Main article: Nonverbal communication

Nonverbal communication describes the process of conveying meaning in the form o

f non-word messages. Examples of nonverbal communication include haptic communic
ation, chronemic communication, gestures, body language, facial expression, eye
contact, and how one dresses. Speech also contains nonverbal elements known as p
aralanguage, e.g. rhythm, intonation, tempo, and stress. Research has shown that
up to 55% of human communication may occur through non verbal facial expression
s, and a further 38% through paralanguage.[2] Likewise, written texts include no
nverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words and the
use of emoticons to convey emotional expressions in pictorial form.
Verbal communication[edit]
Effective verbal or spoken communication is dependent on a number of factors and
cannot be fully isolated from other important interpersonal skills such as nonverbal communication, listening skills and clarification. Human language can be
defined as a system of symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the grammars (ru
les) by which the symbols are manipulated. The word "language" also refers to co
mmon properties of languages. Language learning normally occurs most intensively
during human childhood. Most of the thousands of human languages use patterns o
f sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around the
m. Languages tend to share certain properties, although there are exceptions. Th
ere is no defined line between a language and a dialect. Constructed languages s
uch as Esperanto, programming languages, and various mathematical formalisms are
not necessarily restricted to the properties shared by human languages. The com
munication is two way process instead of one way.
Written communication and its historical development[edit]
Over time the forms of and ideas about communication have evolved through the co
ntinuing progression of technology. Advances include communications psychology a
nd media psychology, an emerging field of study.
The progression of written communication can be divided into three "information
communication revolutions":[3]
Written communication first emerged through the use of pictographs. The pictogra
ms were made in stone, hence written communication was not yet mobile.
The next step occurred when writing began to appear on paper, papyrus, clay, wax
, etc. with common alphabets. Communication became mobile.
The final stage is characterized by the transfer of information through controll
ed waves of electromagnetic radiation (i.e., radio, microwave, infrared) and oth
er electronic signals.
Communication is thus a process by which meaning is assigned and conveyed in an
attempt to create shared understanding. This process, which requires a vast repe
rtoire of skills in interpersonal processing, listening, observing, speaking, qu
estioning, analyzing, gestures, and evaluating enables collaboration and coopera
tion.[4]
Misunderstandings can be anticipated and solved through formulations, questions
and answers, paraphrasing, examples, and stories of strategic talk. Written comm
unication can be clarified by planning follow-up talks on critical written commu
nication as part of the every-day way of doing business. A few minutes spent tal
king in the present will save valuable time later by avoiding misunderstandings
in advance. A frequent method for this purpose is reiterating what one heard in
one's own words and asking the other person if that really was what was meant.[5
]
Business communication[edit]
Main article: Business communication
Business communications is an umbrella term for a wide variety of activities inc
luding but not limited to: strategic communications planning, media relations, p

ublic relations (which can include social media, broadcast and written communica
tions, and more), brand management, reputation management, speech=writing, custo
mer-client relations, and internal/employee communications.
Companies with limited resources may only choose to engage in a few of these act
ivities while larger o