CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project, entitled DESIGN OF WASTE WATER

TREATMENT PLANT has been prepared by SANDEEP SINGH ,
REGISTRATION No.1143131 a final year student of civil engineering
student during the year 2014, as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Civil Engineering of the
PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR. His work has been
found to be satisfactory.

HEAD OF
DEPARTMENT
Er.GUR
SHARAN SINGH

PREFERENCE
As a part of our B.TECH In CIVIL ENGINEERING we have to go under
the MAJOR PROJECT in our institute in 7th semester for learning a real
practical work. The MAJOR PROJECT occupies a significant place during
B.TECH .In MAJOR REPORT one taught in close touch with real life
programs for away from the classrooms culture and requires to be theory
into practical.
The MAJOR PROJECT was carefully allotted to me in such a way that I
shall acquire useful information regarding various operations in DESIGN
OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT PALNT FOR A VILLAGE. I am working
on my project at WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT in ABIANA
KALAN & ABIANA KHURD to learn about treatment of water by

MAJOR PROJECT.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My sincere thanks to our guide ER. Neeraj Syal for giving me an
opportunity to undertake training under their expert technical guidance. I
would also like to thank H.O.D Er. Gursharan Singh whose support and
encouragement and transparent in the work itself, which helped me in this
MAJOR PROJECT, and it has truly been a pleasure working under them.
I also wish to thank S.D.O ER. PREM CHAND at WATER TREATMENT
PLANT in ABIANA KALAN & ABIANA KHURD for providing me a
confidential data which is required for the completion of my MAJOR
PROJECT. My stay in the organization has been to great learning
experience and a curtain raiser to an interesting and rewarding career. This
exposure has enriched me with technical knowledge and has also
introduced me to the attributes of successful professional.

INDEX
SR.
NO.
1

TITLE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEME

IMPORTANCE AND NECESSITY OF PLANNED WATER SUPPLY

3
4

COLLECTION OF REQUIRED DATA FOR WATER SUPPLY

SCHEME
NEED OF WATER TREATMENT

LAYOUT OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEME

INTRODUCTION OF ABIANA KHURD & ABIANA KALAN

7
8

DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT FOR ABIANA KHURD

& ABIANA KALAN
BASIC DATA FOR DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT

DESIGN PERIOD

1O

FORCASTING POPULATION

11

CALCULATION OF WATER REQUIREMENT

12

COLLECTION OF WATER {INTAKE}

13

DESIGN OF UNITS

14

TREATMENT PROCESS

15

STORAGE TANK

16

ELEVATED SERVICE TANK

GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF WATER

SUPPLY SCHEME:In planning of water supply scheme, it is essential, to first of all, search of
water in the vicinity of the town or city for which the scheme is to be
designed. Sometime the water may be available nearby or sometime it may
be for away. Further it may be underground well or it may be river, stream
or a lake. It therefore, necessary to seek out all the possible sources and
evaluate each item of quantity, quality and the cost, and then to take the
final decision regarding the utilization of particular source or source
depending upon the availabilities of water in those sources and demand
requirements of the town or the city.
A general layout of water supply project from the source (river) to
distribution of the treated water to the consumer. Such a projects essential
a consist of (1) works for collection of water; (2) works for conveyance of
water; (3) works for the treatment and purification of water; (4)
works for the distribution of water to consumer. Before the construction of
these works is taken up, it is necessary to properly plan and prepare a full
scheme and also design the various components of project. The proper
planning will ensure an economical and efficiently functioning scheme which
will serve the various objectives in view most efficiently and with the
minimum expenditures and recurring operational troubles. The prepared
scheme should also be such as to be accommodated only within the
available funds or funds likely to receive in near future, as and when
extensions are desired and suggested.

IMPORTENTANCE AND NECESSITY OF

PLANNED WATER SUPPLIES
WATER is chemical compound and may occurs in liquid form or in solid form
or in a gaseous form. All these three form of water are extremely useful for
man, providing their luxuries and comforts, in addition to fulfilling his basic
necessities of life. Every on of us has known how the important and precious
of water is. Whenever there is no water in our taps, we become a helpless.
No life can exist without water since the water is essential for life as air is. It
has been estimated that two third of human body is constituted of water.
Water is absolutely essential not only for survival of human beings, but also
for animals. Plants, and all other living beings. Further it is necessary that
water required for their need must be good and it should not contain
unwanted impurities or harmful chemicals and bacterias in it. Therefore in
order to ensure the availability of sufficient quantity of good quality of water
and it also imperative in a modern society, to plan and build suitable water
supply scheme which may provide a potable water to the various sections of
the community in accordance with their demands and requirements. Thus a
provision of a such scheme shall ensure a constant and reliable water
supply to that section of people for which it has been designed. Such a
scheme shall not only help in supplying safe wholesome water to the people
for drinking, bathing, washing, cooking etc. so as to keep the disease away
and thereby promoting better health; but would also help in supplying of
water for fountains, gardens etc. and thus helping in maintaining better
sanitation and beautification of surrounding. Thereby reduces environmental
pollution. Besides a promoting overall hygiene and public health. The
existence of such water supply scheme shall future help in attracting
industries and thereby helping in industrialization and modernization of
society, consequently reducing the unemployment and ensure better living
standard.

