Version 1 KEY

Spring 2015 Stat 202

Exam 2

Page 1 of 9

PROBLEM SCENARIO 1: Teaching a Manual Dexterity Skill to Pre-Schoolers

Fine motor control of the hands and fingers is an important milestone for little children.
Such motor control skills are often taught in pre-school, but outcome might differ
depending on the teacher.
One particular study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of three pre-school
teachers in teaching a certain motor skill. The subjects, 105 pre-school students, are each
randomly assigned to one of three teachers. The outcome (the response) is a measure of
motor skill (higher is better) as measured by an outside expert who did not know to which
teacher each child was assigned.
The variables in this study are therefore:
Teacher: A, B, or C
Skill: the motor skill level achieved by the end of the study
Refer to the output on page 1 3 of the output packet
to answer the following questions

1 (a)

Let C represent the mean skill level for children taught by teacher C. Based on
the data, what is the value of this parameters estimate?
[3 pts]
105.14 (the computed mean for group C, shown in the ANOVA output)

1 (b)

Based on the output for scenario 1, use the output as appropriate to determine
whether there any evidence of violation of the normality assumption, and
complete the following statement:
[9 pts]
the p-value on the probability plot

Since

.285

is / is not

[fill in the blank

with appropriate value]

therefore there

is / is not

[circle one]

less than

.05

[fill in the blank

with appropriate value]

evidence of violation of the normality condition.

[circle one]

[questions for PROBLEM SCENARIO 1 continues on next three pages]

Version 1 KEY

Spring 2015 Stat 202

Exam 2

1 (c)

Page 2 of 9

Based on the output for scenario 1, use the output as appropriate to determine
whether there any evidence of violation of the equal spread assumption, and
complete the following statement:
[9 pts]

Since

largest s
smallest s

28.91
21.94

1.3

[fill in the blank

with appropriate value
or appropriate calculation]

therefore there is / is not

is / is not
[circle one]

less than

.2.

[fill in the blank

with appropriate value]

evidence of violation of the equal spread assumption.

[circle one]

1 (d)

Conduct the ANOVA F test as follows:

State the hypotheses, using the appropriate parameter symbol(s):

[6 pts]

H0: A = B = C
H A : The s are not all equal.

Compute the ANOVA F statistic [show any work you perform]:

[6 pts]

2463/2
1231.5
=
= 1.73
72564/102 711.41

Give the p-value, then state the conclusion, in context:

p-value = .182
cannot reject null hypothesis
cannot conclude the means differ
(or equivalently, cannot conclude any teacher effect)

[questions for PROBLEM SCENARIO 1 continues on next two pages]

[6 pts]

Version 1 KEY

Spring 2015 Stat 202

Exam 2

1 (e)

What percent of the variability in Skill can be accounted for by the Teacher
effect alone (without taking into account any other variables)? [Show any
calculation you perform.]
[4 pts]

R2 =

1 (g)

Page 3 of 9

SS Teacher
2463
=
= .033 or 3.3%
SS Total
75028

In order to help detect a Teacher effect (if it exists), the researchers decided to
include the covariate Age of the student (in months) and to use ANCOVA. Was
this approach successful in detecting a significant Teacher effect? Say yes or no,
and support your answer with the appropriate numerical value.
[3 pts]

Yes .
In the ANCOVA output (on p. 3 of the packet), the teacher p-value is .011

1 (h)

ANCOVA also adjusts the means of the response (Skill) in light of the initial
differences in the covariate (Age).
Find the adjusted mean of Skill for the group taught by teacher C. Show your
calculation.
[6 pts]

YC (adjusted) = 105.14 + (25.114 - 24.114)(3.0544) = 105.14+1(3.0544) = 108.19

Cs raw mean

mean of
covariate
(p. 2 of output)

Cs
slope between
covariate
Y and covariate
average
(p. 3 of output)
(p. 2 of output)

[questions for PROBLEM SCENARIO 1 continues on next page]

Spring 2015 Stat 202

Exam 2

Version 1 KEY

Page 4 of 9

To better understand the Teacher effect on Skill, look at the pairwise comparisons.

1 (i)

State the confidence interval for C B , and interpret it in context.

[6

pts]

( 2.394, 28.97)
We are 95% confident that the mean score with teacher C is between 2.39 and
28.97 higher than the mean score with teacher B.
Remark: The confidence interval is just lifted directly from the output.
If you tried to duplicate it, you probably wouldnt get the same thing, because
(a) Minitab uses the corrected means, and (b) Minitab adjusts the confidence
percentage to account for multiple comparisons.

1 (j)

Which pair(s) of means are not significantly different?

The pair (A, B) is not significantly different.

[Because the confidence interval for B A contains zero]

[3 pts]

Spring 2015 Stat 202

Exam 2

Version 1 KEY

Page 5 of 9

PROBLEM SCENARIO 2: Learning With the Fishes

A longstanding psychological question is whether memory is context dependent; that is,
do people recall things better in an environment similar to where they learned
them?
A now-classic experiment to address this question was conducted by Godden and
Baddeley in the 1970s*. It had been previously observed that deep sea divers (who need
to perform mental tasks under water, for instance to keep track of depth and time) seemed
to have trouble recalling what they had learned once they got back on land. This
informal observation gave the researchers the idea for their study.
* Context-Dependent Memory in Two Natural Environments: On Land and Underwater. Godden D. and Baddeley A., 1975.
British Journal of Psychology, 66 (3), 325-31.

