Experimental setup :

1. Cad
2. Wire:
To select the heating wire material we calculated the flux for different size and
length of different material. Then we plotted the graph between flux and length for
different diameter and then we have selected the materials whose flux valve is greater
than the CHF valve of water which is 125 W/cm.

Procedure:
1. We calculated the resistance of different material for different size at 20C
temperature by
R=

l
Ac

Here
=resistivity of material at 20 ( . cm)
l = length of heating wire (cm)
Ac = area of cross section (cm) =

d
4

2. Then resistance at 140 is calculated because it is the superheat temperature for

water
R140 =R (1+ T ( )
Here
R = resistance of material at 20

= temperature coefficient of resistance

T =temperature difference

3. Than power is calculated. Here we found that our source is current limiting source so
maximum current which can be drawn from it is 5 Amp so instead of V 2/R140 power is
calculated by I2R140
P = I2R140 (W)
4. Then flux is calculated as ratio of power and surface area
Flux =

P
As

Here
P = Power (W)

As = surface area = dl

(cm2)

5. After this graph is plotted between flux and length corresponding to different
diameters
For nichrome wire
Diameter (cm)
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07

Length (cm)
2.5
5
10
2.5
5
10
2.5
5
10
2.5
5
10

Flux (W/cm2)
132.73
132.73
132.73
39.32
39.32
39.32
8.49
8.49
8.49
3.09
3.09
3.09

Length vs Flux graph for different diameters for nichrom

10
8

D= 0.02 cm

6
Flux (W/cm)

D= 0.03 cm

D= 0.05 cm

D= 0.07 cm

0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Length (cm)

For constanton wire

Diameter (cm)
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07

Length (cm)
2.5
5
10
2.5
5
10
2.5
5
10
2.5
5
10

Flux (W/cm2)
62.11
62.11
62.11
18.40
18.40
18.40
3.9756
3.9756
3.9756
1.44
1.44
1.44

Length vs Flux graph for different diameters for constanton

80
60

D= 0.02 cm
D= 0.03 cm

Flux (W/cm) 40

D= 0.05 cm
D= 0.07 cm

20
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Length (cm)

Result: we found that only nichrome wire of diameter 0.02cm for length 2.5cm, 5cm, 10 cm
can produce flux above 125(W/cm2) and no other material produces this much flux
Power supply
voltage Vmax = 30 V
Current Imax = 5 A
Heating element
Length of nichrome wire = 10 cm
Diameter of nichrome wire = 0.02 cm

DATA REDUCTION:

Resistance of any material can be found using ohms law. By ohms law we can found that
V =I R2

R2=

V
I

( )

And we know that

R2 =R0 (1+ T ( )

T=

Where

[( ) ]
R2
1
R0

R2 = resistance at operating temperature

R0 = resistance at room temperature(20 )

As we know that our source is current limiting source so the power can be calculated by
P = I2R2 (W)
Then flux is calculated as ratio of power and surface area

Flux =

P
As

Here
P = Power (W)

As = surface area = dl

(cm2)

Result

voltage

current

0.82

7.5

1.22

resistance
6.0975609
76
6.1475409
84

power
4.1
9.15

FLUX

temp

5.019502
051
11.20205
946

189.4676
145
211.5124
31

Resistan
ce at
20C
5.668
5.668

T
83.46761
451
105.5124
31

10

1.62

12.5

2.02

15

2.42

17.5

2.82

20

3.22

22.5

3.62

25

4.02

27.5

4.42

160
140

6.1728395
06
6.1881188
12
6.1983471
07
6.2056737
59
6.2111801
24
6.2154696
13
6.2189054
73
6.2217194
57

16.2
25.25
36.3
49.35
64.4
81.45
100.5
121.55

19.83315
445
30.91278
702
44.44095
719
60.41766
494
78.84291
027
99.71669
319
123.0390
137
148.8098
718

222.6709
184
229.4102
028
233.9216
247
237.1532
105
239.5819
179
241.4738
943
242.9893
581
244.2305
297

5.668
5.668
5.668
5.668
5.668
5.668
5.668
5.668

Natural convection
regime

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
80

90

100

110

Issues:
1. Electrode is not fixed properly.
2. Positive electrode is turning black

120

130

140

150

116.6709
184
123.4102
028
127.9216
247
131.1532
105
133.5819
179
135.4738
943
136.9893
581
138.2305
297

3. Negative electrode having maximum temperature.

4. Properties used are of nichrome wire but we are using kanthal wire. So trend of above
graph may vary.

Uncertainty analysis:
We can calculate the resistance at room temperature by
R 0=

l
Ac

So relative uncertainty in resistance can be calculated as

R0
=
R0

l 2 Ac
+
l
Ac

)( )

.001 2 2.0001
+
.13
.0002

) (

= 1

Resistance at operating condition can be calculated by

R 2=

V
I

( )

So relative uncertainty at operating condition can be calculated by

R2
=
R2

V 2 I
+
V
I

)( )

For different operating condition of voltage and current uncertainty in resistance is calculated
using above formula which is as followed

R2
R2

5
7.5
10
12.5
15
17.5
20
22.5
25
27.5

0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01

0.82
1.22
1.62
2.02
2.42
2.82
3.22
3.62
4.02
4.42

0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01

0.012358034
0.008304458
0.006253315
0.005014718
0.004185664
0.003591845
0.003145583
0.002797956
0.002519517
0.00229148

Now change in temperature can be calculated by

T=

[( ) ]
R2
1
R0

So uncertainty in change in temperature can be calculated by

( T )
=
T

T
189.4676145
211.512431
222.6709184
229.4102028
233.9216247
237.1532105
239.5819179
241.4738943
242.9893581
244.2305297

R2 2 R0
+
R2
R0

)( )

R2
R2
0.012358034
0.008304458
0.006253315
0.005014718
0.004185664
0.003591845
0.003145583
0.002797956
0.002519517
0.00229148

R0
R0

( T )
T
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1.000076
1.000034
1.00002
1.000013
1.000009
1.000006
1.000005
1.000004
1.000003
1.000003