UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

PROCESS ENGINEERING LABORATORY II
(CPE554)
NAME
: SHEH MUHAMMAD AFNAN BIN SEH HANAFI
STUDENT ID
: 2013210382
GROUP
: EH2214A
EXPERIMENT
: CONTINUOUS STIRRED TANK REACTOR (CSTR) 40L
DATE PERFORMED : 17TH MARCH 2015
SEMESTER
:4
PROGRAMME/CODE : BACHELOR OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (HONS.) IN
PROCESS ENGINEERING / EH221
SUBMIT TO
: CIK HABSAH BINTI ALWI
NO
Title
Abstract/Summary
Introduction
Aims
Theory
Apparatus
Methodology/Procedures
Results
Calculations
Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendations
Reference
Appendix
TOTAL
Remarks:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Allocated Marks (%)

5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
20
10
5
5
5
100

Marks

Checked by:

Rechecked by:

______________

______________

Date:

Date:

ABSTRACT

This experiment is carried out in the model of BP 143 (SOLTEQ). In this model, the
Continuous Stirrer Tank Reactor (CSTR) 40 L is used for second experiment which is
effect of temperature on the reaction in a CSTR. The objectives in this experiment are
to determine the effect of temperature onto the reaction extent of conversion and lastly
to determine the reactions activation energy. In this experiment, 0.1 M of acetyl
acetate, 0.1 M sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid, HCL (0.25M) for quenching
were prepared. Then adjust the valves V5 and V10 to give a flow rate of 0.20 L/min.
Make sure that both flow rates are the same for the whole experiment. Firstly, the
temperature of the water was set at 40C by switch on the thermostat T1. This is to
ensure that the reactor has reached steady state. that will be the same as the reactor
and reactant temperature. Then, the stirrer was switched on and the stirrer speed was
set about 200 rpm. After 5 minutes later, conductivity was observed and valve V12 is
open to collect a 150 mL sample. Carry out a back titration procedure to manually
determine the concentration of NaOH in the reactor and extent of conversion for every
50 mL. Make sure that the flow rates of both solutions are maintained at 0.20 L/min.
The reading was recorded and the steps were repeated for temperature of 50C after
we collected the mixture in a beaker. Last but not least, after finishing all the steps in
the experiments, mixture inside the reactor was drained off and the reactor was clean
properly. All liquid waste (mixture) was dispose immediately after each experiment.
As for result, the temperature in term of conversion which was have the lower
conductivity will made the high conversion. For example, at temperature 40 oc have
lower conversion and high conductivity which is 2.73 mS/cm. In terms of rate of
reaction, as the temperature increasing the rate of reation will increase due to
increasing of its activation energy. There are some recommendation to increase the
efficiency of the experiment which are the titrations is repeat for two or three times
because a lot of error comes from titration or use another method other than titration.
Beside that, take conductivity reading when the conductivity not changes in time
because it can change rapidly in short of time.

INTRODUCTION

The unit used in this experiment, which is SOLTEQ-QVF Continuous Stirred Tank
Reactor (Model: BP 143). The experiment was conducted to study the effect of temperature
on saponification reaction of ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide in batch reactor. A batch
reactor was a reactor which characterized by its operation. Batch reactor is a reactor reached
steady state which was a generic term for a type of vessel widely used in the process
industries. Reactor is one of the most important parts in industrial sector. Reactor is
equipment that changes the raw material to the product that we want. A good reactor will give
a high production and economical. One of criteria to choose or to design a good reactor is to
know the effectiveness of the reactor itself. There a many types of reactor depending on the
nature of the feed materials and products. One of the most important we need to know in the
various chemical reaction was the rate of the reaction.
Continuous stirred tank reactor or known as CSTR is a most common ideal reactor
type in chemical engineering .In a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), reactants and
products are continuously added and withdrawn from the reactor. The CSTR is the idealized
opposite of the weel-stirred batch and tubular plug flow reactors. Analysis of selected
combination of these reactors types can be useful in quantitatively evaluating more complex
solid, gas-, and liquid- flow behaviours. A stirred tank reactor (STR) may be operated either
as a batch reactor or as a steady state flow reactor (CSTR). The key or main feature of this
reactor is that mixing is complete so that properties such as temperature and concentration of
the reaction mixture are uniform in all parts of the vessel. Material balance of a general
chemical reaction described below.The conservation principle requires that the mass of
species A in an element of reactor volume dV obeys the following statement:
(Rate of A into volume element) - (rate of A out of volume element) + (rate of A produced
within volume element) = (rate of A accumulated within vol. element)
By studying the saponification reaction of ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide to form
sodium acetate in a batch and in a continuous stirred tank reactor, we can evaluate the rate
data needed to design a production scale reactor.

