Concise Geometry 032982 MBP

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A CONCISE
GEOMETRY
BY
CLKMENT
SJ.NIOI'
V.
IHJRELL, M.A.
MAIIIFMAIHAI MAS IRK,
\VTN<
111
SI
PR COT Kf>P
I
LONDON
G.
BELL AND SONS LTD.

192
First
Publhhcd
Reprinted
January IQZI
August
IQH
PREFACE
TITE primary object of this text-book is to supply a large number
of easy examples, numerical and theoretical, and as varied in
character as possible, in 'the belief that the educational value of
the subject lies far more in the power to apply the fundamentoKfrte
of geometry, and reason from thorn, than in the ability to reprocfoice
This collection has grown out of a get* of

privately printed geometrical exercises which has been in U&Q, for
many years at Winchester College the author is indebted to many
proofs of these facts.
friends
additions to
for
it,
and
to the following authorities for
permission to use questions taken from examination papgrs

The Controller of His Majesty's Stationery Office ; The Syncujj of
the Cambridge University Press and the Oxford and Cambric^
:
Joint Board.
Riders are arranged in exercises corresponding to groups of
There is also a
theorems, and Constructions are treated similarly.
Answers are given to all numerical

intermediate work is necessary.
Harder questions and papers are marked with an asterisk.
The book is arranged as follows
set of fifty Revision Papers.
questions,
except
where
no
I.
II.
III.
Riders, Numerical and Theoretical.

Practical
Geometry ; Construction Exercises.
Proofs of Theorems.
IV. Proofs of Constructions.
The Proofs
of Theorems and Constructions are collected together

instead of being dispersed through the book in order to assist
revision by arranging the subject-matter in a compact form.
When
learning or revising proofs of theorems and constructions, it is most

For this
important the student should draw his own rough figure.
reason, no attempt has been made to arrange the whole of the
PREFACE
VI
proof of a theorem on the same page as the figure corresponding

to
it.
The order and method of proof is arranged to suit those who

are revising for examination purposes, and is not intended to bo
that used in a first course.
It is now generally agreed that proofs
by superposition
of congruence tests
and proofs
of the fundamental
angle property of parallel lines should be omitted in the preliminary

course, but that these facts should be assumed without formal
proof and utilised for simple applications, the former being treated
by some such method as that noted on page 14, and the latter by
rotation or the set-square method of drawing parallel lines.
This
broadens "the basis of the geometrical work and enables the early
exercises to be of a more interesting nature.
The arrangement of riders in one group and

is made for convenience of reference.
practical
work
in
another
Naturally both
will
in
be
use
but
the
course
should open
groups
simultaneously
with the exercise on the use of instruments in the practical
;
geometry section.
No attempt has been made to include in the text the usual
preliminary oral instruction which deals with the fundamental
concepts of angles,
illustration
lines,
planes,
with simple models.
surfaces,
solids,
The examples
and requires
methods
start with
measurement and general use of instruments, which is the

which a book is really any use for class work.
The object throughout has been to arrange the book to suit the
student rather than the teacher, and " talk " is therefore cut down
to the minimum.
It is the nature of the examples which has been
the chief consideration, and if this part of the book receives
approval, the author will consider his object has been attained.
Valuable assistance has been given by Mr. A. E. BROOMFIBLD,
without whose advice, interest, and encouragement the work
could scarcely have been carried out.
of
earliest stage at
C. V. D.
August, 1920.
CONTENT'S
R1DEHS ON BOOK
......
......9
I
PAUH
ANGLES AT A POINT
ANGLES AND PARALLEL LINES
ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE, ETC.

ISOSCELES TRIANGLE?, CONGRUENT Tin ANGLES ( FIRST SECTION)
CONGRUENT TRIANGLES (SECOND SECTION), ETC.
.
...
.......
RIDERS ON BOOK
AREAS
PYTHAGORAS' THEOREM
SEGMENTS OF A STRAIGHT LINE

.
INTERCEPT THEOREM
....
RIDERS ON BOOK
...
...
......
.56
.60
67
.
CONVERSE PROPERTIES
Loci
.71
.76
.........
.......
......
........
.....
........
.......
iN-ClRCLE, Kx-ClRCLES
ORTHOCENTRE
CENTROID
82
.86
ClRCUMOlRCLE
46
111
PROPERTIES OF EQUAL ARCS

LENGTHS OF TANGENTS, CONTACT OF CIRCLES
MENSURATION
37
43
51
ANGLE PROPERTIES OF A CIRCLE

ANGLE PROPERTIES OF TANGENTS
25
48
SYMMETRICAL PROPERTIES OF A CIRCLE
15
II
.....
EXTENSION OF PYTHAGORAS' THEOREM
iNEtjUALI'IKK
.21
93
99
100
101
103
RIDERS ON BOOK IV
PROPORTION
105
SIMILAR TRIANGLES
Ill
vii
CONTENTS
Vlll
PACH8
RECTANGLE PROPERTIES OF A CIRCLE
AREAS AND VOLUMES (SIMILAR
FIOTJRKB, SOLIDS)
THE BISECTOR OF AN ANGLE OF A TRIANGLE
.120
,126
CONSTRUCTION EXERCISES BOOK
.131
I
.......
.......
...
.........
....
USE OF INSTRUMENTS
.13.5
DRAWING TO SUALK
MISCELLANEOUS
TRIANGLES, PARALLELOGRAMS, ETC
MISCELLANEOUS
II
AREAS
MISCELLANEOUS
III
150
.153
155
.158

.
148
II
SUBDIVISION OF A LINE
CIRCLES
145
111
.161
.172
.....
CONSTRUCTION EXERCISES BOOK IV

PROPORTION, SIMILAR FIGURES
MEAN PROPORTIONAL
.......
......
........
........
........
........
........
........
.
MISCELLANEOUS
IV
REVISION PAPERS, I-L
175
.178
180
181
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
I
BOOK
BOOK II
BOOK III
BOOK IV
.205
218
234
254
PROOFS OF CONSTRUCTION
BOOK I
BOOK II
BOOK III
BOOK IV
267
276
280
289
NOTES
GLOSSARY AND INDEX
313
ANSWBKS
315
305
A CONCISE GEOMETRY
RIDERS ON BOOK
ANGLES AT A POINT
THEOREM
If a straight line
(i)
(ii)
If lines
that L
CE
cuts a straight line
ACB
at C, then
CA, CB are drawn on opposite sides of a line CE such

ACE + BCE= 180, then ACB is a straight line.
L.
C
Fir,.
1.
THEOREM
If
two straight
equal.
lines intersect, the vertically opposite angles are
CONCISE GEOMETRY
ANGLES AT A POINT
EXERCISE
20, 150, 27* 45', 92 10' 1

75, 30 30', 10 48"?
what is the angle between two
2.
What
What
3.
4.
adjacent spokes ?
Guess the sizes of the following angles
1.
are the supplements of
are the complements of
wheel has six spokes,
FIG.
5.
What
is
17
the least
7.
8.
3.
of times
in order to turn through
reflex angle, (iii)

6.
number
an obtuse angle,
(ii)
more than oue complete revolution 1
10.
(i)
you must turn through
What is the angle between N.K. and S.E. 1

What is the angle between S.S.W. and E.N.E. ?
What is the angle between (i) 12 N. of W. and 5 E.
22 S. of W. and
of N.
S.W. and E.S.E.
(iii)
(ii)
9 N. of E.
9.
Through what angle does the minute hand of a clock turn in

15 minutes, 5 minutes, 20 minutes, 50 minutes, 2 hours
45 minutes t
Through what angle does the hour hand of a clock turn in
40 minutes, 1 hour ^
12.
Through what angle has the hour hand of a clock turned,

when the minute hand has turned through 30 1
What is the angle between the hands of a clock at (i) 4 o'clock,
13.
A wheel
14.
What
11.
ten minutes past four 1

makes 20 revolutions a minute, through what angle
does a spoke turn each second ?
(ii)
equation connects x and y
mentary,
(ii)
supplementary ?
if
x*
and y are
(i)
comple-
ANGLES AT A POINT
15.
The
OA
line
calculate
cuts the line
at
O;
if
LAOB = 2<
AOC,
<_AOB.
17.
What angle is equal

A man watching a
18.
The weight
19.
What
16.
BOC
to four times its
complement?
revolving searchlight notes that he is

in the dark fou** times as long as in the light, what
&ngle of country does the searchlight cover at any
moment ?
in a pendulum clock falls 4 feet in 8 days;
what
angle does the hour hand turn when the
through
weight
is
falls 1
inch
*?
the reflex angle between the directions S.W. and
N.N.W.
makes one complete revolution every 24 hours,

what
angle does it turn in 20 minutes ?
through
The longitude of Boston is 71 W., and of Bombay is 73 E.,
what is their difference of longitude ?
The latitude of Sydney is 33 S., and of New York is 41 K,
what is their difference of latitude 1
Cape Town has latitude 33 40' S. and longitude 18 30' E.,
Cologne has latitude 50 55' N. and longitude 7 E., what
is their difference of latitude and longitude ?
20. If the earth
21.
22.
23.
24.
25
26.
27.
z.POQ = 2^, L.QOR = 3#,
^POR = 4#;
find x.
OP, OQ, OR, OS are 4 lines in order such that L POQ = 68

L QOR * 53, L ROS = 129 ; find L SOP. Find also the
angle between the lines bisecting L POS, L QOR.
Q
OA, OB, OO are 3 lines in order such that L AOB = 54,

L BOC = 24 ; OP bisects L AOC ; find L POB.
CD is perpendicular to ACB ; CE is drawn so that L. DOE = 23 ;
find the difference between L ACE and L BCE.
What is
their
sum 1
CONCISE GEOMETRY
28.
Given
ZAOD =
calculate
ZBOC -
145,
Z.AOC
FIG.
29.
and
77,
ZAOB- ZCOD;
(Fig. 5).
5.
OF are 6 linen in order such that

BOG
Z
-67, Z COD -70, Z DOE -59,
ZAOB -43,
AOD and COF are straight lines.
that
Z EOF =^51; prove
OA, OB, OC, OD, OE,
Calculate the angle between the lines bisecting
ZAOF
and
ZBOC.
30.
ZAOB = 38; AO
produced to C;
is
OP
bisects
calculate reflex angle AOP.

are 4 lines in order such that
31. OA, OB, OC,
OD
= Z BOD
32.
33.
if
Z BOC = #*,
calculate
ZBOC;
Z AOC = 90
Z AOD.
AOB, COD intersect at O; OP bisects ZAOC; if

ZBOC = #, calculate ZDOP.
OA, OC make acute angles with OB on opposite sides;
OP bisects Z BOC prove Z AOB + Z AOC = 2 Z AOP.
Two
lines
34.
BOC at O; OP bisects ZAOB;

=
AOC
Z
prove Z POQ 90.
OQ
in
order such that ZAOB
4
lines
are
OD
OA, OB, OC,
= ZCOD and Z BOC = Z AOD prove that AOC is a
The
line
OA
cuts the line
bisects
35.
straight line.
36.
Given
ZAOB= ZDOC,
6), if
PO
and that
OP
bisects
is produced to Q, prove that
QO
ZAOD
bisects
(see Fig.
Z BOC.
ANGLES AND PARALLKL LINES

THEOREM 5
In Fig.
(i)
If
ii)
If
ii)
If
7,
Z.PBC- Z.BCS, then PQ is parallel to RS.

Z. ABQ = /. BCS, then PQ is parallel to RS.
Z.QBC+ Z. BCS = 180, then PQ is parallel
to RS.
-Q
'D
FIG.
7.
THEOREM
In Fig.
If
7,
PQ
is parallel to
RS,
Then (i)/.PBC- Z.BCS (alternate angles).

(ii)/.ABQ~ /.BCS (corresponding angles),
= 180.
(iii) Z. QBC + /. BCS
CONCISE GEOMETRY

EXERCISE
1.
II
In the following figures, a line cuts two parallel lines.

equations connect the marked angles 1 Give reasons.
What
FIG. 8.
2.
The following
figures
contain pairs of parallel
equations connect the marked angles 1
lines.
J
3.
What
Give reasons.
iL.
(i)
If
one angle of a parallelogram
is
60,
find its
other
(ii)
If
one angle of a parallelogram
is
90,
find
other
its
angles.
4.
If
AB
is
parallel to
ED, sec Fig.
10, prove that
^.BCD =
FIG. 10.
5.
The side AB of the triangle ABC is produced to D; BX is

drawn parallel to AC; z.BAC = 32, z.BCA = 47; find
the remaining angles in the figure and the value of L BAC -f
_ABC.

6.
If
AB
is
'parallel to
/.ODE =180+
DE, see Fig.
11, prove that
Z.ABC +
Z-BCD.
E
Dr
FIG. 11.
[Draw CF
7.
parallel to
DE.]
In Fig. 12, prove that AB
is parallel
to
ED.
E
FIG. 12.
8.
In Fig. 13,
ED
is
if
/.ABC = 74, /.EDO = 38, L BCD = 36, prove
parallel to
AB.
A/
FIG. 13.
9.
10.
ABCD is a
L DAB -
quadrilateral
_
if
ABjis parallel to DC, prove that
DCB = L ABC if AB is parallel to

L
In Fig. 14,
two right angles.
L.
ADC.
DE, prove that # + y -
^"*r-^
FIG. 14.
equals
CONCISE GEOMETRY
8
11.
AC cuts two parallel lines AB, CD; B and D are on

same side of AC ; the lines bisecting the angles CAB,
ACD meet at O ; prove that /. AOC == 90.
If two straight lines are each parallel to the same straight
line
the
12.
line,
prove that they are parallel to each other.
ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE
ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE VNU OTHER

RECTILINEAL FIGURES
THEOKEM
(i)
(ii)
side BC of the triangle ABC is produced

= L BAG + L ABC.
ACD
L
In the AABC, Z.ABC+ Z.BCA+ L CAB = 180.
If
the
to
D,
C
FIG. 15.
THEOKEM 8
(i)
The sum
any convex polygon which

4 right angles.
If the sides of a convex polygon are produced in order, the
sum of the exterior angles is 4 right angles.
has
(ii)
of the interior angles of
sides is
2n
CONCISE GEOMETRY
10
ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE AND OTHER

RECTILINEAL FIGURES
EXERCISE
III
1. In a right-angled triangle, one angle
angle
3.
Two
angles of a
angle
.
A.
5.
jB.
37, what
is
the third
53, what
is
the third
is
triangle are each
L BAC = 43 and L ABC = 109, what is L ACB 1

The side BC of the triangle ABC is produced to D ; L. ABD =
19, L ACD 37, what is L BAC ?
In the quad. ABCD, /.ABC =112, /.BCD = 75, /.DAB =
51, what is ^.CDA?
ABCD is a straight line and P a point outside it ; L PBA =
110, /.PCD =163, find L BPC.
If
7.
Three of the angles of a quad, are equal ; the fourth angle
8.
120; find the others.

Can a triangle be drawn having its
15.
What
angles equal to
the remaining angle of a triangle,
is
if
two
(i)
is
43, 64,
of its angles
50, x
'; (iii) 2x, 3^; (iv) x +10,

(i) 120, 40; (ii)
20 - x degrees 1
). The angles of a triangle are #, 2#, 2# ; find x.
L BCA + L ABC, find
^H. If in the triangle ABC, L BAC
/.BAC.
are
C are the angles

=
B~C 30, find A.
/I2. If A,
.
13.
/1 4.
B,
The angles of a five-sided

x + 40 degrees, find x.
The angles of a pentagon
of a triangle
figure
and
are #, 2#,
are in the ratio
if
a?
A - B = 15,
+ 30,
x -10,
1:2:3:4:5;
find them.
5.
In
AABC, /.ABC = 38, /.ACB = 54; AD is perpendicular

BC AE bisects /. BAC, find L EAD.
ABC = 28; BC is produced to
AABC, /.BAC = 74,
to
43. In
r
X;
the
lines
Find /.BKC.
bisecting
/.ABC and
LACX
meet at K.
ANGLES OF A TEIANGLE
vt7.
11
AABC, i ABC = 32, L BAC = 40; find the angle at

which the bisector of the greatest angle of the triangle cuts
In
the opposite side.

18.
In
AABC,
ABC =110, <LACB = 50; AD is

A to CD produced prove that
pendicular from
19.
DAB =
BC of AABC is produced to D if L ABC= L ACB

ACD = o?, calculate L BAC.
In the quad. ABCD, L ABC -140, L ADC = 20; the lines
bisecting the angles BAD, BCD meet at O; calculate
The base
and
20.
the per-
21. In
if
AABC,
a?
and
L.
the bisector of
ACB = y,
BAC
calculate
BC
cuts
at
if
ABC =
L ADC.
>22wlf the angles of a quad, taken in order are in the ratio

1:3:5:7, prove that two of its sides are parallel.
-3. Each angle

-24.
of a polygon is
Find the sum of the
140; how many
sides has it?
of a 12-sided
interior angles
convex
polygon.
25.
Find the
26. Prove
interior angle of
that
the
convex polygon
27.
Each angle
sum
is
The sum
is
figure.
the interior angles of an 8-sided

sum of those of a pentagon.
of
twice the
of a regular polygon of
of a regular polygon of
find any values of #, y
28.
a regular 20-sided
sides
which
sides is f of each angle
express
will
in terms of #,
and
fit.
of the interior angles of an rc-sided convex polygon

sum of the exterior angles. Find n.
double the
29. In Fig. 16, prove that x
= a 4- b - y.
FIG. 16.
12
CONCISE GEOMETRY
30. In Fig. 17, prove that
x-yâ-b.
FIG. 17.
31. In Fig. 18, express
in terms of a,
6, c.
FIG. 18.
32.
In Fig. 19, express x in terms of
a,
ft,
c.
FIG. 19.
33. In Fig, 20, express
in terms of a,
FIG. 20.
6, c.
ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE
34.
If,
in Fig. 21,
x -fy = 3z, prove that the
triangle
13
is
right-
angled.
35.
Prove that the

relation
36.
IBS.
22 are connected by the
ABC such that

ADC = L BAC.
The diagonals of the parallelogram ABCD meet at O, prove
that L AOB = L ADB + L ACB.
If, in the quadrilateral ABCD, AC bisects the angle DAB and
ADC = L ABC.
the angle DCB, prove that
ABC is a triangle, right-angled at A AD is drawn perpendicular to BC, prove that L DAC = L ABC.
ABCD is a parallelogram, prove that the lines bisecting the
angles DAB, DCB are parallel.
In the AABC, BE and CF are perpendiculars from B, C to
AC, AB BE cuts CF at H prove that L CHE - L BAC.
the quadrilateral ABCD,
^.ABC= _ ADC and
in
If,
L BCD = L BAD, prove that ABCD is a parallelogram.
If in the AABC the bisectors of the angles ABC, ACB meet
is
$7.
reflex angles in Fig.
a + 6 = x + y.
a point on the base
DAG =
BC
of the triangle
L ABC, prove that L
L.
$9.
40.
"il.
^2.
43.
at
I,
prove that L BIC
= 90 + \ L BAC.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
14
The side BC of the triangle ABC is produced to D CP is

drawn bisecting L ACD if L CAB = L CBA, prove that CP
;
is parallel
45.
to
AB.
The side BC of
ABC is produced to D ; the lines bisecting
L ABC, L ACD meet at Q prove that L BQC = \ L BAG.
The base BC of A ABC is produced to D; the bisector of
L BAG cuts BC at K prove L ABD -f L ACD = 2 L AKD.
The sides AB, AC of the triangle ABC are produced to H, K;
the lines bisecting L HBC, L KGB meet at P; prove that
;
^48.
is
any
inside
point
the
triangle
ABC,
prove
that
LBPO/.BAC.
y49. In the quadrilateral ABCD, the lines bisecting L ABC,
= 2 L. BPC.
meet at P, prove that L. BAD + L
BCD
CDA
CONGRUENT TRIANGLES
Given a triangle ABC, what set of measurements must be made in
order to copy it
Measure AB, AC, /.BAG.
'?
1.
This
is
enough to
Therefore
fix.
will be congruent to
This result
is
the size and shape of the triangle.

drawn to these measurements
all triangles
ABC
given as Theorem
2.
Measure BC, Z.ABC, Z.ACB.
3.
Measure BC, CA, AB.
This also fixes the triangle.

This also fixes the triangle.
and
to each other.
3.
[Theorem
9.]
[Theorem
11.]
ISOSCELES TRIANGLES
ISOSCELES TRIANGLES
TRIANGLES
AND CONGRUENT
(FIRST SECTION)
THEOHEM
In the triangles ABC, PQR,
If AB-PQ, AC = PR,
Then
/.BAG-
-.
QPR,
AABC==APQR.
FIG. 23.
THEOREM
In the triangles ABC, PQR,

(i)
(ii)
L PQR, A.ACB = L PRQ,

=
Then AABC APQR.
If BC = QR, L ABC = L PQR, L BAG = u QPR,
Then AABC = APQR.
If
BC = QR, /-ABC=
THEOREM 10
ABC
is
a triangle.
(i)
If
(ii)
If
AB = AC, then L ACB = L ABC

L ACB - L ABC, then AB AC.
B
FIG. 24.
15
CONCISE GEOMETRY
16
ISOSCELES TRIANGLES
TRIANGLES
AND CONGRUENT
(FIBST SECTION)
EXERCISE IV
\.
The
vortical angle of
the base angles

2.
One base
110; what
isosceles triangle is
are
angle of an isosceles triangle
vertical angle
3.
an
is
62
what
is
the
*!
Find the angles of an isosceles triangle if (i) the vertical angle

is double a base angle, (ii) a base angle is double the vertical
angle.
4.
5.
In the triangle ABC, L BAG = 2 L ABC and

36 ; prove that the triangle is isosceles.
L.
ACB -
ABC
C are three points on a circle, centre O L AOB = 100,

BOC = 140, calculate the angles of the triangle ABC.
= AC, find x in terms of y.
Fig. 25, if AB
A, B,
L
6.
In
7.
is
a point on the base
that
x
8.
9.
BD = BA;
if
BC
of the isosceles triangle
Z-BAD = #
and
12.
/i3.
<LDAC=y,
such
express
in terms of y.
ABCDE
is a regular pentagon, prove that the line

bisecting
the angle BAC is perpendicular to AE.
In the triangle ABC, AB = AC ; D is a point in AC such that
AD = BD = BC. Calculate Z.BAC.

PQ bisects AB at right angles, prove that PA = PB.
Two unequal lines AC, BD bisect each other, prove that
AB = CD.
In the quadrilateral ABCD, AB is equal and parallel to DC;
prove that AD is equal and parallel to BC.
A line AP is drawn bisecting the angle BAC; PX, PY are
the perpendiculars from P to AB, AC prove that PX = PY.
10. If the line
'11.
ABC
ISOSCELES TRIANGLES
14.
BC of the triangle ABC, prove

are equidistant from the line AD.
is the
straight line cuts two parallel lines at A, B ;
cutting the
mid-point of AB ; any line is drawn through
that PC = CQ.
; prove
parallel lines at P,
is
the mid-point of the base
that
Yb.
17
B and C
16. If the diagonal

angles
17.
AC
DAB, DCB,
of the quadrilateral
prove that
AC
ABCD
bisects the
BD
at right angles.
arc the mid-points of AB, CD;
ABCD is a quadrilateral; E, F
if L AEF = 90 = L EFD,
prove
bisects
that
AD = BC.
The diagonals
of a quadrilateral bisect each other at right

angles, prove that all its sides are equal.
19. Two lines POQ,
bisect each other, prove that the triangles
18.
ROS
PRS,
20.
21.
PQS
are equal in area.
Two
lines
POQ, ROS
to
meet
at
if
intersect at
OP = OR
and
O SP and QR are produced

OS = OQ, prove TS - TQ.
BC is produced to D so that
;
ABC is an equilateral triangle;

BC = CD prove that /. BAD = 90.
In the AABC, AB = AC; AB is produced to D so that
BD = BC prove that L ACD = 3 ADC.
P is a point on the line bisecting /. BAG through P, a line
is drawn parallel to AC and cutting AB at Q;
prove
AQ = QP.
In AABC, AB = AC D is a point on AC produced such that
BD = BA; if ZCBD = 36, prove BC = CD.
If in Fig. 26, AB = AC and CP - CQ, prove /. SRP - 3 Z. RPC.
;
-82.
33.
#4.
5.
FIG. 26.
o.
The base
BC
of the isosceles triangle
the lines bisecting
Z.ACD=Z.BIC.
2
ABC
is
produced to
Z.ABC and ^lACB meet at
I;
prove
CONCISE GEOMETRY
18
'27.
In the quadrilateral
prove
28.
AB-AD
ABCD,
ABC is an acute-angled triangle AB< AC

;
radius
AB
Z.ADC,
the circle, centre A,
BC
at D, prove that /.ABC + /.ADC

are three points on a circle, centre
;
prove Z.
cuts
^9. A, B,
Z ABC-
and
CB = CD.
= 180.
ABC =
ZLOAB+/.OCB.
<#0.
AC
AB,
two chorda of a
are
BOC
ACB
and
32.
AD
circle,
centre
if
an altitude of the equilateral triangle
is
AB
/.
BAC - 90,
is
another equilateral triangle, prove that

to
a straight line.
AB = AC; the bisectors of the angles
meet at I, prove that IB ~ 1C.
prove that
31. In the
ABC,
DX
ABC
is
ABC
ADX
is
perpendicular
AC.
or
the base of an isosceles triangle ABC ; P, Q are point*

on AB, AC such that AP = PQ = QB = BC ; calculate L. BAC.
'33r~^C
34.
is
BC of the triangle ABC if

BAC = 90.
In the quadrilateral ABCD, AB = CD and ÂBC= L DCB,
prove BAD -= L CDA.
In the A ABC, AB>AC; D is a point on AB such that
AD = AC prove L ABC + L ACB 2 L ADC.
The triangle ABC is right-angled at A; AD is the perI>endicular from A to BC; P is a point on CB such that
CP = CA prove AP bisects L BAD.
D
the mid-point of the base
is
AD = DB,
35.
prove L
L.
'36.
"37.
38.
The
vertical angles of
ary
39.
isosceles triangles are
supplementprove that their base angles are complementary.

two triangles ABC, XYZ which are such that AB XY,
Draw
AC
'40.
two
XZ, L
In the
XYZ
A ABC, AB = AC;
PY
PX,
ABC =
prove
L.
but are not congruent.

is
any point on
P to AB,
are the perpendiculars from
XPB =
L.
42.
43.
In the
ABC
is
any triangle; ABX,
external to
produced
are equilateral triangles
produced;
YPB.
ACY
ABC prove CX = BY.
OA = OB = OC and L BAC is acute
41.
BC
AC
Prove
ABC, AB = AC
- L ADC 2 L BCD.
AB
is
prove L
produced to
BOC == 2 L BAC.
D
prove
L.
ACD
ISOSCELES TRIANGLES
44.
AB
a point on the side
is
CB AC
is
produced
A ABC,
to
AABC
of
1!)
such that
AD = DC =
prove L ECB = 3 L ACD.
BAG is obtuse the perpendicular bisectors

- 180.
of AB, AC cut BC at X, Y
prove L XAY 2 - BAG
In the A ABC, AB = AC and/- BAC>60; tho perpendicular
= 2 ABP.
bisector of AC meets BC at P
prove APB
D is the mid-point of the -side AB of A ABC the bisector of
L ABC cuts the line through D parallel to BC at K prove
45. In the
46.
L.
47.
L.
48. In the
A ABC,
L_
BAG = 90
and
on AB, AC such that AP = AQ

from A to BQ bisects CP.
AB=AC;
P,
are points
prove that the perpendicular
ABC ;
AB, AC of the
A
a
line
to
on
BC
PY
PX,
parallel
any point
through
are produced to meet BC at Q, R ; prove QR = BC.
50. ABC is a triangle; the perpendicular bisectors of AB, AC
meet at O ; prove OB = OC.
49. X,
51.
are the mid-points of the sides
is
ABC
is
prove that the perpendiculars from
are equal.
52. The sides AB,
AC
ABC
of the triangle
the lines bisecting the angles HBC,

that the perpendiculars from to AH,
I
53.
Two
one
54.
ABC
ABC, ACB
a triangle; the lines bisecting the angles
meet at
circles
have the same centre
AB,
AC
are produced to H, K ;
KCB meet at ; prove
A K are equal.
a straight line
PQRS
cuts
the other at Q, R ; prove PQ = RS.

a line AP is drawn on the same side of AC as
S and
circle at P,
is
to
CAP = _ ABC a line AQ

AB as C, meeting BC at Q, such
that L BAQ = L ACB prove AP = AQ.
The line joining the mid-points E, F of AB, AC is produced
to Q so that EF - FG
prove that BE is equal and parallel
B, meeting
is
BC
at P, such that /.
drawn on the same
side of
j
55.
toCG.
56. In the 5-sided figure
each 120
57.
ABC
is
ABODE,
prove that
a triangle
lines are
bisectors of the angles
D, E
prove
ABC.
;
that
DE
the angles at A, B, C,
are
AB + BC = DE.
drawn through C parallel to the
CBA to meet AB produced in
GAB,
equals the perimeter of the triangle
CONCISE GEOMETRY
20
CD are chords of a circle, centre O if Z AOB = 108

L BOG = 60, L COD = 36, prove AB = BC + CD. [From
BA cut off BQ equal to BO join OQ.]
In the triangles ABC, XYZ, if BC = YZ, ZABC=/.XYZ,
AB + AC = XY, prove L BAG = 2 /. YXZ.
In the A ABC, AB = AC and Z.ABC = 2Z.BAC; BC is produced to D so that /. CAD = \ /. BAG CF is the perpendicular from C to AB prove AD = 2CF.
9
58.
AB, BC,
59.
60.
21
CONGRUENT TRIANGLES
CONGRUENT TRIANGLES
(SECOND SECTION),
PARALLELOGRAMS, SQUARES,
THEOREM
ETC.
11
In the triangles ABC, XYZ,

If
AB = XY, BC = YZ, CA = ZX,
Then
FIG. 27.
THEOREM 12
In the triangles ABC, XYZ,
ABC = 90 = Z.XYZ, AC = XZ, AB = XY,

AABC = AXYZ.
If /.
Then
THEOREM 13
If
A BCD
is
Then
a parallelogram,
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
AB = CD and AD = BC.
L DAB = L DCB and L ABC == L ADC.
BD bisects ABCD.
B
FIG. 28.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
22
THEOREM
If the diagonals of the parallelogram
Then
AO = OC
and
14
ABCD
intersect at O,
BO = OD.
THEOREM 16
If
AB
is
equal and parallel to
Then
AC
CD,
equal and parallel to BD.
is
D
FIG. 30.
DEFINITIONS.
parallelogram
is
a four-sided figure whose
opposite sides are parallel.
rectangle
is
a parallelogram, one angle of which
is
a right
angle.
A
A
square
trapezium
a rectangle, having two adjacent sides equal.

rhombus is a parallelogram, having two adjacent sides equal,
but none of its angles right angles.
sides parallel.
is
is
a four-sided figure with one pair of opposite
'CONGRUENT TRIANGLES
CONGRUENT TRIANGLES
(SECOND
23
8wr;*>jr),
PARALLELOGRAMS, SQUARES, Era

EXERCISE V
the sides of a rhombus are equal.
1.
Prove that
2.
Prove that the diagonals of a rectangle are equal.

