One of the poorest countries in the world ($700 per cap.) Lots of sedentary farmers (farm to support their family) Grown from 1.7 million people in 1960 to 13 million in 2008 The Population growth rate is 2.9% By 2050 if the rate keeps up the population will be 56 million Niger has the highest fertility rate in the world (7.1 births per woman) Nearly half the population is under 15 years old Death rates are falling in Niger due to: Decreased infant mortality rate, babies vaccinated against avoidable diseases There are better supplies of clean water, building more wells More medical equipment and facilities to help more people People eat more healthily Better living conditions Plans to cut Natural Increase: Government wants to increase family planning to help 20% of population (5%at the moment) by 2015 Educate about the importance of family planning and contraception Limit number of early marriages by raising legal age from 15 to 18 CHINA: BIRTH CONTROL POLICIES
In 1960s-70s Mao encouraged large families, because it
would strengthen China By the 1970s he realised that he could not provide food, jobs and services to everyone if the population kept growing so quickly In 1980 China introduced 1 child policy to limit population growth In 1958-63 China introduced the Great leap forward policy to reform agriculture and modernise China, poorly implemented, 20 million Chinese people died of disease and starvation From 1963-70 large families encouraged to make up for loss, the fertility rate reached 5.8 births per woman, and birth rate soared to 40 per 1000 people in 1965 1970s- China realises growth is unsustainable, Introduces Later, Longer, Fewer policy encouraging people to wait to have their first child until they are older, Space out pregnancies more and have fewer kids
1978-83- One family, one child policy introduced. Rapid
population growth seen as barrier to development. China wants to modernise: Industry, agriculture, science and technology 1984-2006- Population growth from 2.4% to 1%, by 2006 fertility rate 1.7 births per woman. They have now relaxed some of the policies in rural areas- families can have 2 children Still unbalanced population- boys viewed as more important because in rural areas boys can help on farm; some areas allow a second child if 1st was a girl Couples can be fined if they have a second child up to a years salary, child may not get into good state schools
RUSSIA: FALLING BIRTHRATE AND HIGH HIV INFECTION
Russia is projected to decline from 143 million (2007) to 111
million by 2050 There is a high death rate and low birth rate Low level of immigration Life expectancy is low Many emigrants from Russia to Western Europe In 2004 Russia life expectancy was 65 Russian women often do not want more children Male life expectancy is 59 More than 1 million Russians have AIDS and 1.1% of adults (15-49) have HIV, Highest of G8 countries Fertility rate at 1.1 births per woman Problems with Alcoholism Indonesia Transmigration Scheme
Indonesia consists of 17000 islands
9000 inhabited Some islands like Java and Bali have overpopulation problems Some islands are underpopulated like Kalimantan and Sumatra The government offered incentives to families to move from overpopulated small islands to underpopulated larger ones (examples above) Transmigration was used to: Reduce poverty and overpopulation in Java, where Jakarta is Provide good job opportunities for hard working poor people on other islands Provide a workforce to use more of the natural resources on the underpopulated islands
Singapore: Prenatal policies
Population is 4.7 million on a 620 km2 island
1957- fertility rate at 6.4 Family planning offered in 1959 1965- fertility down to 4.8, government wanted to shrink population because it could not support a growing population 1970- Abortion, voluntary sterilisation legalised, Stop at Two policy put in using disincentives like (extra tax for 3rd child and only 2 children could get into best schools) 1980 Fertility rate at 2 In the 1980s university graduates were not getting married or having children Singapore reversed policies because population was too low They wrote the policies to encourage educated people to have children For example children of university graduates offered places at best schools, whereas a grant of 10000SGD would be given to an uneducated woman to be sterilised This did not work in 2005 fertility rate had continued to decrease and reached 1.4 There will be incentives for immigration and having more children to try and increase population. European Community: Polish Workers in UK
Poland had the highest unemployment rate of A8 countries
(joined EU in 04) With freedom of movement in EU now polish workers could freely travel to Uk which had a high average income (33 630 USD) and low unemployment (5%) 62% of the 600000 EU migrants to Uk in 2004 were polish Positives for UK: Jobs filled that UK workers do not want Can pay low wages Polish workers will work for longer hours Increased population, more spent on local economy Negatives for UK: Fewer jobs for unskilled UK workers May move back once they have earned money, leaving gap in workforce Anti immigration issues and Racism Services like hospitals and schools cant cope with extra numbers Positives for Polish workers: Chance of job
Better pay than in Poland
Save money and return to improve life in Poland Chance to move away from parents Negatives for Polish Workers: May leave family in Poland May encounter hostility in UK Language issues May struggle to find housing, may end up homeless Atlanta: Urban Sprawl
Population grown 3.7 million in last 40 years
Fastest growing metropolitan area in USA Atlanta Urban area doubled since 1973 Because of Population growth Problems: Agricultural land used to make houses and malls Impermeable surfaces, Concrete and asphalt do not drain water away leading to flash floods and contamination of water. Loss of green space- 38% of green space has been built on for housing projects Water has become contaminated, not enough water to support industry and irrigation Traffic Congestion Poor air quality, increase in cars, 90% residents drive to work Socio economic divide- White middle class live in suburbs which have been developed. The undeveloped center is where the poorer population stayed Cairo: Pollution, Shanty towns, Congestion
Rapid growth of 16 million over 50 years
