Materials Science & Engineering A 621 (2015) 817

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Materials Science & Engineering A

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/msea

Effect of heating rate on mechanical property, microstructure and

texture evolution of AlMgSiCu alloy during solution treatment
Xiaofeng Wang, Mingxing Guo n, Lingyong Cao, Jinru Luo, Jishan Zhang, Linzhong Zhuang
State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China

art ic l e i nf o

a b s t r a c t

Article history:
Received 19 August 2014
Received in revised form
11 October 2014
Accepted 17 October 2014
Available online 28 October 2014

The effect of heating rate on the mechanical properties, microstructure and texture of AlMgSiCu alloy
during solution treatment was investigated through tensile testing, scanning electron microscope,
scanning transmission electron microscope, metallographic observation and EBSD measurement.
The experimental results reveal that there are great differences in the mechanical properties, microstructures and textures after the solution treatment with two different heating rates. Compared with the
alloy sheet solution treated with slow heating rate, the alloy sheet solution treated with rapid heating
rate possesses weak mechanical property anisotropy and higher average r value. The equiaxed grain is
the main recrystallization microstructure for the case of rapid heating rate, while the elongated grain
appears in the case of slow heating rate. The texture components are also quite different in the two
cases, CubeND orientation is the main texture component for the former case, while the latter one
includes Cube, R, Goss, P and Brass orientations. The relationship between r value, texture components
and microstructure has also been established in this paper.
& 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords:
AlMgSiCu alloy
Heating rate
Mechanical property
Anisotropy
Recrystallization texture

1. Introduction
There is an increasing demand for the use of age hardenable
AlMgSiCu alloy within the automotive industry, due to its
advantages of high strength-to-weight ratio, good corrosion resistance and formability [16]. The typical thermomechanical processing of AlMgSiCu alloy used as car body sheet mainly
consists of casting, scalping, homogenization, hot rolling, intermediate annealing, cold rolling, solution treatment, pre-aging,
natural aging, forming, painting and paint baking [6]. Since nal
recrystallization texture and microstructure developed during
solution treatment play a critical role in controlling the mechanical
property anisotropy and the deep drawability, it is very important
to optimize them to reduce the mechanical property anisotropy
and improve the deep drawability. Accordingly, it is very necessary
to consider the effect of solution treatment on recrystallization
microstructure and texture.
Two major annealing processes for cold-rolled sheets are
continuous annealing and batch annealing. The main difference
between them is the heating rate. The heating rate of the former
case is fast and that of the latter case is slow. This may result in
different precipitations during the different recrystallization

Corresponding author: Tel.: 86 10 82375844.

E-mail address: mingxingguo@skl.ustb.edu.cn (M. Guo).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.10.045
0921-5093/& 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

processes. Humphreys et al. [7] suggested that the recrystallization

behavior during annealing can be divided into three cases: the rst
case is that precipitation takes place before recrystallization,
the second case is that precipitation and recrystallization occur
concurrently, the last case is that recrystallization takes place
before precipitation. Accordingly, the heating rate should play an
important role in the precipitation and recrystallization.
Some studies on the inuence of heating rate on the microstructure and texture of materials have been carried out recently
[810]. It has been found that an increase of heating rate has little
effect on the nal grain size in the particle-containing alloy, but
can result in an increase in nal grain size for the single-phase
alloy. In addition, according to the study on the effect of heating
rate on the microstructure and texture of continuously cast
AA3105 aluminum alloy, Liu et al. revealed that the recrystallization texture is characterized by relatively strong P orientation and
22.51 ND rotated cube orientation in the case of slow annealing,
and the elongated grain is the main microstructure, while only the
weak cube orientation is formed in the case of rapid annealing,
and the size and morphology of recrystallized grains greatly
depend on the annealing conditions, especially for the annealing
temperature. However, the effect of solution heating rate on the
mechanical property, texture and microstructure of AlMgSiCu
alloy is still unclear, and because with the change of heating rate,
the precipitation and dissolution of the secondary phases, and
recrystallization process during the solution treatments all change

X. Wang et al. / Materials Science & Engineering A 621 (2015) 817

greatly, their changes can further have an inuence on the nal

microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloy sheet. Thus,
it is quite necessary to establish the relationship between the
solution heating rate, mechanical properties, microstructure and
texture of AlMgSiCu alloys. Accordingly, the aim of this paper
is to study the effect of heating rate on the mechanical properties,
microstructure and texture of AlMgSiCu alloy, and hopefully
provide a guide for the optimization of their thermomechanical
processing.

