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Active and Reactive Power Control of Battery Energy Storage Systems in Weak
Grids
Luis Rouco and Lukas Sigrist
Universidad Pontificia Comillas
Alberto Aguilera, 23
28015 Madrid, Spain
Abstract
This paper proposes outer loop active and reactive power
controllers to ensure battery energy storage system
(BESS) performance when connected to a network that
exhibits low short circuit ratio. Inner loops control the
BESS current components. The interface of BESSs with
the grid is based on voltage source converters of
STATCOM type which allow BESS providing not only
active power control but also reactive power/voltage
control. A meaningful design approach of both inner and
outer loop controls is presented. Time domain simulation
results show the problems encountered and the
performance of the proposed control scheme.
Introduction
Recent developments in Li-Ion and NaS battery
technologies are making battery energy storage systems
(BESSs) feasible for a number of power system
applications [1]. Week grids exhibit specific features that
can make the application of BESSs more profitable than
in strong grids. Weak grids are characterized by large
voltage and frequency excursions due to low short circuit
ratio and to low mechanical inertia, respectively [2]. For
instance, economic benefits of providing frequency
primary regulation reserve with BESSs in small isolated
systems have been determined in [3].
A meaningful application of BESSs in weak grids with
low circuit ratio consists of connecting the BESS to the
MV bus bar of a HV/MV transformer station. The BESS
can alleviate the congestion of the HV line when
supplying the peak load of the substation. The congestion
of the HV line occurs when the load of the transformer
station is higher than the HV line rate rating. It may be
due to the fact that other HV line that feeds the
transformer station, is temporarily out of service. The
usual mitigation approach of this type of congestion
consists in installing an emergency generator in the
Converter Model
= vq s La iad = Ra iaq +
vaq
v = Raia +
1 d a
0 dt
+ js a + v a
iad ( s )
=
( s)
vad
(2)
diad
dt
diaq
(4)
dt
1
Ra
1 La
s
1+
0 Ra
1
Ra
=
1 La
( s)
vaq
1+
s
0 Ra
iaq ( s )
where:
La
Ra
ia
iad
va
La
La
(1)
a = La i a
Connection
Point
Converter
K
K Pa + Ia
s
1
Ra
1 La
1+
s
0 Ra
vad
iaq
K
K Pa + Ia
s
1
Ra
1 La
1+
s
0 Ra
vaq
La
diaq
dt
iad
iaq
(3)
+ s La iad + vaq
is a PI controller ( K P + K I s ) , is:
y (s)
u (u )
( KP s + KI )
K
T
KI K
1 + KP K
s2 +
s + T
T
( KP s + KI )
K
T
s 2 + 2n s + n2
K P = 2nT
K I = n2T
xT = ad aq xa1 xa 2
u = vd
T
+
iaq
K Pa +
iad
K Pa +
K Ia
s
K Ia
s
vaq
v
Ra = 0.008 pu
vq + s La iad
vad
v
iad
+
vd + s La iaq
*
xa 1 = K Ia ( iaq
iaq )
*
= xa 1 + K Pa ( iaq
vaq
iaq )
(5)
*
= xa 2 + K Pa ( iad
vad
iad )
BESS Model
The equations of the converter (4) and current controllers
(5) can be written as a set of differential and algebraic
equations:
x = f ( x, z, u )
0 = g ( x, z , u )
La = 0.08 pu
vad
vaq
vaq
*
aq
iaq
vq
*
ad
(6)
where:
0
d-axis
q-axis
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
MV
feeders
HV Line
-0.8
-0.9
-1
-0.5
0.5
Time (s)
1.5
HV/MV
Transformer
Battery Energy
Storage System
s a
Ra
Le
ia
s e
Re
ie
+
iL
va
Converter
Load GL
Connection
Point
ve
Fig. 7: Response to a step of reactive power: d- and q-axis current components and active and reactive powers.
ved = Re ied +
veq = Re ieq +
ied = iLd + iad
0
1
Le
Le
died
s Le ieq + vd
dt
dieq
dt
+ s Le ied + vq
(7)
i = i e j v
a
a
{}
= Im {i }
iad = Re i a
-0.2
*
xa 1 = K Ia iaq
iaq
*
= xa 1 + K Pa iaq
vaq
iaq
iaq
-0.1
i iad
*
ad
(8)
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
d-axis
q-axis
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
*
= xa 2 + K Pa iad
vad
iad
-0.9
-1
-0.5
0.5
Time (s)
1.5
0.5
vad = Re { v a }
vaq = Im { v a }
xT = ad aq
z T = iad
uT = vd
xa 1
Power (pu)
-0.5
xa 2 ed eq
iaq
iad
iaq
vq
*
iad
iaq
vad
vad
vad
-1
-1
vaq
-0.5
0.5
Time (s)
1.5
Re = 0.08 pu
Active
Reactive
Le = 0.8 pu GL = 1.6 pu
1.05
1
0.95
Voltage (pu)
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
-1
-0.5
0.5
Time (segundos)
1.5
+
p
K Pp +
+
q
K Pq +
K Ip
iad
K Iq
iaq
disturbances.
vq iaq
p*
+
K Pp +
K Ip
*
iad
vd
+
+
vqiad
q
K Pq +
K Iq
s
aq
vd
=
=
1
T1T2
T2
T1
1
T2
K 1
T1
KP
KI =
T1
KP =
KP
s +1
KI
T s +1
=
= 1
u ( u ) (1 + K P K )
T2 s + 1
s +1
KI K
y (s)
Conclusions
This paper has studied the design and performance of the
control loops of a BESS connected to the grid through a
STACOM type power electronic converter. Precisely, the
paper has shown that active and reactive power outer
control loops, in addition to inner control loops of current
components, are needed when the BESS is connected to a
weak grid characterized by a low short circuit ratio.
0
-0.1
Acknowledgements
-0.2
Power (pu)
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
Active
Reactive
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
-0.9
-1
-0.5
0.5
Time (s)
1.5
References
[1]
0.6
0.4
d-axis
q-axis
[2]
0.2
[3]
0
-0.2
[4]
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1
[5]
-0.5
0.5
Time (s)
1.5
[6]
1.15
Voltage (pu)
1.1
1.05
1
-1
-0.5
0.5
Time (segundos)
1.5