1

Chapter one
Concrete
1.1.1 Introduction
Concrete is one of the most popular materials for
buildings because it has high compressive strength ,
flexibility in its form and it is widely available . The history
of concrete is age dates back for over a thousand year.
Contemporary cement concrete has been used since the
early nineteenth century with the development of portland
cement despite the high compressive strength , concrete
has limited tensile strength , only about ten percent of its
compressive strength and zero strength after chocks
develop . In the late nineteenth century , reinforcing
materials such as iron or steel rods began to be used as
common reinforcing material usually steel bars have over
(100) times the tensile strength of concrete but the cost is
higher than concrete (1) . Therefore, it is most economical
that concrete resists compression and steel provides
tensile strength . Also it is essential that concrete and steel
deform together and deformed reinforcing bars are being
used to increase the capacity to resist bond stresses.
Concrete have many advantages can be summarized as
follows:
-It has a relatively high compressive strength.
-It has better to resistance fire than steel.

-It has long service life with low maintenance cost.

-In some type of structure such as dams and footing it is
the most economical structural material.
-It can be cast to take any shape required . Making it
widely used in pre east structural components.
When concrete it freshly produced, it is plastic in behavior
and is after called plastic concrete . The requirement, for
fresh concrete include the time available for placing it into
formwork and workability. There are many concrete
structural members such as beams ,slabs and columns. In
this project the design of reinforced concrete beam
(continuous beam) and slab (one way slab) will be done.

Fig .(1.1) Description for general concrete beam.

1.1.2Continuous beam
Continuous beam is the structure which has more
than two supports. The deformation of the structure under
load or stresses depends not only on load but also an
rotations and slopes of the element at its ends. The
magnitudes of the slope and rotation depend on the
rigidity (or flexibility) of the joint that is relative rigidities of
the

adjoining

members,

which

normally

comprise

horizontal beam elements and vertical column elements.

The nominal strength of a continuous beam ( beams

general)

is

calculated

,based

on

the

best

current

knowledge member and material behavior .That nominal

strength is modified by a strength reduction factor less
than unity, to obtain the design strength . The required
strength, should the hypothetical overload stage actually
be realized , is found by applying load factors , greater
than unity , to the loads actually expected. These expected
service

loads

include

the

calculated

dead

load,the

calculated or legally specified live load , and environmental

load such as those due to seismic action or temperature .
Thus reinforced- concrete members are proportioned so
that
MuMd =

Mn

PuPd =

pn

VuVd =

Vn

Where the subscripts u indicate the required strength at

factored loads , the subscripts d denote the design
strength and subscripts n the nominal strength .The
strength reduction factors

normally differ

,depending

upon the type of strength to be calculated ,the importance

of

the

member

considerations .

in

the

structure,

and

the

other

1.1.3 Slab(one way slab)

The slab provides a horizontal surface and it is usually
supported by columns , beams or walls there are two types
of slabs one way slab and two way slab.
One way slab :
a-one way slab /one way flat slab
These slabs are supported on two opposite sides and all
bending moment and deflection are resisted in the short
direction .A slab supported on four sides with length to
width ratio equal to or greater than two , should be
designed as one way.
b-One way joist floor system
In this type bending in one direction only and this type of
slab . Also called ribbed slab , is supported by reinforced
concrete ribs or joists .The ribs are usually tapered and
uniformly spaced and supported on girders the at rest on
columns .
A one way slab is designed as a single reinforced width
beam strip. Loading for slabs is normally specified in kN/m 2
. One has to distribute the reinforcement over the 1m strip
and specify the center to center spacing of the reinforcing
bars . In slab design , a thickness is normally assumed ,
and the reinforcement is calculated using a trial level arm
(d-a/2).