.AIMS

1) To determine the effect of temperature onto the reaction extent of conversion.

2) To determine the reactions activation energy.
THEORY
A stirred-tank reactor (STR) may be operated either as a batch reactor or as a steadystate flow reactor (better known as Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR)). The key or
main feature of this reactor is that mixing is complete so that properties such as temperature
and concentration of the reaction mixture are uniform in all parts of the vessel. Material
balance of a general chemical reaction is described below.
The conservation principle required that the mass of species A in an element of reactor
volume V obeys the following statement:

Rate of A
into

Rate of A
-

out of

Rate of A
+

produced

Rate of A
=

Accumulated

volume

Volume

within volume

within volume

element

Element

Element

Element

The usual agitator arrangement is a centrally mounted shaft with an overhead drive
unit. Impeller blades are mounted on the shaft. A wide variety of blade designs are used and
typically the blades cover about two thirds of the diameter of the reactor. Where viscous
products are handled, anchor shaped paddles are often used which have a close clearance
between the blade and the vessel walls.(Christe John Geankoplis. Transport Process and
Separation Process Principle)
Most batch reactors also use baffles. These are stationary blades which break up flow
caused by the rotating agitator. These may be fixed to the vessel cover or mounted on the side
walls. Despite significant improvements in agitator blade and baffle design, mixing in large
batch reactors is ultimately constrained by the amount of energy that can be applied. On large
vessels, mixing energies of more than 5 Watts per liter can put an unacceptable burden on the
cooling system. High agitator loads can also create shaft stability problems. Where mixing is
a critical parameter, the batch reactor is not the ideal solution. Much higher mixing rates can

be achieved by using smaller flowing systems with high speed agitators, ultrasonic mixing or
static mixers. (H. Scott Fogler, Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering)
A batch reactor is used for small-scale operation, for testing new processes that have
not been fully develop, for the manufacture of expensive products, and for processes that are
difficult to convert to CSTR. The reactor can be charged through the holes at the top. A batch
reactor has neither inflow nor outflow of reactants or products while the reaction is being
carried out: Fjo = Fj = 0.
In Out + Generation = Accumulation
V

FA 0 FA

dV

dN A
dt

V
dN A
rA dV
dt

(H. Scott Fogler, Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering)

The rate of reaction of component A is defined as:
-rA = 1/V (dNA/dt) by reaction = [moles of A which appear by reaction]
[unit volume] [unit time]
By this definition, if A is a reaction product, the rate is positive; whereas if it is a reactant
which is consumed, the rate is negative.
Rearranging equation (3),
(-rA) V = NAO dXA
Dt

Integrating equation (4) gives,

t = NAO dXA__

(-rA)V
where t is the time required to achieve a conversion XA for either isothermal or nonisothermal operation.

1/-rA
Area = t

There are some advantage and disadvantage for using batch reactor. For advantages it
production of high cell densities due to extension of working time (particularly important in
the production of growth-associated products). Next, it controlled conditions in the provision
of substrates during the fermentation, particularly regarding the concentration of specific
substrates as for example the carbon source. As for disadvantages, it requires previous
analysis of the microorganism, its requirements and the understanding of its physiology with
the productivity. Beside that, it requires a substantial amount of operator skill for the set-up,
definition and development of the process. Lastly in a cyclic fed-batch culture, care should be
taken in the design of the process to ensure that toxins do not accumulate to inhibitory levels
and that nutrients other than those incorporated into the feed medium become limiting, Also,
if many cycles are run, the accumulation of non-producing or low-producing variants may
result. (H. Scott Fogler, Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering)

APPARATUS

The unit used in this experiment was Solteq-QVF Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (Model :
BP 143).