COLLECTION OF REQUIRED DATA FOR

WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES
IN Generals the following type of data must be collected for planning of
water supply schemes
1. Hydrological data and data on available surface of water sources in
vicinity of the area. (This helps in estimating the availability of surface
water.)
2. The geological data and data on available of ground water in the
vicinity of area. ( this helps in estimating the availability of ground
water)
3. Data of water requirements of the city including the data on
population and their water needs, and data on industrial
establishment and their requirements. (this will helps in
estimating the quantity of water required at present as well as in the
future).
4. Data on existing projects. (This will help in assessing the net
present availability of water sources and also the requirement.)
5. Data on the sanitary conditions of the area and the possible
sources of pollution. (This will help in estimating the possible
pollution or contamination of water from such sources, and thereby
helping in assessing the remedial measures).
6. Data on the topography of the area. (this will indicates the lowlying area and high ridges in the relation to the available sources,
density of population in different localities, etc. it will help in properly
positioning of intakes, treatment works, and above all, distribution
7

reservoirs etc. thereby evolving a simple and cheap conveyance and

distribution of water)
7. Legal data on the various legal laws on water rights, land zoning, land
ownership, administrative patterns, etc. may also be collected. (This
will help in using such water, and positioning the various works at such
places, that will not involve much legal troubles.
8. Data on public opinion may also be collected. (This may help in
counteracting the false claims of ambition politicians during
justification of debates, while seeking administrative, approval
expenses from the government).

NEED OF WATER TREATMENT

Absolute pure water never found in nature, but in variable contents
suspended, colloidal and dissolved impurities (organic or inorganic in nature
generally called a solids) in varying degree of concentration depending upon
the source. Untreated or improperly treated water, unfit for intended for
proves to be detrimental for life, so It is necessary that supplied water to the
inhabitants should be free from all types of impurities whether suspended or
dissolved. It must be free from pathogens. Poisonous substances and
excessive amount of minerals and organic matters. Hence it is very
important that water supply system must remove all the bacterias and
impurities from the water it safe for drinking. So, it is necessary to treat the
water to make it potable. A number of methods can be used for treatment of
water. The water supply system should be provided an adequate and
reliable supply of water to all inhabitants. It must also ensure that the
supplies are not only potable but are fully protected against every infection
which might pollute water and cause epidemics that will result in human
sufferings and loss. The main objectives of treatment plant are:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

To
To
To
To
To
To

make water fit for domestic use.

remove the impurities of water.
kill the pathogenic bacterias which is harmful for human beings.
remove the dissolved gases. Colour, taste, and odour.
completely remove the corrosive properties of water.
make water fit for various industrial uses.

INTRODUCTION
ABIANA KHURD

OF

ABIANA

KALAN

&

The village is situated 20 km away from the ROOPNAGAR (Distt.) on the

Roopnagar-Nurpur Bedi road. Abiana Kalan & Abiana Khurd has population
nearly 3000. This village is situated far away from the nearby town Nurpur
bedi. Therefore this place has major problem of water supply scheme and
also the waste water (sewage), polluted the ground water.So there is need
of waste water treatment plant. So this treatment plant was built by Punjab
govt. in Dec,2012 to give relief to villagers.

DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PALNT

FOR
ABIANA KALAN & ABIANA KHURD
The treatment given to the water before supplying it to the public according to the
standards of quality is known as water treatment. The amount and type of treatment
required to be given to particulars water depends upon the quality of available water and
qualities of water required for using the domestic, commercial, and industrial purposes.
The plant constructed for removing the impurities of raw water to bring the quality of
water to the required standard are known as water treatment plants (units). The various
methods or techniques which may be adopted for purification the public water supply

10

THE WATER TREATMENT PROCESS IS SHOWN BY DIG.

11

As pointed out earlier, it may be noted and kept in mind that all above
techniques may or may not be used for treating a particular water. The
necessity of few or all of these steps depends upon the quality of the
available raw water. Before the design and constructing of water
treatment plant we will required the population of the area for the
design period, the details of the design period is given in next topic.

12

BASIC DATA FOR DESIGN OF WATER

TREATMENT PLANT
The given problem includes the design of water treatment plant and also
prepares a Technical Report showing the detail of collections and treatment
units. The following table gives the Basic necessary data required for the
design of water treatment plant.
TABLE - 1
N
O.

DESCRIPTION

Name of place

ABIANA KALAN & ABIANA KHURD

District

ROPAR

Location

ABOUT 20km FROM THE ROPAR

AND 8km FROM THE NURPUR
BEDI
TABLE-2

Sr.No.
1
2
3

DISCRIPTION
TIME PERIOD
PER CAPITA DEMAND
PURPOSED POPULATION
IN YEAR 2012
IN YEAR 2027
IN YEAR 2042
DISCHARGE OF SEWAGE AS PER
AVERAGE SEWAGE FLOW IN
2012(LPS)
DISCHARGE OF SEWAGE AS PER
AVERAGE SEWAGE FLOW IN
2027(LPS)

13

VALUES
30 YRS
135
2131
2557
2876
2.780

3.279

DESIGN PERIOD
As water treatment plant includes huge and costly structures which cannot
be replaced or increased in their capacities. Easily and conveniently. For
example the water mains including the distributing pipes are laid
underground and cannot be replaced or added easily without digging the
road or disrupting the traffic. In order to avoid these future complications of
expansions the various components of water treatment plant are purposely
made larger, so to come. This future period or the no. of the years for which
a provision is made in designing the capacities of various components of
water treatment plant in known as a DESIGN PERIOD.
Generally the design period is kept 20-30 years for water treatment which is
fairly good and sufficient for design purposes. While deciding the design
period. The following factors affects the design period-:
1. The design period should not be more than the life of the materials
used in the water treatment plant.
2. The anticipated expansion rate of town also affects the design period.
3. Availability of funds also affects the design period.
4. The rate of interest on the loans taken to complete the project also
affects the design period. More the rate of interest the design period
will be less.
The design period of our project is 2012 to 2042 therefore design
period is 30 year.

14

15

CALCULATION OF WATER
REQUIREMENTS
SR.
NO
.

DESCRIPTIONS

VALUES

1.

Water requirement @30 gls/H/D

2200000
gls/day
462375
gls/day
40000 gls/ day
46875 gls/ day
18250 gls/ day
75549 gls / day

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.

For industrial

= 135 acres @3425 gls/acres

For educational and institutional approx.