2. Experimental
The material used in the present research was a cold-rolled
AlMgSiCu series alloy sheet with a thickness of 1 mm. The
chemical composition of the alloy is Al0.8 Mg0.9Si0.5Cu
0.2Fe0.1Mn (wt%). The sheet was divided into two parts. One
part of the sheet denoted as A was solution treated at 555 oC for
2 min in a salt bath furnace with a heating rate of 60 oC/s and the
other part of the sheet denoted as B was also solution treated at
the same temperature for the same holding time in an air furnace
with the heating rate of 1 oC/min, as shown in Fig. 1. It is worth
noting that in order to clearly understand the differences in the
precipitation, solution and recrystallization during solution treatments with the different heating rates, three cold-rolled samples
were heated up from room temperature to 300 oC, 350 oC and
400 oC with a heating rate of 1 oC/min, respectively, and then they
were taken out from the air furnace and quenched in cold water
(intermediate processes of the slow solution treatment), while
another two cold-rolled samples were directly put into the salt
bath furnace with a temperature of 555 oC, and solution treated at
this temperature for 10 and 15 s, respectively (intermediate
processes of the rapid solution treatment). After the solution
treatments, both the parts were pre-aged at 80 oC for 12 h rst
and then naturally aged for 14 days (T4P treatment).
The mechanical properties of the T4P treated sheets, including
yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), elongation,
n and r values, were investigated at room temperature in the three
directions of 01, 451 and 901 with respect to the rolling direction
using MTS810 testing machine. Among the above parameters,
r value was determined by a tensile strain of 15%.
The microstructure of the alloy sheets in different conditions
was characterized by Carl. ZEISS Axio Imager A2m optical microscope. The polished samples were etched by Keller reagent.
Analysis on large particles distributed in the samples and fracture
morphology of the tensile test samples was conducted through
a SUPRA 55 scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with

X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) systems. The throughthickness recrystallization microstructures and textures of the
solution treated samples were characterized by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis on a SUPRA 55 scanning
electron microscope. EBSD samples were prepared by standard
mechanical grinding and electrolytic polishing. In accordance with
the grain size, the step size of 3 m was applied. The grain
structure and texture were analyzed by HKL Channel 5 software.
Orientation distribution functions (ODFs) were calculated by the
harmonic series expansion method (orthorhombic sample symmetry, lmax 22, Gaussian spread 51).
The size and distribution of particles of the solution treated
samples were investigated through a Tecnai G2 F30 transmission
electron microscope (TEM) equipped with a high angle angular
dark eld (HAADF) detector and X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) systems. TEM samples were mechanically polished to
approximately 100 m and then twin-jet polished in an electrolyte
containing 30% nitric acid and 70% methanol at a temperature of
 25 1C.

3. Results
3.1. Mechanical properties characterization
Fig. 2 shows the stressstrain curves of the two T4P treated
alloy sheets. It can be clearly seen that their mechanical properties
are different in three directions. The detailed mechanical properties of the two T4P treated sheets in the three different directions
are summarized in Table 1. The results reveal that the mechanical
property anisotropy in sheet A is weak, and the elongation in the
901 direction is a little lower than that of the other two directions.
But the mechanical property anisotropy is increased in sheet B,
especially for the elongation. The elongation in the 901 direction is
decreased much more as shown in Fig. 2. The lower elongation
should be resulted from the elongated grains formed by the slow
heating solution treatment as shown in the following part. In
addition, LDR (limiting drawing ratio) value is usually used to
evaluate deep drawability. Leu [11] pointed out that LDR value
depends on both r and n values, and can normally be expressed as
follows:
v
"
" r#
r#
u
u
1r 
1r 
t
LDR exp 2f exp  n
exp 2n
 1;
2
2
where f is the factor of drawing efciency, and when f equals
0.9, the calculated results are in good agreement with the

Fig. 1. Solution treatment curves of different processes (a) salt bath furnace and (b) air furnace.