SOLTEQ-QVF Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (Model: BP 143)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Continuous stirred tank reactor. Model: BP 143

50 mL burette
200 mL beaker
Conical flask
Solution :
ISodium hydroxide, NaOH (0.1M)
IIEthyl acetate, Et (Ac) (0.1M)
IIIDeionized water
IVPhenolphthalein
6. Conductivity probe
7. 100 mL measuring cylinder.

PROCEDURES
General start-up Procedures:
1. The following solution were prepared:

i40L of sodium hydroxide, NaOH (0.1 M)

ii40 L of ethyl acetate, Et (Ac) (0.1M)
iii1 L of hydrochloric acid, HCl (0.25M) , for quenching.
2. All valves were initially closed.
3. The feed vessels were charged as follows:
iThe charge port caps for vessels B1 and B2 were opened.
iiThe NaOH solution was carefully poured into vessel B1 and Et (Ac) solution

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

was poured into vessel B2.

iiiThe charge port caps for both vessels were closed.
The power for control panel was turned on.
Sufficient water in thermostat T1 was checked. Refill as necessary.
Cooling water V13 was opened and are let to flow through condenser W1.
The overflow tube was adjusted to give a working volume of 10L in the reactor R1.
Valves V2, V3, V3, V7, V8 and V11 were opened.
The unit was ready for experiment.

General shut-down Procedures:

1. The cooling water valve V13 was kept open to allow the cooling water to continue
flowing.
2. Pumps P1 and pumps P2 were switched off. Stirrer M1 was switched off.
3. The thermostat T1 was switched off. The liquid in the reaction vessel R1 was let to
cool down to room temperature.
4. Cooling water V13 was closed.
5. Valves V2, V3, V7, and V8 were closed. Valves V4, V9 and V12 were opened to drain
any liquid from the unit.
6. The power for control panel was turned off.

Preparation of Calibration Curve for Conversion vs. Conductivity

1. The following solution were prepared:
i1 L of sodium hydroxide, NaOH (0.1M)
ii1 L of sodium acetate , Et (Ac) (0.1M)
iii1 L of deionized water, H2O.
2. The conductivity and NaoH concentration for each value were determined by mixing
the following solution into 100 mL of deionized water.
i0% conversion
: 100 mL NaOH
ii25% conversion
: 75 mL NaOH + 25 mL Et (Ac)
iii50% conversion
: 50 mL NaOH + 50 mL Et (Ac)
iv75% conversion
: 23 mL NaOH + 75 mL Et (Ac)
v100% conversion
: 100 mL Et (Ac)

Back Titration Procedures for Manual Conversion Determination:

1. A burette was filled up with 0.1 M NaOH solution.
2. 10 mL of 0.25 M HCl was measured in a flask.
3. A 50 mL sample was obtained from the experiment and immediate the sample was
added to the HCl in the flask to quench the saponification reaction.
4. A few drops of pH indicator were added into the mixture.
5. The mixture was titrated with NaOH solution from the burette until the mixture was
neutralized. The amount of NaOH titrated was recorded.

EXPERIMENT 2: Effect of temperature on the Reaction in a CSTR

1. The general start-up was performed.
2. Pumps P1 and P2 was switched on simultaneously and valves V5 and V10 was
opened to obtain the highest possible flow rate into the reactor.
3. The reactor are let to fill up with both the solution until it is just overflowed.
4. The valves V5 and V10 are readjusted to give a flow rate of 2.0 L/min. Both flow
rates are ensured recorded at the same time.
5. The stirrer M1 are switched on and the speed are set at about 200 rpm.
6. The thermostat T1 are switched on and the water temperature was set to 40 C.
7. The conductivity value at Q1-401 was started to monitor and the temperature value at
T1-101 until no changed over time. To ensured the reactor had reached to steady state.
8. The steady state conductivity and the temperature values was recorded and the
concentration of NaOH in the reactor and the extent of reaction of conversion from
calibration curve was found.

