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ISO 9001:2008
CERTIFIED
LAB MANUAL
Degree
: B.E
Year / Sem
: III / IV
Course
: Mechanical Engineering
Subject Code
: ME6513
Subject
INSTRUMENT LIST
SL.NO
NAME OF EQUIPMENT/INSTRUMENT
OUTSIDE MICROMETER
VERNIER CALLIPER
SINE BAR
10
11
AUTOCOLLIMAETOR
12
13
14
15
BORE GAUGE
EXERCISE LIST
S.NO
NAME OF EXPERIMENT
Determination of Pitch and Tooth Depth of a Screw Thread using tool makers
microscope.
Pneumatic comparator
10
11
Temperature measurement
12
Page No
Exp No: 1
Aim:
To determine the pitch and tooth depth of the
given screw thread using tool maker's
microscope.
1.
2.
Apparatus Required
Tool Maker's microscope
Screw thread
Description:
The tool maker microscope is based on the
principle of optics. The microscope consists
heavy
hollow base which accommodates the illuminating unit underneath and above on the top
surface of the base. The worktable carriage is supported on balls and controlled the micrometer
screw. The base is a column which carries a microscope unit and various interchangeable eye
pieces. Light from the lamp to the centre as this instrument and is reflected as parallel beam by
the prism at the end of the tube on its way up this beam collects the image of the object to the
inspected and this enters the microscope being turned by another prism up to the inclined eye
piece, Here the inspection may be made by eye in the normal way for the projection attachment
may be fitted which turn the beam by mirror to bring up the image on the back of the translucent
screen. The magnification obtained depends up on the objective of the microscope but
instruments are commonly supplied which facilitates to give magnification from l0X to 100X on
the projection screen.
Procedure
1. First fix the screw thread in the toolmaker's microscope. The range of the micro meter is 0 to
25mm and keeps it around 12.5mm so that we can measure in either direction.
2. Adjust the screw on the table such that the crest of the screw coincides with the horizontal
cross line and take the initial reading. Move the micrometer till the horizontal cross line
coincide with the crest of the other side. Take the final reading. The difference between the
initial and final readings gives the outer diameter and this is repeated at five different places.
3. Adjust the screw thread on the table such that the vertical line coincided the crest of one
thread and note the reading.
4. Move the micrometer till the cross line vertically coincides with the crest of the next thread
and the reading is to be noted. The difference between the initial and final readings gives the
pitch and this is repeated at five different places.
Tabulation: pitch
Sl no
Final reading in
micrometer
Final reading in
micrometer
1
2
3
4
Tooth depth
Sl no Initial reading in micrometer
1
2
3
4
RESULT:
Thus the given screw thread is checked for pitch and tooth depth.
ELECTRICAL COMPARATOR
Date:
Exp No: 2
7
AIM:
A vast range of measuring high precision instruments are now available. Any variation from that
of the present standard dimension can also be measured with instruments called as
Comparators. Electrical comparator is used for the purpose of comparison of dimensions with
the standard dimension.
OPERATION:
movement of a steel armature, which is moved by a plunger in contact with the surface to be
checked. Two of the bridges are between armature and two are outside. These four inductances
form a bridge. Initially the inductors are set so that no resultant current flows through them.
When armature is moved, the balance of bridge is disturbed and a resulting current flows which
is calibrated in terms of length of movement of the plunger
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Electric gauge head employing two arms of bridge armature and
feeler.
1. Ammeter, voltmeter
2. Power supply.
3. Specimen holder.
CONSTRUCTION :
The variac is controlled by induction bridge, which is used to change the magnification.
Electromagnets are near the armature that it will be sensitive one and will have higher
magnification and when it will be at distance from steel armature then magnification will be less.
Thus adjusting the variac magnification is changed.
PROCEDURE :
1. Switch on the Main Supply
2. Adjust the Specimen holder to required position.
3. Set the zero setting by adjusting the Variac
4. Now keep the Sample Test Work piece on the Specimen holder. Note down the Ammeter reading
5. The difference in the ammeter reading is the difference of your standard work piece and Sample test
work piece
6. Repeat the experiment for different Specimen Samples using the above procedure
PNEUMATIC COMPARATOR
Date:
Exp No:3
8
AIM:
Theoretical Aspects
Comparator means compare the product to its standard and find the deviation form the
Standard value. There are different types of comparator to measure various dimension in
different method ( pneumatic, electrical, Mechanical, Optical)
Description of equipment
The equipment consists of two setting master for setting lower and higher value limits.
One is set to be lower limit let us 01 and another is higher limit let us 009. Depend upon the
Pressure variation this to be held and changed in to scale as in microns.