Government could not support services like piped water, sewage and schools and electricity Problems with Traffic congestion, noise and air, pollution Shanty Towns: Lack of housing Self built illegally built houses on farmland cover 80% of Cairo 2-3 million people have set up homes in old Cairo near pyramids Some people live in huts on roof space of flats and office buildings Congestion: Over 1 million cars in Cairo Badly paved roads
Travel to work is slow
Drivers are aggressive causing danger for road users Pollution: Heavily polluted air with vehicle exhausts and fumes from fuels Groundwater polluted by illegally dumped waste Leaking sewers pollute water sources Solutions: Ring road build People with donkey carts pick up rubbish and collect and recycle garbage New satellite towns on edge of city Public services upgraded Metro system built Sewage system repaired Chaiten Volcano: Chile
2 May 2008 Chaiten Volcano erupted
Thought to be dormant 1st eruption in 9000 years Formed at a convergent boundary Subducting plate melts and pressure builds up due to friction between plates Eruption explosive blowing off top of volcano forming caldera with secondary cone in middle. Crater 3km wide Was not monitored by scientists Sits on edge of South American and Nazca plates (beneath because sea plate) Magma tricked through plate boundary and built up huge chamber under crater Chaiten is a tourist area, because of natural buety, like volcano 4000 people fled homes Series of tremors Evacuation was difficult because of terrain Evacuated by Naval ship Ash went 20km up and settled over Chile and Argentina Town coated in ash 15cm thick Forests set on fire Schools used as shelters (see book for Haiti Earthquake Notes) Rainforest: Madagascar Deforestation people have used land for agriculture
Lots of animal species under threat because of deforestation
(ie flying fox) Desertification in south 72% rural population 78% primary employment Rainforest on East side of Island because relief rainfall occurs Mountains in middle of island The prevailing wind from south east. Moist air forced to rise, causing condensation and clouds Heavy rain in East It is dry on the West not enough rainfall for rainforest in west People are cutting down rainforests because countries exports rely on agriculture (70%) so need fast crops like rice in more area Trees are burned to create farm land Ash supplies nutrient for a while Heavy rainfall washes away nutrients Crops grow well for number of years Crops no longer grow because all nutrients used up Animals lose food and habitat People cut down more rainforest for crops
Deserts: Sahara and The Sahel
The Sahara is worlds biggest desert One quarter is covered by sandy desert, ergs The rest is gravel called reg and areas of barren rock called Hamada DESERTIFICATION: thousands of years ago the Sahara was wetter but due to Climate change and human influence have slowly made the Sahara more of a desert The Sahara is still growing spreading south into West Africa Overgrazing and deforestation is dragging it further and further South. The area on the edge of the desert that is that is on the fringe is called the Sahel (Arabic word for fringe) The Sahel is semi-arid belt of dry soil 300-500km wide from North to South and stretches across North Africa. Separates Sahara from Savannah Average Rainfall in Sahel is 300-600mm per year When it rains up to 90% of moisture evaporates
Drought is natural in the Sahel
Desertification and land degradation from overgrazing and desertification moves the Sahel and the limit for growing crops and grazing livestock further and further South every year See p 94 in textbook for diagram Desertification in Mali
65% of Mali is Desert or Semi-Desert
The Sahel slowly moves south through Mali 80% of Population work in Agriculture, many in sedentary agriculture Population growth 3% so need to supply for growing population, leads to overgrazing, excessive farming and deforestation Which strips the soil of nutrients This makes it impossible for plants to grow there This causes desertification and the Sahara desert grows. Cyclone Nargis
Warm air from North meets warm air from South In
tropics Sea temp. 27 celcius and sea 60 metres deep, winds begin to circle anticlockwise due to the Earths rotation Low pressure (intense) creates the eye of the storm as the spiralling air rises to create low pressure along the equator. Tropical storms develop as depressions and wind speeds increase. The easterly winds at high levels move them east to west at first, as they move further from the equator it loses power as the sea temp. decreases. They die out over land as there is less heat and no water to keep them going. Each hemisphere has a tropical storm season, North: MayNovember, South: November-April. Made landfall May 3rd 2008 Wind Speeds between 200-300 km/h Flooding & Mudslides due to heavy rainfall. 3.6 meter storm surge flooded Irrawaddy Delta, 2.4 million people affected, 140,000 people killed or missing Drought in Australia
For Murray River: Long term average 700 Gigalitres 1800
Gigalitres per month, 2007-08: 200 Gigalitres 400 Gigalitres
Temperatures can reach 50 Celsius
Crops can only grow properly in New South Wales and Victoria in the Temperate Maritime Climate, 400 km off South East coast. Worst drought in 100 years Average rainfall in outback can be 336 mm per year, very low Droughts have led to water restrictions, and it is prohibited to wash your car, fill swimming pools or sprinkle gardens (you can imprisoned) in Melbourne Dry weather is causing bush fires Water rationing in Sidney after 4 years of drought, main reservoir only 40% full Cannot raise livestock in the droughts, and tap water is not safe for human consumption so bottled water must be bought. Mozambique Floods
9th February 2000
Limpopo, Save and Zambezi river flooded 27th February more flashfloods 180,000 people fled home Navy evacuated people About 150000 km2 of land affected (mostly farmland) destroying crops Used canoes and walking to get to accommodation centre Many people live live on floodplain for fertile soil, transport, irrigation, food so many people affected. For Indian farming see Indian Farming sheet in Geog Book 2 Commercial Agriculture in New Zealand
Livestock: Mainly sheep, dairy and beef cattle
Warm wet climate ideal for growing grass Annual rainfall 1000-1500mm and temp above 6C, is optimum for grass growth In North Island, Beef is reared most land gets around 10002000 mm per year rainfall. Dairy farming in West In southern highlands sheep and some beef reared. Southern Island Merino sheep reared for wool where grass is poor Lower land more intensive farming Harwoods Farm, North Canterbury has 270 hectares of irrigated flatland