Prove that the diagonals of a rhombus intersect at right angles.
Prove that the diagonals of a square are equal and cut at right
3.
4.
all
angles.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The diagonals of the rectangle ABCD meet at O

calculate Z.OAD.
Z.
BOC = 44
Prove that a quadrilateral, whose opposite sides are equal,

a parallelogram.
ABCD
ABCD
/.ABC = 56;
is
a rhombus
is
a parallelogram
calculate Z.
prove that
B and D
is
ACD.
are equidistant
from AC.
9.
is
the mid-point of a chord
AB
of a circle, centre
prove
/. OX A = 90.
10.
The diagonals
through
11.
12.
14
CD
AD
is
parallel to
is a point inside the

square ABCD; a square
described on the same side of AE as D ; prove BE
ABC
is
line
and
prove
BC.
any triangle; BY,
cutting a line through

15.
Two straight lines POQ, ROS cut at

PR = QS, prove /. RPO = /. QSO.
In the quadrilateral ABCD, AB = CD and AC = BD;
that
13.
cut at O any
XO = OY.
O if PQ = RS
ABCD
of the parallelogram
at X, Y ; prove
AB,
O cuts
AEFG
is
DG.
CZ are lines parallel to AC, AB

A parallel to BC in Y, Z; prove
AY = AZ.
ABCD is a parallelogram P is the mid-point of BC DP
AB are produced to meet at Q prove AQ = 2AB.
ABCD, ABXY are two parallelograms; BC and BX
different lines
prove that DCXY is a parallelogram.
;
and
16.
are
17.
Two
unequal
that
18.
AB
bisects
The diagonals
AK
is
circles,
XY
centres A, B, intersect at X,
at right angles.
of a square
cut off equal to AC
ABCD
;
prove
cut at
Y; prove
O; from AB a
L AOK = 3 /. BOK.
part
CONCISE GEOMETRY
24
a straight line such that AB = BC = CD; BCPQ is

a rhombus ; prove that AQ is perpendicular to DP.
20. ABCD is a parallelogram ; the bisector of Z. ABC cuts AD at
19.
ABCD
X
21.
is
L BAD
the bisector of
cuts
BC
at
prove
XY = CD.
ABCD is a parallelogram such that the bisectors of Z. s DAB,

ABC meet on CD prove AB = 2BC.
In AABC, ZBAC^90; BADH, ACKE are squares outside
the triangle prove that HAK is a straight line.
The diagonals of the rectangle ABCD cut at O; AO>AB;
the circle, centre A, radius AC cuts AB produced at E if
L AOB = 4 Z.BOE, calculate ,/BAC.
;
22.
23.
24.
ABC is an equilateral triangle a line parallel to AC cuts BA,

BC at P, Q; AC is produced to R so that BQ = CR; prove
25.
that
PR
bisects
CQ.
one point of intersection of two
is
BR
are radii parallel to
circles, centres
is
a straight
In
is
perpendicular to AX.
is a triangle; the bisectors of Z.s
ABC
prove IA bisects /.BAG.
AQ,
AP
line.
27.
A,
same sense as BP,
in the
QPR
AABC, L BAG = 90; ABPQ, ACRS, BCXY are
outside ABC
prove that (i) BQ is parallel to CS;
prove that
26.
and
[From
squares
(ii)
ABC, ACB meet
BR
at
drop perpendiculars to
AB, BC, CA.]

28.
AABC, Z.BAC = 90; BCPQ, ACHK are squares outside

ABC AC cuts PH at D prove AB = 2CD and PD = DH.
In AABC, AB = AC; P is any point on BC; PX, PY are
the perpendiculars from P to AB, AC; CD is the perpendicular from C to AB prove PX + PY = CD.
In AABC, AB = AC; P is a variable point on BC; PQ, PR
are lines parallel to AB, AC cutting AC, AB at Q, R prove
that PQ -f PR is constant.
H, K are the mid-points of the sides AB, AC of AABC; HK
is joined and
produced to X so that HK = KX; prove that
CX
is
(i)
equal and parallel to BH (ii) HK= JBC and HK
In
29.
30.
31.
is parallel
to^BC.
RIDERS ON BOOK
II
AREAS
THEOREM 16
(i)
If
ABCD
and
(ii)
If
BH
is
are parallelograms on the same base and

parallels, their areas are equal,
ABPQ
between the same
the height of the parallelogram ABCD,

area of ABCD = AB BH.
.
FIG. 32.
THEOREM 17
If
AD
is
an altitude
of the triangle
areaof
ABC,
ABC = iAD.BC.
D
FIG. 38.
2,.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
26
THEOREM 18
(i)
(ii)
If
ABC
and
ABD
arc triangles on the
same
parallel**, i.e.
CD
is
parallel to
THEOREM
If
same base and between
the same parallels, their areas are equal,

If the triangle ABC, ABD are of equal area and lie on the
same side of the common base AB, they are between the
the triangle
same base
AB.
19(1)
ABC
AB
and the parallelogram ABXY are on the

and between the same parallels,
area of
ABC =
area of
ABXY.
AREAS
THEOREM
(i)
(ii)
Triangles (or
27
19(2)
parallelograms) on equal bases and between the
same parallels are equal in area,

Triangles (or parallelogram i) of equal area, which are on
equal bases in the same straight line and on the same side
of
it,
are between the
same
C
parallels.
FIG. 36.
MENSURATION THEOREMS
(i)
If the lengths of the parallel sides of
and
b inches,
area of
and
if
a trapezium are a inches
their distance apart is
trapezium = \h
(a -f-
inches,
b) sq. inches.
b
FIG. 37.
(ii)
If the lengths of the sides of a triangle are a,

if $==
(a + b + c),
area of triangle
/s
(a
-)(*- b)
(*
b, c
inches and
c) sq. inches.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
28
AREAS
TRIANGLES, PAKALLELOGKAMS, ETC.
EXERCISE VI
In Fig. 38, AD, BE,
CF
are altitudes of the triangle
ABC.
A ABC,
L ABC = 90, AB - 3", BC = 5* find area of ABC.

AD - 7", BC = 5" find area of ABC.
BE = 5", CF = 6*, AB = 4"; find AC.
AD = 6#*, BE = 4#", CF = 3#*, and the perimeter
1.
In
2.
3.
In Fig. 38,
In Fig. 38,
4.
In Fig. 38,
5.
In
6.
In quad.
7.
Find the area of a triangle whose
of
ABC
is
quad.
Find BC.
18*.
ABCD, AB = 12*,
BC = 1", CD = 9", DA = 8*,
L ABC = L ADC = 90 find the area of ABCD.

ABCD, AC = 8*, 60 = 11", and AC is perpendicular
to BD
find the area of ABCD.
;
In Fig. 39,
ABCD
pendiculars to
is
sides are 3", 4", 5".
a parallelogram
AP,
AQ
are the per-
BC, CD.
B
FIG. 39.
8.
In Fig. 39,
9.
In Fig. 39,
In Fig. 39,
10.
AB = 7*, AQ = 3* find the area

AB = 5* AD = 4", AP = 6* find
AP = 3*, AQ = 2 and perimeter
find its area.
of
/;
ABCD.
AQ.
of
ABCD
is
AREAS
11.
In quad.
if
29
ABCD, BC = 8", AD = 3", and BC
the area of
AABC
18
is
is parallel to AD;
find the area of AABD.
sq. in.,
13.
ABCD, AB = 5", BC = 3", CD = 2", L ABC = L BCD

= 90 find the area of ABCD.
In Fig. 38, AB = 8", AC = 6", BE -5"; find CF.
14.
The area
1 2.
In quad.
is
of
AABC is
36
sq. cms.,
the mid-point of
BC;
pendiculars from D to AB, AC.

the parallelogram ABCD, AB
B
16.
17.
18.
to
to
CD
is
3"
cms.,
AC = 9
find tho lengths of
15. In
pendicular from
AB = 8
= 8", BC = 5";
cms.,
the perthe per-
find the perpendicular
from
AD.
Find the area of a rhombus whose diagonals are 5", 6*.

In AABC, L ABC = 90, AB = 6", BC = 8", CA = 10" ; D is
the mid-point of AC.
Calculate the lengths of the perfrom
B
to
and from A to BD.
AC
pendiculars
On an Ordnance Map, scale 6 inches to the mile, a football
field is
approximately a square measuring \ inch each way.
Find the area of the

19. Fig.
field in acres, correct to
40 represents on a
acre.
scale of 1" to the foot a trough
and
the depth of water in it.

The water is running at 4 miles
an hour ; find the number of gallons which pass any point
in a minute, to nearest gallon, taking 1 cub. ft. = 6
J gallons.
FIG. 40.
20. Fig. 41 represents on a scale of 1 cm. to 100 yds. the plan

of a field ; find its area in acres correct to nearest acre.
FIG. 41.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
30
21. Fig. 42 represents the plan

scale of 1 cm. to 1 ft.
(i)
(ii)
and elevation
a box on a
of
Find the volume of the box.

Find the total area of its surface.
FIG. 42.
22.
The diagram
ol
(Fig. 43), not drawn to scale, represents the plan
The measurements given are in inches.
acres.
an estate of^6|
On what
line
PQ
scale (inches to the mile) is it

divides the estate in half ; find
drawn
The dotted
AQ.
FIG. 43.
23.
Find the area of
ABCD
(Fig. 44) in tormstof #, y, p,
</,
r.
31
AREAS
24.
ABC is inscribed in
ABC in terms of p,
a rectangle
r/,
(Fig. 45)
find the area of
r, s.
45.
Fir..
BCD = 90 Find the length

C to AD in terms of p, q, r.
/.ABC-
46
25. In Fig.
perpendicular from
/.
of the
FIG. 46.
26. In
Fig.
47
OB
a square,
is
is
4*;
OA=12",
AOAB, AOBC, AAOC,
Calculate areas of
ABC
side
a straight
00 = 6*.
and prove that
line.
C
B
FIG. 47.
AAOB, OA=-a, OB = b, Z.AOB = 90; P is a point on

AB PH, PK are the perpendiculars from P to OA, OB
27. In
prove
AD of the rectangle ABCD

Q
AB = ^, AD = y, PB=e, QD=/. Calculate area of PCQ in
are points on the sides
28.
P,
29.
The area
terms of
e,
AB,
/, #, y.
rhombus is 25 sq. cms., and one diagonal

the
half
other; calculate the length of each diagonal
of a
is
CONCISE GEOMETRY
32
30.
Find the area of the triangles whose vertices are

(i)
(ii)
(2,1);
31.
(4, 7).
1);(5,2);<6,5).
(0,0); (a,o);
(b, c).
(v)(0,0);(a,6);(c,d).
Find the area of the quadrilaterals whose
(i)
(ii)
32.
5);
(3, 2); (5, 4); (4, 8).
(iii)(l,
(iv)
(2,
vertices are
(0,0); (3,2); (1,5); (0,7).

(1,3);
(3,
2); (5, 5); (2, 7).
Find in acres the areas of the fields of which the following

field-book measurements have been taken
:
YARDS
YARDS
to
(1) to
to
to
250
200
150
100
80
B 50
40
to
(2) to
to
300
220
200
100
50
60
B 100
50
to
80
to
From A
33.
From A
Find from the formula [page 27] the area of the triangles
whose sides are (i) 5 cms., 6 cms., 7 cms.
(ii)
8*, 15*, 19*.
Find also in each case the greatest altitude.

Calculate
34. The sides of a triangle are 7", 8*, 10*.
its
shortest
altitude.
35.
AX,
BY
prove
36.
ABC
is
prove
37.
Two
40.
ABC;
if
AC = 2BC,
a line parallel to
BC
cuts AB,
AC
at P,
AOB,
COD
intersect at
O;
if
AC
is parallel
to
BD,
AAOD = ABOC.
of ABCD are at right angles, prove

ABCD = \ AC BD.
The diagonals of the quad. ABCD cut at O; if AAOB =
AAOD, prove ADOC = ABOC.
In the triangles ABC, XYZ, AB = XY, BC = YZ, Z.ABC +
Z.XYZ = 180, prove AABC = AXYZ.
The diagonals AC, BD

that area of
39.
the triangle
AAPC = AAQB.
lines
prove
38.
are altitudes of
AX = 2BY.
AREAS
41.
is
any point on tne median
AD
33
prove
AAPB-
drawn through A,
C parallel
of
AABC;
AAPC.
42.
ABCD id a quadrilateral
BD, and through B,
lines are
D parallel to AC
prove that the area of

the parallelogram so obtained equals twice the aroa of ABCD.
43. ABCD is a parallelogram ; P is any point on AD ; prove that
to
APAB APCD = APBC.

-f-
44.
ABC
a straight line;
is
a point outside
is
it;
prove
AOAB __ AB
AOBC~BC"
45.
ABCD
is
a parallelogram
perpendicular from
46.
is
to
any point on
AP;
ABCD-DQ.AP.
ABCD is a parallelogram; P
is
prove
BC DQ
;
is
the
that the area of
any point on BD; prove
APAB = APBC.
47.
ABCD is a parallelogram; a line parallel to BD cuts BC,

DC at P, Q prove AABP= AADQ.
AOB is an angle X is the mid-point of OB Y is the mid= ABXY.
point of AX prove AAOY
If in Fig. 48, AC is perpendicular to BD, prove area of
ABCD - J AC BD.
;
48.
49.
FIG. 48.
AC
50.
ABCD
51.
meets BC produced at P prove that AABP = quad. ABCD.

ABCD is a quadrilateral; E, F are the mid-points of A.B, CD;
prove that AADE + ACBF ABCE -f AADF.
52.
The diagonals
is
a line through
a quadrilateral;
parallel to
of
of equal area
53.
ABCD
cuts
and
BQ
at
PQ
a quadrilateral divide it into four triangles

it is a parallelogram.
prove that
AB = BCCD = PQ; PC
ADQP = 8 AOBC.
are parallel lines;
prove quad.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
34
54. X,
are the mid-points of the sides
that
55.
AXBY = AXCY and
AB,
deduce that
AC of AABC
XY is parallel
Two parallelograms ABCD, AXYZ of

common angle at A X lies on AB
;
prove
to
BC.
equal area have a
prove DX,
YC
are
parallel.
sides AB, BC of the parallelogram ABCD are produced

PCD = AQAD.
any points P, Q ; prove
57. ABC is a
D, E are the mid-points of BC, CA ; Q is any
;
56.
The
to
point in
at
58.
59.
AE;
prove
the line through
PQ
bisects
parallel to
QD
cuts
BD
AABC.
CF of AABC intersect at G; prove that

ABGC = ABGA - AAGC.
In Fig. 49, the sides of AABC are equal and parallel to the
sides of AXYZ
prove that BAXY + ACZX = BCZY.
The medians BE,
FIG. 49.
60.
AQB are equivalent triangles on opposite sides of AB

AB bisects PQ.
ABCD is a parallelogram; any line through A cuts DC at Y
and BC produced at Z; prove ABCY = ADYZ.
In Fig. 50, PR is equal and parallel to AB; PQAT and
CQRS are parallelograms; prove they are equivalent.
ABP,
prove
61.
62.
35
AREAS
63.
BE,
CF
are medians of the triangle
ABGC = quad.
64.
ABC,
ABD
same
to
cuts
AC,
and cut at
In Fig. 51,
prove
BD
at X,
65.
same base and between the

a line through O parallel
;
prove XO = OY.
are triangles on the

BC cuts AD at
;
parallels
AB
ABC
AEGF.
APQR
is
a square; prove
-.
AC
i
AB
BK
66.
AB is parallel to CD P is the mid= 2 AAPD.

ABCD
prove
ABCD is a parallelogram DC is produced to P AP cuts BD
- AAQB = ABCP.
at Q
prove A DQP
In Fig. 52, ABCD is divided into four parallelograms prove
POSD = ROQB.
ABCD
is
a quadrilateral
point of
67.
BC
68.
^~
= AABD.
APR +
69. In Fig. 52, prove
a
three
lines
is
ABC
70.
AX, BY, CZ meet
; any
parallel
where
AB
at
X, Y v Z ; prove
CA,
necessary
produced
AASQ
BC,
AAYZ
71. In ex. 70, prove

72.
ABCD
AXYZ-2AABC.
a parallelogram;
within
the angle
point
is
APBD.
AB
is
CBE;
produced to E; P
prove
is
any
CONCISE GEOMETRY
36
73*.
ABC is a A ACPQ, BCRS are

;
parallelograms outside
ABC
QP, SR are produced to meet at O ABXY is a parallelogram

such that BX is equal and parallel to OC prove that ACPQ
4- BCRS = ABXY.
;
74*. In Fig. 53, ABCD is divided into four parallelograms, prove

that SOQD - BPOR = 2 AAOC,
75*.
a variable point inside a fixed equilateral triangle ABC

PX, PY, PZ are the perpendiculars from P to BC, CA, AB
is
prove that
76*. In
ABC,
is
constant.
L ABC = 90; DBC Is an
equilateral triangle out-
ABC prove AADC - ADBC = \ AABC.

In AABC, Z. BAC - 90
X, Y, Z are points on AB, BC, CA
such that AX YZ is a rectangle and AX |AB prove AX YZ
= fAABC.
Two fixed lines BA, DC meet when produced at O E, F are
points on OB, CD such that OE = AB, OF = CD; P is a
variable point in the angle BOD such that APAB-f APCD
side
77*.
PX -f PY -f PZ
78*.
is
79*. G,
constant ; prove that the locus of P is a line parallel to EF.

H are the mid-points of the diagonals AC, BD of the quadri-
lateral
ABCD; AB and DC
prove quad.
are produced to meet at
P;
PYTHAGORAS' THEOREM
PYTHAGORAS' THEOREM
THEOREM 20
If,
in the triangle
ABC,
Z.
BAG - 90",
Then BA 2 + AC 2 = BC-.
A
Fio. 54.
THEOKEM
If,
in the triangle
21
ABC, BA + AC 2 = BC 2
Then ^.BAC-90
2
37
CONCISE GEOMETRY
38
PYTHAGOKAS' THEOREM
EXERCISE VII
AB = 5", AC =12", calculate BC.

AC = 6", BC= 10", calculate AB.
AB = 7", BC = 9", calculate AC.
AB
A ABC, = AC = 9", 60 = 8", calculate area of
AABC, AB = AC-13", BC = 10", calculate the
1.
In Fig. 54,
2.
3.
In Fig. 54,
In Fig. 54,
4.
In
5.
In
A ABC.
length of
the altitude BE.

6.
7.
Find the side of a rhombus whose diagonals are 6 10 cms.

A kite at P, flown by a boy at Q, is vertically above a point
3
R on
the same level as
8.
height of the kite.

In AABC, AC = 3",
9.
AD
the median
10.
is
is
find the
find the length of
AABC AD = 2", BD = Y DC = 4";

y
prove
AC = 13", BD-S
ABCD.
is 9000 yards, is 5000 yards
what length of the railway is com-
gun, whose effective range
from a straight railway

12.
PQ = 505', QR = 456',
AB = 8", L ACB = 90
a parallelogram;
calculate area of
11.
if
AD.
an altitude of
ABCD
manded by the gun ?

The lower end of a 20-foot ladder
is
10 feet from a wall; how
high up the wall does the ladder reach \

must it be put to reach one foot higher ?
13.
An
14.
15.
AB,
How much
closer
aeroplane heads due North at 120 miles an hour in an east

wind blowing at 40 miles an hour ; find the distance travelled
in ten minutes.
ship is steaming at 15 knots and heading N.W. ; there is a

6-knot current setting N.E. ; how far will she travel in one
hour?
AC are two roads meeting at right angles AB = 110 yards,

AC = 200 yards P starts from B and walks towards A at
3 miles an hour at the same moment Q starts from C and
walks towards A at 4 miles an hour. How far has P walked
before he is within 130 yards of Q
;
16.
Find the distance between the points
(1, 2), (5, 4).
PYTHAGORAS' THEOREM
17.
Prove that the points
whose centre
18.
The
7)
parallel sides of
an
area
1 9.
In
20.
In
21. In
(5,
is (2,
is
32
39
11), (6, 10), (7, 7) lie

find its radius.
on a
circle
and
isosceles
trapezium are
and
5*, II",
its
sq. inches ; find the lengths of the other sides.

8* ; find AB.
60,
90,
AC =
L ACB =
AABC, L ABC =
=
=
AABC, L ABC 90, L ACB 60, AB = 5"; find
= 2", BC = 4", CD = V iind AD.
Fig. 55, AB
BC.
90
ocT
ID
Flo. 55.
22. In quadrilateral
= L BCD = 90
90=
23.
In
Z.AQD
Fig.
56,
ABCD, AB = 5", BC =
are points on
P,
;
calculate BP, BQ.
12", 00 = 7"; Z.ABC

BC such that L APD =
AC = CB = 12", CD = 8*, ZACD = 90;
find
radius of circular arc.
ACB
FIG. 56.
24. Prove that the triangle

is
25.
whose
sides are x^
+ y 1 #2
,
2
,
%xy
right-angled.
AD is an altitude of the triangle ABC BD = 2 DC = y2

AD = xy prove that L BAC = 90.
AD is an altitude of AABC, L BAC = 90 AD = 4", CD = 3^
;
a;
26.
AB.
BC
are
two vertical poles, D and C being the ends on
AD,
the ground, which is level; AC = 12', AB = 10', BC = 3';
calculate
27.
calculate
28.
AD.
AD, BC are the parallel sides of the trapezium ABCD AB =

= 9, CD = 5, AD = 14 find the area of ABCD.
6, BC
In AABC, AB = AC = 10", BC = 8"; find the radius of the
;
29.
circle
which passes through A,
B, C.
CONCISE GEOMETKY
40
30. In
A ABC, AB*=4", 80 =
A ABC, AB*=8", BC =
31.
In
32.
A regular
its
5",
3",
polygon of n sides
is
perimeter
L ABC = 45;
Z. ABC ~60;
is
prove that
calculate
calculate
AC.
AC.
inscribed in a circle, radius r

its
area
is
? jir - jg )
2
Hence, assuming that the circumference of a
circle of radius
2
prove that the area of the circle is Tir
33. The slant side of a right circular cone is 10", and the diameter
is 27ir,
of its base
is
8"
find its height.
Find the diagonal of a cube whose edge is 5".

35. A room is 20 feet long, 16 feet wide, 8 feet high; find the
length of a diagonal.
34.
36.
A piece
37.
of wire is bent into three parts AB, BC, CD each of

the outer parts being at right angles to the plane containing
the other two; AB-12", BC-6", 00 = 12"; find the
distance of
from D.
hollow sphere, radius 8", is filled with water until the

surface of the water is within 3" of the top.
Find the
radius of the circle formed
A circular
38.
is
r feet
is
39.
cone
;
of height
is
by the water-surface.
h feet, and the radius
prove that the radius of
its
of its base
circumscribing sphere
feet -
pyramid of height 8" stands on a square base each edge of

which is 1'. Find the area of the sides and the length of
an edge.
40*.
= 6", BC = 8"; it is folded about

is
a^ rectangle; AB
so that the planes of the two parts are at right angles.
Find the new distance of A from C.
ABCD
BD
41.
AD
is
an altitude of the equilateral triangle
ABC
prove that
AABC, Z.ACB90; CD is an altitude; prove AC 2 +

BD2 = BC 2 + AD 2
ABN, PQN are two perpendicular lines prove that PA2 + QB 8
42. In
43.
'44.
The diagonals AC,

angles
BD of the quadrilateral ABCD

AB 2 + CD 2 = AD8 + BC 9
prove that
are at right
THEOREM
PYTHAGfOKAS'
45. It
the quadrilateral
AB 2 - AD 2
that
46.
a point inside a rectangle
is
PB + PD
2
In
48.
AC
ABCD
;
51.
52.
Is this true
ABCD
P
if
is
ADC = 90
prove that
outside
K are
2
2 =
BK + CH f BC 2
prove that
is a rhombus
/.
prove
H,
PA 2 + PC 2 =
ABCD ?
the mid-points of
AB,
BD 2 = 2AB 2 + 2BC 2
=
In the quadrilateral ABCD, /. ACB
L ADB = 90 AH, BK
are drawn perpendicular to CD; prove DH 2 + DK 2 = CH 2 +
;
prove that
AC?
-l-
CK 2
1)0.
A ABC, L BAG = 90;
&T
49.
ABCD, Z ABC =
CD 2 - CB 2
41
PW
are the perpendiculars from a point P to

the sides of the rectangle ABCD ; prove that PA2 -h PB 2 +
PX, PY, PZ,
PC 2 + PD 2 = 2(PX 2 + PY 2 + PZ 2 + PW 2 ).
In AABC, Z BAG = 90 and AC-2AB; AC is produced to
D so that CD AB; BCPQ is the square on BC; prove
BP-BD.
AD is an altitude of AABC P, Q are points on AD produced such that PD = AB and QD = AC prove BQ = CP.
In AABC, Z.BAC-90
AD is an altitude; prove
;
53.
54.
In
BC
AABC, Z.BAC = 90; AX
is
an altitude; use Fig. 24,
page 15, and the proof of Pythagoras' theorem to show that
BA2 = BX BC
.
;
'
and deduce that
B?TÂBC
is
that
an equilateral triangle; D, E are the mid-points of
2
2
BC, CD prove AE = 13EC
In the AABC, AB = AC = 2BC; BE is an altitude; prove
that AE = 7EC.
O is any point inside AABC; OP, OQ, OR are the perpendiculars to BC, CA, AB; prove BP 2 -f CQ 2 + AR 2 = PC 2 +
QA 2 +RB 2
AD is an altitude of AABC E is the mid-point of BC
2
2
prove AB - AC = 2BC DE.
.
59.
that
58.
AABC, Z.BAC = 90; AD is an altitude; prove

AD 2 = BD.DC.
ABC is an equilateral triangle D is a point on BC such
BC = 3BD prove AD 2 = \ AB 2
55. In
56.
=
f^
AC CX
60.
42
CONCISE GEOMETRY
61. Fig. 57 shows a square of side a 4-6 divided up;

formulae to prove Pythagoras' theorem a2 4- 6 2 = c 2 .
use area
FIG. 57.
62*.
ABC
is
a straight
same side of
63*. The diagonal
point
P;
AC
AC
line
ABXY, BCPQ are squares on

PX 2 4- CY 2 = 3(AB 2 4- BC 2 ).
prove
of the rhombus
prove that
AC
ABCD
PA PC = PB 2 - AB 2
.
ABCD
is
produced to any
64*.
The diagonal
65*.
PC = BC prove PB 2 = PA AC.
In AABC, Z.BAC = 90; BCXY, ACPQ, ABRS
outside ABC prove PX 2 4- RY 2 = 5BC 2
that
of the square
is
the
produced to P so
are squares
EXTENSIONS OF PYTHAGOKAS' THEOREM
43
EXTENSIONS OF PYTHAGORAS' THEOREM

THEOREM 22
In
A ABC,
to
Z.BAC
if
BA
is
obtuse and
produced,
then BC 2 =
if
CN
is
the perpendicular
BA 2 + AC 2 + 2BA AN.
.
FIG. 58.
THEOREM 23
In
AABC, if L BAG is acute, and if CN is

AB or AB produced,
then BC 2 = BA 2 + AC 2 - 2BA
the perpendicular to
FIG. 59(1).
AN.
FIG. 59(2).
THEOREM 24
In
AABC,
if
AD
is
then
a median,
AB2 + AC2 = 2 AD 2 + 2DB 2

A
D
FIG. 60.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
44
EXTENSIONS OF PYTHAGORAS' THEOREM

EXERCISE VIII
1.
Find by calculation which of the following triangles are

being as follows
obtuse-angled, their sides

(ii)
2.
7, 8,
11;
(iii)
8,9, 12;
(iv) 15,
4.
5.
5,
Find the area
7.
ABCDis
of
In
AC on AB is 6"
AABC, AC8
10.
The
11.
In
whose sides are
AB = 5", AD=
altitude;
altitude;
BC = 6
cms.,
9", 10*, 11".
3"; the projection
AC.
calculate
cms.,
/.ACB=120;
AB.
AABC, AB *= 8
In
12. In
of* the triangle
a parallelogram
calculate
altitude;
AN, BN, CN.
6.
9.
4,
In A ABC, BC = 6, CA-3, AB = 4; CN is an
calculate AN and CN.
In AABC, BC = 8, CA=9, AB = 10; CN is an
calculate AN and CN.
In AABC, BC = 7, CA=13, AB = 10; CN is an
calculate
8.
(i)
Each of the sides of an acute-angled triangle is an exact

number of inches; two of them are 12', 15"; what is the
greatest length of the third side
3.
16,22.
cms.,
AC = 7, BC = 3
sides of a triangle are 23, 27,
36;
prove
is it
L ABC = 60.
obtuse-angled?
AABC, AB = 9*, AC=ir, </ BAC>90; prove BOH".

AABC,AB = 14",BC = 10",CA = 6"; prove L ACB - 1 20.
calculate the length of the
13.
The
14.
Find the lengths of the medians of a triangle whose sides
15.
The
sides of
are 4, 7, 9;
shortest median.
are 6, 8, 9 cms.
sides of a parallelogram are
is
16.
;
diagonal
is a median of the
In
cms., 7 cms.,
AABC, AB = 6, AC = 8, AD = 5;
AABC, AB = 4, BC = 5, CA = 8; BC
CD = 5 calculate AD.
ABC is an
BC = CD
and one
BC.
that
18.
'5
find the length of the other.
AD
calculate
17.
8 cms.
is
produced to
so
equilateral triangle;
;
prove
AD
3AB
BC
is
produced to
so that
EXTENSIONS OF PYTIIAGOKAS' THEOREM

19.
A ABC, AB = AC;
In
CD
is
45
BC2 =
an altitude; prove that
2AB BD.
.
20.
AB
DC
and
prove that
are the parallel sides of the trapezium
AC2 + BD 2 = AD 2 -f BC 2 + 2AB
23.
24.
CF are altitudes of the triangle ABC prove that

AF.AB-AE.AC.
ABCD is a parallelogram; prove that AC -f BD 2 = 2AB 2 + 2BC 2
ABCD is a rectangle P is any point in the same or any
other plane prove that PA 2 -h PC 2 = PB 2 f PD 2
In A ABC, AB = AC; AB is produced to D so that AB^BD;
2
2
2
prove CD = AB + 2BC
21. BE,
22.
ABCD
DC.
AABC, D, E are the mid-points of CB, CA; prove that

2
2 CB 2
4(AD* BE ) = 3(CA
26. In AABC, Z.ACB = 90; AB is trisected at P, Q; prove
that PC 2 + CQ 2 + QP 2 = AB 2
27. The base BC of AABC is trisected at X, Y; prove that
AX 2 + AY2 4- 4XY 2 = AB 2 -h AC 2
28. The base BC of AABC is trisected at X, Y; prove that
AB 2 - AC 2 = 3( AX 2 - AY2).
29. AD, BE, CF are the medians of AABC;
prove that
2
2
2
2
2
2
4(AD + BE -h CF ) = 3(AB + BC + CA
30. ABCD is a quadrilateral
X, Y are the mid-points of AC,
BD prove that AB 2 -f BC 2 + CD 2 -f DA 2 = AC 2 + BD 2 +
4XY 2
31*. ABC is a triangle ABPQ, ACXY are squares outside ABC
2
2
2
2
prove that BC -h QY = AP + AX
32*. ABC is a triangle D is a point on BC such that p BD =
2
2
2
2
0.DC; provethatjp.AB -f^.AC --=(/>4-g)AD H-jp. BD -f
2
q DC
33*. AB is a diameter of a circle; PQ is any chord parallel
to BA
O is any point on AB prove that OP 2 + OQ 2 =
25.
In
).
).
34*
ABCD
is
prove that
a tetrahedron
BCD
is
L BAC = L CAD = L DAB
an acute-angled
triangle.
* 90
CONCISE GEOMETRY
46
RELATIONS BETWEEN SEGMENTS OF A

STRAIGHT LINE
EXERCISE IX
2.
AB is bisected at O P is any point on AO

prove PO~J(PB-PA).
A straight line AB is bisected at O and produced to P prove
3.
1.
straight line
5.
AB is bisected at O and
PA2 + PB 2 = 2PO 2 + 2AO 2
straight line
that
4.
ABCD
produced to P
prove
a straight line ; X, Y are the mid-points of AB,

that
AD + BC = 2XY.
prove
is
CD
AB is bisected at O and produced to P prove that AO AP

OB.BP + 2AO 2
AD is trisected at B, C; prove that AD 2 = AB 2 + 2BD 2
APB is a straight line; prove that AB 2 + AP2 = 2AB AP + PB 2
AB is bisected at C and produced at P; prove that AP 2 =
4AC.CP + BP 2
ABCD is a straight line if AB = CD, prove that AD 2 + BC 2 =
2AB 2 + 2BD 2
X is a point on AB such that AB.BX = AX 2 prove that
= 3AX 2
C is a point on AB such that AB.BC = AC 2 prove that
AC.BC = AC 2 -BC 2
X is a point on AB such that AB BX- AX 2 O is the mid2
2
point of AX prove that OB = 5 OA
.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
AB
is
bisected at
prove that
14.
and produced to P so that
PA 2 = 5PB 2
OB OP = BP 2
.
AB is bisected at C and produced to D so that AD 2 ==3CD 2

BC is bisected at P prove that PD 2 = 3PB 2
AB is produced to P so that PA2 = 4PB 2 + AB 2 prove that
15.
PA_5
PB~2*
RELATIONS BETWEEN SEGMENTS

16.
ACBD
is
a straight line such that
point of
AB
.=
CB
BD
prove that
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
DA.DB = DC.DO.
AB.CD-2AD.CB.
OB 2 = OC.OD.
1
(iv)'
v
^ AD-^-AB
AC
-.
47
is
the mid-
CONCISE GEOMETRY
48
INEQUALITIES
THEOREM 26
In the triangle ABC,
(i)
(ii)
If
AOAB,
then /_
ABO
IfZ ABOZ.ACB, then
AOAB.
61.
THEOREM 27
If
ON
is
the perpendicular from any point
is
to a line
any point on AB,
ON < OP.
then
FIG. 62.
THEOREM 28
If
ABC
is
a triangle,
BA + AC >BC.
AB, and
if
49
INEQUALITIES
INEQUALITIES
EXERCISE X
1.
The
if
ABC, ACB
of
AABC
meet at
AB >AC,
prove that IB >IC.

if BC<?AD, prove that
a median of
5.
AD is
Z.BAC
AABC;
<90.
ABC is an equilateral triangle P is any point on BC prove
AP>BP.
In AABC, the bisector of Z.BAC cuts BC at D; prove
BA>BD.
AD is a median of AABC; if AB>AC, prove that /.BAD
6.
In
2.
3.
4.
7.
<Z.CAD.
AABC, AB
AC; BC is produced to any point D; P is

DP cuts AC at Q prove AQ > AP.
In the quadrilateral ABCD, AD > AB >CD > BC prove /. ABC
any point on
AB
> Z. ADC.
Which
the greater, Z. BAD or /. BCD ?

the external bisector of L B AC cuts
is
8.
ABC
9.
produced at D; prove (i) AB>AC;

ABC is a triangle ; the bisector of /_
10.
11.
is
a triangle
14.
15.
16.
CD>AC.
BAC cuts BC
BC
(ii)
at
if
AB>AC, prove BD>DC.

