Shear and Bond

Shear capacity of section

shear resistance in
uncracked concrete

Vcz

aggregate
Va
interlock

four sources of
shear resistance
Vs

Vd dowel
action

Take a look at this region

when shear failure occurs

Principal tensile
stress causes an
inclined crack
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Vcz = Shear resistance from the uncracked concrete in the

compression zone
Va = vertical component of aggregate interlock action at the crack
Vd = shear resistance from dowel bar action of the longitudinal
reinforcement
(This means ONLY the bottom tensile reinforcement will
contribute towards this resistance. Compression reinforcement, if
any, will not count as the dowel bar action will increase the
danger of local buckling of the compression steel bar. Also any
tensile reinforcement at the top of the section, i.e. tensile steel at
the interior support of a continuous beam, will have no
contribution towards this resistance.)

shear resistance in
uncracked concrete

aggregate
interlock

Vc = shear capacity of concrete

Vc = Vcz
20~40%

Vd

Va

Will not
contribute

15~25% 35~50%
contribution

Vcz

Va

Vs

Vd

dowel action

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Shear resistance of section

Shear resistance in beam comes from the shear resistance in
concrete (from web ONLY) and resistance from steel reinforcement
(shear links and inclined bars) is
V = (Vcz

Vd

Va) + Vs

= Vc + Vs
from
concrete

from
link

V = design ultimate shear resistance

We called this theory the

Average Shear Theory

If expressed as average stress over the shear area, we have

Vc = vc bd
where vc is designated as the nominal shear stress from Table 6.3
of the design code.
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Truss Analogy to explain the behaviour

Force
This is an overlapping
double truss

Consider the general case with an inclined web

reinforcement at angle to the horizontal. The
compression members of the truss are at an angle
to the horizontal.

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A Single Truss with angle = 90 showing the

diagonal compression concrete member
Compression components

Diagonal compression in concrete members

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Observation from laboratory test on 10/2/09

front view

back view

A very clear truss action overlapping with the beam action in resisting
the applied load is observed.
Enhanced Shear Theory
No crack observed close to support due to Enhanced Shear effect.

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Suspected case of Shear Crack in Real Structure

The portal frame supporting the Ngau Tau Kwok MTR station.

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For the cut section A-A in the truss, the number of
web reinforcement intercepted by the section A-A is
( d d ' ) cot ( d d ' ) cot
n

sv

Shear resistance provided by the web reinforcement

Vs Area of steel ( f yv ) sin

( d d ' ) cot ( d d ' )cot

A sv

sv

d d'
A sv f yv cos sin cot

s
v

f yv sin

where Asv is the total area of a web reinforcement.

fyv is the yield strength of shear steel.
=(250 N/mm2 for mild steel and 500 N/mm2 for H.T. steel)

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Vertical links
For = 90

Vs Asv f yv

d d'
d
cot

cot

A
f
sv
yv

sv
sv

Angle can be taken as 45 for most of the shear cracks,

therefore
d
Vs Asv f yv

Since Vs = V Vc
Vc = vcbd

sv

and V = vbd in term of average stress

( v vc ) b d Asv f yv
( v vc ) b

d
sv

Asv f yv
sv

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Including the m=1.15 for the shear steel, (Table 2.3, Concrete 2013)

( v vc )bv sv
Asv
0.87 f yv

Concrete2013 limits the ultimate shear stress (v) to

0.8 fcu or 7 N/mm2
and the need to provide minimum links to give an equivalent
minimum steel resisting stress of (v vc) = 0.4 N/mm2 of concrete.
for fcu 40 MPa or 0.4(fcu/40)2/3 for

40 < fcu < 80 MPa)

( 0.4 N / mm ) bv d 0.87 f yv Asv

2

Minimum
shear link
area

0.4 bv sv
Asv
0.87 f yv

d
sv
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Design Procedure

Design shear stress

v = V / (bv d)

v 0.8

Table 6.2
is referred.

f cu

NO

or <57NN/mm
or
/ mm

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Revise Section

should be taken
with care

Find v c from Table 6.3

Yes
v<0.5 vc

v<( vc+0.4)

See notes (2) of

Table 6.2.

NO

Yes

No shear reinforcement is
required or provide minimum
shear reinforcement.
Provide min. links

Asv

0.4 bv s v
0.87 f yv

HK
practice

Provide links

Asv

bv sv ( v vc )
0.87 f yv

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For d > 400, use values

in column for 400 mm

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Enhanced Shear close to support - (Enhanced Shear Theory)

Section close to support has an enhanced shear resistance

owing to the induced compressive stress from the reaction and
the steeper angle of failure plane (usually 30 to the horizontal).
Within a distance of 2d from support or a concentrated load, the
design concrete shear stress vc may be increased to (2d/av)vc
where av is measured from support or load to the section being
designed.
This behaviour can be observed in the laboratory test.
This enhancement is useful when designing flexural members
with concentrated loads near a support.
This method will not be taught as the shear link arrangement will
be different. However, please refer to Chapter 5 of the textbook
for self-learning.

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Bent-up bars

Similar to the shear capacity of an inclined steel

link, the shear capacity of a bent-up bar is
Vb Asb ( 0.87 f yv ) cos sin cot

d d'
sb

For =45
Vb Asb ( 0.87 f yv ) cos sin

d d'
sb

For =45 bent-up bars

Vb Asb ( 0.87 f yv ) ( 1.414 )

d d'
sb

usually sb = (d - d)
compression
strut

Similarly you can also get the

formula on the capacity of a bentup bar system with =60

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Maximum spacing of shear links and bent-up bars
Vertical shear links

Bent-up bars

span

Sv
or
Sb

Bent-up bars
Maximum spacing sb 1.5d
Resistance provided by stirrups > resistance provided by
bent-up bars (Table 6.2)
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Arrangement of vertical shear links

usually used when the

fabrication of closed
links is difficult. In most
case it would be found
in slabs.