For polytechnic approx
For commercial areas 10 acres @ 1825 gls/ acres
Additional requirement of water for Gurudawaras
For 1000 persons (pilgrims for non mela days
@ 10 gls/h/d) For 2 lacs pilgrims during
Hola mohalla @ 5 gls/h/d
Add 2 % for back wash of filters
TOTAL

16

1000000 gls
day
3853001 GLS/
DAY
SAY 3.85 MGD

COLLECTION OF WATER (INTAKE)

The raw water for treatment should be taken from the sub-surface source of
water or surface source of water and water source should be located near
the treatment plant to avoid pumping of muddy water which may cause
quick wearing of pipes. In our treatment plant we have required a large
quantity of water as per design, so the sub surface water source not enough
to full fill the requirement. Then we are selecting a surface source of water.
Intakes consists of a opening, strainers, and grating through which the
water enters and the conduct conveying the water usually by gravity to a
well or sump. From a well the water is pumped to the main or the treatment
plants. Intake should be so located and the designed that possibility of
interference with the supply is minimized and where the uncertainty of
continuous serviceability exits and intakes should be duplicated. The various
types of intakes used that is following:1.
2.
3.
4.

Wet intakes the water is up to the source of supply.

Dry intakes - no water inside in it other than in the intake pipe
Submerged intake - entirely under the water
Movable and floating intakes - used where the wide variation in surface
elevation with sloping banks.

The intake structures used in our design is Wet Type so we are collecting the
water from the Nangal Hydel Channel on the right side of the canal and on a
road of Dashmesh Academy. Because this Canal passes very near from the
treatment plant and water is available in canal with a large quantity
throughout the year and full fill the requirement of water as per design. The
NGL of up to the treatment plant is lowered by earth work than level of the
canal. So that the raw water is collecting by a gravity action. The intakes
structures contains the following Units -:
1. Sump size
2. Gravity main

3. Rising main
4. Pumps

17

DESIGN OF UNITS
1. SUMP SIZE
DESIGN CRETIRIA
NO.
1.

DESCRIPTION

DISCHARGE OF SEWAGE AS PER AVERAGE

SEWAGE FLOW IN 2027(LPS)

VALUES
2.780

2.

DISCHARGE OF SEWAGE AS PER AVERAGE

SEWAGE FLOW IN 2027(LPS)

3.279

3.

PEAK FLOW FROM THE SEWERAGE SYSTEM AT

STP
CAPACITY OF COLLECTING TANK FOR UNREATED
INFLUENT SEWERAGE SYSTEM

3.279x2
=6.558LPS
20 min at peak flow

4.
5.
6.

NO
.
1
2
3
4

=6.558x60x20/1000
=7.870 Cum
PROVIDE 1 No COLLECTING TANK OF 3.0 M
DIAMETER WITH WORKING DEPTH OF 1.2 M
SUMMARY.
DESCRIPTION

VALUES

NUMBER OF INTAKE WELL

DIAMTER OF WELL
HEIGHT OF WELL
R.L OF BOTTOM OF WELL

1 UNIT
6M
7M
312.76 m

18

DESIGN OF GRAVITY MAIN

The gravity mains connects the intake well to the jack well and water flows
through it by gravity. To secure a greatest economy, the diameter of single
pipe through which the water flows by gravity should be such that all the
head available to cause the flow is consumed by friction. The available fall
from the intake well to the jack well and the ground profile in b/w should be
generally help to decide the if a free flow conduits is feasible. Once this is
decided the material of the conduits is to be selected keeping in view of
local cost and nature of the terrain to be traversed. Even when a fall
Is available a pumping or a force main, independently and in combination
with a gravity main could also be considered. Gravity pipe line should be
laid below the hydraulic gradient.

19

DESIGN OF RISING MAIN

These are the pressure pipes used to convey the water from sump well to
treatment units.
The design of rising main is dependent on resistance of flow, available head,
allowable velocity of flow, sediment transport, quality of water and relative
cost. Various types of pipes used are cast iron, steel, reinforced cement
concrete, pre stressed concrete, asbestos cement, PVC, ductile iron glass
pipe, glass reinforced plastic, fiber reinforced plastic. The determination of
suitability in all respects of the pipe of the joints for any work is matter of
decision by engineer concerned on the basis of requirement of the scheme.

20

DESIGN OF PUMPING SYSTEM

In water treatment plant, pumps are required at one or more of the
following stages;
a. To lift the water at the source, when the water cannot flow by gravity
into the mains ( such as in case of low leveled surface sources and
ground water sources.)
b. To lift the water at the treatment plant, if the sufficient natural slope in
not available, as to cause gravitational flow b/w different unit of
treatment plant.
c. To lift the water after the treatment, so as to force the water into the
distributing mains, either directly or through a service reservoir.
d. When the pressure in the distributing mains has to be increased or
boosted at some intermediate points within the distribution system, so
as to enable the water reach up to the required storey height.
Factor governed the selection of a particular type of pump:The various factors which must be thoroughly considered while selecting a
particular type of a pump for a particular project are;
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

Capacity of pumps
Importance of water supply scheme
Initial cost of pumping arrangement
Maintenance cost
Space requirement for location of the pump
Number of units required
Total lift of water required
Quantity of water to be pumped

21

DESIGN CRETERIA
PUMPING MACHINARY
NO.

DESCRIPTION
PROVIDE 3 WORKING PUMPS WITH EACH
PUMPING CAPACITY OF HALF , FULL AND
PEAK FLOW
DICHARGE WITH HALF OF AVERAGE FLOW

VALUES

1.640 LPS
=1.64or98.4
SAY 100 LPM

DICHARGE WITH AVERAGE FLOW

DISCHARGEWITHE TWICE OF AVERAGE

FLOW i.e. PAK FLOW

3.280
=196.8
SAY 200 LPM
1.560 LPS
=393.6
SAY 400 LPM

PUMPING HEAD
a.
b.

c.
d.
e.