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X. Wang et al. / Materials Science & Engineering A 621 (2015) 817

Fig. 2. Engineering stressstrain curves of the T4P treated sheets in different directions (a) sheet A and (b) sheet B.
Table 1
Mechanical properties of the two T4P treated samples.
AlMgSi

Direction (deg)

Average r

Average n

Elongation (%)

YS (MPa)

UTS (MPa)

0
45
90

0.649
0.623
0.584

0.62

 0.007

0.309
0.308
0.307

0.308

26.4
26.7
26

145
138
141

288
276
280

0
45
90

0.579
0.528
0.641

0.569

0.082

0.303
0.308
0.314

0.308

26.6
26.9
25.6

154
137
136

293
273
278

experimental results [12]. Based on the equation, the LDR values of

sheets A and B are 2.01 and 1.99, respectively. This result reveals
that the deep drawability of sheet A is somewhat higher than that
of sheet B.
3.2. Fracture morphologies of the two T4P treated tensile test
samples

uniform than that of sheet B. It seems that solution heating rate

has a great inuence on the grain structure. The different grain
structure further has an effect on the mechanical property anisotropy and the deep drawability. Cho et al. [13] have conrmed that
an equiaxed grain should be benecial to reduce mechanical
property anisotropy.
3.4. Through-thickness recrystallization texture characterization

The typical SEM micrographs of the fracture morphology after

tension are shown in Fig. 3. Although many dimples can be
observed in 01 and 901 directions for sheet A and sheet B, yet,
the dimples in the 01 direction for two alloy sheets are much
smaller and deeper than those in the 901 direction, indicating that
the two alloy sheets in the 01 direction have better ductility. This
fracture morphology well agrees with the elongation results as
shown in Table 1. Because the mechanical property anisotropy is
strongly inuenced by texture, grain shape, grain size and the
precipitates developed during aging, it is essential to analyze the
differences in the microstructure and texture of sheet A and
sheet B.
3.3. Through-thickness recrystallization microstructure
characterization
Fig. 4 shows the through-thickness recrystallization microstructures of the two solution treated sheets. Sheet A is comprised
of equiaxed grains, while sheet B is comprised of elongated grains.
Some black un-dissolved constituent particles, such as AlFeMnSi
(detailed analysis on them as shown in the following parts), tend
to align along the rolling direction. The different grain structures
can be clearly seen in Fig. 5(a) and (b). According to statistics
calculation, the average grain aspect ratio (about 6:5) in sheet A is
much lower than that (about 5:2) in the alloy sheet B. Fig. 5(c)
and (d) shows the grain size distributions of the two alloy sheets.
It can be found that the grain size distribution of sheet A is more

The through-thickness textures of the two sheets are shown in

Fig. 6. It can be found that they have different texture components.
Sheet A mainly consists of CubeND {001} 310 orientation, while
sheet B contains Cube {001} 100, Goss {110} 001, P {011} 122,
R {124} 211 and Brass {011} 211 orientations. The deformation
textureBrass orientation should be developed during the coldrolling process, and still retained after solution treatment.
The spatial distribution of grains within 151 of their exact orientations is shown in Fig. 5. The grain color will gradually fade with the
increase of angle deviation from the exact orientation. It can also
be found that the weak texture was developed through rapid
heating during solution treatment. The intensities and volume
fractions of the specic texture components in the two sheets are
listed in Table 2. Based on the texture results, it seems that heating
rate also has a signicant inuence on the development of texture
components and intensities.
3.5. Precipitation and microstructure evolution
As discussed above, there is a signicant difference in the
mechanical properties, microstructures and texture components in
the samples solution treated with rapid and slow heating rates;
it is necessary to study their precipitations and microstructures
evolution during the solution treatment or heating process.
The distributions of precipitates in the alloy matrix before
solution treatment are shown in Fig. 7(a) and (b). It can be found

X. Wang et al. / Materials Science & Engineering A 621 (2015) 817

11

Fig. 3. Fracture morphology of T4P treated tensile test sheets in different directions. (a) 01 of sheet A, (b) 901 of sheet A, (c) 01 of sheet B and (d) 901 of sheet B.

