Appendix 12

CN2125 Review #3 (April 2015)

Mass Transfer
Steady-state Diffusion (WWWR pg 452-474)
Ficks Equation

N A, z cDAB

General Differential Equation

.N A

dy A
y A ( N A, z N B , z )
dz

cA
RA 0
t

Bulk contribution can be ignored when diffusion through stagnant medium, diffusion
through solids, equimolar counter-diffusion, dilute situations.
(i) Diffusion through stagnant gas film
p A,1 p A,2
DAB P
N A, z
RT ( z2 z1 ) pB ,lm

1 y A,2 cDAB
cDAB
ln
( y A,1 y A,2 )

( z2 z1 ) 1 y A,1 zyB ,lm

(ii) Equimolar counterdiffusion

N A, z N B , z

N A, z

DAB
(c A,1 c A,2 )
( z2 z1 )

(iii) Pseudo steady-state

Assume steady-state for calculating flux
Then use mass balance to equate flux with change in volume
z
(output) N A, z A,l
(accumulation)
M A t
(iv) Chemical reaction
Heterogeneous reaction if reaction outside diffusion zone, RA = 0
Homogeneous reaction if reaction within diffusion zone, RA non zero.
If first order reaction,
RA k1c A

d 2cA
k1c A 0
dz 2
Integrate to concentration profile of
DAB


k1
c A ( z ) c1 cosh 2
DAB
Hatta Number
N A, z z 0

k1
c2 sinh 2

DAB

k1 / DAB
tanh( k1 / DAB

k1 / DAB
DAB c Ao

tanh( k1 / DAB

Unsteady-state Diffusion (WWWR pg 496-512)

When the boundary conditions change with time, or when the concentration profile
changes with time.
Ficks 2nd law, 1-dimension, no bulk contribution, and no reaction; solve by separation of
variables or Laplace transforms.
(i) Transient diffusion into semi-infinite medium
- semi-infinite when one of the boundaries is infinite and does not change
(concentration constant with time)
at t = 0, c A c Ao for all z
- boundary conditions at t > 0, at z = 0, c A c AS

at z = , c A c A

c A c Ao
1 erf ( )
c AS c Ao
c AS c A
erf ( )
c AS c Ao
where
- General solutions: erf ( )

z
2 DAB t

e d
2

( )3 if 0.5

3
1 2
1
e if 1

dc A
dz

z 0

N Az z 0

c AS c Ao
DAB t
DAB
(c AS c Ao )
t

(ii) Transient diffusion into a defined geometry with negligible surface resistance
- when you need to evaluate throughout the whole object

at t = 0, c A c Ao for all z
at t > 0, at z = 0, c A c AS
at z = L, c A c AS

- boundary conditions:

dc A
0 because of symmetry)
dz
c c
- define dimensionless concentration change, Y A AS
cAo cAS
D t
L
and relative time, X AB2 , where x1
x1
2
(at z = L/2,

n z ( n / 2)2 X
, n = 1,3,5...
e
L
n 1
- solutions:

dc
4 DAB
n z ( n / 2)2 X
N A, z DAB A
(c AS c Ao ) cos
e
dz
L
L
n 1
- or use Heissler charts (Appendix F)
x
with Y and X, and relative position n
x1
D
and relative resistance m AB (m = 0 if negligible surface resistance)
kc x1
nd
but must obey (a) Ficks 2 law, (b) uniform initial condition, (c) new condition
constant with time
- Y = YaYbYc if more than one dimension.
Y

sin

Convective Mass Transfer (WWWR pg 517-545)

N A kc (cAs cA )
Important numbers:

Schmidt, Sc
Lewis, Le

DAB

k
C p DAB

- Sherwood, Sh

Reynolds, Re
Grashof, GrAB

kc L
DAB
Lv

L3 g A

1. From exact analysis of laminar flow next to flat plate, no reaction, steady-state,
incompressible, using Blasius solution to solve

c A c A
2cA

DAB
x
y
y 2
v v y
and x
0
x y
with boundary conditions:
v
c c
at y = 0, x 0, A As 0
v
c A c As
vx

at y = ,

vx
c c
1, A As 1
v
c A c As

has solution of:

dc A
dy

y 0

0.332 0.5
(c A c As )
Re x
x

0.332 Re0.5

x
N A, y DAB
(c A c As )
x

Sh x

kc x
0.332 Re0.5
x
DAB

When Sc 1,


Sc1/3
c
1/3
Sh x 0.332 Re0.5
x Sc
1/3
and Sh L 2Sh x x L 0.664 Re0.5
x Sc

2. For turbulent flow, Sh x 0.0292 Re x Sc

4/5

1/3

3. For flow with both laminar and turbulent regions, kc

k dx

dx
c

4. Using Von-Karmans integral analysis by mass balance over the boundary layer
boundary conditions:
at y = 0, vx 0, c A c As 0

at y = , vx v , c A c As c A c As
at y = ,

vx

0,
(c A c As ) 0
y
y

2 vx
2
at y = 0,
0,
(c A c As ) 0
y 2
y 2
Assuming a velocity of concentration profile of: cA cAs a by cy 2 dy 3 ,
The solution by applying the boundaries is:
Sh x 0.36 Re1/x 2 Sc1/ 3
for laminar region

Sh x 0.0292 Re4x / 5 Sc1/ 3 for turbulent region

5. By analogies, 5 conditions must be met,
(a) Reynolds analogy, for laminar flow, Sc = 1 and Pr = 1, no drag, only skin friction
Cf
k
h
c
C p v v
2

