A REGULAR BLACK HOLE IN THE BRANEWORLD

ALEXIS LARRANAGA1,a , CARLOS BENAVIDES1,b , CHRISTIAN RODRIGUEZ2,c

1

National Astronomical Observatory. National University of Colombia

E-maila : ealarranaga@unal.edu.co
E-mailb : cabenavidesg@unal.edu.co
2
Department of Physics. National University of Colombia
E-mailc : cdrodriguezc@unal.edu.co
Received May 13, 2013

We find a new black hole solution in Randall-Sundrum II braneworld scenario in

the presence of an anisotropic perfect fluid in the brane inspired by the noncommutative
geometry, thought to be an effective description of a quantum-gravitational spacetime.
We find that the curvature singularity at the origin is smeared out by the noncommutative fluctuations and study the horizon structure to show that the geometry admits
two, one or no horizon depending on the value of the mass parameter M with respect to
two threshold masses which depend on the noncommutative geometry induced minimal
length. On the thermodynamics side, we show that the black hole temperature, instead
of a divergent behaviour at small scales, admits both a minimum and a maximum value,
before cooling down towards a zero temperature remnant.
Key words: quantum aspects of black holes, thermodynamics, strings and
branes.
PACS: 04.70.Dy, 11.25.-w, 05.70.-a.

1. INTRODUCTION

The braneworld scenario describes our 4-dimensional world as a brane that is

embedded in a higher dimensional bulk and that supports all gauge fields excluding
the gravitational field that lives in the whole spacetime. There are many braneworld
models in the cosmological context as well as descriptions of local self-gravitating
objects. Particularly, black hole solutions on the brane are interesting because they
have considerably richer physical aspects than black holes in general relativity [19].
As well as the existence of branes, another of the outcomes of string theory
is that target spacetime coordinates become noncommuting operators on a D-brane
[10, 11]. Thus, string-brane coupling puts in evidence the necessity of spacetime
quantization as well as the noncommutativity of spacetime coordinates, which can
be encoded in a commutator of the form
[x , x ] = i` ,

(1)

where ` is an antisymmetric matrix that can be diagonalized as ` = `2 diag(ij , ij ,

. . .) and ` is a constant with the dimensions of length that determines the fundamental
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Alexis Larranaga, Carlos Benavides, Christian Rodriguez

cell of spacetime in a similar way as ~ discretizes the phase space [12]. An important
result obtained by Smailagic and Spallucci [13,14] shows that the effects of noncommutativity can be taken into account by keeping the standard form of the Einstein
tensor in the field equations and introducing a modified energymomentum tensor.
This fact gives rise to a series of solutions known as noncommutative geometry inspired black holes, whose line element singularities are cured by the existence of the
minimal length ` [1519]. The strategy to derive these solutions consists in prescribing an adequate energy-momentum tensor (i.e. one that accounts for the noncommutative fluctuations of the manifold at the origin and that vanishes for distances larger
than the noncommutative geometry typical scale `) and solving the corresponding
Einsteins field equations with this source.
The main purpose of this paper is to obtain a black hole solution considering
the effect of spacetime noncommutativity on the braneworld. We will consider the
simplest framework to obtain the solution: the second Randall-Sundrum II model
with a single brane in a Z2 -symmetric, 5-dimensional, asymptotically anti-de-Sitter
bulk [20] in the presence of an anisotropic perfect fluid inspired by the noncommutativity. In the last section we present the temperature associated with the event horizon
of the noncommutative inspired braneworld black hole to show that the evaporation
process admits both a minimum and a maximum value of temperature before cooling
down towards a zero temperature remnant.
2. THE REGULAR BLACK HOLE IN THE BRANE

The gravitational field on the brane is described by the Gauss and Codazzi
equations of 5-dimensional gravity [21],
G = g + 8GT + 45 E ,

(2)

where G = R 21 g R is the 4-dimensional Einstein tensor, 5 is the 5-dimensional

gravity coupling constant, 45 = (8G5 )2 , with G5 the gravitational constant in five
dimensions and is the 4-dimensional cosmological constant that is given in terms
of the 5-dimensional cosmological constant 5 and the brane tension by