DIFFERENCE IN LEVEL BETWEEN FSL OF

BED LEVEL OF COLLECTING TANK AND
INLET F.T
LOSS OF HEAD IN RISING MAIN FOR SIZE 110
MM UPVC PIPE (AS CALCULATED FROM
ECONOMIC DESIGN)
LOSSES IN PUMPS AND FITTINGS
DELIVERY HEAD REQD. (M)
TOTAL HEAD

22

=4.28

=0.6
=1
=1
= 4.28+0.6+1+1
=6.88
SAY 7M

SCREENING
The process of preventing the entry of a large size particles such as bushes,
dead animal, branches tec. Into intake works with the help of screen is
known as screening.
The process of screening consists of providing screen in front of pump or
intake works. Screens may be coarse or fine or both. Fine screens are tray of
wire mash or cloth with 10 mm openings. These are placed after coarse
screen if used. Fine screens are not generally used these days as they get
normally clogged frequently and require frequent cleaning. Fine particles
can be easily removed during sedimentation.
Coarse screen consist of flat or round steel bars with opening 2.5 to 7.5 cm
placed vertically and inclined at 45 to 60 degree to the horizontal.
The main purpose of keeping the screens inclined is to increase the opening
area reduce the velocity of flow to .75 to 1 m/sec.
To facilitate free movement of water, the debris accumulated should be
removed either manually or mechanically. At small units, hand cleaning is
preferred. It can be done with the help of racks. At large plants,
mechanically operated combers can be used for cleaning debris. They act
either continuously or at regular interval.

23

TREATMENT PROCESS
SEDIMENTATION TANK
Most of suspended impurities present in water do have a specific gravity
greater than the water. In still water these impurities will, therefore, trend to
settle down under gravity, although in normal raw supplies, they remain in
suspension, because of turbulence in water. Hence as soon as turbulence is
retarded by offering storage the water, these impurities tend to settle down
at the bottom of the tank, offering such storage. This is the principle behind
the sedimentation. The basin in which the flow of water is retarded is called
the settling tank or sedimentation tank or sedimentation basin or clarifier.
The sedimentation done by two types;
1. Plain sedimentation
2. Sedimentation aided with coagulation
In the past time, plain sedimentation was done with draw and fill method.
By this method, the water is filled in the tank and allowed to remain
quiescent so that suspended impurities May settle. After this water was
taken out the tank. But now, continuous flow type basin are used where
water continuously flow at a uniform rate. All suspended impurities settle in
the bottom of basin and clear water is drawn out from the top. The process
of plain sedimentation may remove up to 66% suspended impurities and
75% bacterias.
But in our project we used a SEDIMENTAION AIDED WITH COAGULATION. As
pointed out earlier, very fine suspended mud particles and the colloidal
matter present in water cannot settle down in plain sedimentation tanks of
ordinary detention periods. They can, however, be removed by easily by
increasing their size by changing them into flocculated particles. For this
purposes, a certain chemical compound called coagulants added to the
water, which on through mixing. Form a gelatenous precipitate called Floc.
The very fine mud particles and the colloidal matter present in water get
attracted and absorbed in these flocs, forming the bigger size flocculated
particles. The process of addition and mixing of chemicals is called
Coagulation. The coagulated water is then made to pass through

24

sedimentation tank, where the flocculated particles settle down and are
thus removed.
The use of coagulant is generally necessary for clarifying raw water contains
turbities greater than 30 to 50 mg/l, but in actual practice plain
sedimentation is rarely used these days and coagulation before
sedimentation is almost universally adopted in all the major water
treatment plants and is followed by Rapid Sand Filtration*.

25

SEDIMENTATION TANK

26

CHEMICALS USED FOR CAOGULATION

Various chemicals such as iron salt like ferrous sulphate, ferric chloride,
ferric sulphate etc. are generally used as coagulants. These chemicals are
most effective when water is slightly alkaline. In the absence of such an
alkalinity present in raw supplies, external alkalies like sodium carbonate or
a lime etc. are added to the water. So as to make it slightly alkaline, and
thus to increase the effectiveness of the coagulants. The important
coagulants are described below :1.
2.
3.
4.

Use
Use
Use
Use

of
of
of
of

alum as coagulant
copperas as coagulant
chlorinated copperas as coagulant
sodium aluminates as a coagulant

We used the alum as coagulant. Alum is the name given to aluminum

sulphate with its chemical formula as A l 2 (S O4 ) . 18

H2O

. Alum is widely

used as a coagulant in the water treatment palnts. Alum when added to raw
water reacts with the bicarbonate alkalinities, which is generally present in
raw supplies, so as to form a gelatinous precipitate (floc) of aluminum
hydroxide. This floc attracts the other fine particles and suspended matters,
and thus grows in size, and finally settles down to the bottom of the tank.
The amount of alum required for coagulation depends on the turbidity and
colour of raw water. The use of optimum amount of a coagulant is indicated
by formulation of large feathery flakes; and can be approximately
determined by laboratory testing which is adjusted with an actual result
obtained at the treatment plant. Alum or filter alum has provided to be very
effective coagulant and is now extensively used throughout the world. It is
quite cheap, forms an excellent stable floc, and does not require any skilled
supervision for handing. The water is obtained quite clear, as it helps in
reducing taste and colour of raw water in addition to removing of turbidity.
The main problem using the alum till recently was that it is difficult to
dewater the sludge formed and it is not easy to dispose it off, as it is found
unsuitable for filling low lying land. But now a days the recent research has
however, shown that it is possible to recover alum from this sludge, and it
can be reused for coagulation. The cost of the recovery is one fourth of the
cost of recovered alum. The only drawback in use of alum now, is that the
27

effective pH range for its use is small, i.e 6.5 to 8.5 and may, in many cases,
require the addition of external alkali salts, thereby rendering it costlier.