One way slabs do not normally require shear reinforcement

for typical loads particularly if low tensile reinforcement
ratios are used ,it will be found that the shear capacity of
the concrete Vc will almost without exception be well above
the require shear strength Vu at factored loads. Transverse
reinforcement has to be provided perpendicular to the
direction of bending in order to resist

shrinkage and

temperature stresses. The reinforcement ratio for a slab

can be determined by divided the area of one bar by the
area of concrete between two successive bars ,the later
area being the product of the depth to the center of the
bars and the distance between them center to center .The
spacing between bars that is necessary to furnish a given
area of steel per one meter width of the slab by dividing
the number of bars
1m.According

to

required

ACI-CODE

to furnish this area into

limitation

the

maximum

spacing for reinforcement in structural slabs must not be

greater

than

5h

reinforcement and

for

temperature

and

shrinkage

3h for main reinforcement, but

the

maximum spacing of this reinforcement shall not exceed

450 mm.

1.2 Steel
1.2.1 Introduction
Steel is an alloy ,which is a metal made from various
elements .The two main elements that comprise steel are
iron and carbon .Iron is by far the main ingredient in terms
of percentage, usually making up roughly 98%(2) of all the
components found in select .Carbon typically will comprise
less than 0.5%of steel but is very important because it
effects the steel strength and hardness .In mild-carbon
steels an increasing carbon content will produce stronger
and harder steels .At the same time ,this increase in
carbon content will result in a reduction of ductility. This
loss of ductility is sometimes referred to as brittles ,which
is not an advantageous quality for any structure material .
Other

alloying

elements

,such

as

silicon

,nickel

,manganese and copper and also be added to steel in

varying amounts to enhance certain properties such as
strength ,hardness and corrosion

resistance .There are

many shape of steel sections such as W,C,or MC,L ,S

,WT,atc and WT shape. W section is the most common
structural

shape used for beam and columns .In this

project we used W shape in designing the beam and we

selectW24*192section.It checking for deflection and strength

(Mn). W24*192 means that the rolled shape is a wide- flange

section approximately 24 inches in depth and 192 weight
pounds per foot of length .The depth and weight are
particularly important pieces of information to designer
because they are constantly concerned with clearance
height ,dead weight and cost per pound of the structure
.The cross sectional properties of specified rolled shapes
they will be referred to the table in the AISC manual.
There are two methods

for design any steel structures

ASD and LRFD method. We use the method of LRFD to

design beam in this project.

Fig.(1.2.1)Description for general beam.

Fig .(1.2.2) Description for general steel beam.

1.2.2 LFRD philosophy

Over last 25 years, the structures design community
has been very inserted in developing a design procedure
that uses a probability- based rationale .With the adoption
(1986)

of

the

AISC(load

Resistance

factor

design

specification) .The steel design industry has given its

endorsement for such a method .Although (LRFD)has not
received the quick and over whelming acceptance in the
design community some would like ,few doubt that it will
achieve majority usage by designers in the next 15 years.
1.2.3 Beam design philosophy using LRFD
A beam is a structural member that is subjected
primarily to transverse loads and negligible axial loads.
Transfers loads cause internal shear forces and bending
moments.

These

internal

shear

forces

and

bending

10

moments

cause longitudinal axial stresses and shear

stresses in the cross section .The most basic requirement

of beam design using the LRFD method is the design
moment capacity( Mn) must be greater than or equal to
the required (factored ) flexural strength Mu.
The required flexural strength may be referred to by some
as the "ultimate moment .This most basic requirement
can be simply as follows:
Mn Mu
where =0.9 for bending
Bending strength is affected by unbraced length of the
compression flange,the compactness of the member and
the axis of bending ,since rolled shapes are primarily bent
about the strong axis and are compact ,we will restrict our
discussion of the LRFD requirements to those that focus on
the unbraced length of compression flange .Also a
serviceable

of

the

beam

usually

means

that

the

deformation primarily the vertical slug or deflection must

be limited. The maximum deflection of the designed beam
is checked of the service -level loads the deflection due to
service -level -loads must be less than the specified
values. Serviceability shall be evaluated using appropriate
load

combination

identified

and

for

the

the

serviceability

deflection

should

limit
be

states
checked

appropriate limits for deflection can be found from the

governing building code for the region .