Cf

v2 / 2

(b) Prandtl analogy, for flows with laminar and turbulent regimes
Cf / 2
kc

v 1 5 C f / 2(Sc 1)

Sh

(C f / 2) ReSc
1 5 C f / 2(Sc 1)

(c) Von-Karman analogy, for flows with laminar, turbulent and buffer layer
Cf / 2
kc

1 5 C f / 2 Sc 1 ln 1 (Sc 1)
6

Sh

(C f / 2) ReSc

1 5 C f / 2 Sc 1 ln (1 5Sc)/6

(d) Chilton-Colburn analogy, for Pr and Sc 1; laminar and turbulent regimes; valid for
flat plates, cylinders, circular pipe and annulus; 0.6 < Sc < 2500.
k
jD c Sc 2 / 3
v

jD jH

Cf
2

Convective Mass Transfer between Phases (WWWR pg 551-563)

2 resistance theory
- applies for gas-liquid and liquid-liquid systems
- follow the equilibrium relations (Raoults law, Daltons law, Henrys law, Distribution
law)
- equilibrium established instantly at the interface only, no resistance at interface
- mass transfer resistance is the inverse of mass transfer coefficient
- overall resistance = 1 / KG or 1 / KL
- individual phase resistance = 1 / kG or 1 / kL
- percent resistance in a phase =

- correlation of coefficients:

1/ kG
1/ kL
or
1/ K L
1/ KG

1
1 m

K G kG k L
1
1
1

K L mkG k L

Liquid-Liquid convective mass transfer

Radiation
Definitions (ID pg 724-770)
1. Intensity: I ,e ( , , )

dq
dA1 cos d d

2. Emission:
2

- spectral hemispherical is E ( )

/2

I ,e ( , , ) cos sin d d

- total hemispherical is E E ( )d
0

- for diffuse emitter, the spectral and total is E ( ) I ,e ( ) and E I e

3. Irradiation:
- spectral hemispherical is G ( )

/2

I ,i ( , , ) cos sin d d

- total hemispherical is G G ( )d
0

- for diffuse incident irradiation, the spectral and total is G ( ) I ,i ( ) and G Ii

4. Radiosity:
- spectral hemispherical is J ( )

/2

I ,e r ( , , ) cos sin d d

- total hemispherical is J J ( )d
0

- for diffuse emitter and reflector , the spectral and total is J ( ) I ,e r ( ) and J I e r
5. Blackbodies:
- ideal surface, absorbs all radiation, no other surface can emit more energy, is diffuse
(a) Plancks distribution

2 hco2
5 exp(hco / kT ) 1
(b) Wiens Displacement Law
E ,b ( , T ) I ,b ( , T )

maxT C3 2897.8 m K
(c) Stefan-Boltzmann Law
Eb T 4

Ib

Eb

(d) Band emission

- fraction of emission for the wavelength interval or band
-

F(0 )

E ,b d
E ,b d

E ,b

T 5

d f (T )

F( 1 2 ) F(02 ) F(01 )
- use Table 12.1 in ID or Table 23.1 in WWWR
6. Surface emission
- for REAL surfaces, we define ratios to IDEAL surfaces
- can assume diffuse (or averaged over all directions, and thus is hemispherical)
E ( , T )
( , T )
E ,b ( , T )
- emissivity:

E (T ) 0 ( , T ) E ,b ( , T )d
(T )

Eb (T )
Eb (T )
G ( )
( ) ,abs
G ( )
- absorptivity:
G
abs
G

( )
- reflectivity:

G ,ref ( )
G ( )

Gref
G

( )
- transmissivity:

G ,tr ( )
G ( )

Gtr
G

- by balance, 1
E1 (Ts ) E2 (Ts )

2
- Kirchoffs law: 1

Eb (Ts )

- If the spectral distribution of absorptivity or emissivity is given then we can equate them to
determine the other quantity. If spectral distribution of absorptivity is given then we can equate
them to spectral emissivity is spectral emissivity is not given and vice versa.

 copyrighted material, not for circulation.

 copyrighted material, not for circulation.

CN2125 Heat and Mass Transfer 20142015; Final Examination

Open-Book Examination:
1. Textbooks and all references
2. Homework and Tutorial Solutions.
3. Certified calculators.

Answer all questions.

I. (1), (2), (3).

II. (4), (5), (6).
III. (7), (8).

Hot Topics:
(i) Steady Heat Conduction: Basic definitions;
Differential equations and boundary conditions;
Thermal resistor models for composite walls. Critical
thickness of insulation. Uniform and non-uniform heat
generation and the resulting temperature profiles in
different coordinate systems. (ii) Unsteady Heat
Conduction: Lump parameter analysis; TemperatureTime charts for simple geometrical shape (1-D)
(iii) Energy- and Momentum Transfer Analogies:
Application to pipe flow. (iv) Natural Convection:
Correlations for spheres and cylinders. (v) Natural
convection for vertical and horizontal cylinders.
Forced Convection: Laminar and Turbulent Pipe
flows. Cross flow past through spheres. (vi) Boiling
and Condensation: Nucleate and film boiling; Film
condensation on vertical plate; (vii) heat exchangers;
(viii) Mass Transfer Fundamentals: Estimation of gas
and liquid phase diffusivities. Pore diffusion.

-------------------------------

IV. (9), (10)

V. (11)

Hot topics:
1. Steady-state diffusion pseudo-steady-state,
calculating flux and concentration profile
2. Unsteady-state diffusion calculating
concentration, time or position
3. Convective mass-transfer calculating flux,
coefficients
4. Radiation Solid angles, black body, calculating
energy loss from surface