Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Support for the concept of the oral personality comes from Martin
Jacobs et al. (1966) who found smokers were significantly more oral than
non-smokers. Jacobs et al used the Rorschach ink blot test a projective test
in which what we say we see in the image is meant to reflect our own
personality, motivations and inner conflicts. The Rorschach Oral Dependency
scale (used by Jacobs et al.) measures the degree to which people see food,
aggressive and dependency images in the inkblots. (However, the validity of
Rorschach Inkblot tests is a matter of fierce debate. Hans Eysenck's (1959)
criticisms led to disillusionment with it in British psychological circles.)
Seymour Fisher & Roger Greenberg (1977) found oral receptive types
crave approval and support from significant others. In contrast Steven
Huprich et al (2004) found sexual psychopaths high in oral aggression. The
researchers were attempting to distinguish between sex murderers, nonsexual psychopaths and non-violent paedophiles in terms of orality. As
predicted sexual psychopaths emerged as significantly higher in oral
aggression while the non-violent paedophiles were higher in oral
dependency.
Temperament of both the mother/caregiver and the child will have an
effect here.
The impact of temperament is perhaps better reflected in Paul Kline & R.
Storeys 1977 slant on the oral personality, in which they proposed 2 oral
types: oral optimistic (a variation on oral receptive) and oral pessimistic (a
variation on oral aggressive).
Oral stage fixations
1. Oral receptive (optimistic) personality - brought on by too much
nursing
Oral receptive people are often cheerful, unrealistically optimistic
and very self-centred yet cant bear the disapproval of others. Through
the defence mechanism of sublimation, they may show an interest in
languages, be a compulsive talker and be good at ventriloquism. The
language used to describe overly-dependent people may reflect their
orality - eg: leech. Very gullible people may be called suckers.
Oral optimistic was characterised as having dependency, liking,
fluency, sociability, liking of novelty and relaxation were clustered
together as traits.
2. Oral aggresive (pessimistic) personality - brought on by not enough
nursing and/or by early weaning
Nursing implications:
1. Provide oral stimulation through feeding & use of pacifiers.
2. Do not discourage thmbsucking at this point.
3. For newborns and infants up to age 6 months, breastfeeding provides
more oral stimulation than bottle feeding, so it is encouraged.
4. Be attentive of the infant's needs.
5. Delaying gratification can be useful to develop ego.
6.
MULTIDIMENSIONAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
In Infants
SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
At this age, your infant's emotional and social development is one and the
sameand it grows from your infant's relationship with the mother, who is
usually the primary caregiver.
Infants' emotions are seen when they feel pleasure or distress in different
situations. A well-fed, sleepy, and comfortable baby will be very peaceful.
This satisfied state can quickly give way to frantic crying when an infant is
hungry, uncomfortable or has a wet diaper.
As an infant's brain develops, they will smile and coo when they like
something. They will become excited about people, toys, and food. They will
also let you know they're unhappy if they dislike their bath, have to wait for
food, or are left sitting in their car seat or stroller for too long.
Infants are quite remarkable in that they demonstrate more potential and
ability at birth than anyone ever thought possible. Infants, like adults, learn
by taking information in through their senses. The primary sense used by
infants is sight, followed by hearing, and touch.
Once the infant begins taking in information through the senses, s/he must
begin the process of interpreting and giving meaning to that information.
This is called perceptual development and the four primary concepts used to
describe the information in a visual sense are contours, patterns, forms, and
configurations. A contour is a transition in brightness or hue. A pattern is any
visual field with contours. Forms are those aspects of a pattern or object that
remain constant during transformation. Finally, configurations are
arrangements of contours, patterns, and forms into some perceptual whole.
One of the first patterns or objects that becomes the focus of interest, and
thus, an instrument in learning is the human face. Infants are fascinated with
human faces and before the infant can even understand language or the
environment, s/he begins to understand the meaning of certain expressions
on the primary caregiver's face. These visual social cues give the infant
information about how s/he should be perceiving the world, whether it be
with laughter, fear, apprehension, or another human emotion that is being
expressed by the caregiver.
One to Two Months of Age:
?During the first 3 months, an infant's socialization is based around activities
of feeding, sleeping, elimination, and body positioning. The infant also begins
early stages of learning to self-regulate. In other words, to tune out when
there is too much stimulus and the arouse when something of interest comes
about.
?The infant will do such things as react to a sheet being put over his or her
face and show recognition to mother or other familiar and favorite
caregivers.