In the experiment, subjects who were members of a diving team were asked to study a list
of words either on land or under water (wearing SCUBA gear) and then were given a
recall test (which could either be administered on land or under water). So the
experiment manipulated the environment in which the subjects studied, as well as
manipulating the environment in which the subjects were tested. The measured response
was the number of words recalled.
There are therefore two factors in the experiment:
Study: Where the subject studied the words [Dry (on land) or Wet (under water)]
Test: Where the subject was tested [Dry (on land) or Wet (under water)]
The response is Score: The number of words the subject recalled.
20 subjects were randomly assigned to each combination of the levels of the two factors
(4 combinations, total of 80 subjects).
Refer to the output on page 4 of the output packet
to answer the following questions
2 (a)

Which one of the following is the design of the study?

(i) ANCOVA
(ii) One-way repeated-measures ANOVA
(iii) Regular (non-repeated-measures) two-way ANOVA
(iv) Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA
(v) Two-Way Mixed ANOVA design, with Study repeated, but with Test not repeated.
(vi) Two-Way Mixed ANOVA design, with Test repeated, but with Study not repeated.

[questions for PROBLEM SCENARIO 2 continue on the next two pages]

[4 pts]

Spring 2015 Stat 202

Exam 2

2 (b)

Version 1 KEY

Page 6 of 9

For each of the following different ways the study could have been designed, fill
in the blanks with the appropriate numbers, assuming we still want to have 20
subjects in each of the 2x2 treatment groups.
[Note, one of these is the actual way the study was designed.]

Repeated-measures two-factor ANOVA:

[3 pts]

In this design, each subject would experience ___2____ study environment(s)

and ___2____ test environment(s);
this study design would have a total of ___20____ subjects.

Regular (non-repeated-measures) two-factor ANOVA:

[3 pts]

In this design, each subject would experience ___1____ study environment(s)

and ___1____ test environment(s);
this study design would have a total of ___80____ subjects.

Mixed ANOVA design, with Study repeated, but with Test not repeated:
[3 pts]

In this design, each subject would experience ___2____ study environment(s)

and ___1____ test environment(s);
this study design would have a total of __40____ subjects.

Mixed ANOVA design, with Test repeated, but with Study not repeated:
[3 pts]

In this design, each subject would experience ___1____ study environment(s)

and ___2___ test environment(s);
this study design would have a total of ___40_____ subjects.
[questions for PROBLEM SCENARIO 2 continue on the next page]

Spring 2015 Stat 202

Exam 2

2 (b)

Version 1 KEY

Page 7 of 9

Do the data provide evidence that the Test effect is significantly dependent on the
Study effect? Say yes or no, and support your answer with the appropriate
numerical value from the relevant part of the output.
[4 pts]
Yes . The p-value for the interaction is 0.000

2 (c)

Find an appropriate 95% confidence interval for deciding if there is a significant

Test effect when studying is done wet (show your calculation); and then say
whether or not there is a significant effect (and briefly say how youre using the
interval to draw your conclusion).
[6 pts]

The relevant means come from the wet column on p. 4 of the output:
(11.67.95) 2(2.674)

1
20

+ 201

= 3.65 1.69
= ( 1.96, 5.35), which is significantly higher than zero

Spring 2015 Stat 202

Exam 2

Version 1 KEY

Page 8 of 9

PROBLEM SCENARIO 3: Comparing Mufflers

The Octel company invented a new kind of muffler and wanted to determine if it was as
effective as the standard existing muffler in reducing noise. So an experiment was
conducted.
The company obtained 18 automobiles, of three different sizes (6 compact, 6 midsize,
and 6 fullsize). Each size automobile was tested once with the standard muffler and
tested again with the experimental muffler. [The order of muffler was randomized to
eliminate carryover effects.] All the cars were run under standard conditions, and the
noise (in decibels) was measured as the response.
To summarize:
There are two factors in this study:
Size: The size of automobile (compact, midsize, or fullsize)
Type: The type of muffler (standard, or experimental)
and the response is:
Noise: In decibels (higher representing more noise and thus worse)
Refer to the output on page 5 6 of the output packet
to answer the following questions

3 (a)

Which of the following is the best description of the analysis appropriate for the
study?
[4 pts]
(i) Two-factor repeated-measures ANOVA.
(ii) Regular (non-repeated-measures) ANOVA.
(iii) Mixed ANOVA design, with Type repeated, but with Size not repeated.
(iv) Mixed ANOVA design, with Size repeated, but with Type not repeated.

3 (b)

Which of the four analyses (I, II, III, or IV) shown on page 5 of the output packet
is the correct analysis for this study?
[4 pts]
Output I

[questions for PROBLEM SCENARIO 3 continue on the next page]

Spring 2015 Stat 202

Exam 2

3 (c)

Version 1 KEY

Page 9 of 9

Based on the appropriate analysis that you should have chosen in (b), report on
the significance of the results.
You can phrase your answer like:
There is (is not) significant ......., (F = ....., p-value=.......)
[5 pts]

There is a significant interaction, F=22.74, p-value=.001

[End of Exam 2]