Open link

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Closed link

single
link

double
links

Asv for one

set of links

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Example on shear resistance at a section - Ex. 5.1

As=1964mm2
4T25

1T25
2T25

(==45)

fyv=250 N/mm2 for stirrups

fyv=500 N/mm2 for bent-up bars
fcu=40

N/mm2

The bent-up of one bar at a

time is wrong!
Should bend up two bars in a
system instead of a single bar

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At the face of support, it has been checked that v=V/bwd
< 7 N/mm2 or 0.8fcu.

100 As 100 982

0.43
bd
350 650
Since d=650, vc=0.50 N/mm2 by interpolation.
and As=113 mm2 for a 12mm diameter bar
or
=226 mm2 for a shear link.
Take spacing sv=100 mm,
From shear links

Shear resistance of cross-section

As
Vs 0.87 f yv d bv vc d 2.26 0.87 250 650 350 0.50 650
sv
(319.5 114) 103 N 433.5 kN

From concrete
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For the single bent-up bar system (with two sets of bent up bars and
sb = (d d) ), the shear resistance is

Vb 1.414 0.87 f yv Asb

1.23 500 491
301.97 kN

Total shear resistance of the concrete, stirrups and bent-up bars is

V Vs Vb (433.5 301.97)kN
735.44 kN
Finally, the resistance provided by the stirrups is checked to be larger
than that from the bent-up bars.

Satisfactory (Table 6.2)

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Shear Steel arrangement in a continuous beam
Step 1:-

design shear
force shear resistance from conc

Zone with shear

resistance from conc
and min shear link

section and minimum shear

link = (vc + 0.4)bvd

Step 2:Step 3:-

Zone with shear

resistance from conc
and min shear link

S.F Envelope

H8
@ 200

H8@250

H10
@ 200

H10@150

H8@250

H10
@ 150

Figure 7.18: Typical arrangement of shear reinforcement

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Effect of Steel curtailment on vc from concrete

50%

100%

50%
0%

0.08L

Cantilever Beam

0.08L
L

We need As to calculate vc from Table

6.3.

Simply
Supported
Beam
Simply
Supported

c=0.25L
c=0.15L

20%
50%
30%

0.1L

c<45

60%
100%

L
Continuous Beam

100%
30%

0.15L

This As is the area of steel bar at the

bottom of section. 0% should be used
for the section at the root of cantilever
beam.
As a conclusion, the real % of
reinforcement as shown in the figures
on the left should be used in Table 6.3.
Cl. 9.2.1 of Concrete2013 is referred.
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Anchorage of Reinforcement
All reinforcing bars shall be anchored to have safe
transfer of forces to concrete avoiding longitudinal
cracking or spalling.
The forces in each bar should be developed by an
appropriate embedment length or other end
anchorage, and local bond stress may be ignored if
properly done.
embedment length or
anchorage length

Force

Anchorage
Bond stress fb

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Shear and Bond

Anchorage bond stress fb, is assumed to be constant
over the effective anchorage length.

The design anchorage bond stress fb is also assumed

to be constant over the anchorage length and is given
by
fb = Fs/( lb)
where Fs is the force in bar with a maximum of 0.87fy;
is the effective bar size;
lb is the anchorage bond length;

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Shear and Bond

Design ultimate anchorage bond stress

The design ultimate anchorage bond

stress fbu (a property of steel bar
surface) may be obtained from

fbu = fcu
where is the coefficient dependent
on the bar type and given in Table 8.3.
Cl 8.4.4 is referred.

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How to ensure sufficient anchorage of reinforcement ?

Proper anchorage of reinforcement is ensured by

providing a minimum ultimate anchorage bond
lengths or anchorage lengths as

f s
lb
4 fbu

This is obtained from

fbu( lb) = Fs

lb fbu = fs2/4
Values of these minimum bond lengths for fs=0.87fy
(at steel yield strength) are given in Table 8.4 as
multiples of bar diameter
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Hooks and bends

Bend or hook do
not contribute to
compression
anchorages

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Laps in reinforcement

Examples of failure due to poor lapping

lap length

Force

Force

The force in steel bar can be transferred to another one through

lapping of the bars in concrete over a lap length
Laps should preferably be staggered and be away from sections
with high stresses
Minimum lap length >15 or 300mm for bars (not structural)
Tension lap length design ultimate anchorage length in Table 8.4
Compression lap length 1.25 of the compression anchorage length
or compression embedment length in Table 8.4
Basic lap lengths are shown in Table 8.5

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Example on anchorage bond length

A simply supported reinforced concrete beam is reinforced with 2T25 bars.
The steel is of deformed Type 2 bars, fcu=35 N/mm2; fy=500 N/mm2.
Calculate the ultimate anchorage bond length required at midspan.
Maximum force in each bar = 0.87fy area of bar
Ultimate anchorage bond force = L fbu
fbu = fcu = 0.525 =
Equating forces,

Table 8.3 gives

=0.5
2.5 N/mm2

L fbu = 0.87fy area of bar

The required ultimate anchorage bond length is

L = 0.87 500 25/(42.5) = 40 25 = 1087.5 mm

~~~ End ~~~

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End bearing action of compression bar

embedment length
Force

bearing
force at
end of bar
Bond stress fb

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4
(cl. 8.7.3.2)

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