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CHAPTER 24: Internet Tools for Advanced Nursing Practice PREpared by: Hanalyssa Bunac Teoxon
:
Spint - is the commercial pioneer of fixed wireless broadband technology. It provides geographical
mobility up to 35 miles. Both wireless and fixed wireless talk/internet time is usually limited to about 56 hours with standby time up to 1 week. Wireless application permit Internet connectivity. -It allows for
Web-based clinical decision support, patient and clinician e-mail communication, and point-of-care
electronic health record data entry, data sharing, and messaging, including prescription writing.
PowerPoint Presentation:
Wireless technology is electromagnetically safe. Bluetooth radio technology, on which wireless devices
rely, was found to be safe and robust even within intensive care environments. ( Wallin and Wajntraub ,
2004)
PowerPoint Presentation:
The Internet is increasingly an important adjunct to safe practice. The number of practical tools
available on the Internet increases each year. This may result in information overload, unless the user
knows how to retrieve and structure available tools. Retrieval cannot solely depend on the book
marking of Web pages. They change as Web editors and designers add new information and tools.
PowerPoint Presentation:
Basic and advanced Internet search skills are needed to adapt to a frequently changing Internet
environment and to retrieve the wealth of Internet information. To facilitate adaptation, this chapter:
-describes basic and advanced Internet search methods. -structures the presentation of Internetavailable clinical practice tools. -discuss the eClinicaLog and its applicability to advanced practice.
PowerPoint Presentation:
* name precisely the information being sought. -the internet is not a book. If the search terms used are
precisely chosen, the searcher goes directly to the desired information. * use search strings rather than
single words to increase the preciseness of a search. -this principle may appear simple, but many fail
to apply the principle when searching the Internet. * enhance search strings by using boolean or
natural language methods. -use the boolean terms: AND, OR, or NOT. The term AND is used when
search terms or strings need to be added together. The term OR is used when equivalent terms or
synonyms are used to capture the information required.
PowerPoint Presentation:
Clinical information obtained from governmental domains is likely to be less biased than information
obtained from commercial sites. The credibility of content from educational Web sites varies and is
likely to be directly related to the academic quality of the university the Web site represents. An
organizational Web site is likely to present organizational interests and bias. There is a vast difference
in quality among commercial Web sites. It is therefore incumbent on the clinician to evaluate the
credibility of the information obtained.
PowerPoint Presentation:
Conclusions: -credible information on specific clinical topics is readily available on the Internet. The
type and depth of information varies by domain and by the purpose of the web site within domains. For
clinical decision support purposes, it is suggested that a database of sites be kept readily available for
use. With this particular search, government and university sites provided the best available
information.
PowerPoint Presentation:
Although the listing is not exhaustive, it does represent carefully selected examples of the types of
clinical information available on the internet. This structured approach to clinical information database
development is clinically useful, helps clinicians organize their own knowledge databases, and
facilitates ready access to needed information.
PowerPoint Presentation:
*Assessment - refers to systematic collection of data needed to arrive at one or more diagnosis. The
tools included in this section include forms, miscellaneous screening tools, risk assessment instrument,
and information of the manifestation of signs and symptoms. *Diagnosis - Treatment is diagnosticspecific. Hence, diagnosis and treatment information categories are frequently not discreet. Practice
guideline often address assessment, diagnosis, and treatment.
PowerPoint Presentation:
The etymology of the word diagnosis is based in its Greek roots. Dia means through and gnosis
means knowledge. Diagnosis is dependent on the knowledge base of the person diagnosing. Disease
represents the knowledge base of nursing. A classification of functional health and disability terms
represents a beginning step toward the elaboration of a unified health professional knowledge base.
These knowledge bases are displayed within classification systems specifically:
PowerPoint Presentation:
*Medical classification of disease, e.g., the International Classification of Disease. *Nursing
classification of human responses to illness and health, e.g., the NANDA Classification of Nursing
Diagnoses. *Functional health and disability, e.g., the International Classification of Functioning in
Health and Disability.
PowerPoint Presentation:
*Treatment -The term treatment is used here in lieu of interventions and nursing actions, because it
expresses more precisely the broad clinical management focus of this section.