CALCULATE THE QUANTITY OF

CHEMICAL AND
DESIGN
OF CHEMICAL HOUSE
For a clear water the alum dose may be as low as 7 grms and in case of
muddy water from a canal it may be upto 50 grm for 1000 litres. The normal
amount used in practice varies b/w 15 to 20 grams per 1000 litres of raw
water.
In this case the raw water is coming from N.H.C to the inlet chamber
through pumping and that too settlement at NANGAL DAM hence alum dose
of 30 grams per 1000 liters of water during the maximum turbidity period
has been considerd sufficient.
6
= 15.89 10 liters/day

Daily requirement of water

Daily requirement of alum

15890000 30
1000 1000

= 476.70 kg/day

= say 480 kg
Storage weight for 3 months

= 480 30 3 = 43200 kg.

Density of alum in 39 lbs/cft.

Volume for 3 months

= 43200 2.2 = 95040 lbs

= 95040/39 = 2437 cft. Or 68.96 cum

Let height of stacks

= 3 meters

Floor area required

= 68.96/3 = 22.99 sq.m

Catering for 50% space for passage tec. Floor area of store.
28

Room size

23 + 11.50 = 34.50 sq.m

CONSITUTENTS OF A CAOGULATION
SEDIMENTAION PLANT
The coagulation sedimentation plant, sometime called a
coagulation plant or a clariflocculator, contains following parts:

simply

1. FEEDING DEVICE
2. MIXING DEVCIE OR MIXING BASIN
3. FLOCCULATION TANK OR FLOCCULATOR
4. SEDIMENTATION TANK OR SETTLING
The chemical coagulant is first of all (either dry or in solution form) into raw
water through the feeding device. This mixture is then thoroughly mixed
and agitated in the mixing device. The floc, which is formed as a result of
the chemical reaction taking pace in the mixed basin, is then allowed to
consolidate in flocculation tank. The flocculated water is finally passed into
sedimentation tank. The flocculated water is finally passed into the
sedimentation tank where these flocculated particles settle down and be
removed. The resultant water of low turbidity can be taken out through the
outlet of sedimentation tank, directly to Rapid sand filters, which do not
function with turbid water expected from plain sedimentation tanl. The
complete process of coagulation-sedimentation may help in removing
turbidites upto as low values as 10 to 20 mg/l. it also helps to reducing the
bacteria from the water. The requirement, design and other detail of the
different units of a coagulation sedimentation tank are described below:
1. FEEDING DEVICES
As pointed earlier, the chemical coagulant may be fed into raw
water either in a powder form or in a solution form. The former is
known as dry feeding and the latter is known as wet feeding. Wet
feeding equipment are generally costlier than dry feeding
29

equipment but they advantages that they can be easily controlled

and adjusted. The choice b/w these two types of equipments
depends upon the following factors:
a. The characterstics of coagulant and convenience with which it can be
applied. Chemicals which is clog or which is non uniform in composition
cannot be fed by dry feeding. For example, alum being fairly fine and
uniform in size, can be fed easily by dry feeding, but copperas may
give trouble in dry feeding because the water of crystallization present
in it, may change with temperature , thereby turning it into solid or a
sticky mass.
b. The amount of coagulant to be used. The amount of the coagulant to
be used is an important factor in choosing the type of feeding
arrangement. For example, if the dose of the coagulant is very small,
then for reason of accuracy, it must be fed in a solution.
c. The cost of the coagulant and the size of the plant. In a plant which
uses a great deal of coagulant, the chemical should be purchased in its
cheapest form and the plant should be equipped to use the chemical in
that form. The cost of the feeding machine is less important as
compared to the cost of the coagulant in large plant. Whereas, if the
plant is small, the cost of the feeding equipment may become the
governing factors and in that case, the chemical may be purchased in
dry form, because dry fed machine are cheaper.
The feeding device are two types
1. DRY FEEDING DEVICES
2. WET FEEDING DEVCIES

DRY FEEDING DEVICE

Which are used for dry feeding of the coagulant. There are number of
method for dry feeding. But generally following two methods are adopted.
In first method, a tank with a hopper bottom is formed. In order to prevent
the arching of the coagulant, agitating plates are paced in the tank. The
coagulant is filled in the tank and is allowed to fall in mixing basin as shown
in fig (A) Given below. The dose of the coagulant can be ragilated by
the speed of toothed wheel.

30

In the second method a dose of the coagulant can be regulated by a

helical screws. The seeed of both is controlled by connecting each to
venture device installed in the raw water pipes bringing the water to mixing
basin. The quantity of the coagulant to added is controlled in proportion to
the quantity of raw water entering the mixing basin as shown in fig (B).

WET FEEDING
In wet feeding the solution of required strength coagulant is prepared and
stored in tank, from where it is allowed to trickle down into mixing tank
through an outlet. The level of coagulant solution in the coagulant feeding
tank is maintained constant by means of float control valve in order to
ensure a constant rate of discharge for certain fixed rate of raw water flow
in the mixing basin. When the rate of inflow of raw water changes, the rate
of outflow of coagulant must be also change. In order tomake these flow in
proportion to each other a conical plug type arrangement as shown.

DESIGN OF ALUM SOLUTION FEED TANK

IT is proposed to provide a 3nos. soloution feed tank each of cater for 8
hours supply adopting strength of 10% and catering for 8 hours shift
capacity of feed tank.
=

480 100
= 1600 liters
3 10

Or= 1.60 cumec.

Now we provided a 3 nos alum tanks of internal dimensions of 1.30m x
1.30m with a assuming the depth of tank is 1.2 m and .3 m free board have
been proposed.

31

32

MIXING DEVCIE OR MIXING BASIN

After addition of the coagulant to the raw water, the mixture is thoroughly
and vigorously mixed, so that the coagulant gets fully dispersed into
entire mass of water. The violent agitation of water can be achieved by
means of mixing devices such as centrifugal pumps, compressed airs,
mixed basins, etc. out of these, mixing basin are most important and
normally adopted. There are two types of mixing basins;
a. Mixing basins with baffle walls
b. Mixing basins equipped with mechanical devices.