?Seems to recognize your voice and quiets if crying
?Increases or decreases sucking behavior in response to sound
Three to Four Months of Age:
?Smile when you appear
?Quiet or smile when spoken to
?Seem to recognize your voice
?Cry differently for different needs
?Reaches for familiar people.
?Identifying self in mirror.
?Plays by pulling something over face (peek-a-boo).
?Plays while propped with toys for 10-15 minutes.
Five to Six Months of Age:
primary caregiver and cry when hungry, or look for the caregiver to comfort
a hurt or when bored. Common behaviors at this age include:
?Recognizes familiar people from a distance of 20 feet.
?Beginning to demand independence.
?Demands personal attention.
?Mouthing toys and items less.
?Understand simple instructions and begins to respond to requests (e.g.
"Come here" or "Want more?")
?Turn and look in the direction of sounds
?Respond to "no"
Adapted from: Allen, K. E. & Marotz, I. (1989). Developmental profiles: Birth
to six. Delmar Publishers Inc.
LANGUAGE & SPEECH DEVELOPMENT
A child begins to make small, cooing (dovelike) sounds by the end of the first
month. A 2-month-old child differentiates a cry. For example, caregivers can
distinguish a cry that means hungry from one that means wet or
from one that means lonely. This is an important milestone in
development for an infant and also in marking how far a parent has
progressed in the task of learning the infants cues. A first-time parent has
more difficulty making the distinction in crying than one who
has
experienced this before. An infants ability to make throaty, gurgling, or
cooing sounds also increases at this time. In response to a nodding, smiling
face or a friendly tone of voice, a 3-month-old child will squeal with pleasure.
This is an important step in development because it makes a baby even
more fun to be with. Parents spend increased time with infants at this age,
not just to care for them but because they enjoy their company.
By 4 months, infants are very talkative, cooing, babbling, and gurgling
when spoken to. They definitely laugh out loud. By 5 months, an infant says
some simple vowel sounds (for example, goo-goo and gah-gah). At 6
months, infants learn the art of imitating. They may imitate a parents
cough, for example, or say Oh! as a way of attracting attention.
The amount of talking infants do increases at 7 months. They can imitate
vowel sounds well (for example, oh-oh, ah-ah, and oo-oo). By 9
months, an infant usually speaks a first word: da-da or ba-ba.
Occasionally a mother may need reassurance that da-da for daddy is an
easier syllable to pronounce than ma-ma for mommy. German mothers
report the first word their babies say is here, as that is da
in German. By 10 months, an infant masters another word such as byebye or no. By 12 months, infants can generally say two words besides
ma-ma and da-da; they use those two words with meaning.
BirthC3 Months
?Startle upon hearing loud sounds
?Makes pleasure sounds (cooing, gooing)
?Cries differently for different needs (differentiates a cry, 2mo.)
?Smiles when sees you
4C6 Months
?Babbling sounds more speech-like with many different sounds, including p,
b and m
?Chuckles and laughs
?Vocalizes excitement and displeasure using his/her voice
?Makes gurgling sounds when left alone and when playing with you
7 MonthsC1 Year
?Try imitating words
?Say a few words, such as "dada," "mama" and "uh-oh"
?Babbling has both long and short groups of sounds such as "tata upup
bibibibi"
?Uses speech or non-crying sounds to get and keep attention
?Uses gestures to communicate (waving, holding arms to be picked up)
?Imitates different speech sounds
?Has one or two words (hi, dog, dada, mama) around first birthday, although
sounds may not be clear
Nursing Implications
?Remind the mother to check the child's ability to hear, and pay attention to
ear problems and infections, especially when they keep occurring.
?Reinforce the baby's communication attempts by looking at him or her,
speaking, and imitating his or her vocalizations.
?Repeat his or her laughter and facial expressions.
?Teach the baby to imitate actions, such as peekaboo, clapping, blowing
kisses, pat-a-cake, itsy bitsy spider, and waving bye-bye. These games teach
turn taking that is needed for conversation.
?Talk while you are doing things, such as dressing, bathing, and feeding (e.g.,
"Mommy is washing Sam's hair"; "Sam is eating carrots"; "Oh, these carrots
are good!").
?Teach the caregiver to talk about where s/he is going, what s/he will do once
you get there, and who and what s/he'll see (e.g., "Sam is going to
Grandma's house. Grandma has a dog. Sam will pet the dog.").