9. Sampling valves V12 was opened and a 50 mL sample was collected. The titration
procedures was carried out back to manually determine the concentration of NaOH in
the reactor and extent of conversion.
10. The experiment was repeated ( steps 7 to 10 ) for different reactor temperatures by
setting the thermostat temperature to 50, 60,70 and 80 C. The flow rates of both
solutions was ensured maintained at 0.20 L/min.

RESULT
Reactor volume = 10 L
Concentration of NaOH in feed vessel = 0.1 M
Concentration of Et(Ac) in feed vessel = 0.1 M

Temperature
(oC)

40

50

60

70

80

Flow rate of
NaOH
(mL/min)

200

200

200

200

200

Flow rate of
Et (Ac)
(mL/min)

200

200

200

200

200

400

400

400

400

400

Conductivity

2.73

2.60

2.51

2.45

2.34

Volume of
NaOH titrated,
V1(mL)

23.1

23.7

24.2

24.4

24.7

25

25

25

25

25

9.88

9.52

9.20

9.00

8.76

Total flowrate
, Fo (mL/min)

Residence
time, (min)
Volume of
unreacted
quenching
HCl, V2 (mL)
Volume of
HCl reacted
with NaOH ,
V3 (mL)

9.88

0.48

0.8

1.0

1.24

92.4

94.8

96.8

97.6

98.8

127.98

280.47

756.25

1355.56

5488.89

ln k

4.85

5.64

6.63

7.21

8.61

1/T

0.025

0.02

0.017

0.014

0.013

2365.47

2441.05

2516.62

2592.2

2667.77

Conservation
, X (%)
Rate Constant
,k
(M-1s-1)

Ea
( J/mol )

CALCULATION
When the flowrate of both solution is 0.1 L/min (Column 1 of Table 1), the known quantities are :

F0 = 0.2+0.2 = 0.4 mL/min

Volume of sample,Vs

50 mL

Concentration of NaOH in the feed vessel,

CNaOH,f

0.1 M

Volume of HCl for quenching, VHCl,s

10 mL

Concentration of HCl in standard solution, CHCl,s

0.25 mol/L

Volume of NaOH titrated, V1

23.1 mol/L

Concentration of NaOH used for titration,

CNaOH,s

0.1 mol/L

For T = 40C
i-

ii-

iii-

iv-

vvi-

vii-

Concentration of NaOH that entering the reactor, CNaOH 0.

CNaOHo = CNaOHs
= (0.1)
= 0.05 mol/L
Volume of unreacted quenching HCl,V2
V2 = (CNaOHs / CHCls) x V1
= (0.1/0.25) x 23.1
= 9.24 mL
Volume of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, V3
V3 = VHCls V2
= 10 9.24
= 0.76 mL
Moles of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, n1
n1 = (CHCls x V3) / 1000
= 0.25 x 0.76/1000
= 0.00019 mol
Moles of unreacted NaOH in sample, n2
n2 = n1
= 0.00019 mol
Concentration of unreacted NaOH in the reactor, CNaOH
CNaOH = n2/Vs x 1000
= 0.00019/50 x 1000
= 0.0038 mol/L
Conversion of NaOH in the reactor, X
X = (1- CNaOH / CNaOHo) x 100%
= (1 0.0038/0.05) x 100%

= 92.4 %
viii-

Residence time,

ix-

= VCSTR / Fo
= 10 / 0.4
= 25 min
Reaction rate constant, k
k = ( CAo CA) / CA2
= ( 0.05 0.0038) / (25 x 0.00382)
1
= 127.98 M
min -1

For T = 50C
i-

ii-

iii-

iv-

Volume of unreacted quenching HCl,V2

V2 = (CNaOHs / CHCls) x V1
= (0.1/0.25) x 23.7
= 9.48 mL
Volume of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, V3
V3 = VHCls V2
= 10 9.48
= 0.52 mL
Moles of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, n1
n1 = (CHCls x V3) / 1000
= 0.25 x 0.52/1000
= 0.00013 mol
Moles of unreacted NaOH in sample, n2

v-

vi-

vii-

viii-

n2 = n1
= 0.00013 mol
Concentration of unreacted NaOH in the reactor, CNaOH
CNaOH = n2/Vs x 1000
= 0.00013/50 x 1000
= 0.0026 mol/L
Conversion of NaOH in the reactor, X
X = (1- CNaOH / CNaOHo) x 100%
= (1 0.0026/0.05) x 100%
= 94.8 %
Residence time,
= VCSTR / Fo
= 10 / 0.4
= 25 min
Reaction rate constant, k
k = ( CAo CA) / CA2
= ( 0.05 0.0026) / (25 x 0.00262)
1
= 280.47 M
min -1