Clinical information databases and systems must be designed for system-wide and discipline-specific
needs. To meet discipline-specific needs, the design of clinical information databases and systems
requires the input of members of each involved discipline. The reason is that each discipline is alone
responsible for its knowledge base, practice, and standards of practice. Without this interdisciplinary
approach to the development of clinical information systems, the resultant system will be ineffective in
addressing
the
patient
needs
for
which
it
is
designed
and
inefficient.
Wireless applications permit Internet connectivity. Within some academic health science
centers this allows for Web-based clinical decision support, patient and clinician e-mail communication,
and point-of-care electronic health record data entry, data sharing, and messaging, including
prescription
writing.
Wireless technology is electromagnetically safe. Bluetooth radio technology, on which
wireless devices rely, was found to be safe and robust even within intensive care environments (Wallin
and Wajntraub, 2004). Other issues surrounding wireless technology use are not minor (Delbanco and
Sands,
2004;
Newbold,
2004).
Considerations for use:
Secure portals and encryption, which are mandatory to safeguard patient privacy/
confidentiality
Incorporation of a wide range of practice guidelines to frame clinician and patient expectations
and responsibilities
Cost per clinician time considerations
Basic and advanced Internet skills are needed to adapt to a frequently changing Internet
environment and to retrieve the wealth of internet information applicable to clinical practice in an
efficient
manner.
BASIC
ADVANCED
INTERNET
SEARCH
METHODS
increase
Name the precise information being sought. If the search terms used are precisely
chosen, the searcher goes directly to the desired information.
Use search strings (one or more search terms) rather than single words to increase
the preciseness of a search.
Enhance search strings by using BOOLEAN or natural language methods. Use the
Boolean terms:
1.)
2.)
AND-
when
search
strings
needed
to
be
added
together
OR- when equivalent terms or synonyms are used to capture the information required
3.) NOT- when a specific result for searching is not desired to be included
TYPES
OF
DOMAINS
In the Domain Name System, there is a hierarchy of names. The root of system is unnamed.
There are a set of what are called "top-level domain names" (TLDs). These are the generic TLDs (EDU,
COM, NET, ORG, GOV, MIL, and INT), and the two letter country codes from ISO-3166. It is extremely
unlikely that any other TLDs will be created (Jon Postel; Domain Name System Structure and
Delegation;
RFC
1591;
March
1994).
Internet domain names are the alphanumeric identifiers we use to refer to hosts on the
Internet. The structure of Internet domain names was first described in RFC 819, and their syntax was
first
described
in
RFC
822.
Top-level domains. Internet domain names are organized by their levels, with the higher levels
on
domain
the
right.
For example, for the domain "mail.twenty.net" the top-level domain is "net", the second-level
is
"twenty.net",
and
the
third-level
domain
is
"www.twenty.net".
Originally, the top-level Internet domains were associated with organizations, mainly ".arpa", ".csnet",
".bitnet",
and
".uucp".
Third-level domains. Third-level Internet domain names are created by those that own second-level domains. Third-level
domains can be used to set up individual domains for specific purposes, such as a domain for web access and one for mail, or a
separate site for a special purpose.
Country domains. Each country in the world has its own top-level Internet domain with a unique alphabetic designation. A
few countries and example domains are shown below.
.br
.ca
.ch
cl
.us
Brazil
Canada
Switzerland
Chile
United States
http://home.iis.com.br/
http://www.canoe.ca/
http://www.badminton.ch
http://www.santiago.cl/
http://www.co.maui.hi.us/;
Resources that provide more information about country domains and organizations:
* ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency -- Maintains the list of alphabetic country codes used for the top-level country domain names.
* IANA Country Code Top-Level Domains -- Lists all of the country top-level domains, with information on the governing
agency and contacts.
Historical references:
* International E-mail accessibility -- Lists all of the top-level domains for each country that is accessible by email as of 2004.
Metasearch engines create what is known as a virtual database. They do not compile a physical database or catalogue of the
web. Instead, they take a user's request, pass it to several other heterogeneous databases and then compile the results in a
homogeneous manner based on a specific algorithm.
Internet sites that provide how-to information on adding a metasearch capability to a website:
Digital windmill (http://digitalwindmill.com/)
eMetasearch (http://emetasearch.com/)
DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS
Classification systems according to Knowledge-based Practice
1. Medical classification of diseases (e.g. International Classifications of Disease)
2. Nursing classifications of human responses to illness and health (e.g. the NANDA Classification of Nursing Diagnoses)
3.
