Professional Documents
Culture Documents
4 - 19
Analogy
Quick Glance
Reading Focus
How does society define education?
What is the functionalist perspective on education?
How do sociologists view education through the conflict perspective?
How do interactionist sociologists look at education?
In Class Activity
How do we learn what
it means to be
Pakistani?
Defining Education
A societys future largely depends on the successful socialization of
new members.
Defining Education
Functionalist view: Studies the ways in which education aids
society
Conflict view: Studies the ways in which education maintains
the imbalance of power in society
Interactionist view: Studies the face-to-face interaction of the
classroom.
Transmission of Culture
Social Integration
Occupational Placement
Tracking
Tracking: Involves the assignment of
students to different types of
educational programs
Classroom instructions used in the
different tracks serve to reproduce the
status quo.
Social Control
Schools produce unquestioning
citizens who accept the basic
inequalities of the social system.
Hidden curriculum: Schools
transmission of cultural goals that are
not openly acknowledged.
How do schools
contribute to social
justice?
Such fears are generated by violent incidents such as the Columbine High
School shootings.
In 2005 about 10 percent of boys and 3 percent of girls were threatened or
injured by a weapon at school.
Schools seem to be safer for students than being off campus.
Zero tolerance policies involve set punishmentsoften expulsionand no
leniency for serious offenses such as carrying a weapon, committing a
violent act, or possessing drugs or alcohol.
Some educators believe that the best way to curb school violence is to
teach young people how to resolve disputes peacefully.
Pakistan Education
Sector Reforms Efforts
Government of Pakistan
Ministry of Education
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
44
55
32
53
65
40
46.6
57.2
35.1
55
65
45
Urban
63.7
69.8
56.7
72
80
62
Rural
25.7
37.9
12.2
38
56
18
Total
45.3
54.5
34.8
56
68
41
NWFP
35.4
51.4
18.8
45
64
26
Balochistan
24.8
34.0
14.1
37
52
19
Pakistan
Punjab
Sindh
Sources:
Population Census, 1998 and Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement (PSLM) Survey 2004-05
46
Educational
Institutions
NonEnrolment
Functional
Teaching
Staff
Pakistan
227,791
12,737
33,379,578
1,356,802
Punjab
110,459
2,742
18,298,608
716,768
Sindh
51,006
7,442
6,552,795
290,749
NWFP
37,761
1,781
5,206,932
198,893
Balochistan
10,986
306
1,110,162
50,893
ICT
1,189
23
390,888
19,387
FATA
5,145
123
605,437
22,079
Northern
Area
3,977
128
354,962
15,196
AJK
7,268
192
859,794
42,837
47
Province
Without
Boundary
Wall
2000
2005
Without
Drinking
Water
2000
2005
Without
Electricity
2000
2005
without
Washrooms
2000
2005
Without
Building
2000
2005
Pakistan 72865 53,481 56,094 46,766 99,597 81,633 78,655 57,216 21,126 9,776
Punjab
6,946 3,433
Sindh
9,834 4,001
NWFP
9,774
2,201
1,214
Balochistan
7,656
5,447
9,010
5,621
2,152
6,950
8,738
6,137
1,481
585
63
51
54
32
41
20
56
39
06
FATA
1,839
1,275
1,852
2,013
1,797
2,045
1,839
2,079
110
292
FANA
910
748
492
1,085
903
1,033
1,126
738
104
36
1,765
3,769
1,118
2,965
1,614
3,531
1,774
2,783
444
215
ICT
AJK
48
Private
Boys
Girls
Mixed
# of
Institutions
227791
57868
48475
121448
151,744
50,265
41878
59,601
76,047
6,597
7,602
61,847
Ministry of Education
Higher Education Commission
Other Federal Ministries
Punjab
Sindh
NWFP
Balochistan
AJK
FATA
FANA
Total (Public Sector)
Total (Private Sector)
Grand Total
GDP(mp) (Economic survey 2005-06) on
current factor cost.
Education Budget as % of GDP
*Estimated
2000-01
5.08
2.90
31.39
16.16
11.35
4.73
2.25
1.49
0.49
75.88
12.00
87.88
2005-06
6.8
22.20
7.40
60.75
28.90
18.23
8.86
3.75
2.10
0.98
160.00
35.91
195.91
2006-07
9.55
27.58
7.59
83.97
39.92
23.68
9.63
4.63
3.78
1.39
211.77
40.69*
252.46
3,863
7,713
2.27%
2.53%
Source: Details of demands for grants and appropriations 2006-07, GoP, Finance Div. Budget books of the Govt. of Punjab, Sindh, NWFP,
Balochistan and AJ&K for 2006-07. Official communications from various Federal Ministries/Divisions addressed to the MoE. Official
Communications from the District Governments to the MoE.
50
Reforms Undertaken
1. Uniform academic session from 1st of September
2007 throughout the country.
2. Free education upto Matriculation.
3. Provision of free textbooks.
4. Grant of scholarships and incentives to female
students.
5. English language compulsory from Class-1
onwards.
6. Composite examination at Matric level
throughout the country from 2007, province of
Sindh will adopt it in 2008.
7. Provision of missing facilities in schools through
PESR (Rs. 1.05 billion for 2006-07).
Continue
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9.
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Education for a
Global
Community
What is Globalization?
Interconnectedness among
people and states, by virtue
of:
Economic systems
Environmental systems
Communication systems
Political systems
Social systems
1985-1991
Globalization
Integration and webs
International loyalties
All are competitors
Multi-person
communication
technologies, e.g., the
Internet, cable TV
technology gives
individuals more power
nation-states;
Characteristics of a Global
Classroom
Pedagogies: Old and New
Traditional practices
Developmentally appropriate practices,
collaborative and cooperative projects
Creative use of technology
Broad use of maps, local and national
newspapers, taped television programs,
United Nations materials
Requirements of Teaching a
Globally Oriented Curriculum
Global perspective must be integrated
throughout the school curriculum.
Instructional methods and materials must
emphasize intercultural interaction and
culturally appropriate methods of instruction
and assessment.
Ethical Issues
Fair allocation of available resources in the
school
Consideration of local families and communities
when discussing global concerns
The need to balance advocacy with inquiry
The length of time devoted to new ideas
(changing attitudes takes time!)
Announcement
Reading Focus
What is a sociological definition of religion?
What are the functions of religion?
How do sociologists analyze the nature of religion?
In Class Activity
Social Control
Emotional Support
Helps people endure disappointment and suffering by providing a
comfort in believing that harsh circumstances have a special purpose
Attempts to provide answers to the questions concerning life and
death
Example?
Belief Systems
Organizational Structures
Ecclesia: Structured bureaucratic
organization, closely allied with the
government, whose officials are highly
trained and wield considerable power
Denomination: Well-established
religious organization in which a
substantial number of the population
are members
Sect: Relatively small religious
organization that typically has split off
from a denomination because of
differences concerning beliefs
Cult: New religion whose beliefs differ
markedly from those of the societys
major religions
Religious Participation
Although the majority of Americans claim a religious preference,
only about one-third of people attend religious services on a
regular basis.
Religiosity
Secular