?Teach animal sounds (e.g., "A cow says 'moo'").
?Tell the primary caregiver to communicate with the child in the language
s/he are most comfortable using.
http://www.asha.org/public/speech/development/01.htm#sthash.dgiw60zi.dp
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http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/infant-and-toddler-health/indepth/language-development/art-20045163
PLAY DEVELOPMENT
Babies do much more than sleep, eat, and fill their diapers. From the
moment theyre born, infants respond to their environment C to moms
touch, to dads voice, to the pattern of the lights on the ceiling, to the
sounds of toys and music. These first months are a crucial time for parents
and caregivers to stimulate their babys development through one-on-one
interaction. Babies enjoy having interesting things to look at. They zoom in
on contrasting patterns, such as black and white stripes and targets. Mobiles
with bright objects hung over a changing table or bassinet will fascinate
baby. Musical toys selected just for babies will calm baby during fussy
periods. Soft rubber and plastic handles are great for baby to get his hands
on as he learns to grasp objects. Toys provide a great way for the caregiver
to focus babys attention and promote specific developmental milestones.
Parents often ask what toys their infant would enjoy. Because1-month-olds
can fix their eyes on an object, they are interestedin watching a mobile over
their crib or playpen. Mobiles are best if they are black and white or brightly
coloredand light enough in weight so they move when someone walks by.
They should face down toward the infant, not toward an adult standing
beside the crib. Musical mobiles provide extra stimulation. One-month-old
children also spend a great deal of time watching their parents face,
appearing
to enjoy this activity so much a face may become their favorite toy. Help
parents understand they are not spoiling infants by sitting and holding them
for long periods of time in their early months. Parents will enjoy recalling
such calm moments later, when they are stacking blocks, winding up toys, or
playing table games with their growing child.
?Dark and light contrasting colors are the best way to stimulate babys
visual senses. Surround baby with these during his quiet alert time.
?Be sure to stay close to the infant baby as you interact. Around 12 inches is
the perfect distance away to engage his eyes.
?Practice babys visual tracking skills by slowly moving a toy, or your own
smiling face, back and forth before her eyes.
?Movement will easily catch the babys eye. Engage babys attention with
gentle hand and finger movements when beginning to interact.
SCD In these early months baby will begin to smile spontaneously, then
smile responsively to your attention. The baby will begin to show interest in
his surroundings and learn to interact with objects and people.
?Babies will learn cause and effect.
?Baby will learn to manipulate objects around him. Hold baby near a mobile
or other hanging toy and let him learn to move the pieces around.
?Bath time can be a fun way to interact with the infant and encourage social
smiles and giggles. While you wash, be sure to laugh, sing, talk, rub and
tickle your baby to promote responsiveness.
HLD Over these first months, the infant begins to react to sounds by startling
and then eventually moving the eyes toward noises. The babys cries will
become his first language and take on various meanings. Smiling will turn to
laughter and baby will begin to coo and goo.
?Babies are intrigued when they create sounds on their own. Show baby the
various sounds his toys can make and he will thrill as he experiences the
sounds on his own.
?Soothing music has a calming effect on the baby. Quietly sing or hum along
with a musical toy during play.
?A caregivers voice is comforting to baby. As you go about your day, stay
connected by talking to your baby to let him know you are near.
?Sounds will make babys playtime more fun. Hand and foot rattles are a
great way to thrill baby as she kicks his legs and waves his arms.
Play tips:
?Visual Stimulation with dark and light contrasting patterns
?Use sounds to engage baby in play
?Floor time for two is a great way to connect with the baby
?Babies love to taste everything as they explore
?Keep those curiously grasping hands
?Baby begins to reach out for anything and everything placed within his
reach. Keep babys hands busy by engaging him with a toy whenever on the
move together in a baby sling, stroller or car seat.
?A fun floor-time exercise is to dangle a favorite toy in front of baby to
practice his hand coordination and aim.
?Babys two-handed grabbing skills will mature into a skillful one-handed
reach. Challenge baby with two toys at once so he goes for one with each
hand.
?Babies begin to explore various body parts. One of the first is hands and
fingers. Little finger puppets make this even more fun, and your own fingers
can join baby in this playtime.
?Transferring objects back and forth between hands is an important
coordination skill at this stage. Keep babies hands busy with favorite toys to
enhance this learning.
?Take time to read through activity books together. These are great for
practicing babys reaching skills.