Mixing basins with baffle walls; in this case the mixing basins are
rectangular in shape and divided by baffles walls. The water follows
horizontally around the ends of baffle as shown in fig A. And water moves
vertically over and under the baffles as shown in fig B.

Mixing basins equipped with mechanical devices.; the mechanically

mixing basin provided the best type of mixing as also the flocculating type.
The chemical added to raw water is vigorously mixed and agitated by flash
mixer, and water is then transferred to a flocculation tank provided with a
slow mixer.
A typical mixing basin provided with a flash mixer is shown. It consists of a
rectangular tank which is provided with an impeller fixed to an impeller
shaft. The impeller is driven by an electric motor and it revolves at a high
speed inside the tank.
The coagulant is brought by the coagulant pipe and is discharge just
under the rotating fan. The raw water is separately brought from the inlet
end and is deflected towards the moving impeller by deflecting walls. The
thoroughly mixed water is taken out from outlet end. A drain valve is also
provided to remove the sludge from bottom of the flash mixers. The
impeller speed generally kept b/w 100 to 120 r.p.m and usual values of
detention period may vary 30 to 60 seconds.

33

We used a Mixing basins equipped with mechanical devices in our

treatment plant

Because we have required a large quantity of water

required daily.

DESISN OF FLASH MIXTURE

Detention period
Capacity of tank

= 30 seconds
= 15890 kilo liters

= 15890 x 30/60x60x24= 5.52 cumec

Provide 1 nos flash mixture of capacity = 5.52 cumec
Taking depth

= 3m

area required

= 5.52/3 = 1.84 m ( considering square flash

mixture chamber)
34

Size of chamber

= 1.84 = 1.36 m say 1.4 m x 1.4 m

Hence provision for 1 nos. flash mixture of size 1.4 m x 1.4 m with 3 mtrs
depth has been made.

FLOCCULATION TANK OR
FLOCCULATOR:
AS Was pointed out earlier the best flock will form when a mixture of
water and coagulant are violently agitated followed by a relatively slow
and gentle stirring to permit a build up and agglomeration of the floc
particles. From the mixing basin the water is therefore taken to a
flocculation tank called a flocculator, where it is given a slow stirring
motion. Rectangular tanks fitted with paddles operated by electric motors
can be serve this purposes, although even plain flocculation chamber with
a controlled flow velocities are also possible. Various patented floccultors
are now a days available in the market.
The paddles usually rotate at a speed of about 2 to 3 r.p.m. the usual
valves of detention period for this tank ranges b/w 30 to 60 minutes. The
clear distances b/w paddles and the wall or the floor of the tank about 15
to 30 cm.

35

COMBINED COAGULATION-CUM
SEDIMENTATION TANK
It has been possible to combine the flocculation chamber along with the
sedimentation tank. Such a tank is known as a coagulation sedimentation
tank. In such a tank, a plain floc-chamber without any mechanical devices
is provided before the water enters the sedimentation chamber. The
detention period for the floc-chamber is kept about 15 to 40 minutes, and
that for the settling tank, as about 2 to 4 hours. The depth in the floc
chamber may kept about half that of in the settling chamber. The water
from the mixing basin enters this tank, and clarified water comes out of
the outlet end. The design principles for such a tank are the same as
those applied to plain sedimentation tank except that they are kept

36

deeper. A depth varying from 3 to 6 m is generally provided. They may be

cleaned at intervals of about 6 months or so.

DESIGN CRITERIA
NO
.
1
2
3

DESCRIPTION

VALUES

DEPTH OF TANK
DETETNTION PERIOD IN FLOC-CHAMBER
DETETNTION PERIOD IN SEDIMENTATION
TANK

3 TO 6 M
15 TO 40 MIN.
2 TO 4 HOURS

37

DESIGN CACULATIONS
A. DESIGN OF SETTLING TANK
Assume the detention period is 2.5 hours
Daily consumption of water

6
= 15.89 mld=15.89 10

quantity of water to be treated during an assumed detention period

of 2.5 hours
15.89 10 6
24

x 2.5

6
3
= 1.65 15.89 10 =1.65 10 cu.m
3
Hence, the capacity of the tank required = 1.65 10 cu.m

2
Assuming an overflow rate of 1000 liters/hr/ m of plan area we get

Q/B.L= 1000
Alternatively, adopt the water depth as 3.5 m and get the plan area as
capacity
-= depth

Where

1.65 10 3
3.5

1.65 10
Q=
3.5

2
= 475 m

liters/hr

3
= 475 10 liters/hr

Hence plane area = B.L

2
= 475 m

Using the width of the tank is 12 m, we get

The length of the tank

= 475/12= 39. 50 m= say 42 m

38

Hence use tank of 42 m x 12 m x 3.5 m. provide extra depth for sudge

storage say 4.0 m depth at the starting end and 4.0 + 4.0/5.0 = 4.8 m at
the d/s end (using 1 in 50). Use a free board of .5 m above the water level.

FLOCUUATION TANK

39

DESIGN OF FLOC-CHAMBER
In addition to 42 m length of settling tank, the floc chambers at the entry
has to be provided.
Assume the depth in the tank = 3 m
Assume detention period = 30 min.
3

Capacity of the chamber =

The plan area req.