Functional health and disability (e.g. the International Classification of Functioning in Health and Disability)
Diagnostic Sections:
New threats to health (http://www.bt.cdc.gov)
Mass trauma preparedness and response
Chemical agents
Agency of Healthcare Research and Quality in collaboration with the University of Alabama has a Web site devoted to
bioterrorism education (http://bioterrorism.uab.edu/)
George Mason University National Center for Biodefense (http://www.gmu.edu/centers/biodefense/)
Saint Louis University Center for the Study of bioterrorism and Emerging Infections (http://bioterrorism.slu.edu/)
Disease Diagnosis
The most familiar disease terminology is the International Classification of Disease (ICD). Use of the ICD code allows the
aggregation of disease data across patient care settings. Because disease definitions are not static, codes are never finished
products. Each year, the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services (CMS) Medicare Learning Network posts lists of new and
revised ICD diagnosis codes and titles (http://www.cms.hhs.gov/medlearn/icd9code.asp)
Disease directories: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC), Diseases and Conditions
(http://www.cdc.gov/node.do/id/0900f3ec8000e035)
National Cancer Institute (www.nci.nih.gov)
National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
(NDDIC)
(http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/a-z.asp)
Brain Attack: Stroke Scales, National Institute of Neurological disorders and Stroke (http;//www.strokesite.org/stroke_scales/stroke_scales.html)
Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnosis/Treatment
Outcomes/Evaluation
___________________________________________________
Nursing Process
Assessment
o
Assessment Forms
Risk Assessment
Diagnosis/Treatment
o
Calculators
Bioterrorism/Emergency Preparedness
Easy diagnosis
Genomics
Practice/Treatment Guidelines
Drug Management
Outcomes/Evaluation
o
Patient Safety
OASIS
HEDIS
Nursing Process
ASSESSMENT Assessment
Forms
mcch.pdf
Alcohol abuse and alcoholism
National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
www.niaaa.nih.gov
Miscellaneous Domestic abuse, Vermont Department of Health
Screening Tools Multiple assessment screening tools
Insert health topic desired in search box.
Wheeler Clinic Connecticut Clearinghouse,
www.ctclearinghouse.org
PopulationMissouri Department of Health and Senior Citizens
Based
http://www.dhss.mo.gov/DataAndStatisticalReports/index.html
Assessment
Body Mass Index Calculator
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
Cancer Risk Tools
Harvard Center for Cancer Prevention. Risks
Risk Assessment
Coronary Heart Disease Risk Calculator
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Health risk calculators
University of Maryland Medicine
Signs and
National Library of Medicine
Symptoms
MEDLINE Plus Health Information
Manifesta-tions http://medlineplus.gov/
Diagnosis/Treatment
Cornell University Medical College
Pediatric Critical Care Medicine
Calculators
Manuels Web, Nursing calculators
Martindales Calculators Online Part I: Nutrition
Emergency Preparedness and Response
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Center for Biosecurity
Bioterrorism and
University of Pittsburghhttp://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/
Emergency
Center for the Study of Bioterrorism and Emerging Infections
Preparedness
Saint Louis Universityhttp://bioterrorism.slu.edu/
National Center for Biodefense
George Mason Universityhttp://www.gmu.edu/centers/biodefense;
Diseases and Conditions
Disease/Conditi
http://www.cdc.gov/DiseasesConditions
ons pick lists
/
Disease/Conditi
New York Online Access to Health (NOAH)
ons specific,
http://www.noah-health.org/
examples of
Easy Diagnosis http://easydiagnosis.com
Genomics
Specific Genetic disorders
http://www.alternativelink.com/ali/home/
CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention www.cdc.gov
Diseases and Conditions http://www.cdc.gov/node.do/id/0900f3ec8000e035
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines 2006
http://www.cdc.gov/std
Tuberculosis
Core Curriculum on Tuberculosis http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/tb/pubs/corecurr/
NCI - National Cancer Institute
Treatment Cancer Treatment. Select from an A-Z listing. www.nci.nih.gov.