11

1.3 Methods of analysis

There are several methods of analysis of statically
indeterminate structures have been
years

developed over the

.Some of them are more exact than others ,and

some include approximations and simplifications that

facilitate

relatively

quick

solution

when

computer

utilization is not readily possible or justified. The classical

methods are based primarily on physical understanding of
the structural deformational behavior and are particularly
important in interpreting the response of the system to the
type and sense of applied load .
*Slope of deflection method
The slope deflection method is a displacement method
involves

writing

two

equation

for

each

span

of

continuous structure ,one at each end , expressing the end

moments as the sum of the following four contributions:
-The restraining moment resulting from an assumed fixedend condition

of the loaded span.

-The moment due to the rotation of the tangent to the

elastic curve at one end of the span.
-The moment due to the rotation of the tangent to the
elastic curve at the other end of the span.
-The moment resulting from the translation of one end of
the span with
other.

respect to the

12

*Moment Distribution Method

This method is a numerical application of the
displacement method in which the desired moments,
shear, or stresses are obtained by a method of successive
approximation suitable for longhand computation .The
method lends itself to simple physical interpretation.
Hence it can be used for quick approximate as well as
exact solutions, depending on the number of successive
cycles chosen. It is essentially an iterative solution of the
slope deflection equations and has been used extensively
since its development by Hardy cross in the United States
in 1939.

*Displacement Method and the Stiffness Matrix

The displacement method is analogous to the force
method except that the nodal displacement are considered
as the unknowns instead of the redundant forces or
moments .Essentially the slope deflection method it can be
considered the direct link to computer method of structural
analysis. Since the joint displacement represent the
freedom to move or rotate, the term degrees freedom
represents the joint displacement as a measure of the
kinematic degrees of indeterminacy.
*ACI Moment Coefficients
The ACI

318 Building Code contains approximate

coefficients for calculating shear and moments, which can

13

be used when (and only when) the following conditions are

satisfied :
-There are two or more spans.
-Spans are approximately equal, with the larger of two
adjacent spans not greater than the shorter by more than
20 percent.
-Loads are uniformly distributed .
-Unfactored live load, L, does not exceed three times
unfactored dead load , D.
-Members are prismatic .

1.4 AIM OF STUDY

Concrete and steel analysis and design of aeration tanks

beam by using ACI-CODE 2002 and LRFD in saad. pro
program and made comparison between the results for
cost and strength and choosing the best section in steel
and reinforced concrete and depends on the results which
appears from this comparison to be realized aim from this
project

14

Chapter two
Hand calculation
2.1 Concrete design
*Dimensions of beam
-Height of beam=0.85m
-Length of span =15m
-Width of beam=0.3m

* Material properties
-fc=24 N/mm2
-Ec=4700* f ' c
-fy=400 N/ mm2
-density =24k N/m2

* Loadings
-Dead load =1.3kN/m

15

-Live load=2.2kN/m
Aeration load(concentrated mid span load)
-Max. aerator load =11.5kN
-Grating +hand rail=1 kN/m
-self weight of single beam=24*0.85*0.3=6.12 kN/m
-self weight of slab=0.15*24*1=3.6 kN/m
Analysis the structure
1- Find the reactions by using moment distribution
method(F.E.M).
2-Draw shear and moment diagram and find maximum
shear and maximum moment .
Wu=1.2D.L+1.6L.L
Pu=1.6L.L
Wu=1.2(1.3+1+(6.12*2)+3.6)+1.6(2.2)=25.48 kN/m
For concentrated load
PL.L=11.5*1.5=17.25 kN( 1.5facter for impact load)
Pu=1.6*17.25=28 kN

16

Fig (2.1)shear and moment diagram

Design for flexure

M max-ve=831.06 kN.m (max. negative moment) from Fig.
(2.1)
M max+ve=474 KN.m
(2.1)
263.7KN

(max. shear) from Fig(2.1) V =

d=h-50-12-(/2)
d=850-50-12-(25/2)
d=775 mm

(max. positive moment) from Fig.