For T = 60C
i-

ii-

iii-

ivv-

vi-

vii-

Volume of unreacted quenching HCl,V2

V2 = (CNaOHs / CHCls) x V1
= (0.1/0.25) x 24.2
= 9.68 mL
Volume of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, V3
V3 = VHCls V2
= 10 9.68
= 0.32 mL
Moles of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, n1
n1 = (CHCls x V3) / 1000
= 0.25 x 0.32/1000
= 0.00008 mol
Moles of unreacted NaOH in sample, n2
n2 = n1
= 0.00008 mol
Concentration of unreacted NaOH in the reactor, CNaOH
CNaOH = n2/Vs x 1000
= 0.00008/50 x 1000
= 0.0016 mol/L
Conversion of NaOH in the reactor, X
X = (1- CNaOH / CNaOHo) x 100%
= (1 0.0016/0.05) x 100%
= 96.8 %
Residence time,
= VCSTR / Fo
= 10 / 0.4

viii-

= 25 min
Reaction rate constant, k
k = ( CAo CA) / CA2
= ( 0.05 0.0016) / (25 x 0.00162)
1
= 756.25 M
min -1

For T = 70C
i-

ii-

iii-

ivv-

vi-

vii-

viii-

Volume of unreacted quenching HCl,V2

V2 = (CNaOHs / CHCls) x V1
= (0.1/0.25) x 24.4
= 9.76 mL
Volume of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, V3
V3 = VHCls V2
= 10 9.76
= 0.24 mL
Moles of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, n1
n1 = (CHCls x V3) / 1000
= 0.25 x 0.24/1000
= 0.00006 mol
Moles of unreacted NaOH in sample, n2
n2 = n1
= 0.00006 mol
Concentration of unreacted NaOH in the reactor, CNaOH
CNaOH = n2/Vs x 1000
= 0.00006/50 x 1000
= 0.0012 mol/L
Conversion of NaOH in the reactor, X
X = (1- CNaOH / CNaOHo) x 100%
= (1 0.0012/0.05) x 100%
= 97.6 %
Residence time,
= VCSTR / Fo
= 10 / 0.4
= 25 min
Reaction rate constant, k
k = ( CAo CA) / CA2
= ( 0.05 0.0012) / (25 x 0.00122)
1
= 1355.56 M
min -1

For T = 80C
i-

Volume of unreacted quenching HCl,V2

V2 = (CNaOHs / CHCls) x V1

ii-

iii-

ivv-

vi-

vii-

viii-

= (0.1/0.25) x 24.7
= 9.88 mL
Volume of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, V3
V3 = VHCls V2
= 10 9.88
= 0.12 mL
Moles of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, n1
n1 = (CHCls x V3) / 1000
= 0.25 x 0.12/1000
= 0.00003 mol
Moles of unreacted NaOH in sample, n2
n2 = n1
= 0.00003 mol
Concentration of unreacted NaOH in the reactor, CNaOH
CNaOH = n2/Vs x 1000
= 0.00003/50 x 1000
= 0.0006 mol/L
Conversion of NaOH in the reactor, X
X = (1- CNaOH / CNaOHo) x 100%
= (1 0.0006/0.05) x 100%
= 98.8 %
Residence time,
= VCSTR / Fo
= 10 / 0.4
= 25 min
Reaction rate constant, k
k = ( CAo CA) / CA2
= ( 0.05 0.0006) / (25 x 0.00062)
1
= 5488.89 M
min -1