ABC is an acute-angled triangle, such that /. ABC = 2 21 ACB
prove AC<2AB.
ABCD is a quadrilateral prove that AB + BC + CD >AD.
12. Prove that

13.
any
How many
side of a triangle
is less
than half
its
perimeter.
drawn such that two of the sides

are of lengths 4 feet, 7 feet, and such that the third side
contains a whole number of feet ?
ABC is a ; D is any point on BC prove that AD< (AB +
triangles can be
BC + CA).
ABCD is a quadrilateral
AD>CD.
ABC is a A P is any
;
AB<BC; /.BAD</.BCD;
point on
BC;
prove that
AP
prove
is
less
than one of the lines AB, AC.

17.
is
any point inside the triangle
> L BAC
18. A,
B
4
are
(ii)
ABC;
prove that (i)/_BOC
BO + OC< BA + AC.
any two points on the same
side of
CD,
A'
is
the
CONCISE GEOMETRY
50
image of A in CD ; A'B cuts CD at O ; P

on CD ; prove that AP + PB > AO + OB.
is
any other point
19.
AD
20.
21.
CA + AB).
In AABC, BC>BA; the perpendicular bisector OP of AC
cuts BC at P Q is any other point on OP
prove AQ + QB
is
is
a median of
any point
AABC;
inside
prove
AABC
AD<|(AB-f AC).
OA + OB -f OC > |(BC
prove
-f-
>AP + PB.
22.
Prove that the sum of the diagonals of a quadrilateral is

greater than the semiperimcter and less than the perimeter
of the quadrilateral.
THE INTERCEPT THEOREM
51

THEOREM 29
If H,
are the mid-points of the sides AB,
then
(i)
(ii)
HK is parallel
HK = |BC.
to
AC of
the triangle
ABC,
BC.
B
FIG. 63.
THEOREM 30
If
two
lines
DS
ABCDE, PQRST
so that
BC = CD,
are cut
then
by the
7\
z
:/
parallel lines
QR = RS.
\a
R_
\T
Fio. 64.
BQ, CR,
CONCISE GEOMETRY
52

EXERCISE XI
1.
P is any
H, K are the mid-points of AB, AC
BC prove HK bisects AP.
In AABC, L BAG = 90
D is the mid-point of BC; prove
that AD = BC.
[From D, drop a perpendicular to AC.]
In Fig. 65, if AC = CB and if AP, BQ, CR are parallel, prove
ABC
is
point on
2.
3.
4.
if AC = CB, and
=
CR
(BQ - AP).
In Fig. 66,
that
"
if
AP, BQ,
CR
are parallel, prove
c
V
FIG. 66.
5.
Qi R, S are the mid-points of the sides AB, BC, CD, DA of

the quadrilateral ABCD ; prove that PQ is equal and parallel
P.
toSR.
6.
ABC = 90; BOX is an equilateral triangle;

X parallel to AB bisects AC.
ABC is a A H, K are the mid-points of AB, AC BK, CH
are produced to X, Y so that BK
KX and CH HY prove
thatXY = 2BC.
In
AABC,
/.
prove that the line from
7.

8.
a fixed point
is
a variable point on a fixed line
is
is
is
Prove that the

of
a fixed point ; P is a variable point on a fixed circle, centre

that the loo as of the mid-point of OP is a circle
; prove
whose centre
10.
AB
OP.
find the locus of the mid-point of

9.
53
at the mid-point of
mid points of opposite
lines joining the
any quadrilateral
OA.
sides
bisect each other.
11. If the diagonals of a quadrilateral are equal
and cut at right
angles, prove that the mid-points of the four sides are the
corners of a square.
12.
ABCD
is a quadrilateral; if AB is parallel to CD, 'prove

that the mid-points of AD, BC, AC, BD lie on a straight
line.
13.
ABC
is
AX,
AY

to BC.
14.
ABCD
are the perpendiculars from A to the

is parallel
ABC,
prove that
15.
AD,
P,
16.
BE
ABCD
P,
are
Q, R
altitudes
is
BD
bisects
/.ABC and
the perpendicular from
of
A ABC
that
and
PQ = RS;
(i)
at
intersect
BC
HA, AB,
having
quadrilateral,
are the mid-points of
R,
prove
AH
is
Q,
to
AH = 2CD.
prove
XY
a quadrilateral such that
is
/.ADB = 90= /.BCD
BC
ACB
AB
H;
prove that
to
parallel
CD;
AD, BD, AC, BC;

PS = (AB + CD) ; (Hi)
(ii)
QR = |(AB~CD).
17
ABC
is
is
the mid-point of
BC
perpendicular from B to the bisector of
18.
ABC
is
is
the mid-point of
the foot of the
is
Z. BAG
BC; Q
is
prove that
the foot of the
perpendicular from B to the external bisector of

= (AB + AC).
prove that DQ
19.
ABCD
is
a quadrilateral having
mid-points of AD, AC, BD,

dicular to
QR.
AB=^CD;
BC
P,
prove that
Q, R,
PS
/.
S
is
BAC
are the
perpen-
CONCISE GEOMETRY
54
20.
In Fig. 67,
and AP =
if
BD = DC
and
AP = AQ,
BP = CQ
prove that
PIG. 67.
aqiKre box
ABCD,
each edge 13*, rests in the rack of a
and against the wall the point of contact

âilwa^tearriage
E ,is iB^froin the wall CE = ED. Prove that C is 5" from
the* âpfj),nd find the distances of A, D from the wall.
:
FIG. 68.
22.
ABC
CF
is
at
E,
G; AG
is
AC AB BE
AG GX

produced to X so that
cuts
and
BC at D; prove that (i) GBXC is a parallelogram;

= |GA = iDA.
DG
(ii)
23. ABCD is a parallelogram
XY is any line outside it AP, BQ,
CR, DS are perpendiculars from A, B, C, D to XY prove
that AP + CR = BQ + DS.
24* The diagonals AC, BD of the square ABCD intersect at O
cuts

the bisector of
/.
BAG
BO
cuts
at X,
BC
55
at
prove that"
CY=20X.
25*.
Two
equal
circles,
circle passes
prove that
through
AB
is
O ; a third equal
the
and cuts
former circles at C, D ;
centres A, B, intersect at
equal and parallel to CD.
26*. A, B are fixed points;

are squares outside
is
a variable
APAB
27*.
jx>int
PAST,
PBXY
provo that the mid-point of
SX is fixed. [Drop perpendiculars from S, X to AB.]

ABCD is a quadrilateral having AD = BC E, F are the midpoints of AB, CD
prove that EF is equally inclined to A^
and BC. [Complete the parallelogram DABH
;
at
join
BK, KF.]
RIDERS ON BOOK
III

THEOREM
AB
is
a chord of a
(1) If
(2) If
ON
is
circle,
31
centre O.
the mid-point of AB, then L ON A -90.

is the perpendicular from O to AB, then AN
= NB.
THEOREM 32
AB,
CD
are chords of a circle, centre O.
(1) If
(2) If
AB = CD, then AB and CD

AB and CD are equidistant
A corresponding property holds

56
are equidistant from O.
from O, then
for equal circles.
AB = CD.
57
SYMMETRICAL PROPERTIES OP A CIRCLE

EXEEOI8E XII
1.
AB
a chord of a circle of radius 10 cms.;
is
find the distance of the centre of the circle

2.
A chord of
3.
cms.;
the
length 10 cms. is at a distance of 12 cms. from
centre of the circle ; find the radius.
chord of a circle of radius 7 cms.
from the centre

4.
AB = 8
from AB.
ABC
is
at a distance of
is
4 cms.
find ita length.
inscribed in a circle;
AB = AC = 13", BC==10";
calculate the radius of the circle.

5.
In a
of
5 cms., there are two parallel chords

6 cms. ; find the distance between
circle of radius
4 cms.,
lengths
them.
6.
Two
parallel chords
CD = 10"
7.
An
8.
The perpendicular
the
ABC
AB = 4",
bisector of a chord
is
AB
6 cms.,
is
inscribed
cuts
AB
at
and
calculate the radius of
is
find
such that
line,
circle
on
AC
AB = T, BC = 4"; PBQ
is
as diameter, perpendicular to
PQ.
a point on the diameter AB of a circle ; AP = 2", PB = 8* ;

find the length of the shortest chord which passes through P.
11.
The
is
centres of
apart
Two
P,
S and
variable line
a",
two
circles of radii 3", 4" are at a distance 5*
common
find the length of their
chord.
concentric circles are of radii 3*, 5"; a line
one at
which
AB = 6", CD = 1*
a straight
the chord of the
10.
13.
of a circle are 3" apart
circle.
AC;
12.
CD
equilateral triangle, each side of

in a circle ; find its radius.
the circle at
9.
AB,
calculate the radius of the circle.
at P,
equation
constant.
the other at Q,
PQRS
cuts
S and
between
x,
Q,
y,
two
R;
a,
R;
if
QR = 2",
PQRS
find
cuts
PQ.
fixed concentric circles of radii

if
&,
PQ = #", QR = /, find
and prove that PQ.QS
an
is
CONCISE GEOMETRY
58
14.
A crescent
Fig. 71)
at C,
15.
formed of two circular arcs of equal radius (see

the perpendicular bisector of AB cuts the crescent
if CD = 3 cms., AB = 10 cms., find the radii.
is
;
In Fig. 72,
ABCD
is
BC
arc
AB = CD = #;
the section of a lens;
BP = PC = y; PQ = z; AB, QP, DC
calculate in terms of r, y,
perpendicular to
the radius of the circular
are
AQD.
C
A
Fro. 72.
16.
AB
is
a chord of a
from
17.
Two
A and B
circles,
bisects
18.
Two
XY
circle,
prove
centres A,
centre
OT
O T
is
bisects /.
any point equidistant
ATB.
B, intersect at X,
prove that
AB
at right angles.
circles,
line parallel
centres
to
AB
A, B, intersect at C, D;
cutting the circles at P,
PCQ is a
Q prove
;
PQ = 2AB.
1 9.
Two
circles, centres
one
20.
21.
ABC
A, B, intersect at X,
circle, parallel to
PQRS cuts
RS.
prove PQ
line
is
XY
prove
two concentric
a triangle inscribed in a
that the mid-point of
BC
is
AB
PQ
bisects
circles at
circle
if
/.
is
a chord of
PQ.
P,
S and
Q, R
BAC=* 90, prove
the centre of the circle.

In Fig. 73,
22.
PQ
if
is
parallel to RS, prove
59
PQ = RS.
Fre. 73.
23.
CPD
APB,
OP
24.
are intersecting chords of a circle, centre
if
Z.APC, prove AB=-CD.
bisects
The diagonals of the

are drawn through
quadrilateral
ABCD meet at O circles

D, O, A
O, C C, O, D
;
;
;
B,
A, O,
;
;
prove that their four centres are the corners of a parallelogram.
25. AOB,
are two intersecting chords of a circle ; if AB = CD,
COD
prove AO = CO.
26. In Fig. 74, A, C,

if
AC = CB,
prove
are the centres of three unequal circles
Fig.
27.
PQ = RS.
74.
CD are two chords of a circle, centre O; if AB>CD,

O is nearer to AB than to CD.
Two circles, centres A, B, intersect at C, D PCQ is a line
AB,
prove
28.
cutting the circles at P,
prove
PQ
is
greatest
when
it is
AB.
29*. P is any point on a diameter AB of a circle QPR is a chord
such that L APQ = 45 ; prove that AB 2 = 2PQ 2 + 2PR
parallel to
'.
30*.
ABC
is
inscribed in a circle, centre
images of O in BC, CA,

bisect each other.
31*. AB,
CD
are
prove that
AB
AC + BD - 4OA2
2
are the
X, Y,
;
prove that AX, BY,
two perpendicular chords of a

2
circle,
centre
CZ
CONCISE GEOMETRY
60
ANGLE PEOPERTIES OF A CIRCLE
(1)
THEOREM 33
If
AB
is
an arc of a
circle,
centre O,
and
if
is
any point on the

which
remaining part of the circumference, then the angle

arc AB subtends at
equals 2 /. APB,
FIG. 75(1).
Fio. 75(2).
THEOREM 34
(1) If
(2) If
APQB is a circle, L APB= Z.AQB.

AB is a diameter of a circle APB, /. APB = 90.
FIG. 76.
FIG. 77.
61
(1)
THEOREM 35
(1) If
ABCD
is
(2) If the side

to P,
a cyclic quadrilateral,
AD
Z.ABC+ /.ADC =
of the cyclic quadrilateral
= Z.ABC.
FIG. 78.
ABCD
is
180.
produced
CONCISE GEOMETRY
62
(1)
EXERCISE XIII
1.
2.
ABC is a A inscribed in a circle, centre O; Z.AOC = 130

Z. BOG = 1 50, find L ACB.
Z. BAC = 35,
AB, CD are perpendicular chords of a circle
;
find
3.
4.
5.
Z.ABD.
ABCD is a quadrilateral such that AB = AC = AD if L BAD

= 140, find /.BCD.
ABCD is a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle AB is a
diameter; Z ADC -127; find ZBAC.
Two chords AB, CD when produced meet at O Z. OAD = 31
;
ZAOC-42
6.
ZOBC.
Two circles APRB, AQSB intersect at A, B PAQ, RBS are
= 70, find Z.PQS,
straight lines; if ZQPR-=80, ZPRS
7.
P,
find
Z.QSR.
Q,
are points of a circle, centre

;
P, R are on opposite sides of
= 36;
8.
9.
L POQ = 54, Z OQR

OQ find ZQPR and
;
Z.PQR.
The diagonals
of the cyclic quadrilateral ABCD meet at O

L BAC -42, ZBOC = 114, ZADB = 33; find /.BCD.
ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, EABF is a straight line;
Z.EAD = 82, ZFBC-74
ZBDC = 50; find angle be;
tween AC, BD.

10.
Two
at
DC of a circle, centre O, are produced

L AOB - 100, L EBC - 72, L ECB - 84
chords AB,
Z.COD.
11.
(i)
In Fig. 79,
(ii) If
if
y + z = 90,
z - 40, find
=
x
45.
prove
y = 32,
x.
to
;
meet
find

12.
a point on the baso BC of

the circles ADB, ADC;
is
of
find
13.
15.
if
AC cuts BD at O, if
L BAG = 2 L BCA.
XY arc parallel chords of

= OY.
prove OX
Two circles BAPR, BASQ cut at
AB,
lines; prove
16.
AB
18.
19.
20.
21.
/_
are the centres
ABCD
a circle;
A,
AY
BX
cuts
PAQ, RAS
/.BOC-
at
O;
are straight
P is any point on the

centre O
- 360.
2
APB
AOB
+
Z.
prove /_
if
AC
bisects
the angles at
cyclic quadrilateral
AB
is
y = 20, 2-40,
PBR-- Z.QBS.
a chord of a
is
minor arc
1 7.
H,
Z. AMD -70, Z.AKD = 80,
if
Z.BAC.
In Fig. 79,
100, prove
14.
A ABC
63
(1)
circle,
A and C, prove /.ABC = 90.

Two lines CAB, OCD cut a circle at A, B and C, D; prove
Z.OAD= ZOCB.
AB is a diameter of a circle APQRB prove Z.APQ+ Z.QRB
-270.
ABCDEF is a hexagon inscribed in a circle prove that /. FAB
+ Z.BCD+ Z.DEF-360".
Two circles ABPR, ABQS cut at A, B PBQ, RAS are straight
lines
prove PR is parallel to QS.
are three points on a circle, centre O
C
A, B,
prove that
=
+
OCA.
BAC
OBA
L
L
L
;
22.
23. A, B, C,
whose
are four points on a circle
sides are parallel to PA,
24.
AABC.
AP, AQ are diameters of
PBQ is a straight line.
25.
OA
is
PB,
the circles
prove that a triangle
PC
APB,
is
equiangular to
AQB
AP is any
circle, centre O
OA as diameter bisects AP.
AOB, COD of a circle intersect at O
a radius of a
prove that
chord
prove
that the circle on

26.
Two
chords
prove
27.
APC
is
if
AO = AC,
DO = BD.
an
AQOC
2LPCQ.
is
arc, less
than a semicircle, of a
another circular arc; prove
Z.
circle,
APC=
centre
O;
/.PAQ +
64
28.
29.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
a
point of
BC
ABC
is
OA, OB,
prove
30.
Two
31.
OB = BD,
ABCD is a
lines
OAB,
prove
ABCD
is
37.
is
the mid-
Z.AOB = 90,
A,
AB,
CD
the centre of the circle;
DC
at X
AD,
are produced to
B and
C,
EX F
BC
prove
prove
D;
if
are
meet at F
Z.AOC +
produced to
;
the circles
a straight line.
; prove
are perpendicular chords of a circle, centre O
cut
is
prove
Z.DAB= Z.OAC.
In AABC, AB = AC; ABD is an equilateral triangle; prove
that L BCD = 30 or 150.
ABC is a A D is a point on BC H, K are the centres of
the circles ADB, ADC; if H, D, K, A are concyclic, prove
L BAC = 90.
ABC is a A the bisectors of Z.s ABC, ACB intersect at
and meet AC, AB at P, Q if A, Q,
P are*concyclic, prove
=
BAC
60.
L
Two lines EBA, ECD cut a circle ABCD at B, A and C, D
O is the centre prove L AOD - /. BOC = 2 /. BEC.
ACB, ADB are two arcs on the same side of AB a straight
;
I,
38.
if
circle at
a cyclic quadrilateral;
EDC, FBC
36.
is
rectangle; any circle through A cuts AB, AC, AD

at X, Y, Z ; prove that ABD, XYZ are equiangular triangles.
meet at E ; AB,
35.
OCD cut
OC = CA.
O D
Z. BAC.
are three equal lines;

45 or 135.
32. In Fig. 80,
34.
/. BOD =
OC
Z ACB =
33.
inscribed in a circle, centre
39.
line
ADB
ACD
lies
cuts
them
at C,
D;
on the arc ACB, prove
if
the centre of the circle
CB = CD.
ANGLE PROPERTIES OP A CIRCLE
65
(1)
a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle BA, CD when

produced meet at E; O is the centre of the circle EAC;
prove that BD is perpendicular to OE.
inscribed in a circle; AOX, BOY, COZ are
41. ABC is a
ABCD
40.
is
three chords intersecting at a |>oint
A ABC;
inside
prove
Z.YXZ= /BOC- Z.BAC.

/
42.
is any point on the side

taken on AC, BC so that
drawn through D,
is
AEFG
ABC
43.
P,
is
is
equilateral.
a line
;
Q, R;
of Z.8
if
BPR,
E,
F are
Z.
circle
prove
PQR
B, C, Q,
BAC
of A ABC
points E,
EDA = 60 = /. FOB a
and cuts AB again at G
AB
cuts
BC
produced, CA,
AB
at
are concyclic, prove the bisectors
are at right angles.
AB bisects ^PAQ and ^XAY; prove

PQ is parallel to XY.
the
ABC is a A the bisectors of /.s ABC, ACB meet at
circle BIC cuts AB, AC again at P, Q; prove AB = AQ
and ACÂP.
AB is a diameter of a circle AQBR; AQ, BR meet when
APXBYQ
44.
45.
is
a circle;
46.
produced
at
O;
use an
47.
BQ.AO-AR.BO.
ABC is a A; the bisectors
and cut AC, AB at Y, Z
;
at
48.
area
of /.s
formula
ABC,
to
ACB
the circles BIZ,
prove
that
intersect at
I,
CIY meet again
X; prove Z.YXZ+ Z.BIC =180.
a triangle inscribed in a circle; AB = AC; BC is

=
produced to D; AD cuts the circle at E; prove Z.ACE
ABC
is
Z.ADB.
49*.
are perpendicular chords of a circle ACBD ; prove

to AD bisects, when prothat the perpendicular from
AOB,
COD
duced, BC.
50*.
51*.
ABCD is a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle, centre O if

AC is perpendicular to BD, prove that the perpendicular
from O to AD equals JBC.
OC is a radius perpendicular to a diameter AOB of a circle;
from A, B to any
P, Q are the feet of the perpendiculars
=
that AP 2 + BQ* =
and
line through C; prove that PC
QB
;
2OC 2
Two given
.
52*.
circles
ABP,
ABQ
intersect at A,
a variable
CONCISE GEOMETRY
66
line
PAQ
meets them at P,
prove
21
PBQ
of constant
is
size.
53*.
ABC
a variable point on a given circle

which passes through B, C; if P, A are on the same side
of
is
a given
BC, prove
/.
is
PBA - L PCA
is
constant.
54*. In Fig. 81, the circles are given; prove
Z.PRQ
is
of constant
size.
FIG. 81.
55*.
56*.
AB is
a fixed chord, and AP a variable chord of a given circle ;

are the mid-points of AB, AP ;
prove Z. AQC has one
C,
of
two constant
values.
variable circle passes through a fixed point A and cuts

two given parallel lines at P,
such that /.PAQ = 90;
prove that the

57*.
Two
circles
circle
PSQ
PRQ
through a second fixed point.
circle passes
PRQ, PSQ
lies
cuts circle
on
intersect at P,
circle
PRQ
at
PSQ;
;
prove
Q;
the centre
the diameter
QR
is
PS
parallel to
of
of circle
OP,
(2)
(2)
67
THEOREM 40
If
any point on a circle, centre O,

= 90.
at P, then Z.
is
and
if
PX
is
the tangent
OPX
P,Q
FIG. 82.
THEOREM 41
If
PA
is
any chord
K and X
of a circle
PKA, and
if
PX
being on opposite sides of PA,

then Z.APX= L AKP.
FIG. 83.
is
the tangent at P,
CONCISE GEOMETRY
68
ANGLE PROPERTIES OP A CIRCLE
(2)
EXERCISE XIV
2.
TBC cuts a circle ABC at B, C; TA is a

L TAG = 118, Z.ATC = 26, find Z.ABC.
ABC is a minor arc of a circle the tangents at
3.
T; if Z.ATC = 54, find /.ABC.

AOC, BOD are chords of a circle ABCD
1.
line
tangent;
A,
if
meet
at
the tangent at A
DB produced at T if Z.ATD = 24, /.COD = 82,
Find also the angle between
Z. TBC = 146, find ZL BAG.
BD and the tangent at C.
The aides BC, CA, AB of a A touch a circle at X, Y, Z
= 64, Z. ACB = 52; find Z.XYZ, ,/XZY.
,/ ABC
meets
4.
5.
Three of the angles of a quadrilateral circumscribing a circle

are 70, 84, 96 in order; find the angles of the quadrilateral
6.
TBP,
whose
TCQ
Z.QCA =
7.
In
A ABC,
AC
vertices are the points of contact.

are tangents to the circle ABC; Z.PBA
128; find /.BAG and ZLBTC.
L ABC = 50,
produced,
AB
Z.
ACB = 70;
produced at X, Y,
a
;
T TC
8.
A chord AB of
9.
Z.TBC = /.ACT.
Two circles APB, AQB intersect at A, B
= Z.ABQ.
tangents at A, prove Z.ABP
a circle
is
produced to
circle
find Z.
is
= 146,
touches BC,
YXZ.
a tangent from
to the circle; prove
10.
DA
11.
AC, prove Z. ADB => Z. ABC.

In A ABC, AB = AC; D is the
is
the tangent at
to the circle
ABC
AQ
AP,
if
mid-point of
DB
is
BC;
are the
parallel to
prove that
ADC
is perpendicular to AB.
the tangent at D to the circle
of
the
chords
circle
the tangent
are parallel
12. BC,
;
at
13.
AD
A cuts CB
ABCD
produced at
Z.PAQ=Z.BPQ.
Two circles ACB, ADB
to circles
ADB,
ACB
PD
cuts the circle at
intersect at A,
at A,
prove
CA,
AD
is
DB
prove
are tangents
parallel to
BC.
are equal chords of a circle ; the tangent ADE at

meets BC produced at D ; prove Z. BDE = 3 Z. CAD.
14.
CA,
CB
15.
The
bisector of
Z.BAC meets BC
at
circle is
drawn

touching
BC
16.
Two
17.
ABCD
A, C
18.
circles
passing through
^PDB=
meet at
A inscribed in a
produced at
B; the tangents
A,
PBQ
if Z. PBQ is
is
if Z.
the tangents at
Z. ABC ~ L ADC.
What happens
is
AC
Z.QDC.
T prove Z. ATC =
circles intersect at
ABC
AB,
AQB intersect at A, B; AQ, AP are the

A if PBQ is a straight line, prove Z. PAQ = 90.
;
tangents at
is a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle
Two
cuts
if it
APB,
circles at P,
19.
D and
at
at P, Q, prove
69
(2)
acute, prove Z.
at
B meet
the
PAQ = 2 Z. PBQ.
obtuse ?
circle
the bisector of
the tangent at C meets AB

cuts AB at D ; prove
L ACB
TC = TD.
AOB is a diameter
of a circle, centre O; the tangent at B

meets any chord AP at T ; prove Z.ATB = Z.OPB.
21. ABCDE is a pentagon inscribed in a circle ; AT is the tangent
at A, T and D being on opposite sides of AB ; prove L BCD
20.
+ ZlAED=:lS0 -f ,/BAT.
A ABC, AB = AC; a circle
is drawn to touch BC at B and

A
it
to pass through
if
cuts AC at D, prove BC == BD.
=
D is any point on BC DP, DQ are
In AABC, Z. BAC 90
= 90.
tangents at D to the circles ABD, ACD prove /_ PDQ
AB is a diameter of a circle ABC TC is the tangent from a
point T on AB produced TD is drawn perpendicular to TA
and meets AC produced at D prove TC = TD.
EAF, CBD are tangents at the extremities of a chord AB of a
if AB bisects
circle, E and C being on the same side of AB
Z. CAD, prove Z. EAC = L ADC.
Two circles touch internally at A the tangent at any point P
on the inner cuts the outer at Q, R AQ, AR cut the inner
at H, K; prove AS PQH, APK are equiangular.
PQ is a common tangent to two circles CDP, CDQ; prove
that Z. PCQ + Z. PDQ = 180.
Two chords AOB, COD of a circle cut at O the tangents at
the tangents at B, D meet at Y
A, C meet at X
prove
Z.AXC+ ^BYD==2Z.AOD.
22. In
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
is
AABC;
the centre of a circle touching the sides of

a
drawn ; prove that it cuts off equal
larger concentric circle is
portions from AB, BC,
CA.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
70
30.
PQ, PR are equal chords of a
circle
PQ and the tangent at R
T prove L PRQ = 60 \ L PTR.
The diameter AB of a circle, centre O, is produced to T so that
OB = BT TP is a tangent to the circle prove TP = PA.
The bisector of L BAG cuts BC at D a circle is drawn through
D and to touch AC at A prove that its centre lies on the
intersect at
31.
32.
perpendicular from
AB.
to
common point of interchords are equal ; prove that
33. Three circles, centres A, B, C, have a

section
34.
also their
common
O is the centre of the circle inscribed in AABC.

AB is a chord of a circle the tangents at A, B meet at T
AP is drawn perpendicular to AB, and TP is drawn perpendicular to TA prove that PT equals the radius.
Two circles ABD, ACE intersect at A BAC, DAE are straight
lines
prove that the angle between DB and CE equals the
;
35.
angle between the tangents at A.

36. Assuming the result of ex. 21 (page 63), what special cases can
be obtained by taking (i) Q very close to S, (ii) Q very close
to B,
(iii)
very close to
B?
are given points on a given circle ; P is a variable point

on the circle ; the circles whose diameters are AB and AP
37. A,
intersect at Q.
Find the position of
when P
is
very close
to B.
38.
OA is a chord of a circle, centre C T is a point on the tangent

TA is proat O such that OA = OT and L AOT is acute
Find
duced to cut OC at B prove that /. OBA = J / OCA,
;
the position of
B when A
is
very close to O.
PROPERTIES OF EQUAL ARCS AND CIRCLES
PROPERTIES OF EQUAL ARCS AND

EQUAL CIRCLES
THEOREM
H,
37.
are the centres of two equal circles APB, CQD.

= arc CD.
(i) IfZ.AHB= zlCKD, then arc AB
(ii)
If
/_APB=* Z.CQD, then
arc
THEOREM
H K
(
AB = arc CD.
38.
are the centres of two equal circles

AHB
If arc AB = arc CD, then (i)
APB, CQD.
= L CKD,
(ii)/.APB = Z.CQD.
and
THEOREM
APB,
CQD
(i)
(ii)
are
two equal
39.
circles.
AB = chord CD, then arc AB = arc CD.

AB = arc CD, then chord AB = chord CD.
If chord
If arc
These properties also hold for equal arcs in the same
circle.
71
CONCISE GEOMETRY
72
PROPERTIES OF EQUAL ARCS AND

EQUAL CIRCLES
EXERCISE XV
1.
ABCD
Ls
in the
2.
3.
circle
is a side of a regular hexagon and AC of a regular octagon

inscribed in the same circle ; calculate the angles of AABC.
AB
AC cuts BD at
DC when proif Z. AEB = 55, Z. BFC = 35, Z. DOC = 85,
ABCD is a quadrilateral inscribed in a

O DA, CB when produced meet at
:
duced meet at F
4.
AEF is an equilateral triangle inscribed

calculate the angles of AECD.
a square and
same
prove arc BC = twice arc AB.

ABC is a triangle inscribed in a circle
BC
produced at T; /.BAT
ratio of the arcs AB and AC.
5.
CD;
calculate/.
AB,
A meets
the tangent at
ABCD
arc
6.
^135,ZATB-
are two points on the circle

arc AB is half the major arc AB
A,
circle
30
such that the minor
DAB = 74
Z.
find the
arc
BC =
A BD andZ_BDC.
ABCD is a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle; Z.ADB = 25,

Z. DBC = 65
prove arc AB + arc CD = arc BC + arc AD.
;
8.
CD are parallel chords of a

ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral
9.
7.
AB,
</
circle
;
if
prove arc
AB = CD,
AD
prove
arc
Z.
BC.
ABC =
BCD.
AOBP passes through the centre O of a circle ABQ

OP bisects Z.APB.
are
two equal circles; PBQ is a straight line;
ABP, ABQ
=
AP
AQ.
prove
AB, BC, CD are equal chords of a circle, centre O prove that
AC cuts BD at an angle equal to Z. AOB.
ABCD is a square and APQ an equilateral triangle inscribed
circle
prove that
10.
11.
12.
in the
13.
same
circle,
BP = arcPC.
On a clock-face,
P being between B and C; prove
prove that the line joining

perpendicular to the line joining 5 and 12.
4 and 7
arc
is

14.
X, Y are the mid-points of the arcs AB,

cuts AB, AC at H, K ; prove AH = AK.
15.
APB,
AQB
16.
ABCD
18.
ABC
are
is
DC
prove
a tangent to the
DP
is
a chord
PB = AD.
inscribed in a circle; if two pairs of opposite

sides are parallel, prove that the third pair is also parallel.
is
hexagon
A inscribed
is
through B, C
are produced to meet
in a circle;
circle
any
cuts AB, AC again at P, Q ; BQ, CP

tho circle ABC at R, S ; prove AR AS.
19. ABCDEF is a hexagon inscribed in a circle;
"20.
XY
of a circle;
a rectangle inscribed in a circle;
is
equal to
17.
AP
two equal circles;

AQB, prove AB = BP.
circle
AC
73
Z.DEF, prove AF is parallel to CD.

is a quadrant of the circle ACDB
=
cuts BC at P
prove AC CP.
CD
AB
/.ABC =
if
a diameter
is
AD
P is any point
is a
inscribed in a circle, centre O
on the side BC ; prove that the circles OBP, OCP are equal.
22. In AABC, AB = AC; BC is produced to D; prove that the
21.
ABC
23.
ABCD
ABD,
circles
ACD
are equal.
a quadrilateral inscribed in a
is
Z.ABC
to F; the bisector of
that
21.
DE
ABCD
is
bisects /.ADF.
a cyclic quadrilateral
meet at E
a circle
is
drawn
circle
CD
is
cuts the circle at
BC
and
produced
E; prove
AD
are produced to
through A, C, E and cuts AB,
;
CD again at P, Q prove PE = EQ.

