
21 , 21,0 +
1
+1 23,
=0
1
+1 21 , +
+1 22 , = 11 12 + 61 62
=1
= 11 43 13 + 61 33 63
=0
In similar way by using assumptions(6) and(8) we have the 1-forms satisfy the structure equations (4) then
31, +
31, + 31 , +
32 ,
=1
=0
=0
32 , + 32 , +
=1
33, +
33, + 33 ,
=1
=0
= 51 12 + 52 11 61 22 + 62 21 + 52 13 + 53 12 62 23 + 22 63
+ 51 13 + 53 11 61 23 63 21
()
From the above equation we can obtain the following equations by simple calculations and by using
equations (27)
2
+1 33 , = 12 53 13 52 + 22 63 23 62
=1
31 , = 31, = 32 , = 32 , = 0where31 = , 32 =
2
+1 33 , = 11 53 13 51 + 21 63 23 61
=0
31 , = 31, = 32 , = 32 , = 0where31 = , 32 =
11 52 12 51 = 22 61 21 62
31 , = 31, = 32 , = 32 , = 0where31 = , 32 =
Similarly by using assumptions(6) and(8) we have the 1-forms satisfy the structure equations (4) then
41, +
=0
41, + 41, +
=1
42,
=0
42, + 42, +
=1
43, +
43, + 43,
=1
=0
= 11 22 12 21 + 12 23 13 22 + 11 23 13 21
()
From the above equation we can obtain the following equations by simple calculations and by using equations
(27)
41, = 41, = 42, = 42, = 0where41 = , 42 = we have
+1 43, = 12 23 13 22
=1
+1 43, = 11 23 13 21
=0
11 22 12 21 = 0
Similarly by using assumptions (6) and (8) we have the 1-forms satisfy the structure equations (4) then
51 , +
=1
=0
51 , + 51, +
52,
=0
52, + 52, +
=1
53, +
=0
53, + 53,
=1
= 11 32 12 31 + 12 33 13 32 + 11 33 13 31
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11262838
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()
32 | Page
52, 52,0 +
+1 53, = 12 33 13
=1
1
51, 51 ,0 +
1
+1 53, = 11 33 13
=0
1
+1 51, +
+1 52, = 11 12
=1
=0
Finally by using assumptions (6) and (8) we have the 1-forms satisfy the structure equations (4) then
61, +
61, + 61 , +
=1
=0
62 ,
=0
62 , + 62 , +
=1
63 , +
63 , + 63,
=1
=0
= 21 32 22 31 + 22 33 23 32 + 21 33 23 31
()
From the above equation we can obtain the following equations by simple calculations and by using equations
(27)
1
62, 62 ,0 +
+1 63, = 22 33 23
=1
61 , 61 ,0 +
1
+1 63 , = 21 33 23
=0
1
+1 61, +
=1
+1 62 , = 21 32 22 31
=0
To justify the last equation of (8) we observe that if 11, , 12, , 21, , 22 , , 51 , , 52, , 61 , , and62 , vanish
simulataneously, it follows that equation (5) can not be the necessary and sufficient condition for the forms to
satisfy the structure equations of a 3-dim. p.s.p. Therefore, this condition is added, and that completes the proof
of the lemma.
2
2
2 = 62
22
Theorem 3.1
Let , 1 6 , 1 3,be differentiable functions of , 0 , 1 , , 1 , such that quations (8)
hold and 31 = 41 = , 32 = 42 = are parameters. Suppose 1, , 1, , 2, and2, as given before are non
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11262838
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33 | Page
1
(1, )2
+1 1,
33 ,
=0
2
1,
33, +1 1, 1,1 +
33, +1 1,
=0
1
+ 1,
2
=0
33 , +1 + 1 (1,1
=0
33 1, )
+
+1 2,
(2, )2
33 ,
=0
2,
33 ,
=0
2
33, +1 2, 2,1 +
=0
33 , +1 2,
=0
1
+ 2,
2
33 , +1 + 2 (2,1
=0
33 2, )
+
1
(1, )2
1,
+1
=1
1,
33 , +1 1,
33 ,
=1
2
33 , +1 1, 1,1 +
=1
+ 1, 1,
+1
33 , +1 1,
=1
1
+ 1,
2
+ 1,0 1,
33 , +1 + 1 (1,1
=1
33 1, )
1
(2, )2
+1
2,
=1
2,
=1
33 , +1 2,
33 ,
33 , +1 2, 21
=1
2
+
=1
+1
33 , +1 2,
+ 2, 2,
1
+ 2,
2
+ 2,0 2,
33, +1 + 2 (2,1
=1
33 2, ) + 51 , 43 21 23 + 61, 13 11 43 + 52, 43 22 23
Where
Moreover
13 =
53 =
23 =
63 =
+ 62 , 13 12 43 (31)
11
,
1 1
1, 11 ,
1
1, 51,
1
2, 21,
1
2, 61,
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11262838
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34 | Page
63 =
1
2,
1
2,
=1
2
22 ,
=1
2
62 ,
=1
Proof
Suppose the equation = describes a 3-dim. P.S.P. Then it follows from the lemma that equations (9)
(26) are satisfied. Now, consider eqns. (16), (17) and their derivatives with respect to , it follows from (8) that
2
11 53 13 51 + 21 63 23 61 =
33 , +1
(40)
=0
12 23 13 52 + 22 63 23 62 =
33 , +1
(41)
12 , 53 + 52 , 13 22 , 63 + 62 , 23 = 1,1 + 2,1
Using notations (29), (30) and from (40) one gets 53 , 53 , 53 and 53 as given by(32) (35).