15.89 10 X 30
24 X 60

= 330 cu.m

2
= capacity/depth = 330/3 = 110 m

As the per design 3 floc. Chambers are provided to cover the plan area
which we calculate above so we provide the size of floc-chamber is 6.2 X
6.2 X 3m

40

MIXING OF ALUM IN RAW WATER

FILTERATION
Screening and sedimentation removes a large percentage of the suspended
solids and organic matter present in raw supplies. The percentage of
removal of fine colloidal matter increases when coagulant are also used
before sedimentation. But, how ever the resultant water will not be pure,
and many contain some very fine suspended particles (doiscrete, or
flocculated when coagulation is used) and bacterias, present in it. To
remove or to reduce the water is filtered through beds of fine granular
material, such as sands gravels etc. the process of passing the water
through beds of such granular material (called filter) is known as filtration.
Filtration may help in removing colour, odour, turbidity and pathogenic
bacteria from water. The three types of filter are commonly used in
treatment plant:

41

FILTER
1. SLOW SAND GRAVITY FILTER
2. RAPID SAND GRAVITY FILTER
3. PRESSURE FILTER

42

SLOW SAND GRAVITY FILTER

Slow sand filters were firstly devised when the process of filteration
was invented in England by James Simpson in 1829. They were widely
used since then, till the last decade 19 th century when Rapid sand Filter
were invented. Their use has since decresed and they are becoming
obsolete these days. However, they may still be preffered on smaller
plants at warm places, where covers on filters are not required to
protect the filters from frezzing. Sow sand filters normally utilize
effluents from plain sedimentation tank and are used for relatively
clearer waters.

SLOW SAND FILTERS

PRESSURE FILTER
Pressure filters are just like small rapid gravity filters placed in closed
vessels, and through which water to be treated is passed under pressure.
Since the water is forced through such filters at a pressure greater than
atmospheric pressure, it is necessary that these filters are located in air
tight vessel. The raw water is pumped into the vessel by means of
pumps. The pressure so developed may normally vary b/w 30 to 70 meter
head of water.

43

RAPID SAND FILTERS

As slow sand requires more space, labour and cost. Moreover their
filtration rate is low. The solution of these problem either by increasing
the size of sand grain or by allowing the water to pass under pressure
through the filter media.
In 1900-1910, the rapid sand filters were developed in U.S.A. in these
type of filters, the size of sand grain is increased and hence rate of
infiltration is increased.
Rapid sand filters consist of:
1. Enclosure tank
2. Filter media.
3. Under drainage system.
4. Miscellaneous appurtenances.
1. Enclosure tank
It is an open water tight rectangular tank made of masonary or
cement concrete. Its depth varies from 2.5 -4 m. the surface area in
pan varies from 20 100 sq.m for each unit. The unit of rapid sand
filter are arranged in series.
2. Filter media.
The sand bed basically the filter media consist of a sand layers. The
effective size of sand particles varies from .35 to .5 mm and
coefficient of uniformity lies b/w 1. 2 to 1.65. the fine particles are

44

placed at the top and coarse particles at the bottom of sand bed. In
this way rate of infiltration increases.
Gravel as base material is provided to support the sand bed. It also
distributes the wash water and prevents the sand particles from
entering the under drains pipes. The gravel is placed in 5or 6 layers
each of thickness 10 15 cm. the total thickness varies from 60 to
90 cm. the size of gravel varies from 2.5 cm at to .5 cm at top.
3. Under drainage system.
In case of rapid sand filters, under drain system serves the following
purpose:
a. It receives and collects the filtered water.
b. It allows the backwashing for cleaning the filter.
The system should be designed to serve the above purpose effectively. It
should be capable of passing the wash water upward at high rate and this
rate should not exceed the settling velocity of the smallest particles to
retain the filter. As the velocity ranges b/w .3 to .9 m/min/sq.m
There for rate of back wash is about 300 900 liters/min/sq.m filter area.
4. Miscellaneous appurtenances.
The following appurtenances in addition to those for slow sand filters
are provided in the rapid sand filter.
a. Flow rate controller: it is fitted at the outlet end of each filter unit
for obtaining the uniform rate of flow irrespective of the loss of
head through filters.
b. Air compressor: the sand particles are agitated during the back
washing either by mechanical rakes or water jet or compressed
air. If air is used, then air compressor unit should be installed.
c. Wash water troughs: these are used for collecting dirty water after
washing of filters. Their bottom is kept above sand bed by
distances of about half the depth of sand because sand is likely to
expand by 50% during back wash. The bottom is about 4.4 to 7.5
cm above the bed of sand. They are placed at a distance of about
1.45 1.95 m apart.

45

WORKING

1. Valve no. 4 is opened and water is allowed to enter the filters from the
coagulated sedimentation tank.
2. Valve no. 1 is opened to carry the filtered water to filtered storage
tank.

46

All the other valves are kept closed when rapid sand filters is in working.
The loss of head is small in the beginning but increases after passage of
time which shows that the bed has clogged and it requires washing.
Washing of filter
1. Valve no. 1 and 4 are closed.
2. Valve no. 5 and 6 opened. The wash water forced in the upward
direction through the under drainage system, gravel and sand layers.
Compressed air is also supplied which assist the cleaning process
fiters.
3. Valve no. 5 is closed and no. 3 is opened. It carries a dirty water
through inlet chamber of wash water drains.
4. Valve no. 3 and 6 are closed and 4 and 2 are opened when washing of
filter is over. It is done to condition the filters when filter is put into use
after washing.
5. Valve no. 2 is closed and valve 1 is opened in order to put the filter in
normal working. condition

DESIGN CALCULATION
Water required per day = 15.89 M.L
6
= 15.89 X 10 Liters

Or

Water demand per hours (ignoring the time lost in cleaning)

15.89 10 6
24

3
litres/hr. =662 X 10 liters/hr.

Rate of filtration

= 6000 litres/hr/sq.m

Area of filter beds required

=

water demand
rate of filteration

662 10 3
6000

sq. m = 110 sq.m

Since three units required to be designed

47

The area of each units

Assuming

= 110/3 = 36.67 sq.m

L = 1.5 B, we have

2
1.5 B = 36.67

B2

= 24.44
= 24.47 = 4.94 m say 5 m

Therefore

L = 1.5 X 5 = 7.5 m

So provide 5 m width X 7.5 M length. Hence three units of size 7.5 m X 5 M

are reqd. In which one filter as stand by for breakdowns, repairs or a
cleaning operation.