AB, AC are equal chords of a circle BC
that CD = CA; DA cuts the circle at
;
25.
/.ABC.
an equilateral
is
produced to
D so
BE
prove that
E;
bisects
26.
ABC
is
the mid-points
of
triangle inscribed in a circle ; H,

arcs AB, AC; prove that
the
by AB, AC.
are two chords of a
are
HK
is
trisected
27.
BC
AB is
AB,
prove
28.
ABCD
circle
(AB>BC)
AB and
folded over about the chord
BD
is
the minor arc

cuts
AC
at
BC.
circle
the mid-points of the arcs AB, BC, CD,

29.
XZ is perpendicular to YW.
In AABC, AB>AC; the bisectors
of
X, Y, Z,
DA;
W are
prove that
^ ABC, ACB
meet
74
CONCISE GEOMETRY
at
the circle
BIG
cuts
AC
AB,
at P,
QI = IB.
30.
ABC
prove PI
=r
1C and
a triangle inscribed in a circle, centre O ; PQ is the

diameter perpendicular to BC, P and A being on the same
is
side of
BC
is
ABC ~ L ACB = /. POA.

circles are equal and AD = BC;
prove
31*. In Fig. 85, the
/.
prove
XBYD
a parallelogram.
FIG. 85.
AABC, AB = AC
any point on BC; X, Y are the

centres of the circles ABD, ACD; XP, YQ are the per= YQ.
pendiculars to AB, AC; prove XP
33*. AB, CD are two perpendicular chords of a circle, centre O ;
2
2
2
prove that AC + BD = 4OA
[Use Theorem 25(2).]
A 2rt is a regular polygon of 2n sides ; if 2i&>
34*. A 1 A 2 A3
32*. In
is
p>q>r>8, prove that Ap A r is perpendicular to A g A 5 if

p + r = q + s + n.
ABC is an equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle D, E are
points on the arcs AB, BC such that AD = BE, prove AD +
DB = AE.
C is the mid-point of a chord AB of a circle D, E are points
on the circle on opposite sides of AB such that L DAC =
Z.AEC; prove that Z.ADC= Z.EAC.
P, Q, R are points on the sides BC, CA, AB of AABC such
that ^PQR=ZABC and Z.PRQ=Z.ACB; prove that
the circles AQR, BRP, CPQ meet at a common point, K say,
and are equal; prove also that (i) /.BKC = 2z.BAC; (ii)
AK=*BK = CK; (iii) PK is perpendicular to QR.
f
35*.
36*.
37*.
38*.
Two
fixed circles cut at A,
is
a variable point on one

PA,
PB when
produced cut the other at
QR
prove
75
QR
is
of constant length.
39*.
a fixed point on a fixed circle ; B is a fixed point on a

fixed line BC ; a variable circle through A, B cuts BC at P
is
and the
fixed
circle at
a fixed point.
circle at
Q;
prove that
PQ
cuis the fixed
CONCISE GEOMETEY
76
L-ENGTHS OF TANGENTS AND CONTACT

OF CHICLES
THEOREM 42
If
TP,
TQ
T to a circle,
TP - TQ.
Z.TOP = TOQ.
are the tangents from
then
(i)
(ii)
(in)
OT
bisects Z.
centre O,
PTQ.
FIG. 86.
THEOREM 43
If
two
circles, centres A, B,
then
APB
is
a straight
touch, internally or externally, at P,

line.
Y
FIG. 87(1)
FIG. 87(2).
If the circles touch externally (Fig. 87(1)), the distance

= sum of radii.
the centres
between
If the circles touch internally (Fig. 87(2)), the distance

the centres AB = difference of radii.
between
AB
77
LENGTHS OF TANGENTS
LENGTHS OP TANGENTS AND CONTACT

Otf
CIRCLES
EXEBCISE XVI
1.
radius 5 cms., touches two concentric circles and

encloses the smaller: the radius of the larger circle is
circle,
7 cms.
what
is
the radius of the smaller
centres A, B, C, touch each other externally;
2.
Three
3.
AB = 4", BC - 6", CA - V find their radii.}

In AABC, AB = 4", BC = 7", CA = 5* two circles
circles,
with B,
with
C
as
as centres touch each other externally ; a circle

centre touches the others internally ; find their radii.
4. Fig. 88 is formed of three circular arcs of radii 6*7 cms.,
2-2 cms., 3*1 cms.; X, Y, Z are the centres of the circles;

find the lengths of the sides of
FIG. 88.
5.
In Fig. 89,
quadrant
AB is a
BC at B
quadrant touching AD at A and the

L ADC - 90, AD - 12", DC = 9" ; find
the radii of the circles.
FIG. 89.
6.
The distance between the centres of two circles of radii 4 cms.,

7 cms. is 15 cms.; what is the radius of the least circle
that can be drawn to touch them and enclose the smaller
circle
CONCISE GEOMETRY
78
7.
= 5", CB
is a point on AB such that
radius of the circle which touches AB at
AC
the circle on
8.
A,
AB
= 3*
calculate the
and
also touches
as diameter.
aje the centres of two circles of radii 5 cms., 3 cms.
AB
BC
a radius perpendicular to BA; find

the radius of a circle which touches the larger circle and
12 cms.;
is
touches the smaller circle at C.

9.
BC
[Two
answers.]
two equal quadrants touching at B ; their radii

are 12 cms.; find the radius of the circle which touches
arc AB, arc BC, AC.
AB,
are
FIG. 90.
10.
A ABC, AB =
= 6", CA = 7"; a circle touches BC,

4", 80
find
BX and AY.
Z
AB
at
CA,
X, Y,
In AABC, AB = 3", BC = 7*, CA = 9*; a circle touches CA
produced, CB produced, AB at Q, P, R; find AQ, BR.
In
11.
12.
Two circles of
13.
The
14.
The distance between the centres of two circles is 10 cms.,

and the lengths of their exterior and interior common tangents
15.
ABCD
16.
In one corner of a square frame, side 3', is placed a disc of

radius 1' touching both sides ; find the radius of the largest
radii 3 cms.,
12 cms. touch each other externally ;
common tangent.
distance between the centres of two circles of radii 11 cms.,
5 cms. is 20 cms. ; find the lengths of their exterior and
find the length of their
interior
common
tangents.
are 8 cms., 6 cms. ; find their radii.

is a square of side 7*; C is the centre of a circle of
radius 3* ; find the radius of the circle which touches this
circle
disc
and touches
which
will
fit
AB
at A.
into the opposite corner.
17. a, b are the lengths of the diameters of
two
circles
which
touch each other externally ; t is the length of their common

2
tangent ; prove that t = ab.
18. Two circles of radii 4 cms., 9 cms. touch each other externally ;
LENGTHS OF TANGENTS
find the radius of the circle
and
circles
also
thejr
79
which touches each of these
common
[Two answers
tangent.
use ex. 17,]

19.
OA = a*, OB = ^, Z_AOB = 90;
two variable circles are

drawn touching each other externally, one of them touches
OA at A, and the other touches OB at B if their radii are
af y", prove that (x -f a) (y f b) is constant. If a = 8, b = 6,
x - 4, calculate y.
;
20.
Four equal
spheres, each of radius
1*,
are fixed in contact
with each other on a horizontal table, with their centres

at the corners of a square; a fifth equal sphere rests on
them ;
21.
find the height of its centre
touches the sides of
circle
the mid-points of AB,

of
22.
Two
AC,
above the
table,
A ABC at
X, Y, Z; if Y, Z are
that
X is the mid-point
prove
BC.
circles
A ; any line through

prove that the tangents at P,
touch each other at
the circles at P,
Q;
A cuts
Q are
parallel.
23.
ABCD
is
a quadrilateral circumscribing a
circle,
prove that
AB-f CD = BC + AD.
24.
ABCD
25.
Two circles touch externally at A PQ is their common tangent

prove that the tangent at A bisects PQ and that Z. PAQ = 90.
In Fig. 91, prove AB - CD = BC - AD.
26.
is a parallelogram; if the circles on AB and CD as

diameters touch each other, prove that ABCD is a rhombus.
;
CONCISE GEOMETRY
80
27.
28.
ABCDEF is a hexagon circumscribing a circle; prove that

AB + CD + EF - BC + DE + FA.
O is the mid-point of BC circles
In A ABC, L BAC = 90
with
AB
and
AC
as diameters prove that two
are drawn
;
can be drawn with
circles
as centre to touch each of
these circles.
29.
Two circles touch externally at A

BP is a tangent to the other
AB
is
a diameter of one
prove that
/.
APB = 45
IZ.ABP.
30.
A BCD
is
31.
Two
a quadrilateral circumscribing a
Z.AOB+
prove
Two
circles
one
at
circle,
A
=
a chord
of one touches
PQ
Z. QAR.
provo L PAR
touch internally at A
any line
PQRS cuts
prove /_ PAQ =
S and
P,
centre
COD -180.
touch internally at
circles
the other at
32.
Z.
the
other at
Q,
Z.RAS.
33.
Two
equal
is parallel
34.
Two
circles
on each
Two
circles
/_
aro points,
prove that PQ
P,
XY.
P, Q are points, oue

touching internally at A
that
such
Z PAQ ^=90; prove that the
circle,
;
tangents at
35.
such that
circle
to
A
=
90
PAQ
centres X, Y, touch at
circles,
one on each
P and
touch at
are parallel.
any
line
PAQ
cuts one circle at P,
prove that the tangent at P is

perpendicular to the diameter through Q.
36. In
ABC, Z. ABC -90; a circle, centre X, is drawn to
and the other
at
AB produced,
Z.AXC-45
touch
AC
produced,
and
BC;
prove
37.
Two
at
touch externally at A ; a tangent to one of them

cuts the other circle at Q, R; prove Z.PAQ+ Z.PAR
circles
= 180.
38.
Two
circles, centres A, B, touch externally at P ; a third circle,

centre C, encloses both, touching the first at
and the
second at R ; prove /. BAC = 2 /. PRQ.
39.
A circle,
at X,
centre A, touches externally two circles, centres B,

cuts the circle, centre C, at Z ; prove BX
;
XY
CZ.
are two
C
is
parallel to
40. PR,
QR
circular arcs touching each other at R,
and
LENGTHS OF TANGENTS
OQ
touching the unequal lines OP,

Z.
PRQ = 180 - \ L POQ
81
at P,
prove that
Q;
(see Fig. 92).
FIG. 02.
41*.
PQ
42*.
is
RST;
if
centre A, passes through the centre B of a

RP, SQ are common tangents, prove that
touches the circle RST.

the centre of a fixed circle
touch the fixed
Q,
P,
43*.
PBQ,
circle
circle
two variable circles, centres

internally and each other
externally; prove that the perimeter of

given circles touch internally at
AOPQ
A
Two
through
cuts the circles at P,
44*. OA,
OB
circle
touches OA,
radius
= JOA.
is
is
constant.
a variable
line
prove that the
j)er-
passes through a fixed point.

are two radii of a circle, such that /. AOB = 60
pendicular bisector of
45*.
circle
PQ
OB
and the
arc
AB
prove that
its
the mid-point of AB ; semicircles are drawn with AC,

as diameters and on the same side of AB ; a circle
CB, AB
is
drawn
radius
46*.
to touch
the three semicircles; prove that
its
= JAC.
square
ABOD
PQRS
AB = 5PQ.
is
is
inscribed in a circle,
and another square
inscribed in the minor segment
AB
prove that
CONCISE GEOMETRY
82
CONVERSE PROPERTIES
THEOREM 36
(i)
(ii)
Z.APB= ZAQB and
if
P,
the four points A, B, P,
lie
on a
If
If
of
(iii)
If
are on the
same
side of
AB,
circle,
180 and if P, Q are on opposite sides

Z
the
four
AB,
points A, B, P, Q lie on a circle,
-=
P lies on the circle whose diameter is AB.
then
APB
.
90,
/.APB +
AQB-
CONVERSE OF THEOREM 41
If
and
/_
T are points on opposite sides of a line AB and such that

BAT = ACB, then AT is a tangent to the circle which
passes through A, C, B.
FIG. 95
ler at
83
CONVERSE PROPERTIES
CONVERSE PROPERTIES
EXERCISE XVII
1.
a parallelogram; if /.ABC ^60, prove that the

ABCD
of
centre
the circle ABD lies on the ciicle CBD.
is
2.
BE,
3.
The
CF
are altitudes of
altitudes
BE
AD,
A ABC; prove that

AABC intersect
of
ÂEF-= ZABC.
H prove that
at
Z_DHC= ZDEC.
4.
ABCD is a parallelogram any circle through A, D cuts AB,

DC at P, Q prove that B, C, Q, P are concyclic.
ABC is a A inscribed in a circle BE, CF are altitudes of
:
5.
AABC
6.
The
prove that
BCGF
circle
lies
EF
parallel to the tangent at A.
is
ADHE; OABCD
inside the circle
and
OEFGH
7.
are two lines cutting them ; if A, B, F, E are concyclic, prove that C, D, H, G are concyclic.
cuts BD at
is a parallelogram ;
that the
; prove
AC
ABCD
circles
8.
AOB, COD
AD
line
is
touch each other.
trisected at B,
C BPC
;
is
an equilateral triangle
prove that AP touches the circle PBD.

9 AB is a diameter, AP and AQ are two chords of a circle
AQ
10.
cut the tangent at
in X,
are concyclic.
is a
inscribed in a circle
ABC
BC
at X,
and
the tangent at
any
at
AP,
prove that P, X, Y,
lino parallel to
AC
prove B, X, A,
cuts
are
concyclic.
11.
In Fig. 96,
prove that
BQP
QA
and
is
BAC
are equiangular isosceles triangles;
BC.
parallel to
12.
ABCD
is
a parallelogram
and cutting AB,

concyclic.
AC
circle is
at P,
Q;
drawn touching
AD
prove that P, Q, C,
at
Bare
CONCISE GEOMETRY
84
13.
ABCD is a rectangle; the line through C perpendicular to

AC cuts AB, AD produced at P, Q prove that P, D, B, Q
;
are concyclic.
14.
A ABC,
In
CA, BA
L BAG = 90
produced at P,
the perpendicular bisector of BC cuts

Q ; prove that BC touches the circle
CPQ.
15.
16.
ABCDE is a regular pentagon BD cuts CE at O prove that

BC touches the circle BOE.
OY is the bisector of ZLXOZ; P is any point; PX, PY, PZ
are the perpendiculars to OX, OY, OZ
prove that
XY-YZ.
AA BB 1 CC 1 are equal arcs of a circle AB cuts A 1 B 1 at P
AC cuts A C1 at Q prove that A, A 1 P, Q are concyclic.
CA, CB are two fixed radii of a circle P is a variable point
;
17.
18.
on the circumference
P
19.
to
ABC
is
cuts
20.
CA,
a
BC
CB
PQ, PR
prove that
inscribed
at P,
QR
are the perpendiculars from

of constant length.
is
in a circle;
and the tangent at
a line parallel to AC
A at T ; prove that
A ABC X is a variable
cut AB, AC at Z, Y
CXO
BXO,
a fixed point inside a given
is
point on
BC
the circles
prove that (1) O, Y, A, Z are concyclic, (2) the angles of

are of constant size.
AXYZ
21.
Four
circular coins of
unequal
sizes lie
on a table so that each
touches two, and only two, of the others; prove that the
four points of contact are concyclic.
22.
ABC, ABD
are two equal circles
touches the circle

23.
AB,
CD
are
parallel to
of
26.
prove that
AC
to
CQ
are
prove that
PQ
of a circle
CD, AB
AP,
formed by the external bisectors
is cyclic.
any quadrilateral
BD are two perpendicular chords of a circle ; prove that
the tangents at A, B, C, D form a cyclic quadrilateral.
AB, AC are two equal chords of a circle AP, AQ are two
AC,
chords cutting
27.
AB = BC,
BD.
24. Prove that the quadrilateral
25.
if
two intersecting chords
the perpendiculars from A,

is
ABD.
The diagonals
BC
at X,
of a cyclic
prove P, Q, X,
quadrilateral
ABCD
are concyclic.
intersect at
CONVEKSE PBOPERTIES
right angles at
from
to AB,
28.
O
COD
AOB,
29.
ABC
is
DP
is
drawn
prove that the feet of the perpendiculars
DA
BC, CD,
are concyclic.
are two perpendicular chords of a circle ; DE is

other
chord ; AF is the perpendicular from A to DE ;
any
prove that OF is parallel to BE.
CF
30. BE,
A inscribed in a
AD is an altitude of AABC ;
;
and meets the tangent at A at P ;
circle
AB
parallel to
Z.CPA = 90.
prove
AABC X
is
tho mid-point of
BC
AABC; X is
L BAG.
the mid-point of
BC;
are altitudes of
prove that XE-XF.

31. BE, CF are altitudes of
prove that
32.
85
Z.
FXE -
180 - 2
circles APRB, ASQB intersect at A, B ; PAQ and RAS

are straight lines ; RP and QS are produced to meet at
;
are concyclic.
prove that O, P, B,
Two
33.
COD
AOB,
are
chords CP,
two perpendicular diameters of a
CQ
AB
cut
at H,
circle
two
prove that H, K, Q,
are
concyclic.
34.
The
CD of
on CD
side
point
bisector of /.
35*.
the square ABCD is produced to

the line from P perpendicular to
ADE
at
prove
36*. X,
are the centres of the circles
straight line
PX and QY are
that X, Y, B, R are concyclic.

CF are altitudes of AABC;
prove that
38*.
PQ
is
is
Z.ZEF= /. ABC
a chord of a
circle
any point such that
at E,
prove that
any
cuts the
is
CA,
DB
D meet
at
ABQ PAQ
;
meet at R
are
T
is
prove
the mid-point of
AB
/. BAC.
the tangents at P, Q meet at T ; R

;
RP, RQ cut the circle again
is a diameter.
TR -= TP
EF
CD are parallel chords of a circle the tangent at D cuts

PQ at T B is the point of contact of the other tangent from
T prove that BC bisects PQ.
ABCD is a parallelogram O is a point inside ABCD
such that L AOB + Z. COD = 180; prove that Z.OBC =
39*. PQ,
40*.
ABP,
produced to
37*. BE,
PB
is
BP= PQ.
CD
are parallel chords of a circle, centre

produced to meet at P ; the tangents at A,
prove that A, D, P, O, T are concyclic.
AB,
E; P
Z.ODC.
CONCISE OKOMETRY
86
MENSURATION
1.
For a
(i)
(li)
circle of radius
r inches,
the length of the circumference^- 2?rr in.

~TTI* sq.
the area of the cucle
in.
(in) the length of an arc, which subtends 6 at tho centre of

t\
the chcle,
o,.::
îrr in.
A
(iv)
tho area of a sector of a circle of angle
-n-r
aq. in.
2.
For a sphere of radius r inches,

(i)
(ii)
the area of surface of sphere = 47rr 2 sq. in.

tlie volume of the sphere
\Trr* cub. in.
(in) the area of the surface intercepted
'A
(i)
4.
tho area of the curved surface
2?rrA
s<j.
in.
irr^h cub. in.

the volume of the cylinder
(ii)
For a circular ume, radius of base r inches, height h inches,
length of slant edge

(i)
(ii)
5.
between two parallel
%-irrd s<{ in
planes at distance d inches apart
For a circular cylinder, radius r inches, height h inches,
inches,
P~*a + /A
area of the curved surface
= ?rrZ
sq. in.
= ^7rr% cub. in.

(Hi) volume of cone
The
of
volume
any cylinder = area of base x height.
(i)
of
The
volume
any pyramid = \ area of base x height.
(ii)
w= 2 2
7
approx. or 3*1416 approx.
87
MENSURATION
MENSURATION
EXERCISE XVIII
of radius
(1) the circumference, (2) the area of a circle
1.
Find
2.
The circumference
(i)
correct to
3.
The area
An
what
if
its
radius
what
is its
radius correct to
arc of a circle of radius 3 inches subtends
at the centre
5.
of a circle is 5 inches
inch
of a circle is 4 sq. cms.
iV cm.
4.
100 yards.
4", (ii)
what
is its
The angle of a sector of a

what is its area ?
cms.
an angle of 40
T\> inch 1
its radius
and
108,
length correct to
circle is
is
2*5
6.
7.
what
AB is an arc
8.
square
ABCD
is
inscribed in a circle of radius 4 inches
is the area of the
5 cms.
of a circle, centre
find /.
of the circle
AOB,
by AB.
AO = 5 cms. and arc
off
AB =
correct to nearest minute.
piece of flexible wire is in the form of an arc of a circle of

radius 4 '8 cms. and subtends an angle of 240 at the centre
radius
9.
minor segment cut
horse
it is
bent into a complete
circle
what
is
the
is
tethered by a rope 5 yards long to a ring which can

low straight rail 8 yards long ; what is the
slide along a
10.
area over which the horse can graze 1

OA, OB are two radii of a circle prove that the area of sector
;
AOB
11.
What
x arc AB.
equals |OA
the area contained between two concentric circles of
is
radii 6 inches, 3 inches
C
FIG. 97.
12.
DA
are quadrants of equal circles of

Find the area of the
radii B cms., touching each other.
In Fig. 97, AB, BC, CD,

figure.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
88
13.
Find
the volume,
(i)
the total surface of a closed cylinder,
(ii)
height 8*, radius 5".

14.
1 Ib.
of tobacco
and height
is
8"
packed in a cylindrical tin of diameter 4*

what would be the height of a tin of
diameter 3" which would hold
packed
15.
Ib.
of tobacco, similarly
How many
cylindrical glasses 1" in diameter can be filled to
a depth of 3" from a cylindrical jug of diameter 5" and

height 12"!
16.
Find
the volume,
(i)
(ii)
the area of the curved surface of a
circular cone, radius of base 5*, height 12".

17.
of
sector
of
circle
radius
cms.
bent to form the surface of a cone;
and angle 60
find the
is
radius of
its base.
18.
The curved surface

4*
folded out
is
obtained
19.
Find
of a circular cone, height 3*, radius of base

What is the angle of the sector so
flat.
the volume,
pyramid, whose base
(i)
(ii)
the total area of the surface of a
is
a square of side 6* and whose height
(ii)
the area of the surface of a sphere of
184".
20.
Find
21.
Taking the radius of the earth as 4000

area between latitudes 30 N and 30 S.
the volume,
(i)
diameter 5 cms.
is
this
earth
22.
Two
area of
the
area of
the
total
find
miles,
What
the
fraction
surface
of
the
cylinders, diameters 8*
and
6", are filled
with water to
5" respectively: they are connected at the

depths
bottom by a tube with a tap when the tap is turned on,
what is the resulting depth in each cylinder 1
10*,
23. Three draughts,
and an
elastic
1"
band
in diameter, are placed flat

is
put round them.
Find
on a table
its
stretched
length.
24.
What
is
the length of a belt which'passes round two wheels of
89
MENSURATION
diameters 2", 4", so that the two straight portions cross at

right angles 1 (see Fig. 98).
FIG. 93.
25.
26.
Find the volume of the greatest circular cylinder that can be

cut from a rectangular block whose edges are 4", 5", 6".
Fig. 99 (not drawn to scale) is a street plan, in which EF
27.
circular metal disc, 9" in diameter, weighs 6 Ib. ; what is

the weight of a disc of the same metal, 6" in diameter and
of the same thickness 1
a quadrant and the angles at A, H, D, E, F are 90;

yards; HD = 300 yards; CH = 150
distances of A from D by the routes
two
the
Find
yards.
is
AE = AB = DF = 100
(i)
AEFD, (ii)-ABCD.
Find
also the area in acres of the plot
28.
ABCOFE.
CA
are three circular arcs, each of radius 6 cms. and

(see Fig. 100)
touching each other at A, B,
the area of the figure,
(i) Calculate
AB, BC,
(ii)
Find
its
perimeter.
FIG. iOO.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
90
29.
a circle of radius 5 cms. and place in it a chord AB of

length 4 cms. ; find the area of the major segment AB,
Draw
making any measurements you

30.
like.
rectangular lawn 15 yards by 10 yards
is
surrounded by
man
can, without stepping off the lawn,

water the ground within a distance of 5 feet from the
What is the total area of the beds he can so
edge.
flower-beds
water
What would be
the area within his reach,
in the shape of (i) a scalene triangle,

of perimeter 50 yards 1
31.
ABC
if
the lawn was
any convex polygon,
a right-angled triangle circles are drawn with AB,

as diameters ; prove that the area of the largest is
is
CA
BC,
equal to the
32. Fig.
(ii)
sum
of the areas of the other
bisects
(i)
(ii)
two
circles.
AC = DB
and
represents
at right angles.
Prove that
Curves AXB, AVB are of equal lengths ;
Area of figure area of circle on
as diameter.
101
four semicircles;
XOV
AB
XV
BSARC
33. In Fig. 102, BQA, ARC,

the sum of the areas of
the area of
A ABC.
are semicircles, prove that
the lunes
BSAQ, CRAP
equals
MENSURATION
34. In Fig. 103, AB =
touch the sides of
BC = CA = 2
AABC
91
and the
cms.,
circular arcs
find the area of the figure.
FIG. 103.
35*.
A hoop,
of radius
plane, with
high.
its
rests in
2',
a vertical position on a horizontal

A with a thin vertical peg,
rim in contact at
The hoop
is
rolled over the
sponding position on the other side

area thus swept out.
>f Calculate
peg into the correFig. 104 shows the
this area.
FIG. 104.
36*.
triangular piece of cardboard
ABC
AC = 6*, /.BAG = 90. It is placed

edge BC against the wall and a pin is
is
such that
on the
floor
BA = 8*,
with the
put through the mid-
The cardboard is now turned about C till CA

point of BC.
is against the wall, then about A till AB is against the wall,
then about B till BC is against the wall; the cardboard
Construct
remains in contact with the floor throughout.
the curve which the pin scratches on the floor and find the
area between this curve and the wall.
37*.
ABCD cut at
= 4". The
right angles atO; AC -6", OC-OD-2*, OB
triangle DOC is cut away and the triangles AOD, BOC are
The diagonals AC,
BD
CONCISE GEOMETRY
92
folded through 90
a tetrahedron on
about OA,
AOAB
Find
(ii)
so as to form
two
faces of
as base.
the volume of the tetrahedron
(i)
(iii)
OB
the area of the remaining face ;

the length of the perpendicular from
to
the
opposite face.
38*.
ABCD
is
a rectangle;
DWA'are
AB
--=
10",
AD = 6" AXB, BYC, CZD,

;
isosceles triangles, all the equal sides of
;
they are folded so as to form a pyramid with
base and X, Y, Z,
at the vertex.
9"
which are
ABCD
as
Find
(i)
(ii)
the height of the pyramid ;

the volume of the pyramid ;
the total area of the surface of the pyramid.

of the
AB=y, AD = /, AX ^r", and if the
(iii)
If
2
2
pyramid = A*, prove that A = r
Jp
height^
\q
2
.
93
LOCI
LOCI
THEOREM 45
A,
are
two
fixed points;
PA = PB,
if
a variable point
P moves
then the locus of (or path trace^
out,
by)
so that
is
the
perpendicular bisector of AB.
THEOREM 46
AOB,
COD
if a variable point P
;
perpendicular distances PH, PK from
these lines are equal, then the locus of (or path traced out by)
P is the pair of lines which bisect the angles between AOB
are
two
fixed intersecting lines
moves so that
its
and COD.
FIG. 106.
DEFINITION.
PX
Given a point P and a
from P to
AB
pendicular
then P1 is called the image
line
AB,
1
produced to P so that
in
or reflection of P
AB,
is
if
the per-
PX = XP1
CONCISE GEOMETRY
94
LOCI
EXERCISE XIX
1.
variable point
is its locus
is
variable point
is its locus
is
what
2.
what
3.
from a given
at a given distance
line,
at a given distance from a given point,
variable circle touches a fixed line at a fixed point,

its centre 1
what
is
the locus of
4.
variable circle passes through

its centre ?
two
fixed points,
what
tue
locus of
5.
variable circle touches
centre
its
6.
two
fixed lines,
what
is
the locus of
variable circle of given radius passes through a fixed point,

is the locus of its centre ?
what
7.
variable circle of given radius touches a fixed circle,

its centre ?
what
is
two
fixed concentric circles,
what
is
variable circle of given radius touches a given line,

the locus of its centre ?
what
is
the locus of
8.
variable circle touches
the locus of
9.
10.
PQR
is
its
centre
a variable triangle; /.QPR*=90,
PQ
and PR pass
through fixed points ; what is the locus of P ?

11. A, B are fixed points ; APB is a triangle of given area
is
12.
the locus of
what
P?
Given the base and
vertical angle of a triangle, find the locus
of its vertex.
13.
variable chord of a fixed circle
the locus of
14.
its
mid-point
a fixed point on a fixed
is
circle
find the locus of the mid-point of

15.
is
is
of given length,
what
is
AP
A P.
;
is
a variable chord
a variable point on a given line ; O is a fixed point outfind the locus of the mid-point of OP.
;
side the line
are fixed points

PAQB is a variable parallelogram of
given area ; find the locus of P.
16. A,
17.
ABC
is
a given triangle
BAPQ, CBQR
are variable parallelo-
95
LOCI
grams
P moves on a
if
fixed
circle,
the
centre A, find
locus of R.
18.
variable chord
of a given circle passes through a fixed
PQ
point ; find the locus of the mid-point of PQ.

19. The extremities of a line of given length move along
iixod perpendicular lines
20. A,
21.
OR
OA OPQ
/. OPQ
are fixed points ; P is a variable point on

triangle such that OP -f PQ is constant and
constant
PQR
if
are variable arcs of given lengths of a fixed circle,

meets
at S ; find the locus of S.
O PQ
point.
ABPQ
AP
PQ, QR
22. O,
two
are fixed points ;

is a variable parallelogram
is of given
length, find the locus of Q.
centre
23.
mid
find the lorus of its
prove that the locus of
and
QR
is
a straight
is
is
line.
the mid-points of PQ and PR are

passes through a fixed point; find the locus
a variable triangle
is
fixed
of P.
24. A,
are
fixed
bisector of
points
AB; AP
the locus of Q.
25. A, B are fixed points
P moves along the perpendicular
is
produced to
is
so that
AP= PQ
find
AP 2 4-
a variable point such that
PB 2 is constant find the locus of P.