Experimentation
Experimentation
1. The equipment consists of two setting master for setting lower and higher value limits.
2. One is set to be lower limit let us 01 and
3. Another is higher limit let us 10.
4. Depend upon the pressure variation this to be held and changed in to scale as in microns.
5. The variation is brought you by change value in CAL button in the display.
6. Now using above. Do some hole drilling on your own piece and check whether they
Accepted or not
Result:
Thus the Pneumatic comparator is studied and find the resolution for various settings.
Aim:
Comparing the height of given samples by using mechanical comparator.
Description:
A dial gauge typically consists of a graduated dial and needle to record the minor increments,
with a smaller embedded clock face and needle to record the number of needle rotations on the
main dial. Typically the resolution is 0.01 mm and maximum range depends on the length of the
probe which is usually of the order of 1 10 mm. The probe (or plunger) moves perpendicular to
the object being tested by either retracting or extending from the indicators body. As the probe
moves, it rotates a gear mechanism within the gauge which rotates the needle. The dial face
can be rotated to any position, this is used to orientate the face towards the user as well as set
the zero point.
Experimental setup:
1. Place the standard piece on the stand and set zero indication on outer ring and 1 on
inner circle for that piece.
2. Now insert the test pieces and check whether it shows zero or any deflection from zero.
Accept these piece when the changes are in between 90 to 10 ( -10 to +10)
3. Otherwise reject pieces
4. Now compare the other products with reference to standard piece
5. Give final report,
Tabulation for mechanical comparator
Sl no
Acceptable range
Remarks(acceptable or not)
1
2
3
4
Tabulation for dial gauge calibration.
Sl no
Error
%of error
1
2
3
4
10
Result:
Thus the height of given samples are compared by using mechanical comparator.
4. micrometer
5. surface plate
6.Vernier caliper
11
FORMULA:
Sin = h / L
Where,
H - Height of the slip gauge
L - Distance between the centers
- Inclined angle of theSpecimen
PROCEDURE:
TABULATION:
Sl.No
Height (h)mm
Taper angle ( )
1
2
3
4
5
12
CALCULATION:
Sin = h / L
RESULT:
Thus the taper angle of the given specimen is measured using sine bar.
The external taper angle is ________________________
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Gear tooth Vernier, Gear specimen.
SPECIFICATION:
13
= 0.02 mm
FORMULA:
1.
NM sin (90/N)
2.
NM
--------- 1 2 / N cos(90 / N )
2
3.
D
------------(N+2)
PROCEDURE:
TRIAL
1
2
3
4
5.
Chordal addendum d mm
Actual
Theoretical
Chordal width w mm
Actual
Theoretical
15
RESULT:
Thus the Chordal thickness and addendum of the gear are measured using gear tooth
vernier.
Theoretical Values:
=
=
mm
mm
=
=
mm
mm
Actual Values:
of carriage (B) and floating top (C). then put one ball on
other V groove of carriage ( B) and below the flat surface
on other side of floating top between stepped pins. Insert
two centers (3) from both sides on the V groove provided
on top of column ( D)
Insert the Micrometer (F) provided with machine in one
side of floating top nearer to observer and tight lever (4) &
Alien screw provided on floating top (C). Insert the Zero
Indicator (G) on the other side of V groove on floating top
and tight lever & Allen screw. Insert pillar ( 5) in holes
provided on upper surface of cover of floating top. Tight
hock holder (6) on pillar insert hook in hook holder and
tight knob of hook holder. Hold the setting master ( 8) in
between the centers and tight levers provided above the
column. Now machine is ready to take actual readings.
Know your micrometer
Micrometer provided with this machine has (two types of readings. One reading Like from the
main scale and drum, and second from vernier scale main scale is on fixed barrel of the
Micrometer (non-rotary part of the micrometer) Main scale is having graduations of onemillimeter sub ivided by half-millimeter lines. It is also provided with a vernier scale.
Each Vernier line reads 0 001 mm
MAIN SCALE with VERNIER
Drum has 50 divisions and each division reads 0.01mm. Every 10'" line-has marking
from 0-10. so least count for vernier is 0.001 mm.