Also, by the same way, (41) gives, the formulas (36) (39) for these functions.
Thus we have the following result:
Now, consider the derivative with respect to +1 of eqns (10), (13), (22), and (25) as well as the derivative with
respect to +1 of eqns (11), (14), (23), and (26) . Then it follows from (8) that
+1 11 , + 13 , = 0
+1 12 , + 23, = 0
+1 51, + 53, = 0
+1 61 , + 63 , = 0
(42)
And
+1
12, + 13 , = 0
22,
+1
+ 23 , = 0
+1
52, + 53 , = 0
+1
62, + 63 , = 0
(43)
+1 +1
= +1 + +1 +
(44)
, is independent of +1 , while is independent of both +1 , and +1 . From
Where is independent of +1
eqns (42), (43), and (44) we get
52, 11 , 13 , 51, = 0 , 63 , 21 , 23 , 61 , = 0
53 , 12 , 13 , 52, = 0 , 63 , 22 , 23 , 62, = 0
(45)
(46)
53, 11 13 , 51 +1 1, = 0
63, 21 23 , 61 +1 2, = 0
53, 12 13, 52 1, = 0
+1
63 , 22 23 , 62 2, = 0
Where
11
,
1 1
Now from equations (44), (47) and (48) one gets:
1
1
=
13, 51 +
23 , 61
1, 53, 11
2, 63 , 21
1
1
=
53, 12 13, 52 +
23 , 62
1,
2, 63, 22
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11262838
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(47)
(48)
+1
(49)
(50)
35 | Page
(1, )2
+
=
(2, )2 2,
33,
=0
2
(1, )2
1,
33 , +1 1,+1 + 1, 1,1
=0
2
33,
1,
=0
33 , +1 1,
33 ,
=1
(2,
)2 2,
=1
+1
+ 1, 1,
33, +1 2,
33 ,
=1
(51)
=0
2
=1
+1
+ 2, 2,
(52)
Now, it follows from (44) (50) that equations (10) and (22) are equivalent to thefollowing
1
1, + 1,0
+1 53, 11 13 , 51 33 1 + 53 51 13 11 33 1 + 51 43 21 23
=0
= 0(53)
1
1,0
=0
1
+1 53, 11, 13 , 51, + 53 51, 13 11, 33 1, + 51, 43 21 23
2
= 0(54)
2, + 2,0
+1 63, 21 23 , 61 33 2 + 63 61 23 21 33 2 + 61 13 11 43
=0
= 0(55)
1
2,0
=0
1
+1 63 , 21, 23, 61, + 63 61 , 23 21 , 33 2, + 61 , 13 11 43
2
= 0(56)
1, + 1,0
+1 53, 12 13 , 52 33 1 + 52 53 13 12 33 1 + 52 43 22 23
=1
= 0 (57)
1
1,0
=1
2
= 0(58)
2,
+ 2,0
+1 63, 22 23 , 62 33 2 + 63 62 22 23 33 2 + 62 13 12 43
=1
= 0(59)
1
2,0
=1
+1 63 , 22, 23, 62 , + 63 62 , 23 22 , 33 2,
+ 62, 13 12 43
2
= 0(60)
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11262838
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36 | Page
(1, )2
1
+ 1,
2
+
1
(2, )2
1
+ 2,
2
+
1
(1, )2
1
+ 1,
2
1
(2, )2
1
+ 2,
2
1,0 1, 1,
33 , +1 1, 1,1 +
=0
33 , +1 1,
=0
33 , +1 + 1 (1,1 33 1, )
=0
2
2,0 2, 2,
33 , +1 2, 2,1 +
=0
33 , +1 2,
=0
33 , +1 + 2 (2,1 33 2, )
=0
2
1,0 1, 1,
33 , +1 1, 1,1 +
=1
33 , +1 1,
=1
33 , +1 + 1 (1,1 33 1, )
=1
2,0 2, 2,
33 , +1 2, 21 +
=1
33 , +1 2,
=1
33 , +1 + 2 (2,1 33 2, ) + 51, 43 21 23
=1
+ 61 , 13 11 43 + 52, 43 22 23
+ 62 , 13 12 43
(61)
Thus, form (44),(51),(52), and (61) we obtain as given by (31) in the theorem. Conversely, given functions
11 , 51 , 21 , 61 , 12 , 52 , 22 and 62 of , 0 , 1 , , 1 , and the functions 13 , 53 , 23 , 63 and as
given by (32) (35), or(36) (39) and (31), then straightforward computations show that the equation =
describes two-parameters 3-dimensional p.s.p with associated 1-forms = 1 + 2 + 3 , 1
6 which satisfy equations (4). This completes the proof of the theorem.
As a matter of fact, this model of evolution equations with more than two spatial variables, which we are
considering here, fits many equations of physical interest namely the higher dimension sine-Gordon equations,
3,12
IV. Conclusion
In this paper, we extended the notion of P.S.P to higher dimensions i.e. 3-dim plane of constant
sectional curvature-1 imbedded in R5 and we studied the change in the results and properties.
Acknowledgements
All gratitude is to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Mostafa El- Sabbagh, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of
Sciences, University of Minia, Egypt for his valuable guidance and encouragement .
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11262838
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37 | Page
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