P is a variable point such that PA 2 A, B are fixed points
2
PB is constant prove that the locus of P is a straight line
;
26.
27.
perpendicular to AB.
AC arc two fixed lines;
Z. BAC such that the sum of
AB,
its
a variable point inside

distances from AB and AC
is
;
prove that the locus of P is a straight line.
are fixed points ; P is a variable point such that
the sum of the areas^f the triangles PAB, PCD is constant ;
prove that the locus of P is a straight line.
is
constant
28. A, B, C,
29.
If
P1
30.
variable line
the image of
is
OQ
in
find
the
AP = AP X
A
point O
AB, prove that
passes through a fixed
another fixed point;

31. A,
in the line
locus of the image of
is
OQ.
are
two points on the same
image of
(i)
(ii)
AO
if
side of a line
CD A 1
;
is
CD A*B cut CD at O prove that

and OB make equal angles with CD
in
is
any other point on CD,
AP + PB > AO -f OB.
the
CONCISE GEOMETRY
96
32.
BK are the perpendiculars from A, B to XY. AH =

BK = 7", HK = 16" what is the least value of AP + PB 1
AH,
"
FIG. 107.
33. A,
CD
are fixed points on opposite sides of a fixed line

;
for which PA~~PB has its greatest
P on
CD
find the point
value.
How many images
are formed when a candle is placed between

two plane mirrors inclined to each other at an angle of
(i)90; (ii)60?
35. If a billiard ball at A moves so as to hit a perfectly elastic
cushion XY at P, it will continue in the line A*PB where
A1 is the image of A in XY; or, in other words, the two
portions of its path AP and PB make equal angles with XY.
ABCD is a rectangular billiard table with perfectly elastic
cushions a ball is at any point P ; it is struck in a direction
34.
parallel to
AC
will again pass
prove that after hitting
through
P.
all
four cushions
it
THE TRIANGLEOONOURBENOY PROPERTIES
97
THR TRIANGLECONCURRENCY PROPERTIES

THEOREM 47
If
ABC
a triangle, the perpendicular bisectors of BC, CA,
is
meet at a point
AB
(say).
Fio. 108.
is
is
called the circumcentre.
the centre of the circumcircle of the triangle
ABC, and
THEOREM 48
If A.BO is
BCA,
a triangle, the internal bisectors of the angles ABC,

CAB meet at a point (say).
I
PC
FIG. 109.
is
(i.e.
the centre of the circle inscribed in the triangle ABC

the in-circle of AABC), and is called the in-centre.
The external
AB
produced,
the angles ABC, ACB meet at

the centre of the circle which touches
bisectors of
a point Ip which
is
AC
produced,
be escribed to BC, and

7
is
BC;
called
an
this
circle
ex-centre.
is
aaid
to
CONCISE GEOMETRY
98
THEOREM 49
If
ABC
H
is
triangle, the altitudes
AD, BE,
CF
meet at a point
(say).
H is called the orthocentre of the

DEF is called the pedal triangle
triangle
of
ABC.
The
triangle
AABC.
THEOREM 50
If
ABC
G
is
a triangle, the medians AD, BE,
(say),
and
CF meet
DG- |DA.
A
BOO
FIG. 111.
is
called the centro^l of the triangle
ABC.
at a point
CONCURRENCY PROPERTIES
THE TRIANGLE
99
THE TRIANGLE CONCURRENCY PROPERTIES

EXERCISE XX
THE CIRCUMCIRCLK
1.
If
of
2.
the circumcentre of
is
BC, prove
Z.
A ABC and
are the circumcentres of
P, Q, R,
if
is
the mid-point
BAG.
The diagonals
ABCD intersect at O;
AS AOB, BOC, COD,
PQ = RS.
In AABC, /.BAC=90; P is the centre of the square
described on BC prove that AP bisects /_ BAG.
In AABC, L BAG = 90; prove that the perpendicular
bisectors of AB and AC meet on BC.
DOA
3.
BOD =
Z.
prove
4.
5.
ABC
is
a scalene
bisector of
triangle
6.
BC
triangle;
and the bisector of
/.
BAG
meet outside the
ABC.
ABCD is a parallelogram; E, F are the circumcentres

AS ABD, BCD prove that EBFD is a rhombus.
of
7.
The
two
fixed lines
circle is
ABCD
is
^-^
ABC
AD, BE are
prove this for the case where
altitudes of
AD, BE,
AABC;
DE
AABC, AB = AC; P
circumcentres of
to PF.
the radius of the circum-
AB = CD
/.
B AC = 90.
find a point
AOAB s AOCD.
bisectors of
In
A,
is
a quadrilateral such that
such that
11.
OB
the area of the triangle
8. If
10.
OA,
AOPQ is
centre of
9.
PQ of given length lie on

the locus of the circumthat
;
prove
a circle, centre O.
extremities of a variable line
are concurrent.
is
any point on BC;
AS ABP, ACP
prove that
E,
AE
F are the
is
parallel
CONCISE GEOMETRY
100
THE IN-CTRCLE AND EX-CIRCLES

12.
In Fig. 112,
if
BC = a, CA-&, AB = c,
and
prove that
(i)
(ii)
AY = s~a
AQ^.
(iv)
BP-XC.
YQ-ZR.
(v)
XP-6-c.
(iii)
IX
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
A = area of triangle ABC.
where
3
lP
B, I, C, ^ are concyclic.
AZ-f BX-f CY =
if L BIG -100, calculate
,s.
FIG. 112.
13.
AB
14.
circle; the tangents at A, B meet at T;

the
that
in-centre
of
lies on the circle.
prove
is the in-centre and
the circumcentre of
ABC; prove
is
a chord of a
ATAB
ZIAO = (ABC~Z.ACB).
is the in-centre of A ABC
prove that L AIC = 90 -f \ L ABC.
is the in-centre and AD is an altitude of A ABC;
prove that
L IAD \( L ABC - L ACB).
In Fig. 112, prove that AB - AC = BX - XC.
that
15.
16.
17.
18.
The
A ABC
in-circle of
19.
ABCD
20.
Two
BC at X, prove that the

touch each other.
touches
AS ABX, ACX
in-circles of
101
THE TRIANGLE
a quadrilateral circumscribing a circle; prove that

the in-circles of
ABC, CD A touch each other.
is
concentric circles are such that a triaiglo can be inscril>e<l

in one and circumscribed to the other; piove that the
triangle is equilateral.
21. In
ABC, Z.BAC 90;
in-circle of
22.
The
AABC
prove that the diameter of the
BC.
equals AB + AC
of a variable line lie on two fixed lines
extremities P,
CD; the bisectors of
AB,
Z_s
CQP
APQ,
meet at R;
find
the locus of R.
23.
is
the in-centre of
BC
escribed to
AABC;
Ij
C lie on a
AABC; if
AQ = AC.
AB
at Q, prove
the in-centre of
is
the centre of the circle
cuts the circumcircle of
prove that I, lt B,
is the in-centre of
\
24.
I,
circle,
AABC at
centre P.
the circumcircle of
ABIC
cuts
AABC
AP, AQ are the perpendiculars

;
that
PQ is parallel to BC.
;
prove
is the
26*. The in-circle of
touches BC, CA at X, Y;
=
at
90.
XY
meets
Al
in-centre;
P; prove Z.BPI
25.
is
from
to Bl, Cl
AABC
THE ORTHOCENTRE
27. If
AD, BE,
CF
are the altitudes of
AABC
and
if
is its
orthocentre (see Fig. 110), prove that

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
/.BHF^BAC.
Z.BHC+Z.BAC = 180.
AS AEF, ABC are equiangular,
AS BDF, EDC are equiangular,
AD bisects L FDE.
Z.EDF = 180-2 iBAC.
2
is
in-centre of
ADEF.
28.
Where
29.
30.
= 90= Z.QDC prove that AQ is perpendicular to BD.

If D is the orthocentre of AABC, prove that A is the orthocentre of ABCD.
is
is
the orthocentre of a right-angled triangle 1

ABCD such that
a point inside the parallelogram

;
Z.QBC
CONCISE GEOMETRY
102
H
31. If
is
As AHB, AHC
circles of
32.
is
A ABC,
orthocentre of
the
the in-centre and
lf
prove that the circum-
are equal.
I
2,
34.
is
is
the orthocentre
an altitude; prove that BF = FH.

the circumcentre and H the orthocentre of
CHF
that
AABC,
are the ex-centres of
prove that l is the orthocentre of Al

33. In AABC, AB = AC, L BAG = 45; H
a:
is
AABC
prove
/. HBA = Z.OBC.
are the mid-points of BC, CA, AB ; prove that the

orthocentre of
is the circumcentre of AABC.
35. P, Q,
APQR
36.
is
circumcircle of
37.
AABC AH
the orthocentre of
AABC
the circumcentre,
is the in-centre, H
Al
that
bisects Z.OAH.
AABC; prove
is
38. BE,
CF
are
AABC; O
of
altitudes
BC at D
HD = DP.
meets
P; prove that
at
is
is
and the
the orthocentre of
its
circumcentre;
OA
is perpendicular to EF.
prove that
the circumcentre of
39. H is the orthocentre and
AABC AK
is
parallelogram,
(ii)
prove that (i) BHCK is a

equals twice the distance of O from
a diameter of the circumcircle
CH
AB.
40*.
is
the orthocentre and
AC = AH,
41.
42*.
is
prove
43.
the circumcentre of
AABC BH
the orthocentre of
K; prove AH = AK.
The altitudes BE, CF
mid-points of
to EF.
AABC
if
/.BAG = 60.
of
AABC
meets the circumcircle at
meet at H
AH, BC; prove that PX
Given the base and
is
P,
are the
perpendicular
vertical angle of a triangle, find the locus
of its orthocentre.
44. [Nine Point Circle.]

H is its orthocentre
BC, CA,
(i)
(ii)
PZ
AD,
B, CF
are altitudes of
AABC
X, Y, Z, P, Q, R are the mid-points of

AB, HA, HB, HC ; prove that
is
parallel to
L PZX = 90
(iii)
P, Z, X, D,
(iv)
The
circle
D,
E, F.
and
lie
BE and ZX
is
parallel to
AC.
L PYX - 90.
on a
circle.
through X, Y,
passes through P, Q, R,
THE TRIANGLE
103
THE CENTflOID
are the mid-points of BC, CA, AB ; prove that the
ABC, XYZ have the same centroid.
45. X, Y,
triangles
46.
ABCD
47. If the
at
prove that
medians AX,
BY
is
AQ
the mid -point of
AABC
of
AB; CP
BC.
meet at G, prove that
bisects
AS
CGY
are equal in area.

the centroid of
BGX,
48. If
a parallelogram;
is
BD
cuts
AABC
is
and
if
AG = BC,
prove that
L BGC = 90.
49. If
two medians of a triangle are equal, prove that the triangle

is isosceles.
50. X, Y,
of
51.
BC, CA, AB AD is an altitude

ZXY = L ZD Y = Z. BAC.
medians of AABC, prove that BY+CZ

;
prove that Z.
AABC
AX, BY,
CZ
are the
>AX.
52. If the centroid and circumcentre of a triangle coincide, prove
that the triangle is equilateral.
53.
ABCD
AD
is
a parallelogram; H,
prove that
54*. In a tetrahedron
;
corners add
CH
up
tetrahedron, that
ABCD,
to 180
its
CK
and
trisect
AB,
BD.
the plane angles at each of three

prove, by drawing the net of the
opposite edges are equal.
RIDERS ON U0<
IV
>
PROPORTION
THKOBEM
If
the heights AP,
XQ
51
of the triangles
ABC, XYZ
are equal,
AABC^BC
AXYZ YZ'
A
P C
FKI. 113.
THKOKKM 52
(1) If a straight line,
drawn
parallel to the base
AC (produced if
AH
AK
,AH
= AK
then - = - and
HB KC
AB AC
If H, K are joints on the sides AB, AC (or
AH - A
of the triangle ABC such that
~,
HB KC
ABC,
cuts the sides AB,
BC of the triangle
necessary) at H, K,
,,
(2)
to
the sides produced)
then
HK
is parallel
BC.
B
Fia.
K
FIG. 114(2).
FIG. 114(3).
CONCISE GEOMETRY
106
PROPORTION
EXERCISE XXI
1.
What
is
(i)
the value of the following ratios

2 f t. ; (ii) U. '2s.
20 min.
(iii)
:
ins.
3 sq. ft. 2 sq. yd.

25 cms. 1
:
2.
Find x
(i)
x 24
:
3.
-=
If
-,
^=4
10,
= c = -,
If
fill
/...v
/..\
+ d+f
Solve the equations
v
(
a,
(m)
up the blank spaces
+ b = c-\-d
in the following
_;
a+c
,...,
T \'
'6-3.
=-
"*--
(i)
&
*~
-2
5,r
(ii)
8 inches,
(ii)
*'
3J, 5, 8, 12
6.
Are the following in proportion
7.
6 degrees, 1 2 degrees, 9 inches ?

Find the fourth proportional to (i) 2, 3, 4 ;
Find the third proportional to (i)
\ ; (ii)
(i)
(ii)
J?,
at, be, cd.
.ry.
10.
Find a mean proportional between (i) 4, 25 ; (ii) a 2 6, be2

A line AB, 8" long, is divided internally at P in the
2:3; find AP.
11.
9.
AB, 8"
line
7:3;
12.
AB
to
13.
AB
to
is
A
is
,.. x
~b
5.
(iv)
x feet 5 yards = 2 3 (iii) 6 :x =

50 minutes = 3 shillings x shillings.
(u)ad-6e,
a,
,.^
3 m.
(vi)
prove that
(,)_=-;
4.
hr.
120
(ii)
(iv) 2 hoars
/. v
in the following
(v) 3 right angles
find
long,
is
divided externally at
ratio
in the ratio
BQ.
divided internally at
or B !
in the ratio 5
6.
Is
nearer
or B ?
in the ratio 9:7.
Is
nearer
107
PROPORTION
14.
AB
15.
16.
ABODE
is
to
a straight
is
line
line
at
is
long,
line of length
BE
(i)
is
J|
(ii)
A and
divided by
(iii)
D.
divided internally at C and externally

3 ; O is the mid-point of AB ; prove
2
.
divided internally at C and externally

4:1, O is the mid-point of CD prove
AB, 6" long,

in the ratio
1
ration
which
AB BC CD DE-=
such that
AC.
in the ratio 7
AO = 6BO
that
find
00,00 -OB
that
19.
ratios in
AB, 8*
line
Find the
BE = 4",
at
nearer
AB, 6" long, is divided internally at P in the ratio

2:1, and externally at Q in the ratio 5.2; find the ratios
in which PQ is divided by A and B.
If
18.
Is
5.
B1
or
Find the
in the ratio 3
line
1.3.2-5
17.
is
and
x"
is
find the length of
CD.
divided internally in the ratio <i.l>\
find the lengths of the parts.
20.
21.
line of length
divided externally in the ratio
AB
jc
ABCDEF
find
is
a\b\
in tho ratio ,y;:y;
OP
-.
divided internally at
is
ratio
23.
is
find the lengths of the parts.

and divided at
line AB is bisected at
find the ratio
22.
if
CD
(i)
(ii)
and externally
the ratio in which
a straight line such that

find
p:r/:r:s:t',
(i)
*?,
(ii)
^,
at
in the
divides
CD.
AB BC CD DE EF =:
:
(m) the
ratios in
which
If BD -a;", find AE.

divide OF.
AB BC CD =
two
AXYZ
are
straight lines such that
ABCD,
AX XY YZ. Fill up the blank spaces m the following
AB AC
XZ_
a BC
(I11)
(U)
A and E
24.
,..
,.
WAX"-"'
25.
ABC
26.
The
is
is
a straight
..v
AY~AC
ADÂZ'
AR
= A. AB, find
line; if AC
sides of a triangle are in the ratio
inches
find the sides.
x y
:
in
and
terms of
its
A.
perimeter
108
27.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
AB
is parallel
to
CD OB = 2", OD - 2 J", BC = 5*
;
AD.
find
D
FIG. 115.
28.
AB, CD, EF arc

lind BD.
parallel lines;
AC =-2', CE = 3", BF-4";
FIG. 116.
29*
-=
GB
OQ-6;
;
AP, BQ,
GN
are
perpendicular to
OX
OP -a,
JJL
30*.
find
The medians
ON.
of
AABC
OQ = b, OR = e
31.
ABC
is
JAB and
to
PQ
prove
AP, BQ, CR,
OX
if
GN are
OP = a,
AB,
AC
such that
a line through
AP =
parallel
AB.
32. Three parallel lines
prove that
to a line
ON = J(a 4- b + c).
A; P, Q are points on
CQ = JCA; prove that
bisects
intersect at
the perpendiculars from A, B, C,
AX, BY,
CZ
cut two lines
ABC,
XYZ
PKOPOFTION
33.
The diagonals
parallel to
34.
35.
36.
ABCD
of the quad.
DC, prove
BC
AH.AC-AK.AB.
line parallel ô
cuts
iuterse
AB
if
is
AB,
AC
I-
-rove
a,t
tj AB
-a
any point inside the AABC; a ae XV
to
u 6 3
cut
cuts OA, OB at X, Y; YZ is drawi *ur,ii
OC at Z ; prove XZ is parallel to AC.
ABCO is a quadrilateral P is anj po; nt on AB ; lines PX, PY
are drawn parallel to AC, AU to cut BC. 3D at X, Y
prove
XY is parallel to CD.
D is the foot of the perpendicular from A to the bisector
of /.ABC; a line from D parallel to BC cuts AC at X;
prove AX = XC.
is
-.
37.
38. In Fig. 118, prove
O
FIG. 118.
39.
is
the in-centre of
= BC CA
:
40.
AABC;
prove that
AlBC AICA
:
AB.
In Fig. 118, prove
A AQD AC
= -.
RfÎ^
Rfi
AH = HB, AK = 2KC;
find the ratio of the

41*. In Fig. 119,
areas of the small triangles in the figure; hence find the
,.
ratio
CO
_.
FIG. 119.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
110
42*.
43*.
44.
is a
H, K are points on AB, AC such that HB =
;
=
and
KC
JAB
JAC; BK cuts CH at O; prove BO = OK
and CO = 2OH. [Use method of ex. 41.]
ABC
ABC is a A Y, Z are points on AC, AB such that CY = $CA

and AZ = JZB; BY cuts CZ at O; prove OY = |BY and
OZ = fCZ. [Use method of ex. 41. J
Two circles APQ, AXY touch at A APX, AQY are straight
AP = AQ
r
;
lines; prove
^.
C cuts AB
^
=
produced, AD produced at P, Q prove
BP DA
46*. ABCD is a parallelogram a line through C cuts AB, AD, BD
2
=
(produced if necessary) at P, Q, O prove OP OQ OC
47. ABC is a A; three parallel lines AP, BQ, CR meet BC,
CA, AB (produced if necessary) at P, Q, R prove that
45.
ABCD
a parallelogram;
is
any
line
through
B_P
PC
48*.
x99 x *?=l
is
AB
RB
QA
any point inside
parallel to
prove
49*.
ABC
P,
is
AD, BE,
CF
a triangle; a
...
[This
D, E,
to
F are points on BC, CA,

are drawn from O
lines
meet BC, CA,
AB
at P, Q,
OP -f OQ + OR = AD.
Q, R ;
prove
AABC
AD = BE = CF;
such that
(i)
is
CX
is
drawn
BP BR
=
pc R-x
known
....
(n)
line
cuts
BC
produced, CA,
parallel to PQ, meeting
BP CQ
x
pc QA
AR
x
RB
as Menelaus'
Theorem.]
==1
AB
AB
at
at
111
SIMILAR TRIANGLES
SIMILAR TRIANGLES
THEOREM 53
XYZ are equiangular (/.ABC= Z.XYZ

Z.ACB-ZXZY),
AB = BC = CA
then
If the triangles
ABC,
and
,,
c.
Fro. 120.
THEOREM 54
If the triangles
ABC, XYZ
~ -^-, then
^=
X
AR
are such that
triangles are equiangular, Z.
ABC =
Z.
BC
CA
fm
21 /V
XYZ,
L ACB =
Z.
the
XZY,
ZlBAC= Z.YXZ.
THEOREM 55
If,
in the triangles
ABC, XYZ, Z.BAC-Z.YXZ and
then the triangles are equiangular,
Z.ACB=ZXZY.
= ^?
XY XZ>
Z.ABC= /.XYZ and
CONCISE GEOMETRF
112
SIMILAR TRIANGLES
EXERCISE XXII
1.
2.
pole 10' high casts a shadow 3J' long; at the same time
a church spire casts a shadow 42' long.
What is its height ?
In a photograph of a chest of drawers, the height measures

6" and the breadth 3*2* if its height is 7J feet, what is its
;
breadth
3.
Show
that the triangle whose sides are 5'1", 6*8", 8*5"
is
right-angled.
4.
halfpenny (diameter 1") at the distance of 3 yards appears

nearly the same size as the sun or moon at its mean distance.
find its
2160
5.
How
Taking the distance of the sun as 93 million miles,

diameter.
Taking the diameter of the moon as
miles, find its
mean
distance.
far in front of a pinhole
camera must a man
stand in order that a full-length photograph

"
on a film 2
high, 2 J* from the pinhole ?
6.
The
slope of a railway
is
marked
as
in 60.
may
6' high
be taken
What
height
(in feet) does it climb in
7.
f mile 1
A light is 9' above the floor ; a ruler, 8* long, is held horizontally 4' above the floor ; find the length of its shadow.
8.
Two
9.
The bases
triangles are equiangular \ the sides of one are 5", 8", 9"
the shortest side of the other is 4 cms. ; find its other sides.
ef the
10.
of
two equiangular
first is
tho height
5* ; find the area of the second.
AABC, AB = 8", BC = 6*, CA = 5" a line XY parallel to

BC cuts AB, AC at X, Y AX = 2" find XY, CY.
In quadrilateral ABCD, AB is parallel to DC and AB = 8",
AD = 3", DC = 5" AD, BC are produced to meet at P find
In
11.
triangles are 4*, 6*
PD.
12.
line parallel to
5"
BC meets AB, AC at
XY are 2'" apart.
the lines BC,
AXY.
X,
Y; BC = 8*,
XY =
Find the area of
SIMILAR TRIANGLES
13.
113
In Fig. 121,
if
(i)
if
(ii)
(iii)
if
(iv)
if
AO = 3*, OB = 2", AB = V, DC
AO^S", BO = 4*, AC^T", find
1 J", find
CO, DO,
BD.
PA = 9", PB^S", AB = <r, PC = 3* find PD, CD.

PA = 9", PB = 8", AC = 6", PC = 4*, find BD, D.
P
Show
that the line joining (1, 1) to (4, 2) is parallel to and

half of the line joining (0, 0) to (6, 2).
are cut by two parallel lines PQR,
15. Three lines APB, AQC,
AR = 3*, RD = 2", BC = 4" ; find PQ.
;
14.
ARD
BCD
16.
In Fig. 122, AB is parallel to

;
DQ = 9 ; findOD, BP.
OD AB = 6', BO = 20', BE = 5',

;
B
FIG. 122.
17.
The diameter
15*
3" from
18.
of the base of a cone
is
9" and
its
height
find the diameter of a section parallel to the base
is
and
it.
a straight line ; AC, XY, BD are the perpendiculars

from A, X, B to a line CD; AC = 10, BD = 16, AX = 12,
AXB
is
XB = 6;
findXY.
OX
and at distances
are points on the same side of a line
and
R
AB
divide
it
5*
from
internally and externally
;
1",
and R from OX.
in the ratio 5:3; find the distances of
19. A,
CONCISE GEOMETRY
114
20.
rectangular table,
floor
wide, 8' long, 3' high, stands on a level

the shadow on the floor of the
;
long; find the length of shadow of the

longer side and the height of the lamp above the table.
sphere of 5" radius is placed inside a conical funnel whose
shorter side
21.
5'
under a hanging lamp

8'
is
is 12" and whose greatest diameter is 14"; find

the distance of the vertex from the centre of the sphere.
slant side
22.
The length
of each
arm
of a pair of nutcrackers is 6"
the distance between the ends of the arms
diameter
placed with
is
its
when a nut
find
1" in
nearer end 1" from the apex.
23. In Fig. 123,

= 7,
If
(i)
(ii)
If
PQBR is a rectangle.
AB
PQ - 1, PR = 2, find BC.
AB = 7, BC = 5, PR = #, PQ=y,
between
find
an equation
#, y.
AK
FIG. 123.
24. In
AABC,
bisector of
25.
ABC = 90, AB - 5", BC = 2"

AC cuts AB at Q find AQ.
Z.
The diameter
the perpendicular
of the base of a cone
parallel section,
V from
the base,
is
8*
is
6"
the diameter of a
find the height of
the cone.
26. In
Fig.
124, AB, PN, DC are parallel;

calculate PN.
;
CD = 3"
FIG. 124.
AB = 4*, BC = 5*,
115
SIMILAR TRIANGLES
27.
ABCD is a quadrilateral such

AC -5", BC = 3", 00 = 10";
that
L ABC = 90 = L AGO,
calculate the distances of
from BC, BA.

28.
PQ
a chord of a circle of length 5 cms.; the tangents at P, Q

T ; PR is a chord parallel to TQ ; if PT = 8 eras.,
is
meet at
PR.
find
29.
(i)
man, standing in a room opposite to arid 6' from

a window 27" wide, sees a wall parallel to the plane
of the window.
With one eye shut, he can see
-
18"
less
length
of
the wall from the
than with
wall
both
eyes
open;
find the distance
2" apart,
supposing his eyes are
window and the
of
total length of wall
visible.
(ii) If
the
window
is
covered
by a shutter containing a
vertical slit \" wide, show that there is a part of the wall
out of view which lies between two parts in view and find
its length.
(iii)
A man
in
bed at night sees a star pass slowly across a
shortly afterwards, this occurs

that
he sees the same star twice 1
again,
possible
Explain your answer by a figure.
vertical slit in the blind
la
30.
it
rectangular sheet of paper ABCD is folded so that D falls

on B; the crease cuts AB at Q ; AB = 11", AD = 7";
find
AQ.
HK
31. Fig. 125 represents an object

cave mirror, centre O, focus F.
and
CH-w, CP-v, CF = FO=/

1
1
1
= vx
prove that (i) - = -(u) y
.,
its
,.. x
,. v
image
PQ
in a con-
116
CONCISE GEOMETRY
32. In Fig. 126, with the
~
t
4- -,
and
find
same notation as in
ex.
31, prove that
in terms of x, u, f.
1.
""--
r~^
H;:
î
FIG. 126.
33. Fig. 127 represents an object
concave
HK
and
its
image
a thin
PQ
iu
PQ
in a thin
lens, centre O, focus F.
prove that
--
(i)
= ?--U
(ii)
r-7
B\ -A* z- : : : ; Q- : :
--K
-i
*F
"H
FIG. 127.
34. Fig.
128 represents an object
convex
HK
and
its
image
lens, centre O, focus F.
= v. OF
=v
OH = u. OP
^"
**
"* = î
=f,
x. PO
j HK
\e
j
prove that -
= - + -, and
f u
'
>
find
ii j
in terms of #. u,
J<
.13
...P....r::ll\Li-----'
r
- "*""""'""
""
H"
]V:;-----'--~T ]o
cf"
f.
v
FIG.. 128.
35.
OAOB
is
a quadrilateral on level ground;
Z.OBC, ZLOAC=135,
OB = 9', OA = 12';
Z.AOB = 90 =
covered by
a plane roof resting on pillars ; the
at
pillars
A, B are 10'
high, the pillar at O is 8' high ; find the height of the pillar
atC.
it is
117
SIMILAR TRIANGLES
36.
DC
AB,
are the parallel
diagonals cut at
CF
37. BE,
38.
Two
ABC
is
BC
at
spaces in
and the
-- =
prove
AC
CF
up the
fill
cut a circle at A, B, C,
circle
~- -
(ii)
BD
circle at
OC
the bisector of
prove
l
(ii)
AP
AB
fill
L BAG
= ^ and
PC
BO
-= = ~
AB
In AABC, Z.BAC = 90; AD is an altitude;
DC
AC
CD = -.
__. ~
the equation
and complete
H
F
DA DB
AC BC
The medians BY, CZ of AABC intersect at G;
the equation
1
41.
(i)
A inscribed in a
OCD
OAB,
the
OC CD
AABC;
*=
(i)
straight lines
up the blank
40.
prove
are two intersecting chords of a circle
blank spaces in
39.
are altitudes of
COD
AOB,
ABCD
sides of a trapezium
cuts
complete
prove that
42.
CF
43. BE,
44.
Two
are altitudes of
lines
AOB, POQ
cut again at
AABC;
prove that
intersect at
prove that
,/vp
~ =^.
the circles
prove that
AOP,
BOQ
'^y
common tangents of two non-intersecting circles

divide (internally and externally) the line joining the centres
in the ratio of the radii.
45. Prove that the
46.
is
the mid-point of
angles on opposite
47.
AB
is
AB
a diameter of a
48.
APB,
that
AQB
BP
BQ
AB
are two circles
A
;
if
ABP
circle
from P to the tangent at
MYB are equilateral triXY cuts AB at Z prove
AXB,
sides of
prove
PAQ
PT is the
PT = AP
perpendicular
is
a straight
equals the ratio of their diameters.
line,
prove
CONCISE GEOMETBY
118
49.
ABCD
a parallelogram
is
produced,
50.
ABCD
AD
CD
BC
.=
GH AB
EF-
prove
at E,
prove
BX
AB
AB
cuts
two perpendicular lines are drawn

F ; the other cuts AD, BC at G, H
51.
In the quadrilateral
52.
prove AB = CD,
The diagonals AC,
ABCD, L ABC -/ ADC and
BD
AOD
the radius of the circle
if
any Hue through
produced at X,
a rectangle
is
one cuts AB,
is
ABCD
^?^ CD
DA
BC
meet at
three times the radius of
BOC, prove AD^3BC.

a parallelogram ; P is any point on
the circle
53.
ABCD
AC
54.
AB,
is
O
V
at
DC
;
'
prove
at X,
cuts
-.
AB cuts CA, CB
AB - XY.
prove
a parallelogram
;
DP
DQ
are the parallel sides of the trapezium
line parallel to
ABCD
AB
AB
at H,
ABCD any
DK cut AB
;
DH,
AC
is any point on
lines POQ,
;
;
are drawn, cutting AB, CD, BC, AD at P, Q, R, S ;
prove PS is parallel to QR,
56. In
is bisected at E;
ABC, D is the mid-point of BC ;
BE cuts AC at F; prove
2FA. [Draw EK parallel to
55.
is
ROS
AD
CF=
BC
57.
BC,
to cut
YZ
AP,
AC
at K.]
are the bases of
XQ
are medians
two similar
triangles
ABC, XYZ
L BAP = L YXQ.
prove
58. P is a variable point on a given circle ; O is a fixed point
outside the circle \ Q is a point on OP such that OQ = $OP ;
59.
prove that the locus of Q is a circle.

is a
;
E, F are the mid-points of AB,
ABC
drawn so that FD
-=
2EF
prove
BF
bisects
AC EFD
;
AABC, Z BAC = 90; ABXY, ACZW are squares outside

BZ, CX cut AC, AB at K, H prove AH - AK.
In AABC, the bisectors of /.a ABC, ACB meet at D; DE,
DF are drawn parallel to AB^ AC to meet BC at E, F prove
60. In
AABC
61.
is
AD.
BE_BA
FC~AC*
119
SIMILAR TRIANGLES
62*. Tn
AABC,
BAC = 90 AD is an altitude H, K are the

AS ADB, ADC prove that AS DHK, ABC are
Z.
in-centres of
similar.
63*. D, E, F are the mid-points of the sides BC, CA, AB of a

triangle ; O is any other point ; prove that the lines through
D, E, F parallel to
64*. In AABC,
ABa
the
bisector of
PQ "
^
PA
OC are concurrent.
AC BQ is the perpendicular from B to
BAC BC cuts AQ at P prove? that
OA, OB,
.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
120
RECTANGLE PEOPERTIES OF A CIRCLE

THEOREM 56
(i)
If
two chords
AB
and
CD
of a circle intersect at a point
(inside or outside a circle),
then
OA.OB = OC.OD.
,0
FIG. 129(1).
(ii)
If
FIG. 129(2).
from any point O outside a circle, a line is drawn touching

the circle at T, and another line is drawn cutting the circle
at A, B,
then
OA.OB = OT2
FIG. 130.
121
THEOKEM 57
If
AD
an altitude of the triangle ABC, which
is
is
right-angled
at A,
then
AD 2 = BD DC
.
(i)
(ii)
BA2 = BD BC.
.
FIG. 131.
DEFINITION.
is
If a, #, b are such that
(iii)
properties are important

If two lines AOB,
are such that
COD
If
If
b.
then A,B, C,
(ii)
mean proportional between a and
called the
The converse
(i)
~ = ~ or x* = ab,
lie
on a
AC OB = CO
.
two lines OAB,
ODC are such that OA OB = OC
then A, B, C,
two
lines
then the
OBA,
on a
lie
OT
OD,
OD,
circle.
circle.
are such that
circle
OA OB = OT 2
OT at T.
.
touches
through A, B,
Alternative proof of Theorem 57
(i) Draw the circle on BC as diameter
:
A, since
L BAG = 90.
again at E.
Since the chord
AE
is
Produce
it
AD
perp. to diameter
passes through
to cut the circle
BC,
AD = DE.
But
(ii)
Draw
the
AD.DE=BD.DC;
AD 2 =BD.DC.
circle on AC as diameter
D, since
/.
Z.ADC = 90, and
it
touches
by Theorem 56 (ii),
passes through
at A, since
BA
BA2 = BD
BC.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
122

EXERCISE XXIII
1.
Find a mean proportional between
2.
From
3.
a point P on a circle,
diameter AB ; AN - 3", NB
In
A ABC,
3 and 48
5.
AB, AC at
The diagonals
(ii)
is
an
altitude;
I2x,
to a
AB = r>",
BD.
find
In
drawn perpendicular
find PN.
AB-8, AC -12; a circle

P,Q BP = 5 find CQ.
4.
through B,
cuts
of a cyclic
<
AC = 9, BD = 12, OA - 4
quadrilateral
find
ABCD
meet at O;
OB.
In Fig. 132,
AB - 9, BO = 3, find OT.
OB - 6, OT- 12, find AB.
If OA= 3, AB - 2, AT- 4, find BT.
If AB = 8, AT -6, BT-5, find OT.
(i)
If
(ii)
If
(Hi)
(iv)
7.
is
12"
A ABC, Z BAG -00; AD
AC = 12";
G.
PN
-=
(i)
ABC is a triangle inscribed in a circle; AB = AC = 10"

BC = 12" AD is drawn perpendicular to BC and is produced
to meet the circle in E
find DE and the radius of the circle.
In A ABC, Z ABC = 90, AB = 3", BC = 4"; find the radius
of the circle which passes through A and touches BC at C.
In A ABC, Z.BAC-9CT; AD is an altitude BC-a, CA = 6,
AB = c, AD = A, BD = x, DC = y prove that (i) A2 = xy
;
8.
9.
(ii)
i'=ry (* + y);
10. In Fig. 132,
if
(iii)
he
OA-2OT,
* b*
prove
(iv)
AB-3BO.
123

