KYOTO Protocol..

COPs and UNFCC

2011 -- COP 17th -- CMP (meetingof paries to Kyoto ) 7th @ Durban.

2012 --- COP 18th and 8th -- Doha.

2013 -- COP 19th , CMP 9th -- Warsaw.

COP @ Durban :

second commitment period of Kyoto 2013 to Dec, 2017 or 2020.

Japan, Russia and Canada refused to join second commitment period.

Green Climate fund -- support project, policies, progeam in developing nations, start
operation in 2013.

Web registry --- record for developing nations that seek assistance in recognition and
finance.

COP @ Doha :
o

Second commitment period from 2013 to 2020.

US $100 billion to developing nations by 2020

Green climate fund (launched at Cancun 2010) -- to start from 2014 office @ Sangdo,
Incheon South Korea.

Assigned Amount Units AAU--- carry over for second period.

Selling AAU -- but seller must be in second period.

COP @ Warsaw :
o

REDD+ --- Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation -- cash to developing
nations --- since 2005 -- agreed to @ COP 19th

REDD+ ---- Global Carbon Partenership facility, including world bank's forest Investment
program, sustainable management of forest, conservation of forest.

REDD --- only UN and just for Deforestation

India's Stand :

National Action Plan Climate Change -- NAPCC.

Solar energy --- 20,00 MW by 2020

Coal cess -- National Clean Energy Fund -- Rs. 50 / tonne of coal

Reduce emission intensity by our GDP by 2020 by 25%.

On HFCs :--

Montreal protocol -- 1987 -- phase out Ozone depleting substances -- CFCs,

HCFCs.

Oppose to include HFCs under binding legally.

Outcomes :
o

2015 -- Paris ,, to outline plan to do after 2020.

"Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage" IMLD --- disaster victims in
developing nations aid from developed nations.

United Nations Environment Program ... UNEP

Under UN -- 1972

UNGA elect UNEP governing council member.

HQ -- Nairobi, Kenya.

2 programs :

Earth Watch --- Keeps surveillance on environment.

Global Environment Outlook GEO --- publish report --- 5th report in 2012

1992 --- Earth summit @ Rio --o

Convention on Biological Diversity CBD --- protect biodiversity.

UNFCC -- Reverse climate change

Agenda 21 --- Sustainable development.

CBD : leads to
o

Cartagena Protocol --- on Biosafety --- signed in 200 but w.e.f. -- 2003

Nagoya Protocol and Aichi Targets --- 10th COP --- Nagoya -- 2010

w.e.f. -- 1993

HQ --- Montreal, Canada, under UNEP.

Objectives :

Protect Biodiversity -- COP - Aichi Targets.

Safe Use of BioTechnology -- Cartagena.

Stop Unfair Use of Genetic resource --- Nagoya.

state to create National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans-- NBSAP.

Finance --- Global Environment Facility GEF from World bank, UN, rich countries.

11th COP --- Hydrabad --- 2012.

USA -- no party to CBD

2014 -- COP 12th --- Pyeong Chang South Korea.

India --- Biological Diversity Act 2002 --- w.e.f. --- 2004.

Aichi Targets :
o

20 targets for 2011-2020..

Address cause of biodiversity loss.

Reduce direct pressure on biodiversity and promote sustainable use.

safeguard ecosystems, species and genetic diversity.

Biodiversity benefits to all.

Participatory planning, capacity building.

A Hyderabad 2012 COP 11th :

o

6th meeting of Parties to Cartagena protocol on biosafety --- A Hyderabad 2012.

Logo -- By NID, Ahmedbad

Moto -- Nature if She is Protected.

Outcome :

Developed countries --- double funding to meet Aichi Targets by 2015.

Developing -- additional cash, India's contribution -- US $ 50 million.

Focus on Ocean, Marine biodiversity i.e. -- attention to Sargasso Sea (Middle of

North Atlantic Ocean), Tonga Archipelago (South Pacific Ocean), and key corals
sites of Coast of Brazil.

Protected Planet 2012 -- Report by UNEP --- findings -- half of world rich
biodiversity unprotected and 8 million sq. km. of marine and coastal --- to meet
Aichi target.--- players to UNGA -- amend UNCLOS

National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plan Forum -- launched by UNEP,

UNDP, GEF, CBD.

Adoped --- Hyderabad Bushmeat (meat of buffalo, chimpanzee)

recommendation for sustainable use.