Fig. 4. Through-thickness recrystallization microstructure of solution treated alloy sheets (a) sheet A and (b) sheet B.

that a bimodal particle distribution has been formed before

solution treatment. A large number of white coarse particles has
a spatial density of 103 mm  2, and a larger number of black ne
particles has a spatial density of 1.5  104 mm  2. According to the
EDS analysis, the white and black particles are identied as Al(Fe,
Mn)Si and Mg2Si, respectively (as shown in Fig. 7(c) and (d)).
The size of the coarse particles is in the range of 1.225 m and the
average size of the ne particles is about 750 nm. Fig. 8(a) shows
BF (bright eld) image of the cold-rolling band, a high density of
dislocations, and dislocation cells can be observed in the alloy
matrix. Two types of particles can be observed in Fig. 8(b). The
corresponding selected area diffraction (SAD) analysis is given
in Fig. 8(c) and (d). The type of small particles with a size of
120300 nm, attributed to the broken of large Al(Fe, Mn)Si particles
during the rolling process, is identied as -Al19Fe4MnSi2 with
body-centered cubic structure. The observed -Al19Fe4MnSi2 particles normally cannot be dissolved during the solution treatment.

The type of lath-shaped particles with an average size of 650 nm is

identied as Q (Al1.9Mg4.1Si3.3Cu) with the hexagonal structure.
They normally can be dissolved during the solution treatment.
With the increase of solution time, the microstructures evolution of the samples solution treated at 555 1C with rapid heating
rate is shown in Fig. 9. The microstructure of the sample solution
treated for 10 s is comprised of some slightly elongated and
equiaxed grains, and the fraction of recrystallization grains is
dominated, indicating that the recrystallization has already
occurred. With increasing the time to 15 s, the equiaxed grains
become the main microstructure as shown in Fig. 9(b), indicating
that the recrystallization basically has been nished. According to
the above results, the speed of recrystallization is very fast and
may be faster than that of precipitates dissolution rate (2 min are
needed for the complete solution treatment).
The microstructures evolution of the solution treated samples
with slow heating rate is shown in Fig. 10. The microstructure of

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X. Wang et al. / Materials Science & Engineering A 621 (2015) 817

Fig. 5. EBSD maps of the solution treated alloy sheets (a) grain microstructure of sheet A, (b) grain microstructure of sheet B, (c) grain size distribution of sheet A and
(d) grain distribution of sheet B. The grain orientations are presented as: aqua, CubeND; red, Cube; green, R; blue, P and yellow, Brass. (For interpretation of the references to
color in this gure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 6. Through-thickness recrystallization textures of the solution treated alloy sheets (a) sheet A and (b) sheet B.

X. Wang et al. / Materials Science & Engineering A 621 (2015) 817

the samples heated up to 300 1C or 350 1C is comprised of highly

elongated bands, and the recrystallization grains still cannot be
observed in the alloy matrix. In order to understand the change in
the number density of Mg2Si particles during the slow heating
process, the number density of Mg2Si particles in the samples
heated up to different temperatures was analyzed by SEM and
STEM as shown in Figs. 11 and 12. Compared with the cold-rolled
sample, the number density in the two samples was increased
greatly as shown in Fig. 11. And lots of ne particles can be clearly
seen in Fig. 12(a) and (b). And EDS analysis results show that the
particles are mainly comprised of Q (Al1.9Mg4.1Si3.3Cu) and
-Al19Fe4MnSi2 as shown in Fig. 13(c) and (d). Their spatial
densities are 5  105 mm  2 at 300 1C and 106 mm  2 at 350 1C,
respectively, indicating that the number density of the precipitates
has a slight increase with the increase of temperature. Additionally, their sizes are basically in the range of 150600 nm. Therefore, it can be found that there is a heavy precipitation during the
heating up process. The formed precipitates not only grow during
the heating up process, but can also retard the further growth of
the recrystallization grains. When the temperature is heated up to
400 1C, the sample is comprised of coarse elongated grains,
indicating that the recrystallization has almost nished. This can
be further conrmed by the very low number density of dislocations in the alloy matrix as shown in Fig. 13.
Based on the above results, it can be concluded that solution
heating rate can affect precipitation and microstructure evolution
signicantly, which would further affect the texture components
in the alloy matrix.
Table 2
The volume fractions of recrystallization texture components in the two samples.
Sheet