11.
COD are two perpendicular chords of a circle, centre K;

AO = 6, CO = 10, OD = 12 find OK, AK.
X is the mid-point of a line TY of length 2" TZ is drawn so
that /. ZTX = 45
a circle is drawn through X, Y touching
TZ at P prove /1TXP = 90, and find the radius of tlie
AOB,
12.
circle.
1
3.
ABC
is
A inscribed in a
circle
14. Express, in the
= r2
(ii) pq
15.
prove
16.
The diagonals
Two
form of equal
(iii)
17.
ratios, the
.
lines
OCD
OAB,
.
(i)
xyâb\
- OP 2
(iv) ON OT
ABCD intersect at O
.
cut a circle
at A, B,
C,
prove
AD.
O if D is the
=
CD.
CA
CB
CO
AB, prove
the bisector of L ABC
In A ABC, AB - AC and L BAC = 36
2=
BC
AP 2
at
P
AC
CP
meets AC
prove
at H
intersect
The altitudes BE, CF of A ABC
prove that
=
CH.HF; (ii) AF AB AE AC (iii) CE.CA
(i) BH.HE
= CH.CF.
In AABC, AB = AC D is a point on AC such that BD = BC
2
prove BC = AC CD.
Two circles intersect at A, B P is any point on AB produced
Two
CD
chords AB,
of a circle intersect at
20.
equations
19.
AB
AD OC = BC OD.
mid-point of arc
'18.
of a cyclic quadrilateral
OA BC - OC
.
meets
AB^r, BD = #, CD=-y;
OA OB = OC OD
.
the tangent at
produced in D; BC=^jp, CA-</,

find x, y in terms of p, <?, r.
21.
prove that the tangents from
to the circles are equal.
AABC, Z.BAC = 90, AB = 2AC; AD is an altitude;

prove BD = 4DC.
PQ is a chord of a circle, centre O the tangents at P, Q meet
2
at T OT cuts PQ at N
prove ON OT = OP
AB is a diameter of a circle PQ is a chord the tangent at
B meets AP, AQ at X, Y prove AP AX = AQ AY.
AB, AC are two chords of a circle any line parallel to the
=
tangent at A cuts AB, AC at D, E prove AB AD AE AC.
P
is
a
on
BD such
is
a
ABCD
point
cyclic quadrilateral;
=
that L PAD
L BAG prove that (i) BC AD AC DP
=
AC.BP; (iii) BC AD + AB CD- AC BD.
(ii) AB.CD
22. In
23.
24.
25.
26.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
124
27.
AB
a diameter of a
is
chords
28.
30.
prove
are equal
AD is an altitude of
ABC
29.
O; AP, PQ
centre
circle,
AP PB = AQ OP.
A ABC
"-
equals
prove that the radius of the
[Draw diameter through
circle
A.]
B PQ is their common tangent

bisects
AB
PQ.
prove
In AABC, AC is equal to the diagonal of the square deD is the mid-point of AC prove Z. ABD =
scribed on AB
Two
circles intersect at A,
Z ACB.
PR 2 = PQ. RQ; TQR
= PQ.
prove PT
31.
A line PQ
32.
A such that TQ = TR = PR
a A inscribed in a circle;
PQR
is
divided at
so that
;
QR
produced at T; prove
AABC, ZBAC = 90; E is a

AE = AB prove BE BC = 2AE 2
of
altitude
BC
point on
such that
AD is an
AB = CD,
P meets
TO =r _PO 2
33. In
34.
the tangent at
is
is
AABC;
AB.BC--=AC 2 and
if
if
Z.BAC = 90.
prove
chords AB, AC of a circle are produced to P, Q so that
AB = BP and AC = CQ ; if PQ cuts the circle at R, prove
35.
Two
36
The tangent at a point C on a circle is parallel to a chord

DE and cuts two other chords PD, PE at A, B; prove
AR 2 = PR.RQ.
37.
AC "~
= AD
CB BE'
AB is a diameter
of a circle, centre
meet any other tangent at H,

38.
39.
Two
lines
OAB,
drawn
OCD
is
prove
XO 2 = XA.XD.
a
parallel to
A inscribed
BC
meet
to
in a circle
cuts the tangent at

;
'
AB
is
at
a chord of a circle
;
prove
PH, PK,
PH.
PX
the tangents at A,
AH BK = AO 2
.
line
AQ
APB
DA
through O,
produced at
through
parallel
1
i
the tangents at A,
are the perpendiculars to
PK-PX 2
a line through
A in P a
AP
AB 2
- =to AB cuts AP in Q
v prove
^
AC 2
40*.
prove
cut a circle at A, B, C,
a line
ABC is
to AC
TA, TB,
j
\
AB
RECTANGLE PKOPERTIES OF A CIRCLE

41*.
AC
AB,
line
are tangents to the circle
prove
is
a straight
BE CD = BD CE.
.
are points on the radius

.
circle, centre O, such that
42*. P,
BDCE ADE
125
OA
and
OA
produced of a
OP OQ = OA 2 R is any other
point on the circle prove that RA bisects Z. PRQ.
In AABC, AB-AC, Z.BAC = 36; prove AB 2 -BC 2 =
AB BC.
The internal bisector of /.BAG cuts BC ut D, prove that
AD 2 = BA AC - BD DC. [Use ex. 1 7.]
;
43*.
44*.
45*
The external
bisector of
Z.BAC
cuts
BC
produced at E;
2
- BA AC.
prove that AE = BE EC
46*. ABCD is a parallelogram ; H, K are fixed points on AB,
HP, KQ are two variable parallel lines cutting CB,
.
AD
CD at
P,
prove BP,
DQ
is
constant.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
126
AREAS AND VOLUMES

THKOEEM 58
If
ABC, XYZ
are two similar triangles,
and
if
EC,
YZ
are a pair
of corresponding sides,
AABC^BC*
AXYZ YZ2
then
C
FKI. 133.
More
generally, the ratio of the areas of

is equal to the ratio of the squares
any two similar polygons

on corresponding sides.
THEOREM 59
If
AB
and
CD
PAB,
,.
(i.e.
V
are corresponding sides of any two similar polygons

QCD, and if AB, CD, EF are three lines in proportion
AB
CD
CD,
),
EF''
The following facts are also

The ratio of the
(i)
(ii)
of importance (see ex. 34, 35)

areas of the surfaces of similar solids
:
equals the ratio of the squares of their linear dimensions,

of the volumes of similar solids equals the ratio
The ratio
of the cubes of their linear dimensions.
AREAS AND
127
VOLU]\<ttS
AREAS AND
EXEBCISIJ XXIV
1.
6'
high (not necessarily reeUM,
of material for covering
h-v
screen,
L; 7 sq.
ft.
mm
a screen of the same shape, 4'
liig}
iPr
';
'quires
uf ;ded for
2.
On
3.
the area (in acres) of the plot 1

The sides of a triangle are 6 cms., 9 cms., 12 cms. ; how many
triangles whose sides are 2 cms., 3 cms., 4 cms. can be cut
4.
out of it 1 How would you cut it up ?

Show how to divide any triangle into 25 triangles similar
The area of the top of a table, 3 feet high, is 20 sq. ft.
is
5.
map whose scale is 6" to the mile, a plot of ground

represented by a triangle of area 2 J ;;q. inches what is
a
area of
of the
shadow on the
its
lamp above the
floor is
45
sq.
ft.
to
;
it.
the
find the height
floor.
light is 12 feet above the ground; find the area of the

shadow of the top of a table 4 ft. high, 9 ft. long, 5 ft. broad.
are similar triangles; AD,
are altitudes;
7. ABC,
6.
XK
CA = 13, AD = 12, XY = 5 find XK and
the ratio of the areas of AS ABC, XYZ.
A triangle ABC is divided by a line HK parallel to BC into
two parts AHK, HKCB of areas 9 sq. cms., 16 sq. cms.
XYZ
AB = 15, BC -
8.
14,
BC-7
9.
is
cms.; find HK.
the mid-point of the side AB of a square ABCD

at O ; AB = 3" ; find the area of EBCO.
AC
cuts
ED
10.
ABC
is
A such
such that
cuts
AB
Z.
in
that
DBC =
E
Z.
AB = AC = 2BC; D is a point on AC
BAC a line through D parallel to BC
;
find the ratio of the areas
AABC ABCD
:
ABED AEDA.
:
11.
in a supply pipe of diameter 1 ft. comes out through a

tap $" in diameter in the pipe it is moving at 5* a second ;
with what velocity does it come out of the tap ?
Water
3 to gild a sphere of radius 3

cost to gild a sphere of radius 4 ft. 1
12.
If it costs
13.
Two
hot-water cans are the same shape
ft.,
what
the smaller
is
will it
9* high
CONCISE GEOMETRY
128
and holds a quart

it
14.
hold
the larger
is
15* high
how much
will
How many
times can a cylindrical tumbler

high and 3* in
filled from a cylindrical cask 40* high and 30*
in diameter 1
diameter be
15.
A metal
16.
17.
Two models of
sphere, radius 3*, weighs 8 Ib. ; find the weight of a

sphere of the same metal 1' in radius.
cylindrical tin 5* high holds | Ib. of tobacco ; how much will
a tin of the same shape 8* high hold ?

the same statue are made of the same material
one
is
what
3* high and weighs 8 oz.
the other weighs 4
Ib.
is its
height 1
lodger pays 8 pence for a scuttle of coal, the scuttle being
20" deep ; what would he pay if the scuttle was the same
18.
19.
20.
Two
shape and 2 feet deep.

tap can fill half of a spherical vessel, radius 1| feet, in 2
minutes; how long will two similar taps take to fill onequarter of a spherical vessel of radius 4 feet ?
leaden cylinders of equal lengths and diameters 3*, 4
and recast as a single cylinder of the same length
are melted
what
is its
diameter ?
AB, CD
CD = 4 cms.,
QDR are
21. In the given figure, not drawn to scale, the lines

bisect each other at right angles ; AB
6 cms.,
are
arcs
of
RBS
of
circles
1
radii
cm. ; PCS,
PAQ,
3J cms., touching the former arcs.

Construct a similar figure in which the length of the line
corresponding to AB is 9 cms.
arcs of circles of radii
The area
is
of the
first figure is
approximately 18
the area of the enlarged figure
sq. cms.,
what
ABEAS AND VOLUMES
129
is rotated about AB to form

an egg-shaped solid, its volume Is approximately 48 c.c. ;
what is the volume of the solid obtained similarly from the
If in the given figure, tho curve
enlarged figure
22.
The
sides of
AABC
are trisected as in the figure
PQRSXY
the area of
=--
A ABC.
prove that
X/\.A
Fro. 136.
AS ABC, XYZ, Z.BAC=:

AABC = AB AC
that ^
A XYZ XY.XZ
23. If in the
prove
F
24.
Two
4.1
Z.YXZ,
4.
lines
OCD
CAB,
meet a
circle at A, B,
C, D, prove that
A PAD
25.
AD
\yhat result is obtained by
J making
8 B coAOBC BC 2
incide with A ?
H, K are any points on the sides AB, AC of AABC, prove
AAHK = AH AK
that ^
AABC AB AC
In AABC, Z.BAC = 90 and AD is an altitude
AB* = BD
prove
AC 2 DC
ABCD is a parallelogram P, Q are the mid-points of CB, CD
.
4.1
4.
26.
--
27.
28.
prove
Any
AAPQ = f
circles
parallelogram
through
B,
ABCD.
cuts
AB,
AC
at
D,
E;
an altitude;
DE
prove
AADE^DE
AABC~BC
29.
In
'
AABC, Z.BAC = 90
,.
perpendicular from
30.
AP
is
a chord and
tangents at A,
AB
~
D
is
P meet
and
.
to
*
AB
AD
;
is
prove
a
at
prove
the
5.
diameter of a circle, centre

;
is
BE = BA 2
-=
jj-
the
CONCISE GEOMETRY
130
31.
ABC
P,
32.
is
an equilateral triangle;
Q;
if
ZPAQ- 120,
BC
~
PR
prove
is
produced each way to
AP 2
j^-
AABC, Z BAG = 90; BCX, CAY, ABZ
In
triangles with X, Y,
are
corresponding points; prove
similar
A CAY
-f A ABZ -= A BCX.
33.
A room
34.
If
is lighted by a single electric bulb in tflie ceiling; a

table with level top is moved about in the room ; prove that
the area of the shadow of the top on the floor does not alter.
,r ins. is the
length of some definite dimension in a figure of
given shape,
its
different sizes.
diagonal x\
area^ta? 2
Find k
(iii)
circle,
sq. ins.
x;
(vii)
35. If
Ic
is
constant for
(i) sqnare,iside #; (ii) square,

radius x\ (iv) circle, perimeter x
-,
(v) equilateral triangle, side
radius
where
for
x\
surface of cube, side
(vi) regular
;
(viii)
hexagon, side
surface of sphere,
jr.
ins. is
the length of some definite dimension in a figure

its volume = Avr 8 cu. ins. where k is constant
of given sha}>e,
for different sizes.
Find
/<
for (i) cube,
edge
jc
(ii)
cube,
diagonal x (iii) sphere, diameter x ; (iv) sphere, equator x ;

(v) the greatest circular cylinder that can be cut from a cube,
;
edge x
(vii)
;
(vi) circular cone, vertical
regular tetrahedron, edge x.
angle 90, height x
BISECTOR OF VERTICAL ANGLE OF A TRIANGLE
131
THE BISECTOR OF THE VERTICAL ANGLE

OF A TRIANGLE
THEOREM 60
(i)
a triangle ; if the line bisecting /. BAG (internally or

externally) cuts BC, or BC produced at D,
ABC
is
,,
then
(ii)
If
is
BA
si-
AC
BD
DC
BC
a point on the base BC, or
triangle
ABC
such that
or externally /.
AC
DC
then
produced of the
AD
bisects internally
BAG.
A
DC
FIG. 137(1).
C
FIG. 137(2).
CONCISE GEOMETRY
132
THE BISECTOR OF THE VERTICAL ANGLE

OF A TRIANGLE
EXERCISE XXV
1.
AABC, AB = 6
In
internal
BC
cms.,
ami external
produced at P,
Q;
BC = 5
find
CA = 4
cms.;
the
BC
and
BP and BQ and show
that
cms.,
bisectors
of
Z.BAC
cut
L+ JU1.
BC*
BP
2.
BQ
AABC, AB = 4", BC = 3* CA-5"; the bisector of ZACB
find CD.
cuts AB at D
In AABC, AB=12, BC = 15, CA = 8; P is a point on BC
such that BP = 9 prove AP bisects /. BAG if the external
bisector of /. BAC cuts BC produced at Q, and if D is the
2
mid-point of BC, prove that DP DQ = DC
The internal and external bisectors of /. BAC meet BC and
BC produced at P, Q BP = 5, PC = 3 find CQ.
ABCD is a rectangular sheet of paper AB = 4*, BC = 3"
the edge BC is folded along BD and the corner is then cut
In
3.
4.
5.
along the crease
off
6.
In
AABC, AB = 6*, AC = 4";

BE at O; the
what
The
is
the area of
internal
BC
8.
AX
9.
ABCD
A AOB
and external
produced at
F
find the area of the remainder.
the median
7.
the bisector of
area of
AABC
/.BAG meets
is
sq.
in.;
BC
and
bisectors of
P,'*': prove
F
Z.BAC
cut
oo RO
= ~-?.
PC CQ
is a median of AABC; the bisectors of /.a

AXB,
meet AB, AC at H, K ; prove HK is parallel to BC.
at
K;
AXC
a parallelogram ; the bisector of /. BAD meets BD

the bisector of Z.AB'C meets AC at L; prove LK is
is
parallel to
AB.
BISECTOR OF VERTICAL ANGLE OF A TRIANGLE

The tangent
10.
OB
The
11.
is
bisector of
centres are
HK
prove
A of a circle, centre O, meets a radius

the foot of the perpendicular from A to OB ;
at a point
T D
at
is
Z.BAC
BC
cuts
at
drawn through D and

parallel to BC.
A ABC;
13.
AHB cut BC, CA, AB

BX CY
AZ
-__ =
XC YA ZB
Two lines OAB, OCD meet a circle at A,
the
inside
any point
CA
8A,
the
BHC, CHA,
with B,
circles
[cut
12.
is
133
bisectors
at X,
at H,
of
as
/.s
Z; prove
Y,
___
\f
ZAOC
of
The
14.
N/
cuts
bisector of
AC,
BD
/.BAC
at H,
at
the bisector
=
^J
KB
HC ?^.
K; prove
BC
cuts
B, C,
D; the
circle
through
A, B, D cuts AC at P ; the circle through A, C, D cuts AB

at
;
prove BQ = CP.
15. Two circles, centres A, B, touch at O; any line parallel to
AB cuts the circles at P,
respectively; AP and BQ are
produced to meet at
A straight
16.
The tangent
1 7.
prove
line cuts four lines
^POR-90
if
and
OR
at a point
produced at
O;
OK
bisects
bisects /. AKB,
OP, OQ, OR,
on a
18.
circle cuts
ABCD
19.
PQ when
TP, TQ at
a quadrilateral;
at L,
altitude; the bisector
-.
K; prove ^t = KA
LD
the bisectors of Z.s DAB,
if
meet on DB, prove that the bisectors of /.s ABC,

meet on AC.
Two
20.
circles
touch internally at
touches the smaller at

.
If
is
is
^=
a chord
/.TOP meets
the bisector of
/.ABC meets AD, AC
of
at P, Q, R,
Z.QOS, prove
2
2
X,
prove TX = TY = PX QY.
In A ABC, Z. BAC = 90 and AD is an
OS
the in-centre of
AIAB + AC
prove
a chord
PQ
QP = PR
OQ RQ
A ABC, and if Al
DCB
ADC
of the larger
meets
BC
at D, prove
CONCISE GEOMETRY
134
22*.
The
internal
X,
Y; prove
and external bisectors
^XPY = 90.
if
varies so that
is
circle.
is
PB
If A,
of
Z.APB meet AB
constant, prove that the locus of
\Apolloniu3
circle.]
bisectors of /. BAG meet BC and

BC produced at D, E, prove DE 2 = EB EC - DB DC.
ABC is a triangle such that AB4-AC = 2BC the bisector of
L BAG meets BC at D prove AD 2 = 3BD DC.
23*. If the internal
and external
24*.
at
are fixed points and
EXAMPLES ON THE CONSTRUCTIONS

OF BOOK 1
USE OF INSTRUMENTS
EXERCISE XXVI
USE OF RULER, DIVIDERS, AND PROTRACTOR

1.
Measure in inches and cms. the
lines a, 6,
c,
d.
FIG. 138(1).
2.
Draw a
3.
Draw a
4.
Draw a
straight line across your sheet of paper arid mark off

by eye lengths of 4 cms., 7 cms., 2 inches; then measure
them and write down your errors.
line and cut off from it a length of 5" ; measure
cms. and find the number of cms. in 1 inch.
it
5.
AD.
in
and cut off from it a length of 10 cms. ; measure

and hence express 1 cm. in inches.
138(2), measure in cms. the lengths of AC, BD, BC,
What are the values of (i) AC + BD ; (ii) AD + BC.
line
in inches
In Fig.
it
B
FIG. 138(2).
135
136
6.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
Measure in inches and cms. the length of

1" = 2'54 cms. approx., find
how
far
this page.
Taking
your measurements
agree with each other.

a straight line across your paper
mark the middle
and
measure the two parts.
How far is the
point by eye
7.
Draw
8.
Draw a
you have marked from the
point
real mid-point of the line
straight line across your paper and divide

into three equal parts
measure the three parts.
it
by eye
Rei>eat ex. 8, dividing the line into four equal parts.

10. Draw a straight line across your paper and use your dividers
9.
(i)
to bisect
it
(ii)
to trisect
it.
line AB produced beyond

an obstacle which obstructs the view. C is one of the points
required, perform the construction and verify it.
11. It is required to obtain points
on a
FIG. 139.
12.
Measure the angles
a, b y c, d.
FIG. 140.
13.
Use your protractor to draw angles

(iv) 124, (v) 220, (vi) 300.
of
(i)
30,
(ii)
90,
(iii)
48,
137
USE OF INSTRUMENTS
14.
Measure the angles
a, 6,
c,
d and
write
down
their sum.
FIG. 141.
15.
Measure the angles
a, b
and write down
FIG.
16
Measure the angles

them ?
a,
6,
sum.
14'2.
y.
What do you
FKJ. 143.
17.
their
Measure the angles AOB, BOG, AOC.
notice about
CONCISE GEOMETRY
138
18.
Measure the three angles of the triangle

their sum.
ABC
and write down
FIG. 145.
19.
Measure the three angles of the triangle

their sum.
DEF and
write
down
FIG. 146.
20.
Without measurement, say which is the larger of the angles,

a in Fig. 147 or b in Fig. 148, and roughly by how much.
FIG. 147.
eye (with a ruler) angles of 15, 30, 60, 110, 160.

Measure them and write down your errors.
22. Without measurement state whether the angles a, 6, c, d, e in
Fig. 148 are acute or obtuse or reflex.
21.
Draw by
FIG. 148.
23.
Draw an
angle
ABC
Measure Z.ABD.
equal to
108; produce CB
to
D.
USE OF INSTRUMENTS
24.
Draw an
angle
AOB
equal to 82
139
produce AO, BO, to C, D.
Measure /.COD.
25.
Draw any
five-sided figure
ABODE
Measure each of the

and write down their sum.
DE, EA.
26.
27.
Draw any
triangle ABO;
ZCBA, /.CAB, Z.ACD.
,/ ACD?
Draw a
of
and produce AB, BO, CD,

formed
five exterior angles so
BO to D.
Z.CBA+Z.CAB
produce
Is
Measure
equal
to
149; find by measurement the values
figure like Fig.
Z.ABC+ Z.ADC+ /.BAD and /.BCD.
28. Enlarge
/.DAB = 90= Z.CBA.
points F, G, H, K, L, M,
them
to
AB = 8
150, making^
Fig.
make with
130, 150.
AD = BO = 2
cms.,
the mid-point of AB.
Mark
on CD such that the lines joining
cms.,
is
OB
angles of 30, 50, 70, 90, 110,

Measure in cms. FG, GH, HK.
FIG. 150.
USB OF COMPASSES
29.
Draw a
circle,
30.
O; draw any diameter AB; take any

R on the circumference. Measure /. s APB,
centre
three points P, Q,
AQB, ARB.
Draw two circles
of radii 3 cms., 4 cms. so that their centres

are 5 cms. apart.
Draw their common chord, i.e. the line
CONCISE GEOMETRY
140
the
joining
length.
the
is
joining the centres
which they cut, and measure its

angle at which it cuts the line
at
points
What
31. Take two points A, B 3 cms. apart; construct two points P, Q

such that PA = PB -= 5 cms. = QA = QB.
32. Take a point P;
describe a circle of radius 4 cms.
construct a chord PQ of length
passing through P;
6 cms.
33.
Draw
a circle
34.
Draw
take four points A, B, C,
Measure (i) /. ACB and Z.ADB;

What do you notice 1
ABC
a large triangle
Z.
(ii)
(not isosceles)
and AC as diameters.
35. Take two points A, B 5 cms.
AB
on it.
and /.ADC.
in order
ABC
describe circles on
they meet on BC 1
Construct a point
apart.
Do
C such
=
cms.
Draw
with
circles
CB
centres
7
CA=Gcms,
What do you
B, C and radii 2, 3, 4 cms. respectively.
that
A,
notice about
36.
them 1
Take two points A, B 3 cms.
that
CA = CB = 6
Z.CBA, Z.ACB.
L CAB
Is
L ACB
37.
38.
Construct a point
CB
equal to
such
and measure Z.CAB,
Z.CBA?
Is
/.CAB
equal to twice
Draw a circle of radius 3 cms.
']
and place in it 6 chords each

of length 3 cms., end to end; what figure is obtained?
Measure the angle between two adjacent chords.
Draw a straight line AB ; construct a point C such that CA =
CB = AB.
Measure the angles of
A ABC.
a straight line AB and take any point P outside it.

Construct a point Q such that QA= PA and QB= PB. Join
39.
Draw
40.
Draw two
PQ
of
and
let it
cut
AB
at R.
circles of radii
Measure
/.
PRA.
3 cms., 4 cms. so that the part
the line joining their centres which
circles is 1
41.
apart.
Join CA,
cms.
lies
inside both
cm.
AB 5 cms. long; construct a point C so that

= 4 cms. Join CA, CB. Bisect with
cms., CB
Measure /. ACB and
dividers or by measurement AB at D.
Draw
a line
CA = 3
CD.
42.
Is
COCAS'!
Draw a line AB
3 cms. long
to pass through
and
B.
construct a circle of radius 4 cms.
141
USE OF INSTRUMENTS
43.
Take two points A, B 6 cms. apart. Construct 10 positions

of a point P (on either side of AB) such that PA-f PB= 10
cms.
PA = 3, PB = 7
(e.g.
positions
PA- 4, PB = 6,
or
freehand a curve through these positions.

the curve to pass through A or B ]
44.
All these
etc.).
on a smooth curve called an
lie
ellipse:
draw
Would you expect
circle, centre O, and take any point T outsile it; on

as diameter describe a circle cutting the first at P, Q.
Join TP,
and produce both. What do you notice about
Draw a
TO
TQ
these lines
45.
Draw a
such that
RS,
etc.,
^POQ
What
end to end, each equal to PQ.
so obtained
46.
centre O, of radius 3*5 cms. ; draw a chord PQ

72. Construct four other chords QR,
circle,
is
the figure
Draw two unequal

diameters PX,
PY
circles intersecting at P,
of the circles.
Join XY.
Q; draw
the
XY
pass
Does
through Q 1
47. Draw a circle, centre O, and take any six points A, B, C, D, E, F
Measure /.s ABF, ACF,
in order on the circumference.
notice
Do
AOF.
ADF, AEF,
any connection between
you
them?
48.
as centre and any radius (not

angle AOB ; with
too short), describe a circle cutting OA, OB at P,
with
;
radius
too
as centres and any
P,
(not
short), deMeasure /1AOR,
scribe two equal circles cutting at R.
Draw any
/LBOR.
This construction enables you to bisect a given angle.
49. Draw any straight line AB ; with A, B as centres and any
radius (not too short), describe two equal circles cutting at
Measure AR, RB
Join PQ and let it cut AB at R,
P, Q.
and ÂRP.
This construction enables you to draw the perpendicular
bisector
50.
of a given straight
Draw any
on
straight
line
line.
AB
and
take
any
point
it.
With
with P,
as centre, describe
two equal
as centres
and
any
circle cutting
AB
at P,
aify radius (not too short), describe
circles cutting at R.
Join CR.
Measure
/.
ACR.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
142
This construction enables you
pendicular
to
to
a given straight
draw a
line
straight line per-
from a given point on
the line.
51.
With C
straight line AB and take any point

as centre, describe any circle cutting
with
Draw any
P,
C outside it.
AB at P, Q
and any radius (not too short), describe

Join CR and let it cut AB
cutting at R.
as centres
two equal circles

at S.
Measure /. ASC.
This construction enables you to draw a straight line per-
pendicular
to
a given straight
line from
a given point
outside
tfie line.
52.
53.
straight line AB and take any point C outside it.

Take any point P on AB. Join CP and bisect it at Q.
With Q as centre and QC as radius, describe 'a circle, cutting
AB at R. Join CR. Measure Z.ARC.
This construction gives an alternate method to Ex. 51.
With any point O as centre, describe a circle draw any chord
PQ construct the perpendicular bisector of PQ. Does it
Draw any
pass through
54.
Draw
a triangle
ABC
(not
pendicular bisectors of
with
as centre and
AB
OA
the circle pass through
isosceles)
AC
and
construct
let
the
them meet
as radius, describe a circle.
B and
55. In Fig. 151, without producing

perpendicular to AB.
per-
at
Does
AB, construct a
line
through
xC
A
B
FIG. 151.
56.
Draw a
AB
57.
58.
line
AB, construct a
line
through B perpendicular to
without producing AB.
Draw an
obtuse-angled triangle ABC; construct the

pendiculars from each vertex to the opposite side.
they concurrent ?
Draw a
circle and take four points A, B, C,

struct the perpendiculars XP, XQ,
to
What do you notice about P, Q, R ?
XR
per-
Are
X on it ; conBC, CA, AB.
143
USE OF INSTRUMENTS
59.
Draw
a circle of radius 3 cms. and take points A, B, C on

AB = 4 cms., AC = 5 cms. Measure Z.BAC:
such that
there more than one answer
it
is
and take any two points C, D outside

it ; construct a point P on AB such that PC= PD.
61. Draw any triangle (not isosceles) and construct the bisectors
of its three angles.
What do you notice about them ?
AB
60.
Draw
62.
Draw any triangle ABC; construct

ABC, ACB and let them meet at
a line
the bisectors
I.
of
/.s
Construct the peras centre and IX as
With
pendicular IX from I to BC.
What do you notice about this
radius, describe a circle.
I
circle
63.
Draw two
bisectors
lines
BP,
BQ
ABC, BD,
of
ZABD,
cutting
at
B;
64. Construct (without using a protractor) angles of

(iii)
105,
(iv)
the
construct
Z.CBD; measure L PBQ.

(i)
30,
(ii)
45,
255.
and take any
three points A, B, C on it
the
construct
perpendicular bisector of BC and
(AB:4=AC);
the bisector of /. BAG and produce them to meet.
What
65.
Draw
66.
Draw an
a circle
do you notice about
their point of intersection ?

obtuse angle and construct lines dividing
it
into
four equal angles.

67. Draw a triangle ABC (not isosceles) ; construct a point P on
BC such that the perpendiculars from P to AB and AC are
equal.
68.
69.
Draw
Draw
a right angle and construct the lines trisecting it.

a line PQ (see Fig. 152), cutting two other lines AB, CD
at P, Q; the bisectors of Z.s APQ, CQP meet at H; the
bisectors of
Z.s
when produced
and
CD
BPQ,
DQP
meet at K; verify that
passes through the point of intersection of

and bisects the angle between them.
HK
AB
144
70.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
Copy
the following figures 153-167 on any convenient scale.

154
153
155
166
165
156
167
FIGS. 153-167
USE OF SET SQUARES

71.
and take three points P, Q, R outside it use

draw lines through P, Q, R parallel to AB.
Draw a line AB and take three points P, Q, R outside it use
set squares to draw lineo through P, Q, R perpendicular
Draw, a
line
AB
set squares to
72.
to
AB.
DRAWING TO SCALE
73.
74.
75.
145
line AB and ta.e <* point C on it

use set squares to
draw a line through C perpendicular to AB.
Draw a line AB and take a point P outside it use set squares
to draw two lines PQ, PR making angles of 60 with AB.
Draw a triangle ABC and use set squares to draw its three
altitudes (i.e. perpendiculars from each corner to the opposite
Draw a
side).
76.
Draw
ABC
ABCD
parallelogram
77.
Use
and use
measure
a triangle
set squares to
complete the
its sides.
draw a four-sided figure having its opposite

measure the
and one angle a right angle
set squares to
sides parallel
diagonals.
78.
Draw
a triangle
ABC
draw a
measure AK, KC.
squares to
79.
Draw any
angle
(not isosceles)
line
BAC
HK
bisect
parallel to
and cut
AB
off
BC
AB
to
at
equal to
use set
AC
meet
AC
at
use set
squares to construct bisector of /. BAC.