17

0.85f c)/(fy)=
19.61=(24*0.85)/(400)=
R-u=(Mu)/(*b*d)
R-u=(831.06*10^6/2)/(0.9*300*775)=2.56 N/mm (pre
single beam)
-=1/*(1

2R
Fy

22.5619.61
400
1()
1
1
=

19.61

3-^10*6.86=

Areq .at internal support(per single beam)

s req

. =6.86*10^-3*300*755=1594.95 mm2

No.of bar =(1594.95)/(491)=3.25

use 425 mm top bars per each beam (to be in the safe
side)
M+ve=474 kN.m
Ru=(237*10^6)/(0.9*300*775)=1.46 N/mm(per single
beam)
=1/19.61*(1-

1(

219.611.46
) =3.79*10^-3
400

As=3.79*10^-3*300*775=881.175 mm
No. of bars =As/Asb

18

no.of bars =881.175/491 =1.795

Use 225 mm bottom bars per single beam
For discontinuous exterior edges, use the same
reinforcement used @mid span (225 mm top bars) in
. order to be on the safe side
Design for shear
Vmax shear force at int.support =263.7 kN
Vud=Vu-(Wu*d)
Vud =263.7-0.775*(25.48)
Vud =243.95 kN
Vc =0.75* 24 *300*775*10^-3/(6)
Vc=142.38 kN
V c< Vud

Reinforcement for shear

Vs=Vud-Vc
kN 101.57=243.95-142.38=
Vc=569.52> VS*4
.the section is suitable
Vc =284.76> Vs*2
-:the maximum distance equal to
Smax =d/2
Smax=775/2=387 mm
Use12@300 mm

19

one way slab

Transverse slab (one way simple slab span =1.3+0.3=1.6
m)
Slab dead load =0.15*24=3.6 KN/m
Grating +hand rail=1kN/m
Total dead load =4.6kN/m
Live load =1.2 kN/m
Wu =1.2*D.L*1.6L.L
Wu=1.2*(4.6)+1.6*(1.2)=7.44 kN/m
pl
wl
4 + 8 =M

max

281.6
7.44(1.6)
+
=Mmax
4
8

kN.m 13.581=
Per meter width (at aeration region )
D=t-/2-20=124 mm
max =0.85 *(
0.003
0.003+ 0.004

f 'c
fy )*(

max=0.0186

=0.016

Mu max =*
Mumax>Mu

max*b*d*fy*(1-0.59*

fy

max* f c )=84.13 KN.M

20

the thickness provide flexural requirement

Shear requirement
Vud =Vu d*Wu
KN 19.03 =7.44*19.95-0.124=
Vc =0.75* 24 *1000*124*10^-3/(6)=75.9 kN
Since Vud <Vc

. The thickness provided shear requirement

Use nominal stirrups 12@200 c/c
.Reinforcement in short direction
0.85 f 'c
= y /
f

= Ru
13.58106
0.91000124
1

2R
fy
-1)* /1 =

=0.9

as assum >10-3*2.5=

As= *d*b
mm 310= 124*1000*10-3*2.5=
mim= 0.0018
As min=0.0018*1000*150 =270mm
As max =0.0186*1000*124=2306.4 mm
Asmin<As<Asmax

o.k

21

Use As =310 mm
Assume diameter of bars=12mm
Asb =113
Smax =mim (3*t ,450)
mim (450,450)=
Smax =450 > S=364.5

o.k

Use 12 @ 300 mm
. Reinforcement in long direction
As = Asmin =223.2 mm
By using 10 mm (Asb =79 mm)
S=