VD Baby can now see clearly at a greater distance. This will enhance his
interaction with caegiver and his surroundings. Baby develops better
binocular vision which makes his play with toys more accurate. Baby will try
to make frequent eye contact with the caregiver to connect during playtime.
?Babys visual tracking skills improve during this stage. Moving mobiles are
a great way to enhance this skill. Watch as the baby follows the hanging toys
in a full circle.
?Flashing colorful lights will draw babys attention. These are even more fun
when baby can activate lights and music on his toys.
?Mirror play is a fun way for baby to begin to explore her own features as
well as yours. Keep several mirrored toys handy.
SCD During these months babies will show more decision-making during
play. She will attempt to pick up two toys at a time and take more time to
study and understand each toy. Baby will respond more to interaction and
begin to mimic facial gestures and moods. Baby will laugh more responsively
to stimulation.
?As baby plays, he begins to exercise his decision-making skills. As baby is
engaged with one toy, place another before him. Watch as he decides to put
aside one toy in favor of another, and back again.
?Show the baby the features of each new toy to help him discover toys are
not just for chewing on.
?Baby will respond more socially to care giver's antics. Take as much time as
you can everyday for interactive play to develop responsiveness and
communication skills.
?Your baby will begin to communicate her need for relief from teething pain.
Keep plenty of teethable toys on hand to soothe babys aching gums.
HLD Babies will begin to use body language to express their needs. Baby
sounds become more varied as infant explores his vocal abilities. You will see
him respond more readily to voices, and turn more accurately toward
interesting sounds.
?You can use sounds to engage your baby in play. Toys that rattle, squeak,
crinkle or beep will help your baby focus in and locate objects by their
familiar sounds.
?Help your baby learn cause and effect by showing her how to make sounds
with each toy.
?Play find the toy with your baby by making some familiar toy sounds
out of babys sight. Keep making noise to help your baby learn to focus on
and locate sounds.
?Talk or sing to your baby as you move about your day. This will help baby
recognize and be comforted by your familiar voice.
?Babies love to sing along with their caregivers. The more you interact
verbally with baby, to more he will learn to imitate your speech sounds.
?Singing and music are perfect ways to delight your baby while in the stroller
or car seat
6-12 months - Baby on the Move
Sitting up without support gives babies a new outlook on life. And once
theyve mastered this skill, they will eagerly move on towards crawling.
Toys placed just out of reach will motivate them to lunge forward and
discover ways to rock and scoot and move along the floor. As babies fine
motor skills improve, they can pick up smaller objects, so be sure to provide
small toys that fit comfortably in babys hands. An assortment of these on
the high chair tray will keep baby occupied for a long time. This is also a
great age to introduce simple activity books, and as baby grows, so should
the complexity of these interactive books. As babies approach one year, fill
and dump container play will keep them busy for hours. Object permanence
is a concept that will be learned at this age, so hiding games become lots of
fun. Babies will also show more interest in mirror play. And dont forget to
bring on the balls. Lightweight foam balls are fun for rolling and gentle
tossing with a caregiver. Some babies will show readiness to stand and even
begin walking. Walker toys that baby can hold onto and push across the
room are perfect for this stage.
GMD During these months, significant advances in motor development take
place. Babies progress from learning to sit well to leaning forward into a
crawling position. They will learn to pull themselves up into a standing
position to cruise along furniture, and some go-getters will even begin
walking before age one.
?As infant becomes an expert at sitting, make a play circle together with
your legs while you sit facing each other during play. This is perfect for block
play and container play.
?Entice a sitting baby to lean forward into a crawling position by putting his
favorite toys just beyond his reach. Musical toys and rattles are great for this.
?A crawling baby will love to play fetch as you roll her favorite ball across
the room.
?Once baby is sitting comfortably, baths take on a whole new meaning. Turn
these wash times into a splashing fun time as you help baby become
comfortable in the water.
?Play treasure hunt with a crawling baby. Place his favorite blocks around
the room and encourage him to gather them up.
FMD Babies begin to use their fingers more skillfully, and will eventually
master the thumb-and-finger pincer grasp on tiny objects. Picking up blocks
and other small toys with one hand will become second nature, and you will
commonly see a toy in each hand while baby looks around for a third.
Eventually baby will begin container play and spend hours putting things in
and dumping them out again.
?At this age, babies are more easily entertained during a long car ride with a
few favorite toys to keep their hands busy.
