Professional Documents
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RESEARCH PAPER
INTRODUCTION
The nursing shortage has become an internationally
important issue, because most of the experienced nurses
METHODS
Study design and participants
The study is a quasi-experimental one. The study population consisted of 310 registered nurses working at a university hospital. Of these 310 nurses who were informed
about the study, 216 agreed to participate in the study and
the Professional Self-Concept Inventory (PSCI) was
administered to them. The scores obtained from the PSCI
by the 216 nurses were assessed and sorted from the
lowest to the highest (min 39, max 96). Eighty nurses
(study group 40, control group 40) who achieved the
lowest scores were included in the sample. Subjects in the
310 nurses
Study group 40
Control group 40
5 withdrew
Study group 35
6 refused
2 excluded
Study group 33
Control group 34
The implementation of the
inventories
Follow-up 6 months
33 completed (study group)
4 refused
study and control groups were matched by age, sex, education level, length of service and PSCI scores. In the
study group, 97.2% the subjects were female, 90.9% had
bachelors degrees, and their mean age and length of
service were 27.51 3.34 years and 5.03 3.99 years
respectively. In the control group, 93.3% were female,
60% had bachelors degrees, and their mean age and
length of service were 29.63 5.12 years and 7.43
6.33 years respectively. Aside from the education level
(2 = 8.276, P = 0.01), there were no statistically significant differences in the main variables of the two
groups. The nurses in the study group were asked not to
share any information related to the topics discussed in the
group sessions and they signed a group contract.
There were 5 withdrawals from the study group before
the onset of the research and the sample of this group
comprised 35 nurses. During the group studies, one
subject was absent from the meetings for more than two
weeks in a row and another withdrew from the study due
to medical reasons, thus, the group studies were completed with a final sample of 33 nurses. While the control
Instruments
Data were gathered by employing one questionnaire and
three inventories.
Ethics
This research was conducted after getting the permission
of the Directorate of Head Physician and Nursing Services
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1st SESSION
2nd SESSION
3rd SESSION
4th SESSION
5th SESSION
6th SESSION
7th SESSION
8th SESSION
9th SESSION
10th SESSION
self-knowing; professional image; evaluation and development of professional identity; professional look, attitudes
and communication; developing assertive behaviour;
contributions to the profession and the power of professional knowledge; increasing professional satisfaction. The
flow diagram in Figure 2 depicts the 10 sessions of the
programme.
Forms and scales were applied to both groups before
the training programme (Time 1), after the training
programme (Time 2) and 6 months later (Time 3). Professional Identity Development Education Programme
was applied to the study group in ten sessions once a week
(two hours each).
Meetings were held with the nurses in the control
group three times: time 1, time 2, time 3. During these
meetings, only the forms and scales used in the study were
filled out. No interventions were performed in the
control group. During the period from the start to the end
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Statistical analysis
Data were evaluated using the SPSS 16.0 package programme. In comparing the groups with respect to their
identifying characteristics; the chi square, fisher chi square
and kolmogorov- simirnov tests were employed. In order
to compare the mean scores the nurses obtained from the
inventories at time 1, time 2 and time 3, the evaluation t
test was used in independent groups, and the Repeated
Measures Anova and Borferroni tests were used in the
inner comparison of the mean scores the groups received
from the inventories in three measurements.
RESULTS
Change in professional
self-concept levels
The comparison of the PSCI scores within and between
the study and the control groups are given in the Table 1.
There were no statistically significant differences between
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Time 1
Time 2
Time 3
Test
F
P
Study group
(N = 33)
Control group
(N = 30)
Test
Mean SD
Mean SD
114.3 11.2
121.5 7.2
115.2 10.7
110.2 12.7
111.6 9.0
108.4 10.2
1.36
4.79
2.55
0.177
0.000
0.013
15.476
0.000
Post hoc
12, P = 0.000
23, P = 0.003
1.427
0.248
Table 2 Comparison of the MBI subscale score means of the study and control groups at Time 1, Time 2 and Time 3
MBI
Time 1
Emotional exhaustion
Depersonalization
Personal accomplishment
Time 2
Emotional exhaustion
Depersonalization
Personal accomplishment
Time 3
Emotional exhaustion
Depersonalization
Personal accomplishment
Test
Test
Mean SD
Mean SD
*14.0 4.8
**4.6 3.7
***21.6 2.4
*18.8 5.8
**4.8 3.2
***19.8 4.3
3.58
0.22
1.99
0.001
0.827
0.061
*12.8 4.0
**4.3 2.8
***23.0 2.4
*19.0 6.0
**6.2 4.5
***20.5 4.1
4.68
1.94
2.88
0.000
0.044
0.004
3.02
0.42
1.43
0.004
0.671
0.157
*14.8 5.1
**5.8 3.3
***21.5 3.0
*F = 2.94, P = 0.060
**F = 3.59, P = 0.033
Post hoc
23, P = 0.016
***F = 6.58, P = 0.003
Post hoc
12, P = 0.003
23, P = 0.009
*19.3 6.7
**6.1 3.1
***20.3 3.4
*F = 0.12, P = 0.880
**F = 3.45, P = 0.042
Post hoc
12, P = 0.033
13, P = 0.046
***F = 0.40, P = 0.67
*Time 1 Time 2 Time 3; emotional exhaustion. **Time 1 Time 2 Time 3; depersonalization. ***Time 1 Time 2 Time 3;
personal accomplishment. MBI, Maslach Burnout Inventory.
Table 3 Comparison of the general and subscale MSQ score means of the study and control groups at Time 1, Time 2 and Time 3
MSQ general and subscale
Time 1
General
Internal
External
Time 2
General
Internal
External
Time 3
General
Internal
External
Test
Test
Mean SD
Mean SD
*3.3 0.4
**3.6 0.4
***3.0 0.6
*2.9 0.6
**3.2 0.6
***2.6 0.6
2.81
2.69
2.36
0.006
0.008
0.022
*3.5 0.4
**3.7 0.4
***3.0 0.6
*3.0 0.6
**3.2 0.7
***2.7 0.7
3.11
3.24
1.55
0.001
0.001
0.126
*3.4 0.4
**3.7 0.5
***3.0 0.5
*F = 1.20, P = 0.30
**F = 0.44, P = 0.64
***F = 0.03, P = 0.96
*3.1 0.6
**3.3 0.6
**2.6 0.7
*F = 0.27, P = 0.76
**F = 0.74, P = 0.48
***F = 0.14, P = 0.86
2.70
1.95
2.11
0.009
0.055
0.039
*Time 1 Time 2 Time 3; general. **Time 1 Time 2 Time 3; internal. ***Time 1 Time 2 Time 3; external. MSQ, Minnesotta
Satisfaction Questionnaire.
DISCUSSION
This study is the first study aimed at the development of
the professional identities of nurses in Turkey. Also, in
contrast with most of the other studies in the literature, a
programme directly aimed at developing professional
identity was developed for this study and its effects on the
development of professional identity, burnout and job
satisfaction levels of nurses were investigated. The findings obtained at time 1, 2 and 3 discussed in conjunction
with the findings of other studies in the literature, taking
the levels of development both within and between the
groups into account.
Change in professional
self-concept levels
While there were no statistically significant differences
between the mean PSCI scores of the groups at time 1, the
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