Component

Intensity

Volume fraction (%)

CubeND
Cube
Goss
P
R
Brass

3.78
5.18
2.06
1.65
2.21
2.6

11
6.02
3.41
4.15
13.9
5.27

13

4. Discussion
4.1. The effect of heating rate on microstructure
The experimental results have revealed that the heating rate
has a signicant inuence on the microstructure and properties of
AlMgSi series alloy. A similar phenomenon has been observed in
AA3015, AlMn and AlMnMg alloys [10,14,15], which can be
attributed to the effect of concurrent precipitation on recrystallization behavior. In the present alloy, the driving force for recrystallization can be expressed as [7,8]

 Gb2 2 b 3F V b
V MP M n P D  P C  P Z M 0 exp  Q =kT


2
R
dP

where M, PD, PC and PZ are the mobility of grain boundaries, the

stored energy of deformation, the retarding pressure due to the
grain boundary curvature and the Zener drag, respectively. Q, T, ,
G, b, R, FV, dP represent the activation energy, the temperature, the
dislocation density, the shear module, the boundary energy, the
grain radius, the volume fraction and diameter of the small
particles (o 1 m), respectively.
The difference in the microstructure between the alloy sheets
solution treated with slow and rapid heating rates can be explained as
follows. On one hand, the driving force for recrystallization of sample
solution treated with rapid heating rate is higher than that of sample
solution treated with slow heating rate, because the stored energy is
consumed much more before the occurrence of recrystallization.
On the other hand, lots of ner precipitates can be formed during
the heating up process with the slow heating rate, and then the
formed small particles would give a signicant retard force on the
movement of grain boundaries along ND, and the occurrence of
recrystallization, thus, the elongated grains can be observed in the
sample solution treated with the slow heating rate.
4.2. The effect of heating rate on texture
It has been repeatedly stated that the recrystallization behavior
of particle-containing Al alloys is further inuenced by the

Fig. 7. SEM micrographs of the cold-rolling alloy sheet. (a, b) Morphology of the particles and (c, d) EDS spectra of white and black particles.

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X. Wang et al. / Materials Science & Engineering A 621 (2015) 817

Fig. 8. The particles and their SADPs in the cold-rolling alloy sheet (a) BF image, (b) STEM image, (c) [001] SADP from -Al19Fe4MnSiz and (d) [  120] SADP from
Q (Al19Mg4.1Si3.3Cu).

Fig. 9. Microstructure of rapid heating sample solution treated at 555 1C for different times (a) 10 s and (b) 15 s.

precipitation state, and this can result in different recrystallization

textures [16,17]: large particles with sizes larger than 1 m can
promote recrystallization as a result of the particle stimulated nucleation (PSN) effect and tend to weaken texture, or only develop the
texture components, i.e., CubeND and P orientations, while small
particles with sizes below 1 m can impede the movement of grain

boundaries, and further result in the formation of Cube, CubeRD

(resulting from the recrystallization grain nucleation at the so called
cube band). R, Q {013}231 and Goss orientations are determined by
the nucleation sites such as shear bands or grain boundaries.
It has been stated that the present AlMgSi alloy contains a
bimodal particle distribution, thus the texture should be inuenced by

X. Wang et al. / Materials Science & Engineering A 621 (2015) 817

15

Fig. 10. Microstructure of the alloys heated up to different temperatures with a slow heating rate (a) 300 1C, (b) 350 1C and (c) 400 1C.

Fig. 11. SEM micrographs of the alloys heated up to different temperatures with a slow heating rate (a) 300 1C and (b) 350 1C.

a combination of large and small particles together. Some researchers

have [16,18] pointed out that the recrystallization texture is determined by the competition between PSN effect and nucleation at cube
bands. The critical particle size for the growth of a nucleus to initiate
PSN effect can be expressed as [19,20]
dcrit

4 b
4
 b


2
PD  PZ
Gb =2  3F V b =dp

where b, PD and PZ are the specic grain boundary energy, the

deformation stored energy and the Zener pinning force exerted by the
small particle, respectively. FV and dp are the small particle volume
fraction and diameter, respectively.