Arhenius equation :
E

k ( t )= A e RT

ln k =ln A

E 1
( )
R T

y=c+mx
From graph eq :
y = 0.909x + 3.861

c = 3.861=ln A
A= e

3.861

=47.51

E
M=0.909= RT
So for Arhenius equation :

k ( t )=( 47.51) e 0.909

= 117.91

Reactions activation energy

1. For 40

E
0.909= RT
E = 0.909(8.314)(40+273) = 2365.47 J/mol
2. For 50 ,

E
0.909= RT
E = 0.909(8.314)(50+273) = 2441.05 J/mol
3. For 60 ,

E
0.909= RT
E = 0.909(8.314)(60+273) = 2516.62 J/mol
4. For 70 ,

E
0.909= RT
E = 0.909(8.314)(70+273) = 2592.2 J/mol
5. For 80 ,

E
0.909= RT
E = 0.909(8.314)(80+273) = 2667.77 J/mol

DISCUSSION
Based on the experiment that had been conducted, the two objectives are determine the
effect of temperature onto the reaction extent of conversion and determine the reactions

activation energy . From the data collected from the result, two graph had been plotted which
are first one is conversion versus temperature and the last one is ln k versus

1
T .

For the purpose of achieving that particular target, the experiment is designed so that two
reactants which are Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH and Ethyl Acetate, Et(Ac) react with each
other in the saponification process. The reactor used is CSTR since the property that is to be
varied is the temperature. As the flow rate of NaOH and Et(Ac) same throughout the
experiment, the residence time is also the same which is 25 min
Residencetime , =

V CSTR
F0

where VCSTR refers to the volume of the reactor (in this case 10 L) and F 0 is the total flowrate
of the feed which is 400 mL/min to get same residence time,

. And that is exactly what

was done. The temperature in the experiment was varied to be 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 C . A
graph between temperature and the conversion of the reactant (in this case NaOH) has to be
formed in order to study the relationship between the conversion of NaOH and temperature.
The values of temperature are known, as explained before, and the values of conversion, X of
NaOh can be determined by

C NaOH
C NaOH ,0

x 100%

From the first graph, the conversion is increase proportionally to the temperature. As we
know the hypothesis that conversion is higher if the temperature is higher. But there are
certain fluctuate peak and the graph is not smoothly increase which due to the error from
titration reading or maybe lack of skill when titration that may be affects the result and graph
respectively.
From the second graph, it can be seen that the relationship of these two parameters which is
ln k versus

1
T

is almost linear. This is because when two reactants is react in high

temperature, the rate of reaction will increase. By this graph, the value for Arhennius
equation is 117.91 which is calculated from line equation y = 0.909x + 3.861.
CONCLUSION
Based on the objectives of this experiment, which is to determine the effect of
temperature onto the reaction extent of conversion, the relationship conversion and
temperature was directly proportional. From the calculated data, the conversion
increasing when the temperature is higher. We can conclude that the experiment was
successfully conducted since we get the right conclusion. By using a Continuous Stirred
Tank Reactor, CSTR, these two substances were flowed into the reactor, mixed and let to
react for a certain by different temperature. By doing that, saponification process was
completed. The experiment also targets to determine the reaction activation energy. From
arhennius equation, the reaction activation energy for 40 , 50 , 60 , 70

and 80 is 2365.47 J/mol, 2441.05 J/mol, 2516.62 J/mol, 2592.2 J/mol and

2667.77 J/mol respectively. This show that reaction of rate increasing in high
temperatures.

RECOMMENDATION
Make sure CSTR 40 liters machine is running appropriately, it to prevent harm to the

machine and individual that used the machine.

Repeat titrations two or three times because a lot of error comes from titration or use

another method other than titration.

Divide into two teams which is the first team in charge of the CSTR 40 liters machine

while the second team would carry out the back titration procedures.
Take conductivity reading when the conductivity not changes in time because it can

change rapidly in short of time.

The indicator should be mixed with the acid first, then the sample.
When the sample is being collected, the first few mililiters should be thrown away, for

it is the remaining of the previous sample trapped in the pipe.

Pumps should never be run dry.

REFRENCES

Sullivan, J.A (1997). Fluid Power : Theory and Application.

http://www.solution.com.my/pdf/BP143(A4).pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_stirred-tank_reactor
McCabe. (2005). Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering.
McGuire, J.T. (1990). Pumps for Chemical Processing.
Fogler. H.S (2005). Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering.
Lab manual CPE554-CSTR40L

APPENDICES