?Colorful balls are a great tool for babys playtime to work on his onehanded grasping and fill and dump container play.
?During bath time, add a few floating bath toys to the water to keep babys
reaching hands busy while you wash off the days dirt.
?Surround sitting baby with his favorite blocks or other small objects so he
can practice his reach and grab.
?The baby can begin to appreciate different touch sensations with his
fingers. Offer as many different textures as you can.
?Discovering babys toes and pulling them up to his mouth is a fun exercise.
Put some foot rattles onto babys feet to encourage this discovery.
?Activity books are a great outlet for babys curious fingers and will get the
child interested in books at a young age.
SCD Babys responsiveness to caregivers interactions becomes more
rewarding, and baby will frequently flirt with whoever is looking his way.
During these months baby will begin to respond specifically to his own name.
Waving and clapping are fun skills that baby will pick up. Babys inquisitive
nature will prompt him to systematically explore every interesting nook and
cranny of his domain. Baby-proofing becomes increasingly important.
?Playing peek-a-boo is a perfect game to exercise babys social responses.
A large ball, toy doll, or even your own hands to hide behind work great.
?Babies begin to mimic your actions. Bath is a perfect time to show the baby
how to have a splashing fun time.
?Clapping hands is another way a baby will thrill to imitate. Be sure to cheer
her on.
?Baby will be intrigued with the concepts of in and out. Help the
baby understand container play by showing him how to play with a bucket
and blocks.
?Infants begin to pick and choose between toys. While he is engaged with a
toy in each hand, place a third in front of her to exercise her decision-making
skills.
?Waving bye-bye can be made even more fun and social using colorful finger
puppets.
?Mirrors are a fun way to interact with your baby. Explore your reflections
together.
HLD During these months babys cute little coos and goos will
mature into babbling with consonant sounds. Baby will begin to talk her own
language of jabbering as she imitates the language patterns of those around
her. A few precocious talkers may even surprise you with their first word
before age one. Babys understanding of various phrases will begin, such as
No and Come see daddy. Baby will continue to be intrigued by
sounds that she can create on her own during play.
?Banging two wooden blocks together is a great way for a baby to learn how
to create sounds. Grab two blocks and play along.
?Sounds are a great way to draw a baby into playtime. Dropping or shaking
her wooden blocks in a plastic bucket is sure to get her attention.
?Banging, shaking, and blowing musical toy instruments will become a
favorite activity for the baby. Get her started early and cheer on her
talent.
?Musical toys will continue to interest a baby. Hum and sing along and s/he
will try to mimic you and join in with his own singing.
You might be concerned about the child's development if child does not:
?Show alarm or startle in response to loud noises.
?Suck and swallow with ease.
?Grasp with equal strength in both hands.
?Make eye-to-eye contact when awake and being held.
?Quiet soon after being picked up.
?Roll head from side to side when placed on stomach.
Adapted from: Allen, K. E. & Marotz, I. (1989). Developmental profiles: Birth
to six. Delmar Publishers Inc.
CHILDPROOFING AND CHILD SAFETY (Infants)
Suffocation and Choking
Avoid sleeping with an infant in the same bedInfants should never be placed
on top of/surrounded with soft surfaces/materials like sofas, large soft
toys,water beds as well pillows, blankets, comfortersKeep toys away from a
sleeping baby
Babies should sleep on their backsCrib bars should not be more than 2 3/8
inches apart to prevent infants from getting their heads stuck in
betweenKeep crib from plastic sheets, large stuffed toys, toys with small
pieces, pillows
Do not dress baby with clothes with drawstringsKeep toys with long
strings/cords from infant's reach to prevent strangulationDo not attach
pacifiers to ribbons and wear on infants neckPlace the bed away from
windows especially those with coverings and pull cords
Avoid small (and hard) foods which could lodge on the infants thoat esp.
when they are lying down, e.g. raisins, candies, nuts, small pieces of hotdogs
Keep floors, beds, table and cabinet tops with minute objects they could
mouth, e.g. coins, rings, nails, tacks among others
Injuries, Falls and Burns
Toys should not be too heavy enough to heart if it falls on the babyDo not
leave baby on chairs, beds or bouncy upholsteriesInstall baby gates
especially on stairsAlways check baby's bathwater temperature before
putting the baby into bath, which should be 100F (37C)Keep matches away
from reach of infantsNever ignite lighters or matches in front of themDo not