From Eq. (2), the critical particle size increases with increasing
PZ, which is strongly inuenced by the volume fraction and sizes of
small particles. In other words, their volume fraction and sizes
have a signicant effect on the evolution of recrystallization
texture. According to Engler's results [6], even a mixture of cube
and PSN recrystallization texture can be obtained through controlling the volume fraction and sizes of small particles. Thus, it is
possible to optimize the texture components by controlling the
precipitation state. According to the results shown above, we can
also nd that it is easier to develop CubeND orientation through
PSN effect as a result of the relatively few small particles in the
sample solution treated with a rapid heating rate, while in the
sample solution treated with a slow heating rate, it is easier to

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X. Wang et al. / Materials Science & Engineering A 621 (2015) 817

Fig. 12. The distribution of particles in the alloys heated up to different temperatures with a slow heating rate (a) 300 1C, (b) 350 1C, (c) EDS spectra of particle A and (d) EDS
spectra of particle B.

Table 3
Values of average r and r for some texture components.
Designation

Miller indices {hkl}uvw

Average r

Cube
Goss
R
P
Brass

{001}100
{110}001
{124}211
{011}122
{011}211

0.5
15
1.9
2.8
4.7

1
30
 1.2
1.6
 8.1

4.3. The effect of texture and grain morphology on the deep

drawability

Fig. 13. TEM micrograph of the alloy heated up to a temperature of 400 1C.

develop Cube, R, Goss and P orientations. The appearance of P

orientation suggests that PSN also have an effect on the texture
evolution during the slow heating up process.

It is well known that the deep drawability can be characterized

by the average r value and r value which are strongly affected by
the texture components. Different texture components correspond
to the different average r and r values. The simulated average r
and r values of some specic texture components are summarized in Table 3. Liu [21] reported that the CubeND component,
corresponding to the average r 40.5 and r o1, is more benecial
to improve the deep drawability than that of Cube orientation.
The r values of samples A and B can be calculated by the
following equation [21]:
r V j r j

X. Wang et al. / Materials Science & Engineering A 621 (2015) 817

where rj is the r value of single crystal in the j-th orientation

and Vj is the volume fraction of the j-th orientation.
According to Eq. (3) and the texture components as shown in
Table 2, sample A should possess a lower r value and a lower
average r value. However, the experimental results reveal that
sample A possesses lower r value and higher average r value.
Chung et al. [13,22] suggested that grain morphology also has an
effect on the mechanical property anisotropy. The equaixed grains
normally correspond to the lower r value, while the elongated
grains normally increase the r value. Delannay et al. [23] have
also found that the equaixed grains are favorable to increase the
average r value by some simulation works. Considering the
combination effects of texture and grain morphology on the r
and r values, the observed higher r value in sample A should be
attributed to the equaixed grains although the texture componentCube orientation corresponds to the lower r value. Therefore,
the deep drawability should be improved by controlling texture
components and microstructure, especially the grain morphology.
5. Conclusions
The effect of heating rate on the mechanical properties, microstructure and texture of the AlMgSiCu alloy during solution
treatment was investigated. The conclusions are as follows:
(1) The mechanical property anisotropy of the alloys in the T4P
condition is affected by the heating rate of solution treatment.
Compared with the slowly heated sample, the fast heated
sample possesses a weak mechanical property anisotropy and
higher average r value.
(2) The recrystallization microstructure of the alloys is greatly
inuenced by the heating rate. The fast heated sample is
comprised of almost equiaxed grains with a more uniform
size, while the slowly heated sample is comprised of elongated
grains with a high length/width ratio.
(3) The recrystallization texture of the alloys is also signicantly
affected by the applied heating rate during solution treatment.
In the case of fast heating, the texture component mainly
consists of CubeND orientation, while in the case of slow
heating, the texture is characterized by Cube, P, R, Goss and
retained Brass orientations.

17

(4) The mechanical property anisotropy of the alloys, especially r

value, not only depends on the texture components but also
on the grain morphology. The ne equiaxed grains are more
favorable to increasing r value of the alloy sheet.

Acknowledgments
This work was supported by National High Technical Research
and Development Program of China (No. 2013AA032403), Beijing
Higher Education Yong Elite Teacher Project in 2013 (YETP0409)
and National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51301016).
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