WATER COMING FROM SEDIMENTAION TANK

48

RAPID SAND FILTER WHEN WORKING

RAPID
SAND FILTER WHEN NOT IN WORKING

49

COMPLETE ARRANGEMENT OF RAPID SAND FILTERS

IN ROOM

CHLORINATION
Treatment process such as aeration, plain sedimentation, sedimentation
coagulation, filtration would render the water chemically and aesthetically
acceptable with some reduction in pathogenic bacterial content. However,
the forgoing the treatment method do not ensure 100% removal of
pathogenic bacteria, hence it become necessary to dininfect the water to
kill the pathogenic bacteria.
Disinfection should not only renove the existing bacteria from the water but
also ensure their their immediate killing even afterward. In the distribution
system, chemical which is used as disinfect must , therefore be able to give
the residual sterilizing effect for a long period, thus affording some
protection against recontamination, in addition to this, it should be
harmless, unobjectionable to taste, economical and measurable by simple
test. Chlorine satisfies above said to more than the other disinfectant and
hence it widely used.
50

DESIGN CRITERIA
NO.
1.

DESCRIPTION
Chlorine dose

VALUES
1.4mg/L ( rainy season)
1.0 mg/L (winter
season )
0.6 mg/L ( summer
season)

2.
3.

Residual chlorine
Contact period

.1 to.2 mg/L (minimum)

20 TO 30 MIN.

DEISGN CALCUATION
Rate of chorine required, to distinct the water be 2 p.p.m
6
6
Chlorine required per day = 15.89 x 10 x 1.4 x 10

= 22.246 kg.
For 6 months

= 22.246 x 180
= 4004.28 kg

Number of cylinder ( one cylinder contain 16 kg) = 4004.28 x2/16

= 500.535
Number of cylinder per day

= 2 cylinders of 16 kg
51

SUMMARY
NO.
1
2

DESCRIPTION
Chlorine required per day
Number of cylinder per day

VALUES
22.246 kg
2 cylinders of 16 kg

STORAGE TANK
A distribution reservoir are also called a service reservoir are the storage
reservoir which are stored the treated water for supplying the same during
emergencies and also in absorbing the hourly fluctuation in water demand.
Depending upon the elevation of ground select te which type of reservoir
should be required either underground or elevated tank. In our project we
select the underground storage tank because is supply the water directly
into pumping units from where water to be supplied by pumps to consumer.
STORAGE CAPACITY
Ideally the total storage capacity of the distribution reservoir is the
summation of (1) balancing reserve (2) breakdown reserve (3) fire reserve.
The balancing storage capacity of resrervoir can be worked out from the
data of hourly consumption of water for town/city by either mass curve
52

method or analytica method. In the absence of availability of the data of

hourly demand of water the capacity of reservoir is usually 1/3 or of daily
average suplly.
UNDERGROUND STORAGE RESERVIOR
A. GENERAL
The reservoir is used for storing the filtered water which is now fit for
drinking. From this the water is pumped to consumer normally the
capacity of reservoir depends upon the type of pump and hour of
pumping during a day. If the pump works for 24 minutes then the
capacity of this reservoir may be b/w 3o minutes to 1 hours.
B. DESIGN CRITERIA
1. Detention time
= 1 to 4 hours
2. Free board
= .4 to .6 m
C. DESIGN CALCULATIONS
Assuming that the pumps to be worked for 6 hours
Capacity of underground reservoir=6hrs capacity of average demand
= Qavg. X detention time
6
3
= 15.89 mld X 6 X 10 x 10 /24
3

=3975 m
Assuming 6 compartments
Let depth 4 m
Area tank

2
= 993.75 m

2
Area of each compartment
= 165.62 say 166 m
Dimension
= 13 x 13 m
Free board
= .5 m
Provide a 6 compartments of 13 x 13 x 4.5 m
SUMMARY

NO
.
1

DESCRIPTION
Capacity of reservoir

2
3
4
5

Total depth
Compartment
Size
Detention time

VALUES
3
3975 m

4.5 m
6
13m x 13m x 4.5m
6 hours

53

l
CLEAR WATER GOING TO STORAGE TANK

54

ELEVATED RESERVIOR
Elevated reservoir has been used for back washing of treatment units after
a sometime to prevent the units from clogging or reduces the filtration
capacity Provision has been made for back washing of filters units with
compressed air as well as clear water. Total water consumed for back
washing will be 2% and taking a capacity of back washing tank for back
washing one filter bed at a time i.e. 1/3 of total requirement of back
washing. It is proposed to construct 30000 gallons capacity RCC back wash
storage OHSR with 4.3 m height and 11.25 m diameter

Assuming the capacity of reservoir = 1/10 of the underground reservoir

3
= 397.5 m

Free board

= .3 m

Overall depth

=4m

Diameter

397.5 X

4
X 4

=11.24 M say 11.

25m
Provide a 1 elevated reservoir with 11.25 diameter and depth 4.3 m
N
O
1
2
3

DESCRIPTION

VALUES

Number of tanks
Diameter of tank
Depth of tank

1
11.25 m
4.3 m

55

56

CONCLUSION
The designed project deals with the design of a conventional water
treatment plant having a perennial river as a source. The design has been
done for the predicted population of 2876 expected after 30 years (2012 to
2042) . Although this project and its data is totally hyphothetical, this
exercise will help us when me may come across the same design in future.

The above treatment of water makes its possible to safe guard to the health
of the people.

57

REFERENCE
1. S.K GARG
ENGINEERING"
Khanna publisher NEW Delhi 1984

WATER SUPPLY

2. DR. B.C PUNMIA

ENGINEERING
LAXMI PUBLICATIONS

WATER SUPPLY

3. GOOGLE SEARCH

58