80. Use set squares to draw a right angle, and use them to trisect it.
81. Draw a line AB and divide it into five equal parts as follows
five equal parts
and cut oft' from
draw any other line
:
AC
AC
AP PQ> Q R RS ST J "1 BT through P, Q, R, S draw
lines parallel to TB
these cut AB at the required points.
>
>
DRAWING TO SCALE
EXEBCISE XXVII
FIG. 168.
FIG. 169.
OA
In Fig. 168, if
is horizontal,
DEFINITIONS.
(i)
called the angle of elevation of B as viewed from O.
In Fig. 169, if QH is horizontal,

angle of depression of R as viewed from Q.
(ii)
1.
courtyard
is
80
feet long
and 50
feet
distance between two opposite corners
10
Z.HQR
is
Z.AOB
is
called the
wide ; what
is
the
CONCISE GEOMETRY
146
2.
gun whose range is 5000 yards is in position at a point

3500 yards from a straight railway line; what length of
the line can
3.
4.
The ends
command 1
it
5 feet long, is resting against a vertical wall ; the

ladder,
foot of the ladder is 6 feet from the wall ; how high up the
1
wall does
it
reach ?
10 feet long, are fastened to two nails

15 feet above the ground; the nails are
of a cord,
each of which
is
5 feet apart ; a weight is attached to the mid-point of the

cord how high is it above the ground 1
:
5.
straight passage runs from A tq B, then turns through an

angle of 70 and runs on to C ; if AB is 80 yards and BC
is
100 yards, what distance

from A to C 1
is
saved by having a passage
direct
6.
A man
takes
rows due north at 4 miles an hour, and the current

north-east at 5 miles an hour ; how far is he from
him
his starting-point after

7.
A man
starts
from
20 minutes 1
A and
walks 2 miles due south to B, then
3 miles south-west to C, then 1 mile west to

the direction and distance of D from A ?
8.
Southampton
9.
what
is
12 miles S.S.W. of Winchester; Romsey is

32 S. of Winchester. Find the distance and
Romsey from Southampton.
An
aeroplane points due north and flies at GO miles an hour ;

the wind carries it S.W. at 15 miles an hour.
What is its
position ten minutes after leaving the aerodrome
10.
is
10 miles W.
bearing of
Andover
is
12 miles from Winchester and
15 miles
from
Salisbury ; Salisbury is 20 miles W. of Winchester. [Andover

is north of the Salisbury- Winchester
Find the bearing
line.]
Andover from Salisbury.

is 42 miles from Dorchester and 64 miles from Bristol
Bristol is 55 miles due north of Dorchester; Barnstable is
33 miles N.E. of Exeter. What is the distance and bearing
of Barnstable from Dorchester ?
A weight is slung by two ropes of lengths 12 feet,
16 feet, from two pegs 18 feet apart in a horizontal line.
of
11. Exeter
12.
What
is
the pegs)
the
depth of
the weight
below
the line of
DRAWING TO SCALE
13.
147
From two
points 500 yards apart on a straight road running

due north, the bearings of a house are found to bo N. 40 E.
and E. 20 S. find the shortest distance of the house from
;
the road.
14.
There are two paths inclined at an angle of 40 which lead

from a gate across a circular field one ruiif across the centre
:
of the field
and
120 yards long; what
is
the length of
is
the other ?
15.
path runs round the edge of aequare ploughed
you follow the path from A to

than if you walk straight across.
if
side of the field

16.
field
yot go 50 yards
What
is
ABOD
farther
the length of a
One end
of a string, 5 feet long, is fastened to a nail, and a

weight is attached to the other end; the weight swings
backwards and forwards through 15 each side of the
What
vertical.
positions
17.
is
the distance between
its
two extreme
At a distance
of
40 yards from a tower, the angle of elevation

35 ; find the height of the tower
of the top of the tower is

in feet.
18.
kite is flown at the
end of a string 120 yards long which
makes an angle of 65
19.
height of the kite.

is the elevation of the sun
What
casts a
20.
with the ground: find in feet the
shadow 20
feet long
when a
pole 12 feet high
fenced level road running due north suddenly turns due

with the result that the shadow of the fence is increased
east,
in breadth
the sun
21.
The
from 3
feet to 5 feet:
what
is
the bearing of
elevation of the top of a chimney is 20; from a place

it is 30 ; find its height in feet.
60 yards nearer,
22.
From
of
the top of a
cliff
a boat out at sea
from the
is
150
20
feet high, the angle of depression

;
what
is
the distance of the boat
in yards t
of
a tower 250 feet high, the angles of depression
From
the
23.
top
in a line with and at the same level as the
houses
of two
cliff
foot of the tower
apart in yards.
are 61
and 48.
Find their distance
CONCISE GEOMETRY
148
MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTIONS
EXERCISE XXVIII
1.
Draw an
angle
AC
on AB,
2.
BAG
and a
such that
RS
is
line
PQ;
equal and
construct points R,
parallel to PQ.
a circle and construct points P, Q, R on it such that

take any other point X on the circle.
Measure XP, XQ, XR and verify that the longest of these
Draw
PQ = QR=RP;
equals the
3.
Draw an
Draw a
of the other two.
BAG
angle
such that
4.
sum
of
50
construct on AB,
Z.QPA = 90 and PQ = 4
cms.
AC
points P,
Measure AP.
4 cms., and take a point A at a distance

from the centre: construct a chord PQ passing
and bisected at A.
circle of radius
of 2*5 cms.
5.
through A
Draw a large quadrilateral ABCD, so that AB is not parallel
to CD ; construct a point P such that PA = PB and PC = PD
6.
Draw a
AB
line
and take a point
construct a circle with

S" apart.
7.
S.
as centre, cutting
AB
//
at
from AB
two points
;
its radius.
angle
"
Draw two
them
from C.
Measure PQ.
AC and
take a point P somewhere between

construct a line to pass through P and cut oft' equal
lines
lengths from
10.
distant 2
BAG of 70; construct a point P whose

Measure AP.
distances from AB, AC are 3 cms., 4 cms.
Draw a line AB and take a point C distant 2" from AB
construct two points P, Q each of which is 1* from AB
Draw an
and
9.
Measure
AB,
AB and AC.
AB, CD and take any point E between them.

Construct a line to pass through E and the (inaccessible)
point of intersection of AB, CD.
[Use the system of parallel
Draw two
lines
lines
shown
in Fig. 170.]
FIG. 170.
11.
Draw
a triangle
ABC; construct
/. BAG and let
the bisector of
12.
14.
parallel to
BA
produced at E.
Measure AE, AC.
Draw a circle and take two points A, B outside it. Construct
a circle to pass through A, B and have Its centre on tho first
When
circle.
13.
a line through
meet
149
is
this impossible
Draw a circle and take a

HAB, HOC, cutting the
point
it
01 tside it
circle at A, B, D,
draw two
lines
AD, BC,
; join
and produce them to meet at K. Construct a circle to pass
through H, A, D and a second circle to ;*ass through K, D, C.
Do these circles cut again at a point on HK 1
Construct five points in the same relative position to each
other as are A, B, C, D,
in Fig. 171.
FIG. 171.
15.
Take a
line
AB
and a point
C
C
outside
it
such that the
foot of the perpendicular from

to AB would be off the page.
Construct that portion of the perpendicular which comes on
the page.
16.
Take a
AB and a point C and suppose there is an obstacle

C and AB which a set square cannot move over
Construct a line through C parallel to AB.
172).
line
between
(see Fig.
B
FIG. 172.
17.
bisects a given angle,

folding, obtain a crease* which (i)
at
line
a given
right angles.
(ii) bisects
By
150
18.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
By
folding, obtain the perpendicular to a given line
given point outside it.

19. By folding, obtain an angle of
20.
from a
45.
Take a triangular sheet of paper and

which is equidistant from the three
find
by folding the point
corners.
CONSTRUCTION OF TRIANGLES,
PARALLELOGRAMS, ETC.
EXERCISE XXIX
1.
when possible^ the
Construct,
triangle
ABC
measurements, choosing your own unit.

different solutions, construct both
from the following

If there are two
a
Fio. 173.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
(xi)
(xii)
(xiii)
(xiv)
(xv)
a = 3, 6 = 4,
a = 3, 6 = 4,
= 5, measure A.
= 8, measure A.
a = 5, B = 30, C = 45, measure 6.
a = 4, A =48, B = 33, measure h.
a =7, A=110, B = 40, measure 6.
a = 5, B=125, C = 70, measure 6.
6 = 5, c = 7, C = 72, measure a.
6 = 6, c = 4, C = 40, measure a.
6 = 8, c=6, C=65, measure a,
A = 40, B = 60, C = 80, measure a.
A = 50, B = 40, C = 70, measure a.
A =125, 6=7-3, c = 5'4, measure a.
c
A = 90, a= 11-2, 6=7-3, measure

a = 6 = 6*9, A = 50, measure c.
c.
a =26, 0=^-, measure A.

Jtt
2.
Draw two unequal

AB,
BC,
CD,
parallelogram.
AC, BD bisecting each other; join

ABCD is a
and measure them.
lines
DA
CONSTRUCTION OF TRIANGLES
3.
Draw two
AB,
lines
equal
CD,
BC,
BD
AC,
DA;
each other; join

ABCD is a
bisecting
measure
151
/.ABC.
rectangle.
4.
Draw two unequal
lines
angles; join AB, BC,

is a rhombus.
5.
Draw two
angles
ABCD
f>.
bisecting each other at right
and Treasure them.
Af>CC
BD bisecting each otêr

DA measure AB, BC,
at right
AB, BC, CD,
/.
ABC.
a square.
is
Draw two unequal perpendicular lines AC, BD such that AC

bisects BD; join AB, BC, CD, DA and measure them.
ABCD
7.
equal lines AC,
join
BD
DA
CD,
AC,
is
kite.
angle of 57 and cut off AB, AC from the arms of

the angle so that AB = 5 cms., AC = 8 cms. ; construct a
=
AB. What sort of a
point D such that BD AC and
Draw an
CD^
quadrilateral
8.
9.
is
ABCD
Construct a parallelogram ABCD, given AB = 7 cms.,

10 cms., BD = 8 cms. ; measure BC, CD.
AC =
Construct an isosceles triangle with a base of 6 cms. and a

vertical angle of
70
measure
its sides.
rhombus ABCD, given

measure /.BAD.
10. Construct a
11. Construct
5 cms.
AB- 5
cms.,
AC~G
cms.
an isosceles triangle of base 4*6 cms. and height

measure its vertical angle.
12. Construct the quadrilateral
AD = DC = 5
cms., /_
ABCD,
ABC =
20
given
AB=BC=3
measure
/.
cms.,
ADC.
rhombus ABCD, given AC = 6 cms., BD = 9 cms. ;

measure AB.
Construct the rhombus ABCD, given L ABC = 40, BD = 7
cms. measure AC.
Construct a rectangle ABCD, given BD = 8 cms. and that AC
13. Construct the
14.
15.
makes an angle
16. Construct a
such that
of 54
with
17. Construct the quadrilateral

(i)
(ii)
BD
measure AB, BC.
sides
trapezium ABCD with AB, CD its parallel
AB - 8, BC - 4, CD - 3, AD - 2 measure L BAD.
;
ABCD,
given that
AB = 4, BC-4-5, CD -3, /.ABC -80, Z.BCD =

110; measure AD;
AB-5, AC = 6, AD = 4, BD-7, CD = 3 measure BC,
;
CONCISE GEOMETRY
152
(iv)
ABC = 70, L BCD = 95, ^CDA=105, AB = 5,

AD = 4 measure BC.
AB = 5, BC = 6, CD = 3, DA=4'S, Z.ADC=100;
(v)
AB = 5,
(iii)
measure /.ABC.
/.
CAB = 35,
/.ADB = 54
,/
ABD = 47,
Z.ACB-65
measure CD.
ABC, given that

= 13 ; measure A.
c=
a-f &= 11, +
16, c4-a
=
=
=
A B 25, C 55, c 7 measure a.
A B C = 1 2 3, a = 3 j measure c.
A + B = ]18, B + C = 96, a==7; measure c.
18. Construct the triangle

1>
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
19. Construct
BC given by BD = 3
ABC
such that
if
DAC = 40
is
a point
measure BC.
20. Construct a square having one diagonal 5 cms. ; measure its
on
cms., then
side.
21.
AD
L
22.
23.
24.
is
an altitude of the triangle
ABC = 55,
ABC;
ACB = 65, construct
AD = 4
given
A ABC;
cms.,
measure BC.
is a median of the triangle ABC; given AB = 4 cms.,

AC = 7 cms., AE=4*5 cms., construct A ABC; measure BC.
AD is an altitude of the triangle ABC; given AB = 6 cms.
AD = 4 cms., /.ACB = 68, construct A ABC; measure BC.
AD is an altitude of A ABC; AD = 4 cms., L BAG = 75,
AE
/.ABC = 50,
25.
/.
construct
A ABC;
measure BC.
The
distances between the opposite sides of a parallelogram

are 3 cms., 4 cms., and one angle is 70 ; construct the
parallelogram and measure one of the longer sides.

26. Construct a parallelogram of height 4 cms., having its diagonals
5 cms., 8 cms. in length measure one of the longer sides.
:
27. Construct
an equilateral triangle of height 4 cms.
its side.
28. Construct the triangle ABC, given that

a + J = 2c=14, A
measure a.
(i)
=70;
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
a + 6 + c=20, A = 65, B = 70; measure

a = 10, 6-fc=13, A = 80; measure b.
a = 8, & + c=10, B = 35; measured.
a = 9, c-i = 4, B = 25; measure c.
(vi)
a= 9,
(vii)
a = 5,
- c= 2, A = 70
- B = 20
=
6
3, A
measure
measure
i.
c.
a.
measure
29. Construct an isosceles triangle of height 5 cms.
18 cms.
30.
Each
measure
153
and perimeter
its base.
an
of the base angles of
isosceles triangle exceeds thy
by 24 ; the base is 4 cms.

and measure its other sides.
vertical angle
triangle
II
construct the
II
EXERCISE XXX
1.
Given two points H,

construct a point
2.
on the same side of a given line AB,

that PH, PK make equal
P on AB such
angles with AB.

Given two points H,
(see
Fig.
174),
K on opposite sides of a given line CD,

construct a point P on CD such that
Z.HPC- L KPC.
*K
Fia. 174.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Given a triangle ABC, construct a line passing through A

from which B and C are equidistant.
Given a triangle ABC, construct a line parallel to BC, cutting
AB, AC at H, K such that BH + CK= HK.
Given a square ABCD, construct points P, Q on BC, CD such
that APQ is an equilateral triangle.
Given a triangle ABC, construct a rhombus with two sides
along AB, AC and one vertex on BC.
Given two parallel lines AB, CD and a point P between them,
construct a line through P, cutting AB, CD at Q, R such
that
8.
QR
is
of given length.
Given a triangle ABC, construct a point which is equidistant

from B and C and also equidistant from the lines AB and
AC.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
154
9.
Given
position the internal bisectors of the angles of a

triangle and the position of one vortex, construct the
in
triangle.
and
measurement, find the height of a

each
regular tetrahedron,
edge of which is 2*.
11. A room is 20 feet long, 15 feet wide, 10 feet high ; a cord is
10.
By
construction
stretched from one corner of the floor to the opi>osite corner

by drawing and measurement the angle
of the ceiling, find
which the cord makes with the

12.
floor.
Construct a square such that the length of its diagonal

exceeds the length of its side by a given length.

OF BOOK II
AREAS
EXERCISE XXXI
1.
Find the areas of the following figures, making any necessary

constructions and measurements
:
A ABC, given 6-5, = 4, A = 90.

Rectangle ABCD, given AB = 7, AC= 10.
A ABC, given a = 5, 6=6, c=7.
A ABC, given b = 5, c = 4, B = 90.
A ABC, given 6 = c= 10, a= 12.
A ABC, given a =6, B=130, C = 20.
= 8, AD = 6, Z.ABC -70.
Hgrani ABCD, given AB
<?
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
A rhombus whose diagonals are 7, 8.

A trapezium ABCD, given AB = 5, BC = 6, CD = 9,
L BCD = 30, and AB parallel to DC.
Quad. ABCD, given AB = 3, BC=5, CD = 6, DA -4,
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
BD = 5.
2.
3.
Draw a
triangle
whose
sides are 5, 6, 8 cms.
area in three different ways.

Draw a triangle with sides 5,
isosceles
measure
triangle with base
6,
7 cms.,
and obtain
its
and construct an
6 cms. equal in area to
it
its sides.
4.
Construct a parallelogram of area 21 sq. cms. such that one

side is 6 cms., one angle is 50 ; measure the other side.
5.
Construct a parallelogram of area 15

6 cms. ; measure its acute angle.
Draw
a triangle with
sq.
cms. with sides 5 cms.,
and construct a
and having one side equal
sides 4, 5, 6 cms.,
parallelogram equal in area to

155
it
CONCISE GEOMETRY
156
to 4 cms.
and one angle equal
to
70;
measure the other
side.
7.
Construct a rhombus each side of which

area 15 sq. cms.
8.
is
5 cms. and of
acute angle.
;
Draw a parallelogram with sides 4 cms., 6 cms., and one angle
70; construct a parallelogram of equal area with sides
5 cms., 7 cms.
9.
measure
measure
its
its
acute angle.
Construct a parallelogram of area 20 sq. cms., with one side

5 cms., and one diagonal 7 cms. measure the other side.
;
10.
Draw
11.
Construct a parallelogram equal in area to a given rectangle
a triangle with sides 5, 6, 8 cms., and construct a triangle

of equal area with sides 5*5, 6*5 cms.; measure the third
side.
and having
its
sides of given length.
in area to a given triangle and

one
side
in
having
equal
length to a given line, and one angle
to
that
side
adjacent
equal to a given angle.
12. Construct a triangle equal
13.
Draw a quadrilateral ABCD such that AB = 6 cms., BC = 5 cms.,
CD = 4
equivalent
Find
14.
L ABC =110, L BCD = 95. Reduce

triangle with AB as base and its vertex
cms.,
to an
on BC.
it
its area.
Draw
a figure like Fig. 149, and reduce it to an equivalent

triangle having AB as base and its vertex on AD.
FIG. 149.
15.
Draw a
figure like Fig.
175 and reduce
triangle.
FIG. 175.
it
to
an equivalent
AREAS
16.
Given four points A, B, C,
P such
and
DP
is
as in Fig. 176, construct a point

and
are of equal area
ABPD
that the figures
i>erpendicular to
157
ABCD
AB.
C
FIG. 176.
17.
Given a parallelogram ABCD and a point O inside it, construct

a line through O which divides ABCD into two parts of
equal area.
18.
Given a triangle
ABC
and a point D on BC such that BD<

P on AC such that (i) ADPC =
jBC, construct a point

J
19.
A ABC,
(ii)
ADPC = f AABC.
Given a parallelogram ABCD, construct point P, Q on BC, CD

such that AP, AQ divide the parallelogram into three portions
of equal area.
Given a quadrilateral ABCD, construct a line through A which

divides the quadrilateral into two parts of equal area.
21. Given a quadrilateral, construct lines through one vertex which
20.
divide
If
and
Fig.
Use
if
into five parts of equal area.
it
ABCD
is
any parallelogram, and

drawn through P
lines are
if
is
parallel
any point on BD,

to AB, BC as in
the parallelograms AP, PC are of equal area.

this fact for the following construction
177,
Construct a parallelogram equal in area to and equiangular

to a given parallelogram and having one side of given length.
Fio. 177.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
158
23.
Given a triangle ABC, construct a point

the triangles
24.
GAB, GBC, GCA
inside
it
such that
are of equal area.
Given a quadrilateral ABCD, perform the following con-
BP
struction for a line
AC
at
(or
AD)
at
through
Bisect
(see Fig. 178).
meet
to
parallel to
bisecting
draw
OP
it
BD
CD
join BP.
SUBL
.IJSION
OF A LINE
EXERCISE XXXII
1.
Draw
2.
Draw
a line ABj;| divide into three equal parts without
measuring
a line
AP =
it.
AB and
construct a point
P on AB such
that
4.
3.
PB *
Draw a line AB and
4.
Divide a given line in the ratio 5
5.
Construct a diagonal scale which can be used for measuring
construct a point
on
AB
produced, such
-g-J:
3 both internally and
externally.
lengths to
6.
inch.
By using a diagonal scale, draw a line of length 2*73 inches

on this line as base construct an isosceles right-angled
:
7.
and measure its equal sides as accurately as possible.

a
Use
diagonal scale to measure the hypotenuse of a rightangled triangle whose sides are 2* and 3*.
8.
On
triangle
a scale of 6" to the mile, what length represents 2000

yards 1 Draw a scale showing hundreds of yards.
SUBDIVISION OF A LINE
9.
What
scale
is
the R.F.
distances
10.
The
[i.e.
2" to the mile
up
It.F. of
to
representative fraction] for a map of

Construct a scale for reading off
5000 yards, and
map
is 1
159
20,000
as small as
500 yards
express this in inches to the
mile and Construct a suitable SCF
ta 'o
read miles ana tenths
of miles.
lines AB, AC and a poii c P between them, construct
a line through P, cutting AB, AC at Q, R so that QP= PR.
12. Given two lines AB, AC and a point P between them, construct
11.
Given two
13.
P with its
P in the ratio 2:3.
Draw a triangle ABC such
a line through
extremitie
on AB,
AC
and divided
at
parallel to
2 cms.
14.
that
BC=^6
AC at
AH HB ?
BC, cutting AB,
What
is
the ratio
cms.
H,
construct a line
such that
HK =
Given a triangle ABC, construct a line parallel

AB, AC at H, K such that HK=BC.
to
BC, cutting
EXAMPLES ON THE CCNS1 RATIONS

OF BOOK III
CONSTRUCTION OF CIRC)
&S, ETC.
EXERCISE XXXIII
Use a
2.
coin to draw a circle, and construct its centre.

Given two points A, B and a line CD, construct a
pass through A and B and have its centre on CD.
3.
Draw a
1.
4.
AB
and construct a circle of radius

5 cms. to pass through A and B.
Draw two lineb AOB, COD intersecting at an angle of 80 ;
make
line
3 cms. long,
AO = 3 cms., OB = 4
cms.,
CO = 5
cms.,
OD = 2-4
Does
construct a circle to pass through A, B, C.
5.
circle to
through D ?
Construct two
common
circles of radii
chord
is
cms.
it
pass
4 cms., 5 cms., such that their
of length 6 cms.
Measure the distance
between their centres.

6.
Draw two lines OAB, OCD

make OA=2 cms., OB = 6
cms.,
OC
3 cms.,
construct a circle to pass through A, B, C.
7.
8.
AC
Does
it
pass
AB
line
line
pass through
to touch
other
and take a point
AB;
at a distance of 3 cms.
construct a circle of radius 4 cms. to
and touch AB.
AC
65
with each
construct a circle of radius 3 cms. to touch
AB and AC.
Draw two
D and
at B.
Draw a
from the
10.
OD = 4
through D ?
Given a circle and two points A, B inside it, construct a circle to
pass through A and B and have its centre on the given circle.
Given a point B 'on a given line ABC and a point D outside
the line, construct a circle to pass through
9.
40
cms.
intersecting at an angle of
lines
AB,
making an angle
of
CONCISE GEOMETRY
162
11.
Draw
touch the
first
Given a straight
line
its
centre
and
to pass through A, and to have

Is there more than one such circle t
circle
a radius of 2 cms.
12.
point A at a
construct a circle to
cms. and take a
a circle of radius 3
distance of 4 cms. from
and a
circle,
construct a circle of given
Is
radius to touch both the straight line and the circle.
If not, state the conditions under
this always possible ?
1
which
1 3.
Draw
it is
a line
impossible.
of length 6 cms.
AB
with A,
as centres
and
radii 3 cms., 2 cms. respectively, describe circles.

Construct
a circle to touch each of these circles and have a radius of
5 cms. Give all possible solutions.

internal or external.]
14. Draw a circle of radius 4*5 cms., and
[The contacts
may
be
draw a diameter AB;
construct a circle of radius 1-5 cm. to touch the circle and AB.
and a point A on the circle and a point B outside

construct a circle to pass through B and to touch
the given circle at A.
16. Draw a circle of radius 5 cms.; construct two circles of
15.
Given a
the
circle
circle,
radii 1'5 cm., 2*5 cms. touching
touching the
17.
Draw a
triangle
construct the
triangle
18.
Draw two
4 cms.
OB
each other externally and
first circle internally.
whose
four
and measure
lines
OA,
4 cms., and
which touch the sides of this
sides are of lengths 2, 3,

circles
their radii.
OB
such that
construct a circle touching
measure
AOB = 40, and OA =

OA at A and touching
Z.
its radius.
Given a triangle ABC, construct a circle to touch AB, AC

and have its centre on BC. Is there more than one solution ?
20. Inscribe a circle in a given sector of a circle,
[i.e. Given two
19.
OA, OB of a circle, construct a circle to touch OA, OB

and the arc AB.]
Given two radii OA, OB of a circle, construct points H, K on
OA, OB such that the circle on HK as diameter touches
the arc AB.
Given two points A, B and a point D on a line CDE, construct
two concentric circles one of which passes through A, B
and the other touches CE at D. When ia this impossible ?
radii
21.
22.
CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCLES, ETC.

23.
Given three points A, B, C, construct three
circles
163
with
points as centres so that each circle touches the other tw>.

Is there more than one solution ?
24.
lines OA, OB intersecting at an angle of 40;

construct a circle touching OA an. OB and auoh tua u tne
chord of contact is of length 4 cms. mea UTJ i+* radius.
Draw two
25. Inscribe a circle in a given
rhombus
2fi.
28.
ABC is a triangle such that BC - 6
ven two points A, B, 4 cms. apait, construct a circle to

pass through A and B and such that the tangents at A and
B include an angle of 100 ; measure 's radius.
27. Find by measurement the radius of the circle inscribed in
;
the triangle whose sides are of lengths
90
to
6, 7,
>
BA = 4
by measurement the radius
find
cms.,
cms.
cms.,
L ABC =
of the circle escribed
BC.
29.
Given two parallel lines and a point between them, construct

a circle to touch the given lines and pass through the
30.
Draw
given point.
a quadrilateral so that
cms.
Does
it
touch the fourth side
circle
CD
to
order are
4, 5, 7,
touch three of the
sides.
two given parallel lines: construct

to touch AB, CD and the given circle.
31. In Fig. 179,
its sides in
inscribe a circle in it
AB,
are
C
FIG. 179.
32.
Given two
parallel lines
AB,
CD and a circle between them,

CD and to touch and enclose
construct a circle to touch AB,
the given
33. Given
first,
two
circle.
circles,
on the
centres A, B, radii a, &, and a point
and
circle to touch the first circle at
construct a
Fig. 180 gives the construction

for the centre P of the required circle, if it touches both
D is found by making CD = b. Perform
circles externally.
also to touch the second.
16
CONCISE GEOMETRY
this construction
and construct
also the circle in the case
where the contacts are external with

circle
B.
How
would
circle touches circle
or externally
with
the constructed
if
A internally and circle B
either internally
Fm.
34.
circle A, internal
be situated
180.
an equilateral triangle ; AB = 4 cms. ; A, B are the

CA is produced
centres of two equal circles of radii 2*5 cms.
a
circle
first
circle
at
D.
Construct
to meet the
touching the
the
second circle
first circle internally at D and touching
ABC
is
State your construction.

externally.
35. Construct a circle to touch a given line
AB
and a given
circle
centre C, at a given point D.

Fig. 181 gives the construction for the centre P of the required circle if the contact is
Perform the construction and construct the case

where the contact is internal.
external.
Fio. ,181.

Construct the Figs, in exs. 36-62
165
do not rub out any of your
construction lines.
36. Three arcs each of radius 3 cms.
and each Jth
of a complete
circumference.
B<~
FIG. 182.
37.
AB, BC, CD,
DE
are equal quadrants;
AE
fi
cms.
FIG. 183.
38.
AB, BC, CD, DE, EF, FG, GH, HA are alternately semicircles
and quadrants of equal radius ; XY= 10 cms.
y
FIG. 184.
39. Three arcs each of radius 3 cms. touching at A, B, C.
FIG. 185.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
166
40.
The
aides of the rectangle are 6 cms., 8 cms.
Fio. 186.
41.
The
radii of the arcs
AB, BC,
CA
are 3 '5 cms., 2 '5 cms.,
7 cms.
FIG. 187.
42.
The
radii of the circles are 1 cm., 2 cms., 2 cms., 3 cms., and

the centre of the smallest circle lies on the largest.
FIG. 188.
43.
AP,
is
AQ
are arcs of radii 4 cms.
perpendicular to
CD
PQ
is
of radius
and equals 3 cms.
B
Fio. 189.
8 cms.
AB
CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCLES,
44.
CD
AB, BC,
arc arcs of radii 3 cms.,
AD
ETC.
167
equals 7 cms. and
touches AB, DC.
45.
The
radii of the arcs
5 cms.,
DE = 6'5
BC
AE = 7
AB,
cms.,
are 3*5 cms., 1*2 cm.,
CD
cms.
90
90
C
FIG. 191.
46.
AB,
AD
are arcs of radii 6 cms.
axis of symmetry.
AC
equals 6 cms. and
is
an
CONCISE GEOMETRY
168
47.
BC is a quadrant
the radii of arcs AB, BC,
CA are 4,
2,
3 cms.
Fm.
48.
AF is an
AF = 8
axis of
cms.,
symmetry; AB, BC,
EG = 6
The
radii of the arcs
DE
are equal quadrants;
cms.
49.
193.
ABC,
ADC
are 3, 5'5 cms.
Construct the figure and inscribe in

1*5
cm.
radius
5 cms.
it
chord
AC =
a circle of
50.
CE
is
an axis of symmetry
3 cms.; the
CE = 5 cms.
centre
of
AB,
AB
BC
lies
F
FIG. 196.
are arcs each of radius
on AD.
AD = 10
cms.,
CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCLES,
51.
AB
is
an arc
radius
52.
53.
of radius 3 cms.
cm.
chord
DA
BC, CD,
AE = chord EB = 3
AB, BC are semicircles, each

an angle of 120. The arc
ETC.
are arcs each of
cms.
of radius 2 cms.
AC
touches
DE are arcs each of radius 2 cms.

AE BC = CD = 4 cms. AE = 6 cms.
AB,
169
ar<
intersecting at
AB, CB.
with their centres on
FIG. 199.
54.
CD
is
AE,
an axis of symmetry;
EC
AB = 9'5
cms.,
CD = 3 '5
are arcs of radii 2, 10 '5 cms. respectively.
cms.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
170
55.
AB is a quadrant of radius 2 -5 cms. with

AC = 7 cms. The arc BC touches AB at
its
centre on
AC;
B.
Fiu. 201.
56.
ABCD
a square of side 2 cms.
is
with C,
BE, EF are circular arcs
as centres respectively.
FIG. 202.
57.
AB
is
an axis of symmetry; PAQ is a semicircle of radius

RBS is an arc of radius 1 cin. ; AB = 7 cms. The
2 cms.
arcs PR,
QS
are tangential at each end.
58.
AB = 3'5
cms.,
AC = 6
cms.,
Z.BAC = 90;
1*5 cm.
Bl
A
FIG. 204.
radius of arc
CP
is
171

59.
AB=BC=3
angles of
60.
AB
is
cms.; tho arcs AB,
BC
cut the line
ABC
at
30.
a semicircle, radius 3 cms., centre O ; O T3 OQ are arcs

1 cm. ; the arcs AP, AB a-e tangential at A.
,
each of radius
Q/
FIG. 206.
207 is formed by parts of nine equal circles touching

where they meet ; AX, BY, CZ are each axes of symmetry ;
61. Fig.
the radius of each arc
is
1*5 cm.
FIG. 207.
62.
AB, CD, EF,
GH
radius 1 cm. and
CF,
HE
are the
diameters of semicircles each of
when produced form a square
are arcs each of radius 5 cms.
AD, BG,
CONCISE GEOMETRY
172
III
EXERCISE XXXIV
1.
Draw a
and construct a chord of the

Take a point A inside the circle but
circle of radius 3 cms.,
circle of length
5 cms.
not on the chord, and construct a chord of length 5 cms.

passing through A.
4.
Given a chord PQ of a given circle and a point R on PQ,

construct a chord through R equal to PQ.
Inscribe a regular hexagon in a given circle.
Inscribe an equilateral triangle in a given circle.
5.
A, B,
2.
3.
are three given points on a given circle ; construct a

circle equal to AB and parallel to the tangent
chord of the
at C.
6.
Draw
a circle radius 4 cms. and take a point 6 cms. from the

Construct the tangents from this point to the circle
centre.
and measure
7.
Draw
their lengths.
circle of radius
3 cms., and construct two tangents
which include an angle of 100.

8.
9.
a line AB of length 7 cms. ; construct a line AP such

that the perpendicular from B to A P is 5 cms.
Draw a circle, centre O, radius 4 cms. ; take a point A 6 cms.
Draw
from
P on
draw
AB
perpendicular to
AO
construct a point
AB
such that the tangent from P to the circle is of

5*5
cms. ; measure A P.
length
10. Draw a circle of radius 3 cms. and take a point 5 cms. from
construct a chord of the circle of length 4 cms.
;
which when produced passes through this point.
Draw a line AB of length 5 cms. and describe a circle with AB
the centre
11.
construct a point on AB produced such that

it to the circle is of length 3 cms.
12. Given a circle and a straight line, construct a point on the
as diameter
the tangent from
such that the tangents from

angle equal to a given angle.
line
it
to the circle contain
an
Circumscribe an equilateral triangle about a given circle.

14. On a line of length 5 cms., construct a segment of a circle
13.
containing an angle of 70
measure
its radius.
15.
On
173
III
a line of length 2 inches, construct a segment of a
circle
measure its radius.

containing an angle of 140
circle
of
a triangle whose angles
a
radius
3
inscribe
In
16.
cms.,
are 40, 65, 75 ; measure its longest side.
a rectangle of length 1 5", and
17. Inscribe in a circle of radius
;
measure
18.
its
breadth.
Circumscribe about a
circle of radius
2 cms. a triangle whose
angles are 50, 55, 75 ; measure its longest side.

19. Given three non-collinear points A, B, C, construct the tangent
at A to the circle which passes through A, B, C without
either
20.
drawing the
Draw two
circle or constructing its centre.
3 cms., with their centres
circles of radii 2 cms.,
6*5 cms. apart; construct their four common tangents.