25
25 2
=
5 + .
(3)
2
6
T is the energy-momentum tensor of matter confined on the brane, is a
quadratic tensor in the energy-momentum tensor given by


1
1
1
1 2

= T T T T + g T T T
12
4
8
3
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with T = T and E is the projection of the 5-dimensional bulk Weyl tensor CABCD
on the brane that can be written as E = A B CABCD nA nB with nA the unit normal to the brane. E encompasses the nonlocal bulk effect and its only known
property is that it is traceless, i.e. E = 0. For simplicity, we will solve the traced
field equation,


45
1 2

R = 4 8GT
T T T .
(5)
4
3
To obtain the noncommutative inspired black hole metric, we will propose a
solution on the brane with the form
ds2 = f (r) dt2 +

dr2
+ r2 d2
f (r)

(6)

where d2 = d2 + sin2 d2 is the line element of the two-sphere S 2 . Note that we

1
impose the condition grr = gtt
because we want the induced metric to be close to
Schwarzschilds solution in the limit of large r (or small `).
The noncommutative parameter ` will provide a regular black hole solution in
the brane by introducing an anisotropic perfect fluid such that it replaces point-like
structures with smeared objects [1519]. This is accomplished by replacing Dirac
delta functions by Gaussian distributions with a minimal width `,
(r) =

M
(4`2 )3/2

er

2 /4`2

(7)

which gives a mass distribution

Z

2M
(r) 4r2 dr =

0
where is the lower incomplete gamma function,
m (r) =

a

;z =

3 r2
;
2 4`2


(8)

u b 1 eu du.

(9)
b
0
Note that in the limit r` one obtains m M , from which we can identify
M as the total mass of the black hole. In order to completely define the energymomentum tensor we use the covariant conservation condition T = 0 which
gives the non-null components
T tt = T rr = (r)

r
T = T = (r) r (r) .
2
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Alexis Larranaga, Carlos Benavides, Christian Rodriguez

Fig. 1 Characteristic behaviour of f (x) vs. x = r` for various values of the parameter M . Intercepts
on the horizontal axis give the radii of the horizons.

By solving the contracted field equations (5) with this matter source, we find
the line element coefficient





2 7 2 G25 M 2
3 r2
1 r2
4 GM

;
+ r

;
f (r) = 1
2 4`2
3
64`3 r
2 2`2
r
 





r2
r2
r2
1 G25 M 2
7
1;
+
13
2;
+
2
3;
.(12)
+
48`2 r2
2`2
2`2
2`2
The horizons of this solution are defined by the equation f (r) = 0 which can
not be solved analytically. However, plotting function f (r) as shown in Figure 1,
the horizons correspond to the intercepts with the horizontal axis. Note that noncommutativity introduces a new behaviour with respect Schwarzschild or SchwarzschildAdS black holes and similar solutions on the brane [22, 23]. Instead of a single event
horizon, there are four different possibilities depending on the value of the parameter
M with respect to certain critical values M0 and M ,
1. For M > M there is just one horizon
2. For M0 < M < M there are two distinct horizons
3. For M = M0 there is one degenerate horizon
4. For M < M0 there is no horizon and therefore no black hole.
When there are two horizons, the largest root of f (r) = 0 corresponds to the
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event horizon r = r+ .
Replacing solution (12) into the field equations (2), we obtain the components
of the projected Weyl tensor,
Ett = Err = E = E
 





G25 M 2
r2
r2
r2
=
7 1; 2 + 13 2; 2 + 2 3; 2
48`2 r4
2`
2`
2`







2
2
2
2
2
3
r
r
G5 M
r
1; 2 + 2; 2 3; 2
+
48`6
2
2`
2`
2`


2
2
7G2 M 2 3
er /2`
5 4
1
,
48`
2
r2

(13)

which is clearly traceless. It is important to note that the brane-world black hole
reported in [22] is obtained from our solution (12) by taking the limit rl , i.e. in
the commutative limit.
2.1. THE ESSENTIAL SINGULARITY