MICROMETER READING EXAMPLE
Crossing line on Main scale is 11 & half
Main Scale Read 1 1. 00
+00 500
= 11.500
Crossing line on Drum with horizontal, Zero line is Ist line
Drum reading = 5 x 0.01
= 0.05
Matching line on Vernier scale is 4th line
Vernier reading 0 .001 x 4
= 0 .004
Hence Reading is 11.500 + 0.05+0.004
= 11.554mm
MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATIONS,
Major Diameter measurement:The diameter of the setting master or a cylinder should be nearly same as the diameter of the
Thread gauge. The advantage of using setting master is it gives similarity of contact at anvils
and reduces errors in measurements..(Due to short travel of micrometer, particularly pitch error
in micrometer is minimized.) The setting master is held between enters. Take the reading of the
diameter Say, this reading is "M" The master cylinder is then replaced by a threaded work place
or thread gauge and again second readings taken Say this reading is "W"
If
17
1. Place the object and the vernier height gauge on the surface plate.
2. Note the value on the scale when the moving jaw is touching the bottom of the object.
3. Take the moving /sliding jaw to the top of the object and note down the value on the scale.
4. The difference between 3&2 will give the height of the object.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The height gauges should be kept in their case when not in use.
2. Measuring jaws should be handled carefully.
Sl no
Measured reading-MSR+
(VSR xLC)
1
2
3
4
5
RESULT:
The heights of the given objects measured with vernier height gauge are tabulated above.
Sl.no
Actual Reading(kg)
Error %
1
2
3
4
5
Calculation:
Error % =Error/Actual Reading * 100
Result:
Thus the force/load using force measurement trainer was measured.
Actual Reading(kg)
Error %
21
1
2
3
4
5
Calculation:
Error % =Error/Actual Reading * 100
Result:
Thus the torque using torque measurement trainer was measured.
THERMOCOUPLE
The THERMO COUPLE is one the simplest and most commonly used methods of measuring
process temperature .the operation of a thermocouple is based upon see back effect .see back
discovered that when heat is applied to junction (hot junction) of two dissimilar metals, an emf is
generated which can be measured at the other .junction (cold junction).the two dissimilar metals
form an electric circuit, and a current flows as a result of the generated emf.
CONTRUCTION OF THERMOCOUPLE:A pair of two dissimilar metals that are in physical contact with each other form a
thermocouple .these metals may be twisted, screwed penned, clamped or welded together .the
most commonly used method for fabricating is to weld the metals together Thermocouples do
not use bare conductors except in applications where atmospheric conditions permits their
use .these condition obtained when temp. to be measured are low and the atmosphere is non corrosive . Industrial thermocouples employ protective sheathing surrounding the junction and a
portion of the extension leads. The leads and the junction are internally insulated from the
sheath, using various. Potting compounds, ceramic beads or orides .the type of insulation used
depends upon
the process being monitored.
TYPE OF THE SENSORS:- "J" TYPE ,"K" TYPE, "T"TYPE
Material Used: - Chromium Alumel
Controls & operations
MIN: 10k single turn potentiometer to set the min.
Level of temperature (i.e. ambient temperature)
MAX: 10 k single turn potentiometer to adjust the maximum level of the temperature .
THERMOCOUPLES: Screw type connecting socket to connect the J/ K /T SENSORS
22
J type Reading in
c.
K type Reading in
c.
T type Reading in
c.
Thermometer
Reading in c.
1
2
3
4
5
23
Auto collimator
SPECIFICATIONS:
Objective focal length
: 300 mm.
: 25 mm
Barrel dia
: 38 mm
Barrel length
: 200 mm
Eyepiece magnification
: 10x
Measuring range
: 25 minutes
24
Read out
: on direct graticule AT 1
Telescope length
: 380 mm
Dimensions of base
PROCEDURE:
1. Clean the surface plate or table.
2. Position the auto-collimator in line with the reflector. Switch on the lamp in the
3. The alignment between the auto-collimator and reflector should be checked at both
extremes of the operational distance to make certain that the target graticule is
contained within the eyepiece field. Fix a guide strip to control the horizontal
displacement of the reflector and minimize the movement of the target graticule.
4. Mark off the positions along the surface plate equal to the pitch positions on the reflector
base (in this case 100 mm). Column 1 should indicate this position.
5. At the initial position takes the reading and tabulates (column 2)
6. Move the carriage (reflector) to the next position and again tabulate the reading.
7. This method is to continue until the final outward position is recorded.
8. The remainder of the table should be filled by adopting the following procedure:
Column 3: This is the variations of the tilt occurring between the position at which the
reading is taken and the original position.
Column 4: The angular position in column 3 is converted into a linear measure (1 second
= 0.5 micro m). Insert a zero at the top of the column to represent the datum.
Column 5: This is the cumulative algebraic sum of the displacements. Calculate the
mean displacement this is the amount by which the displacement must be adjusted to
relate them to the zero datum.
Plot the values of column 5 versus column 1.
OBSERVATION:
1
Position Of
Reflector
mm
0
Autocollimator
Reading
Difference From
1st Reading
Seconds
Seconds
4
Rise Or Fall
Per 100mm
5
Cumulative
Rise Or Fall
0-100
100-200
25
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
RESULT:
26