National Guidelines Clearinghouse www.ngc.gov
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, www.nhlbi.nih.gov
National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Expert Panel Report 2:
Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.htm
Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma Update on Selected
Topics 2002
Practice/Treatme
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/index.htm
nt Guidelines
Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults
(Adult Treatment Panel III)
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/cholesterol/index.htm
Recommendations Regarding Public Screening for Measuring Blood
Cholesterol
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/heart/index.htm#chol
High blood pressure guidelines: Joint National Commission (JNC) 7:
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/hypertension/index.htm
Overweight and Obesity Clinical Guidelines
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/ob_home.htm
American Academy of Family Physicians, Clinical Recommendations
http://www.aafp.org/x132.xml
American Diabetes Association, Clinical Recommendations
http://www.diabetes.org/for-health-professionals-and-scientists/cpr.jsp
American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/CRI_3.asp
Drug
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Management
Vaccines and Immunizations: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines
More Information on Vaccines
Drug Enforcement Agency, www.dea.gov
Diversion Control: Drugs and Chemicals of Concern FDA
Food and Drug Administration www.fda.gov www.fda.gov
Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Food and Drug Administration
The FDA Safety Information and Adverse Event Reporting Program, Medwatch
Adverse Event and Product Problem Forms, Medwatch, Food and Drug
Administration
VAERS (Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System) http://www.vaers.hhs.gov/
NLM
National Library of Medicine
Clinical Alerts Database, National Library of Medicine www.pubmed.gov or
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html NIH
National Institutes of Health www.nih.gov
Medscape www.medscape.com
Rxlist www.rxlist.com
Family Practice Notebook (Provides link to 2AIDA 2001 insulin dosing
simulations)
http://www.fpnotebook.com/END135.htm
Outcomes/Evaluation
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Web Morbidity and
Patient
Mortality Rounds Patient safety page, Medscape.com
Safety
Institute for Healthcare Improvement
Center for Nursing Classification and Clinical Effectiveness
Includes: Nursing Interventions Classification and Nursing Outcomes
Classification
http://www.nursing.uiowa.edu/about_us/nursing_knowledge/clinical_effectiveness/i
ndex.htm International Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS)
http://www.inmds.org/PostNuke/html/index.php
Minimum Data Set (MDS) Information Site, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid
Services
MDS Quality Measures, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
http://www.cms.hhs.gov
Standardized /NursingHomeQualityInits/10_NHQIQualityMeasures.asp#TopOfPage
Outcome
Outcomes Assessment Information Set (OASIS), Centers for Medicare and
Terminologi Medicaid Services http://www.cms.hhs.gov/OASIS
es
Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS), National Committee
for Quality Assurance (NCQA)
2007 HEDIS measures http://web.ncqa.org/tabid/59/Default.aspx Example:
Missouri 2006 Consumers Guide
Commercial: http://www.dhss.mo.gov/ManagedCare/com_06.pdf
MC+: http://www.dhss.mo.gov/ManagedCare/mcaid_06.pdf
Medicare: http://www.dhss.mo.gov/ManagedCare/mdcre_06.pdf
Example: Select list of HEDIS measures used by Blue Choice
http://www.opm.gov/insure/health/hedis2002/9G.asp Example: Minnesota
Department of Health, HEDIS
Reportshttp://www.ncqa.org/Programs/HEDIS/index.htm
Chart or
Auditshttp://www.omic.com/resources/risk_man/forms/medical_office/MedicalReco
Medical
rdAudit.rtf
Record
Example: Ophthalmic Mutual Insurance Company (OMIC),Medical Record Audit
Biostatistical Centers for Disease Control, Epidemiologic analysis software
measuremen Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
t and
Qualitative data creation, management, and analysis software
analysis
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
Qualitative database software
Statistical test calculators: http://www.ifigure.com/math/stat/testing.htm America
Online,
http://medschool.slu.edu/agingsuccessfully/index.phtml?
Aging
page=glidepathintroduction
Successfully Geriatric Screening Tools
and Glidepath http://medschool.slu.edu/agingsuccessfully/index.phtml?page=healthsurveys
Tools
Clinical Glidepath Tools Sampler per Acrobat Reader
http://medschool.slu.edu/agingsuccessfully/index.phtml?page=healthsurveys
Quality
Improvement
http://www.nursinghomehelp.org/
Program for
Missouri
Center for
Eldercare
Includes a variety of evidence-based and knowledge-based resources
Rehabilitation
http://eldertech.missouri.edu/links.php
and
Technology
Metasearch, Continuing Education and Information Standards Organizations
Meta-search
Engine
Providers
EMetasearch http://emetasearch.com
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