Now, we would like to clarify what happens if the starting object has mass
smaller than M0 . Figure 1 shows that in this case there is no event horizon and thus
the object may be a naked singularity. However, we are going to show that this is not
the case by studying the curvature scalar near r = 0. Using equation (5) we obtain
45 M 2
+
(14)
3 (4`2 )3
(4`2 )3/2
so the curvature is actually constant. An eventual naked singularity is replaced by a
de Sitter or Anti-de Sitter regular geometry around the origin. As is well known, other
attempts to avoid curvature singularity at the origin of Schwarzschild metric in general relativity have been made by matching de Sitter and Schwarzschild geometries
along matter shells [2427] or by imposing a regular black hole geometry to derive
the corresponding energy-momentum tensor from the field equations [28, 29]. In this
paper we start from an energy-momentum tensor originating from non-commutative
geometry and with this source we solve Einstein equation to obtain the regular solution.
R|r=0 = 4 +

32GM

3. THERMODYNAMICS

Black holes temperature is defined in terms of the surface gravity at the event
horizon by
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Alexis Larranaga, Carlos Benavides, Christian Rodriguez

Fig. 2 Characteristic behaviour of the temperature vs. x+ = `+ for different values of the parameter
M . The dotted curve is the temperature for the commutative black hole with cosmological constant
[30].

=
r f (r)|r=r+ .
2
4
By using the property of the gamma function,
T=

a
a 

, u = eu u1+ b ,
u
b
the temperature associated to the black hole gives
(



2
2 
2 
1 4GM
2 GM r+2 2
7 2 G25 M 2 1 r+
3 r+
2 ; 2
e 4` +
r+ +
; 2
T=
2
4
3
64`3 r+
2 2`
`
r+ 2 4`





2
2
2
r+
r+
7 G25 M 2 r+2
1 G25 M 2
2`

e
7
1;
+
13
2;
2
3
32`2 r+
24`2 r+
2`2
2`2
)

2 
2 
2
4 
r+
r+
1 G25 M 2 r+2
13 r+
2`
+2 3; 2
+
e
7+
+
.
2
2`
48`2 r+
2 `2 2`4

(15)

(16)

(17)

The plot of this temperature in Figure 2 shows a new property of our black
hole. The commutative black hole with cosmological constant [30] is represented by
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the dotted line while continuous lines correspond to our solution for different values
of mass. Note that for large values of r+ the temperatures coincide but for small radii
our solution admits both a minimum Tmin (just as in the noncommutative case found
in [31]) and a maximum temperature Tmax . From this point, the solution cools down
to the zero temperature extremal black hole remnant configuration. This behaviour
shows clearly that noncommutativity plays the same role in braneworld models as in
Quantum Field Theory: it removes short distance divergences.
4. CONCLUSION

We have obtained a black hole solution in Randall-Sundrum II braneworld scenario in the presence of an anisotropic perfect fluid inspired by noncommutative geometry such that it replaces point-like structures with smeared objects. In general,
the bulk spacetime is obtained by solving the full five-dimensional field equations,
and the geometry of the embedded brane is deduced. However, due to the complexity
of the five-dimensional equations, we have solved the effective field equations for the
induced metric on the brane to obtain the black hole solution, and therefore we have
not studied fully the effect of the braneworld black hole on the bulk geometry.
The analysis of the solution shows that the geometry admits two, one or no
horizon depending on the value of the mass parameter M with respect to two threshold masses M0 and M which depend on the noncommutative geometry induced
minimal length `. In agreement with the expected behavior from quantum gravity,
our effective geometry in the brane is singularity free. Specifically, we have shown
that there is a minimal mass M0 to which a black hole can decay through Hawking
radiation, so it does not end up into a naked singularity due to the finiteness of the
curvature at the origin. The regular geometry and the residual mass M0 are both
manifestations of the Gaussian delocalization of the source inspired by the noncommutative spacetime.
From the thermodynamical analysis, the regularization takes place eliminating
the divergent behaviour of the temperature. As a consequence, the possibility of
horizon extremization gives a temperature that instead of a divergent behaviour at
short scales, admits both a minimum and a maximum values before cooling down
towards a zero temperature remnant configuration.
Acknowledgements. This work was supported by the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Hermes Project Code 17318.

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