100079
223.2

=353.9 mm

Smax =min(5*t , 450 )

min (750 ,450 ) =
Smax = 450 > S

o.k

Use 310 @300 mm

Check for deflection in single beam
bh
12 =Ig
300(8503)
= Ig
12

Ec =4700* 24 =23025 N/mm

200000

n= 23025

=8.69

22

frIg
ytc = Mcr

kN.m 123.45= ( 425*106)/( 24 *109*15.35*0.7)=

Find neutral axis
bx/2+(2*n-1)*A*(X-d) +n*As(d-x)=0
x+(2*(8.69)-1)*1964*(x-75)= 8.69*(982)*(775-x)= 0*150
X=144.6 mm use x =145 mm
Icr =bx3/(12)+(2*n-1)*As*(x-d)+n*A*(d-x)
+ (145-75)*1964*(1-(8369)*2)+(12)/3 (145)*300=
mm4 109*3.62= (775-145)*(982)*8.69
Service load (per single beam )
Mmax

+ve md =

335.5
2

=167.65 kN.m

23

24

Check the torque moment

T=15.3kN.m
T=15.3*1.5=22.95kN.m(impact)
Tu(live load)=22.95*1.6=36.72 kN.m
For every couple =
s h ear force=

36.72
=18.36 kN.m
2

18.36
=17.32kN (bearing force for every couple)
1.06

Bearing force according ACI=0.7*0.85*fc* (A2/A1)0.5*A1

Bearing force =0.7*0.85*24*1*((25*150)/
(1000))*1=53.55 kN baering force of concrete > s h ear force

o.k

25

2.2 STEEL DESIGN

D.L=0.874 KIP/Ft
L.L= 1.4787 KIP/FT
Surface Load =100I b/ft0.1 kip/ft
Self 4Assume dead load =150 b/ft0.15 kip/ft
Beams) 0.3 kip/ft
wu=(1.2*D.L)+(1.6*L.L)
wu=1.2*(0.874+0.1+0.3)+1.6*(1.4787)
wu=3.895 kip/ft 4 kip/ft
Aerator Load =1150 kg 2.54 kip
Impact factor=1.5*2.54 =3.81 kip
Pu=1.6*3.81= 6.096 kip 6 kip

(per 2

26

Fig(2.2)
Use

Cb=1 for more safety

Mumax=662kip.ftt (From fig (2.2)per single beam)

fy=50 Ksi

=0.9

Mumax/Cb =662/1=662Kip-ft
From AISC manual
kip.ft
Mp>Mu max

use

W*192

o.k

Check the deflection

L/360=max
max

=(50.36*12)/(360)=1.67in1.7in

=((P*L3)/(48*EI))+((5*L4W)/(384*EI))

Mp=2100

27

1.2
1.9
)
(50.3612 )3( )
12 +
12
=
384290006260
48290006260
4

5(50.3612) (

=in < MAX 0.957

Check local buckling
bf
For flange 2 tf =

=4.4

< o.k compact flange p=0.38*(29000/50)=9.5

For web
h
tw =
P

=3.76*(Es/fy)^0.526.6

=90.5>26.6

o . k compact section

Check shear of beam

Vu= 185.6 Kip
h

if tw 418/ fy

(from fig (2.2))

26.659.1

Vn=0.6*f y*d* t w

(where =0.9)

Vn=0.6*50*24*0.81=583.2 Kip
Vu< Vn

o . k t h e s h ear yielding can take place

28

Chapter three
Staad pro results
3.1 Introduction
Staad-pro program used for the purpose of analysis
and design of beams and slab in the present project the
analysis and design of structure designed by research
engineer international company which proved for many
special programs in this field and it is the first program
which obtained of I so 9001 in structure engineering field .
The program provide active tools the static and dynamic
analysis with the ability of the linear analysis and
advanced analysis for non linearity of structures .Staad.
Pro program depend on finite element analysis that
consider of numerical methods whish can applied in wide
space of engineering science another property of this
program ability to make progress reports of projects which
consists of analysis results and diagram and charts .