Maldives --- make entire nation Biosphere Reserve under MAB--- Man And
Biosphere program.

Biodiversity Museum in Hyderabad.

To institute Rajiv Gandhi International Award for Harnessing Biodiversity for

Livelihood.

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna

and Flora... CITES

HQ -- Geneva

to stop illicite trade of wildlife.

Cause for illegal trade -- traditional medicine from plants and animals.

it has not any enforcing authority.

Species in 3 catagories :
o
Appendix I --- 1000 plants and animals --- totally banned.
o
Appendix II --- Need to get license to exports.
o
Appendix III -- Includes at request of one state but needs cooperation of other
countries.to prevent trade.

Parties to make laws to regulate import or export

Establish license authority

Appendix are counter productive.

National Automotive Borad.. NAB.

Objectives :
o

to facilitate interaction between govt. and automobile sector.

Specially -- for growth of hybrid and electric vehicles in country

promote research and development in automobile sector.

help in National Mission for Electric Mobility NMEM and Intelligent Transport System
ITS.

Finance from --- tax on Automobile industry.

NMEM :
o

Road-map for achieving significant penetration of electric vehicle in Indian market by

2020

Dept. of Heavy Industry -- responsibility.

ITS :
o

Applications of computer & communication technologies to help traffic and transport

problem.

wireless traffic control system.

Intelligent Transit Trip Planner and real-time route info. via SMS / web portal.

Auto red-light violation detection system using CCTV.

finance -- Min. of communication and IT.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change... IPCC

HQ --- Geneva.

International body for assessment of climate change.

By UN Environment program UNEP and World Meteorological Organization WMO in 1998.

195 countries are member.

Assessment Report 1990, 1995, 2001, 2007.

World Trade Organization....

Tariff Barriers :--- Govt. tax on imports / exports.

Non-Tariff : --- subsidies / preferences over foreign companies.

total 19 agreements but only three are imp.

GATT --- Annex Services :

Natural person --- Temporary Visas.

Airlines --- Repair, maintenance, Reservation.

Telecom --- no discrimination against foreign players.

Annex #1 -- GATT
o

SCM -- Subsidies & counter veiling measure

Ban --- if state giving subsidies to export then importing state can ban.

Can put counter veiling duty

No action.

Services -- GATS
o

Sanitary / Phytosanitary measures -- can have own quality control, but it should be
scientific. (SPS)

Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT) --- can ban if dangerous to health

TRIPS -- no provision.

Evolution :

1944 -- Bretton Woods Conference --- failed.

1947 -- GATT established.

1986 --- Uruguay Round of Talks

1994 --- Marakesh, Morraco meet -- all nations signed on agreement & WTO established

w.e.f. -- 1 Jan, 1995

2004 -- 148 countries are members.

Time to developed nations to make law --- 1 yr.

Time to developing nations to make law --- 5 yrs.

Time to least developed nations to make law -- 11 yrs., extended for Pharma upto
2016.

Information Technology Agreement ITA :

o

Multilateral Agreement on Investment MAF. ;

o

1996 --- eliminate tariff to zero in computer reated production.

MNC to get right to establish business in any country without any discrimination.

Agreement on Textile Clothing :

o

eliminate MFA (Multi-Fiber Agreement) ---UK was putting quantitative restriction on

Indian Cotton.

Every state is MFN.

can form any group --- FTA.

can give special favour to 3rd world.

can impose high import duty --- if dumping.

WTO -- Dispute should dissolve in 18 month.

Doha Round, Qatar -- Doha Development Agenda.

o

4th ministerial conference of WTO Nov. 2001

Output -- SPS Annex added under GATT ( on farm product )

and TRIPS -- laws made in support of existing medicines and public health.

Doha Round failed :

o

India's Stand :--- Allowing countries to impose special tariff on certain agricultural goods
in event of import surge / price fall.

Shanghai Cooperation Orgaization.... SCO

Established in 1996 as "Shanghai 5" with members China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan --- and Uzbekistan 2001.

India received Observer status in 2005 @ Astana Kazakhstan summit.

Main focus on security issues --- Afghan Post 2014.

India's entry in SCO :

o

member countries are rich in energy resources i.e. Uranium and hydrocarbon

Stabilizing Afghan post 2014.

India's connect Central Asia Policy -- enhance regional economic prosperity and security