21. Draw two circles of radii 2*5 cms., 3*5 cms., touching each
other
externally,
and
construct
their
common
exterior
tangents.
a line AB of length 6 cms. and construct a line PQ

such that the perpendiculars to it from A, B are of lengths
2 cms., 4 cms.
22.
Draw
23.
Draw two
circles of radii 2 cms., 3 cms., with their centres

6 cms. apart ; construct a chord of the larger circle of length
4 cms. which when produced touches the smaller circle.
90,
the altitude
ABC, given
AD = 2
cms.
that
that
ABC, given
ABC, given
angle BAC.
cms.
cms.,
BAC =
measure AB, AC.

55, the altitude AD
=4
BC = 6
BC = 5
Z.BAC =
cms.,
measure AB, AC.
BC
and the
27. Construct a triangle given its base and vertical angle

length of the median through the vertex.
and the
altitude
BE and
the
28. Construct a triangle
and the
29.
Draw a
the length of
ABC, given BC = 6
median BE = 5
cms.,
L BAG =52,
cms.
circle of radius 3 cms.,
and construct points A,
B,
on the circumference such that BC = 5 cms., BA + AC = 8*1

cms. ; measure BA and AC.
30. Draw a circle of radius 3 5 tcms. and inscribe in it a triangle
ABC such that BC=5'8 cms., BA- AC = 2 cms. measure
;
BA
and AC.
174
CONCISE GEOMETRY
ABC
31. Construct a triangle

given its perimeter, the angle
and the length of tha altitude AD.
32.
Draw any
33.
Draw two
34*.
circle and take two points A,

outside the circle; construct a point
that PC bisects Z.APB.
B on it and a point C
P on the circle such
lines which meet at a point off your paper

the bisector of the angle between them.
Draw any
triangle
ABC
BAC
(not right-angled).
construct
Construct a
such that
PQ passes through A, QR passes

square PQRS
through B, and PR cuts QS at C.
35*. Construct the quadrilateral A BCD, given that AD = 5 cms.,
BC = 4'6
cms.,
L ABD =
Z.
ACD = 55,
CBD = 43;
measure CD.
36*.
Draw any circle and take two

a point P on the circle such
37*.
Draw
points A, B on it ; construct
that chord PA equals twice
chord PB.
a circle of radius 3 cms., centre O, and take a point P
O ; construct a line through P,
at distance of 5 cms. from
R such that the segment QR contains

an angle of 70 ; measure /. OPQ.
38*. Draw two unequal circles intersecting at A, B ; construct a
line through A, cutting the circles at P, Q such that PA = AQ.
39*. Draw two unequal circles intersecting at A, B ; construct a
cutting the circle at Q,
line
through A, cutting the
circles at P,
such that
of given length.
40*. Circumscribe a square about a given quadrilateral.
PQ
is

OF BOOK IV
PROPORTION AND SIMILAIl FIGURES
EXERCISE XXXV
1.
Construct and measure a fourth proportional to lines of length

4, 5, 6 cms.
2.
Construct and measure a third proportional to lines of length

5, 6 cms.
3.
Draw
Draw
4.
(ii)
5.
Draw
a line
a line
in the ratio 3
a line
ratio 3
6.
AB and divide it internally in the

AB and divide it externally (i) in
8.
9.
10.
3.
5:3;
AB and
divide
it
internally
and externally
in the
7.
Use a construction
x 7
- = --.
to solve
Find graphically the value of
5
2
(i)
-*
(ii)
'f
3*8
2'7.
y cms.
Construct a line of length

Draw a line AB and divide
Draw any
ratio
its
AB BC
:
ABC
it
line
PQ
perimeter equals
PQ
and
2:7:3.
in the ratio
and any
triangle
such that
11.
the ratio
5.
7.
ratio 2
construct a triangle
are in the
its sides
CA.
To construct the expressions
(i)
-, (ii)
proceed as follows
Draw two lines OH, OK (see Fig. 209).

From OH, cut off OA = a.
From OK, cut off OB = 6, OC = 0, OF-/, OG=#.
Join AF, draw
BX
parallel to FA, cutting
ab
--.
176
OH
at X, then
CONCISE GEOMETRY
176
Join XG, draw
QY
Use
CY
a^
^=
a ^c
~7*
</~~
fi
parallel to
this construction to find
and extend
it
to find
GX, cutting
(i)
at Y, then
'
*-
3 8
,
4'7
where
OH
(ii)-L*
*"?
4*i
a, 6,
c,
d,
ey
/,
Jl?_
x I'o
</,
h are
given lengths.
FIG. 209.
12. If a,
6, r,
are given numbers, construct,
by the method
of
ex. 11,
13.
14.
Kg. 209,
(i)
*;
(ii)
(iii)
g.
AB, AC and a point D between them, construct

a line through D, cutting AB, AC at P,' Q such that PD = DQ.
Draw a line ABCD; if AB = # cms., BC-y cms., CD = 2 cms.,
Given two
lines
construct a line of length xyz cms.

15.
Given a triangle ABC, construct a point P on BC such that

the lengths of the perpendiculars from P to AB and AC
16.
ABC
are in the ratio 2:3.
17.
is
an equilateral triangle of side 5 cms., construct a
point P inside it such that the perpendiculars from P to BC,

CA, AB are in the ratio 1:2:3. Measure AP.
Draw any triangle ABC, use the method indicated in Sig. 210
to construct a triangle XYZ similar to triangle ABC and
such that
XY=2AB.
A
_-
PROPORTION AND SIMILAR FIGURES
177
Given a quadrilateral ABCD, construct a similar quadrilateral

each side of which is
of the corresponding side of ABCD.
19. Given a triangle ABC and its median AD, construct a similar
triangle XYZ and its median XW, such that XW=$AD.
20. Construct an equilateral triangle s?oh that the length )f ohe
line joining one vertex to a point of trise^tiou of the opposite
side is 2" ; measure its side.
21. Using a protractor, construct a regular jxmtagon such that
the perpendicular from one corner to the opposite side is of
18.
length 7 cms. ; measure its side.

a square ABCD, given that the length of the
lino joining A to the mid-point of BC is 3"; measure
22. Construct
its side.
^BAC=54, /.ABC = 48,
23. Construct a triangle ABC, given

and the sum of the three medians
is
12 cms.
Measure AB.
24. Inscribe in a given triangle a triangle whose sides are parallel

to the sides of another given triangle.
25.
Given two radii OA, OB of a circle, centre O ; construct a square

such that one vertex lies on OA, one vertex on OB, and the
remaining vertices on the arc AB.
26. Inscribe a regular octagon in a square.

an equilateral triangle, one
27. Inscribe in a given triangle
side of which is perpendicular to BC.
ABC
28. Construct a circle to touch
two given
lines
and a given
circle,
centre O, radius a.
[Draw two lines parallel to the given
construct a circle to touch
lines at a distance a from them
:
these lines
and pass through O.
of the required circle.]
Its centre is the centre
from it; P is a
O
a point such that OQ = OP and
Z.POQ = 50. Construct the locus of Q. [The locus of Q
is obtained by revolving AB about O through 50.]
30. ABC is a given triangle ; P is a variable point on BC ; Q is
a point such that the triangles ABC, APQ are similar.
29.
Draw a
line
AB
and take a point
variable point on
31.
AB; Q
is
Construct the locus of Q.

[Use the idea of ex. 29.]
P moves
of
a
is
given shape ; A is a fixed point,
APQ
triangle
on a fixed circle ; construct the locus of Q. [Use the idea
of ex. 29.]
12
CONCISE GEOMETRY
32*. Given a triangle
33*.
P, Q
ABC
ABC
and a point
on BC, construct points

an equilateral triangle.
on AB, AC such that DPQ is

a straight rod whose ends A,
is
AB=6
perpendicular lines OX, OY;

Draw the position of the rod when
move along two
BC = 3
cms.,
cms,
maks
an angle of 30
with OX, and construct the direction in which B is moving
it
at this instant.
34*.
AB and BC are two equal rods hinged together at B the

end A is fixed and C is made to move along a fixed line AX
D is the mid-point of the rod BC construct the direction
in which D is moving when /. BAG = 45.
A piece of cardboard in the shape of a triangle ABC moves so
that AB and AC always touch two given fixed pins E, F
;
35*.
draw the triangle in any position and construct the direction

in which A is moving at that instant.
THE MEAN PROPORTIONAL

EXERCISE XXXVI
mean
proportional between 5 andjS
Construct a
2.
Construct a line of length ^/43 cms.
3.
Find graphically ^37.
4.
5.
6.
7.
measure
it.
[Don't take a mean

inaccurate
to
leads
this
and
1
between
drawing ; take
43,
4
= &'($.]
as
5
and
such
numbers closer together,
8*6, /-
2
Solve graphically the equation (x - 3) = 19.
Draw a rectangle of sides 4 cms., 7 cms., and construct a
square of equal area ; measure its^side.

Construct a square equal in area to an equilateral triangle of
side 5 cms. ; measure its side.
Construct a square equal in area to a quadrilateral ABCD

=
=
=
=
=
given AB BC 4, CD 6, DA 7, AC 6 cms. ; measure
its side.
8.
Draw
a line
AB
construct a point
P on AB such
that
AP = 1
AB J%
9.
Draw
area
centre
circle,
is
one-third of the
construct a concentric circle whose

first circle.
THE MEAN PROPORTIONAL
179
11.
Given a triangle ABC, construct a line parallel to BO, cutting

AB, AC at P, Q so that AAPQ = JAABC.
Given a quadrilateral ABCD, construct a similar quadrilateral
12.
Given a triangle ABC, construct
10.
with
its
area
f-
of the area of
AC CD.
rqv'uateral triangle of
ai<
equal area.
13.
line
14.
15.
whose lengths are a,

x 62
~ ^.
of length x cms. such that
2
Given three
linos
6, c
cms., construct a
a c
two equilateral triangles, construct an equilateral
triangle whose area is the sum of their areas.
Construct a circle to pass through two given points A, B and
touch a given line CD.
Use the method indicated in Fig. 211 and obtain two
Given
solutions.
/
~'
FIG. 211.
16.
circle and two points A,

point P on AB such that PA PB
the tangent from P to the circle.
Given a
outside
is
equal to the square of
it,
construct a
through two given points A, B and

to touch a given circle.
18. Given four points A, B, C, D in order on a straight line,
construct a point Pôn BC such that PA PB = PC . PD.
17. Construct a circle to pass
y = 5, xy= 16.
OA = 6 cms., L AOB = 40
OA at A and intercepting on OB
19. Solve graphically the equations x

are two lines such that
20. OA,
OB
construct a circle touching

a length of 5 cms.
21. Construct a circle
to pass through a given point, touch a

given circle and have its centre on a given line.
22. Given three circles, each external to the others, construct a
CONCISE GEOMETRY
180
point such that the tangents from

of equal length.
23. Draw a circle of radius 5 cms.
from the centre

through
and take a point
construct a chord
such that
to the three circles are
it
PQ
3 cms.
of the circle passing
PA = |AQ.
MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTIONS IV
EXERCISE XXXVII
1.
Draw a
line
AB;
if
AB
is
CD
construct a line
OPQ,
of length
of length x 2 inches.
are two given parallel lines,
2. AB,
cutting
inches, construct a line
and
AB,
O is any given point

CD at P, Q so that
;
AP CQ
is equal t;> a given ratio.

a given equilateral triangle of side 5 cms. ; construct
a line outside it such that the perpendiculars from A, B, C
:
3.
ABC
is
to the line are in the ratio

4.
5.
6.
7.
2:3:4 and
measure the
last.
Construct a triangle ABC, given /. BAG = 48,

and the median BE = 5 cms. ; measure AC.
z_BCA = 73,
Construct a triangle ABC, given L ABC =62,

and AB BC = 2 cms. ; measure BC.
ÂCB = 75
Inscribe in a given triangle a rectangle having one side double

the other.
Draw
a triangle of sides 5, 6, 7 cms. and construct a square

of equal area; measure its side.
Check your result from
the formula
/s
(s
a) (s
b) (*
- c).
8.
Divide a square into three parts of equal area by lines parallel

to one diagonal.
9.
Given a triangle ABC, construct a line parallel to the bisector

of L BAC and bisecting the area of AABC.
10.
Given two
lines
AB
produced such that
and CD, construct a point P on
PA PB = CD 2
.
AB
REVISION PAPERS
BOOK
1.
It requires four complete turns of the handle to wind up a

bucket from the bottom of a well 24 feet deep.
Through
what angle must the handle be turned

5
to raise the bucket
feet.
2.
The angles
3.
ACB
of a triangle are in the ratio
1:3:5.
Find them.
ACY are equilateral triangles on

=
AB
sides
of
opposite
prove CX BY.
ABCD is a quadrilateral ADCX, BODY are parallelograms
prove that XY bisects AB.
is
a straight line
ABX,
4.
II
5.
If the reflex angle
6.
In
four times the acute angle
ABCD
DA
to
AOB,
is
find the angle be-
which bisect /.ABC and /.ACB.

of an isosceles triangle ABC is produced to
lines
BC
CD = CA,
The base
that
8.
is
A ABC, L BAG = 44, L ABC =112;
tween the
7.
AOB
ZAOB.
find
prove
a parallelogram
is
are produced to meet at
meet at R
so
Z.ABD = 2Z.ADB.
prove
the mid-point of
DP
and
CB
AB
CP
and
are produced
QR = CD.
Ill
9.
2LAOB = #; AO is produced to C; OP bisects Z.BOC; OQ

bisects /. AOB
calculate reflex angle POQ.
In AABC, L ABC = 35, Z.ACB = 75; the perpendiculars
from B, C to AC, AB cut at O. Find 21 BOC.
;
10.
181
182
11.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
BAG cuts BC at D through C a

DA to meet BA produced at P
The
bisector of the angle

line is drawn parallel to
prove
12.
AP = AC.
CAXY
ABC
are squares
is an acute-angled triangle; BANK,
outside the triangle ; prove that the acute angle between BH
CX
and
90 -
equals
Z.
BAC.
IV
13.
Find the sum of the
14.
The sum
15.
ABC
interior
angles of a 15-sided convex
polygon.
of one pair of angles of a triangle is 100, and the
difference of another pair is 60 ; prove that the triangle is
isosceles.
is
a triangle right-angled at
is
a point on
AB
such
Z.PCB=Z.PBC; prove Z.PCA= |Z_BPC.

a point inside an equilateral triangle ABC; CAP is an
equilateral triangle such that O and P are on opposite sides
that
16.
is
of
AB;
prove
BP = OC.
17. If a ship travels

alters
latitude
long. 2
18.
60.
Find her longitude if she starts (i) at lat. 0,

E. and steams 200 miles west ; (ii) at iat. 60 N.,
W. and steams 150 miles east.
long. 2
bisectors of
The
L BOC =135,
19.
due east or west one sea mile, her longitude

2 minutes if in
if on the equator, and
minute
Z.s
ACB of
BAC = 90.
ABC,
prove
/.
A ABC
meet at
O;
if
AABC, Z.ACB = 3/.ABC from AB a pait AD is cut off

=
equal to AC prove CD DB.
In AABC, AB = AC from any point P on AB a line is drawn
perpendicular to BC and meets CA produced in Q
prove
AP = AQ.
In
20.
VI
21.
O is a point outside a line ABCD such that OA = AB, OB = BC,

OC = CD; Z.BOC = a; calculate Z.OAD and Z.ODA in
terms of
x.
KEVISION PAPERS
22. In Fig.
144, page 137,
23.
ABCD
is
24.
ABCD
is
cutting
OQ
if
DA=-DB
a quadrilateral*
a parallelogram;
AC
at P,
bisects
prove
1P3
Z.AOC, pvo\a
DC;
</
BOC
/ BAC-f
prov*
DQ an two parallel
BQ p railel to DP.
BP,
lines
is
VII
AABC, Z.BAC=115, Z.BCA=20; AD is the perA to BC prove AD = DB.

In Fig. 212, AB is parallel to ED; prove that reflex Z.EDC
-reflex Z.ABC= /.BCD.
25. In
pendicular from
26.
27.
28.
ABC = Z. ADC = 90 prove that

the bisectors of /.a DAB, DCB are parallel.
In AABC, Z.ABC = 90, Z.ACB = 60; prove AC=2BC.
ABCD
is
a quadrilateral
Z.
VIII
29.
Two
if
lie
which
outside each other
YZ
cuts
AABC, AB = AC D is a point on AC such

prove /.DBC= Z.BAC.
The altitudes BD, CE of AABC meet at H
=
prove AB AC.
30. In
31.
AYZ
equilateral triangles ABC,

Z.CAY= 15, find the angle at
;
that
BC.
if
BD = BC
HB=HC,
CONCISE GEOMETRY
184
S
32. P, Q, R,
square
if
are points on the sides
PR
is
AB, BC, CD,
perpendicular to QS, prove
DA
of a
PR = QS.
IX
33. In Fig. 213, express
sr
in
terms of
a,
/>,
c.
FIG. 213.
any point on the bisector of /.BAG; DP, DQ are drawn

AB at P, Q ; prove DP =
parallel to AB, AC to meet AC,
34.
35.
ABC
is
DQ.
is
D,
ABCD
PQ
is
are points on
BC
such that
/.
BAD =
AB = AC.
if AD = AE, prove
a square; the bisector of Z.BCA cuts AB at P;
the i>erpendicular from P to AC ; prove AQ= PB.
Z.CAE;
36.
is
X*
37.
38.
39.
40.
ABCDEFGH is a regular octagon calculate the angle at which

AD cuts BF.
In A ABC, AD is perpendicular to BC and AP bisects ZLBAC
if /.ABOZ.ACB, prove ZABC- L ACB = 2 /. PAD.
ABCD is a straight line such that AB=BC=CD; BPQC is
a parallelogram; if BP=2BC, prove PD is perpendicular to
;
AQ.
The sides AB,
AC
of
AABCâre produced to D,
are lines parallel to the bisectors of /.s BCE,
= BC + HK.
BC in H, K: prove AB-f
E; AH,
CBD
AC
AK
meeting
REVISION PAPERS
XI*
41. In Fig. 214, express z in oerm.j of ^,
7>,
x, y.
FIG. 214.
42.
AB, BC, CD,
DE
are successive sides of a regular w-sided
polygon find the angle between AB and DE.

43. In
ABC, AB = AC ; BA is produced to E ; the bisector of
;
44.
Z.ACB meets AB at D; prove ^CDE = f Z.CAE.

O is the centre of the square BPQC
In A ABC, Z.BAC = 90
;
external to the triangle
prove that
AC
bisects /.
BAC.
XII*
45.
is 4 miles duo east of A ; a ship sailing from A to B against

the wind takes the zigzag course shown in Fig. 215, her
directions being alternately N. 30 E. and S. 30 E. ; what is
the total distance she travels ?
Fio. 215.
46.
ABC
75
is
;
a triangular sheet of paper, Z.ABC ==40, Z.ACB =

the sheet is folded so that B coincides with C ; find
the angle which the two" parts of

in the folded position.
AB make
with each other
186
47.
48.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
AB = AC; the bisector of Z ABC meets AC at D;

P is a point on AC produced so that /.ABP= Z.ADB;
=
prove BC CP.
ABC is a A BDEC is a square outside AABC lines
through B, C parallel to AD, AE meet at P prove PA is
A ABC,
In
',
perpendicular to BC.
BOOKS
II
I,
XIII
49.
AD, BE are altitudes

AD = 4*5 cms. find
;
50.
ABC
is
such
51.
is
AABC; BC = 5
of
a variable point on a
ABCD is a
AABD.
cms.,
quadrilateral
if
BC, CA
ARB-120
R; prove
centre O, radius a; C is a
P,
thatBP-CQ; AP cuts BQ
are points on
at
circle,
fixed point at a distance b

least possible lengths of CP.
52.
CA=6
cms.,
BE.
from
,/
find the greatest
and
AACD = ABCD, prove AABC =
XIV
53.
Find in terms of
the area of Fig. 216.
x,
90
90
y
FIG. 216.
AABC, AB = AC a line PQR cuts AC produced, AB, BC

Q if PQ = QR, prove AP-f AR==2AC.
54. In
at R, P,
55.
The diagonals
= ABOC,
56.
In
ABCD
cut at
O;
if
AS AOB, COD are equiangular.

AABC, Z.BAC = 90, AB = 5 cms., AC = 8 cms.;
AAOD
prove
area of the triangle and the length of
its
altitude
find the
AD.
REVISION PAPERS
18?
XV
57.
Find
in
cms.
sq.
the area,
making any
poiihtr'u,ti
and
measurements, of Fig. 217.
FIG. 217.
58.
ABODE
is
a regular pentagon;
BD
CE
cuts
at
P;
prove
+ -~)
inches
BP=BA.
59.
The hypotenuse
long,
and one
of a right-angled triangle
of the other sides
is
x2 -
(
\
is
x*
(
v
#27
inches.
X2/
Find
the third side.

60.
The
BC
side
point
of the parallelogram
K; prove
AABK = quad.
ABCD
is
produced to any
ACKD.
XVI
61.
ABCD
is
a parallelogram of area 24
intersect
at
from CD.
62. In
ABC,
Z.
O; AB = 4*5
cms.;
BAG = 90; BDEC
is
are altitudes of
BE,
64.
AD is an altitude of
BD = #, DC = y, prove
A ABC.
its diagonals
;
the distance of O
prove
A ABC;
DX = AB 4- AC.
A ABC; prove AC = CF
A ABC; AB = 7, AC = 5,
63.
the area of
cms.
a square outside
DX is the perpendicular from D to AC

CF
sq.
find
a;
y =24, and
find
BC = 8;
y
if
find also
CONCISE GEOMETRY
188
XVII
ABCD is a quadrilateral inscribed in a

ABCD in terms of p, q, r, s x, y.
65. In Fig. 218,

find the area of
rectangle;
A ABC, BAG =90; P, Q are points on BC

CA = CP and BA = BQ prove L PAQ = 45.
ABCD is a quadrilateral; /. ABC = L ADC = 90
are drawn parallel to CD, CB, cutting CB, CD
prove QA AB = PA AD.
[Use area formulae.]
66. In
such that
67.
68.
What
,
is
AP,
at P,
AQ
Q
the length of the diagonal of a box whose sides are
4", 12"
XVIII
69.
AD, BE,
CF
BC = BOJ
are
the
altitudes of
A ABC;
AD = 7 '5
CA = 3x
cms.,
cms.,
base BC of the triangle ABC
cms.
AB = 5#
find
cms.,
BE, CF.
70.
The
71.
ACD meet at P; a line through P

AC at Q, R prove QR= BQ~CR.
ABCD is a rhombus; P, Q are points on BC, CD such that
BP = CQ; AP cuts BQ at O; prove AAOB = quad. OPCQ.
In Fig. 219, AB=2", BC = 4", CD=1"; if PD 2 =2PA 2
bisecting /.s ABD,
parallel to BC cuts AB,
72.
is
produced to
the lines
find
PB.
90
Fio. 219.
REVISION PAPERS
189
XIX
73. Soundings are taken at
feet wide, starting
of 4 feet acio. * a river
inte*-* ri v)s
4 feet from on
depths in feet are obtained in

8*4, 10-2, 10*5, 7*8, 4*5; find
1*
*,nk,
oij*-tf
40
and the following
60, 9'3, 9'9, 8'2,
approximately the area of the
river's cross-section.
A ABC, AB-BC
74.
In the
75.
BAC
ABCD is
Z.
cuts
BC
at
A ABC,
Z.
to
is
= BQ
BAC = 90; P
drawn perpendicular
<
prove
a parallelogram;
produced to Q so that AB
76. In
ABC = 90; the

AB + BD = AC.
and
is
BC;
the mid-point of
;
prove
AD; AB
is
ABCD = 2 APQD.
the mid-point of
prove
bisector of
AC; PN
BN 2 =BA 2 + CN 2
is
XX
77.
AB-4
ABCD
is
a parallelogram;
the distance of A from BC is 6 cms.
cms.,
;
BC = 5aj
cms.;
find the distance of
from AB.
Fig. 220, AB
calculate the area
78. In
= BP = 4", BC=PQ = 3", AC=BQ = 5";

common to AS ABC, BPQ.
AB = AC; P is any point on BC; Q, R are the

mid-points of BP, PC QX, RY are drawn perpendicular to
BC and cut AB, AC at X, Y prove BX = AY.
ABC is an equilateral triangle BC is bisected at D and produced to E so that CE = CD, prove AE 2 =7EC2
79. In
A ABC,
80.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
190
XXI
triangle ABC
81. In Fig. 221, the

find its area and the distance of
is
inscribed in a rectangle:
from the mid-point of BC.
FIQ. 221.
82. A,
is
Y,
83.
are fixed points ; X is a variable point such that /.

the perpendicular bisectors of AX, BX cut AB at
;
AXB
obtuse
ABC
prove that the perimeter of AXYZ is constant.

a line XY parallel to BC cuts AB, AC at X,
a
;
is
and
is
produced
to
so that
XZ=BC;
Y
=
ABXY
prove
AAYZ.
84.
The
sides of a triangle are
obtuse-angled
8 cms., 9 cms., 12 cms.
Is
it
*?
XXII*
85.
ABC
a triangle of area 24 sq. cms.;

is a point on BC such that
cms.;
is
distance of
86.
87.
BA>AC.
ABCD is a
is
cms.,
BD=BC;
AC = 9
find the
from AB.
a point inside
drawn
88.
AB = 8
A ABC
such that
OA = AC,
prove that
quadrilateral; AB is parallel to CD; BP,

parallel to AC, AD to meet at P; prove
CP
are
APDC =
ABD.
The length,
breadth, and height of a
room are each 10
feet;
CAE, DBF are two vertical lines bisecting opposite walls,

CA = x feet,
C, D being on the ceiling and E, F on the floor
DB = 4 feet. Find in terms of x the shortest path from A
;
to
these
along these two walls and the ceiling ; (ii) along

two walls and one other wall. What is the condition
(i)
that route
(ii) is
shorter than route
(i)
REVISION PAPERS
89. In Fig. 222, AB---9",

late
XX III
BC-8 A CD -7";
,
91
if
AP
PD,
calcu-
BP.
oo
P
FIG. 222.
90.
ABC
91.
AP is the perpendicular from A

ABC; PQ is drawn parallel to BC to
=
=
prove AQ QB PQ.
is
to the^bisectcr
of
ABP,
PR
ABQ
is
cut
Q;
AB
QR
parallel to PB.
92. In
ABC, Z.BAC-90
at
are equivalent triangles on opposite sides of

parallel to BQ to meet AB at R ; prove
drawn
prove that
AB
H, K are the mid-points of A B, AC

BH + HK2 + KC 2 = BC 2
;
is
XXIV*
93.
The angles
at the corners of Fig.
223 are
all
right angles.
Construct a line parallel to AB to bisect the given figure.

[The fact in Ex. XXXI, No. 22, may be useful.]
FiO. 223.
94.
In
A ABC, L BAG = 90;
P,
are the centres of
squares which can be described on BC;

distances of P, Q from AB are J(AB+AC).
prove
the two
that the
CONCISE GEOMETRY
192
95.
ABCD
AC,
96.
In
a parallelogram
is
AD
at X, Y,
prove
A ABC, ZACB = 90;

3BD 2
BA
cuts
BC,
a median; prove that
AB 2
line parallel to
any
AAXY = ADYZ.
AD
is
BOOKS
I-III
XXV
97.
The
D
98.
side
ABCD
that
is
the
ABC is produced to
2
2=
AD
13AB
prove
a quadrilateral; if Z.ABC+ L ADC -180, prove
perpendicular bisectors of AC, BD, AB are con-
BC
so that
of
CD = SBC
current.
99.
100.
ABCD
is
circle
AC
diameter; /.BAG = 43; find ZADB.

Two circles ABPQ, ABR intersect at A, B BP is a
to circle ABR; RAQ is a straight line; prove PQ is
;
is
tangent
parallel
to BR.
XXVI
ABC
a
H, K are the mid-points of AB, AC; P, Q are
;
on
such that BP = ^BC = jBQ; prove PH = QK.
BC
points
102. Find the remaining angles in Fig. 224.
101.
is
FIG. 224.
103.
104.
ABCD is a parallelogram the circle through A, B, C cuts

CD at P; prove AP = AD.
APB, AQB are two circles; AP is a tangent to circle AQB;
PBQ is a straight line; prove that AQ is parallel to the
;
tangent at P.
REVISION PAPERS
XXVII
105.
ABCD is a square P is a point on AB such

Q is a point on PC such tbu PQ = ^PC;
;
that
AP = JAB
APQD =
pro e
$ABCD.
106.
107.
AOB is a diameter of a circle perpeii'iii ular to a chord POQ

AO = &, PQ = et; tind AB in terms of a, h.
The side AB of a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD is produced to
Z.DBE-140
E;
Z.AOC=iOO, Z.ACB = 45; find
;
Z.BAC, /iCAD.
/.BAG = 90
A ABC,
108. In
BC
at
the tangent at
the circle on
cuts
AC
at
AB
as diameter cuts
prove
PD = PC.
XXVIII
ABCD, AB = 7", CD -II", Z.BAD= Z.ADC
=
/.BCD
-90,
60; calculate AC.
Two chords AB, DC of a circle, centre O, are produced to
meet at E; Z.CBE-75
Z.CEB = 22, Z.AOD=144;
109. In quadrilateral
110.
prove
111. In Fig.
112.
AOB = L BAC.
225, O is the centre
/.
and
TQ
bisects
Z.OTP; prove
PCA
are three unequal circles; from any point

on the circle PBC, lines DB, DC are drawn and produced
to
meet the
PAB, PBC,
a straight
13
circles
line.
PBA,
PCA
again at X,
prove
XAY
is
CONCISE GEOMETRY
194
XXIX
113. In
AABC, ZACB = 90, AC = 2CB; CD
prove by
wise that
is an altitude;
or othertheorem
the
of
using
Pythagoras'
figure
AD = 4DB.
114. In Fig. 226, O is the centre of the circle; PQ and

equally inclined to TO ; prove Z.QOT= 3 Z. POT.
PT
are
FIG. 226.
115.
AOB
at
is
A;
a chord of a
circle
Z.BOT=115; find
AABC, AB = AC the
at P; prove. BP= PC.
35,
116. In
ABC T is a point on the tangent

TO produced at P; /.ATO =
;
B meets
the tangent at
Z.BPT.
on
AB
circle
as diameter cuts
BC
XXX
117. X, Y,
are
any points on the
sides
BC, CA,
AB
of the
triangle
;
prove that AX + BY + CZ
J(BC -f CA -f AB).
118. A, B, C, D are the first milestones on four straight roads
running from a town X ; A is due north of D and north-
>
ABC
west of B.
is
E. 20
S. of
find the bearing of
from C.
119.
120.
ABCD is a
AC bisects
quadrilateral inscribed in a circle, centre

is perpendicular to
/. BAD, prove that
AB
diameter
TP
is
OC
of a circle
a tangent
APB
is
O;
if
BD.
produced to any point T;
L BTP + 2 L BPT = 90.
prove
XXXI
121.
ABCD
is
a rectangle; P
quad. ABCP
122.
ABCD
is
is
A APD AD
a circle;
=*
if
arc
any point on
CP.
ABC =
arc
ADC,
CD;
find
prove that
/.ADC.
REVISION PAPERS
C are points on a circle, centre O; BO, CO are pro

duced to meet AC, AB at P, Q; prove Z.BPC + /.BQC =
123. A, B,
L BAC.
124. In
227, AB
AH = BK.
is
Fig.
prove
a diameter;
P
Fro. 227.
XXXII
125. In
A ABC,
Z BAC = 90; AD
JL-J-+..L
AD AB AC
2
126.
ABCD
127.
ABC is
is
an altitude; prove that
'
a square inscribed in a circle; P

the minor arc AB ; prove /. APB = 3 /. BPC.
is
is
any point on
a triangle inscribed in a circle ; the bisector of /. BAC

is a point on PA between P and A
meets the circle at P ;
I
such that PI
128.
Two
circles,
tangents at
= PB
prove
L IBA = L IBC.
centres A, B, cut at X,
prove
L AXB
is
XP,
XQ
are the
equal or supplementary to
XXXIII
129.
ABCD is a parallelogram; P is any point on CD PA, PB,

CB, AD cut any line parallel to AB at X, Y, Z, W prove
DCZW=2AAPY.
In Fig. 228, O is the centre, PQ = AO, Z.AOQ = 90; prove
;
130.
arc
BR = 3
arc AP.
J*
Fro. 228.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
196
131.
A rectangular strip
how many
out of
prove
133.
it 1
CD
132. AB,
Two
of cardboard is 7 inches wide, 4 feet long;
circular discs each of radius 2 inches can be cut
are parallel chords of
equals angle between
Z.AOC
AD
XXXIV
AOB, COD cross
metre rules
ABDC,
circle
centre
and BC.
one another at right
angles the zero graduations are at A, C ; a straight edge

XY, half a metre long, moves with one end X on OB and
:
the other end
40 cms., those
on
for
OD
when the readings
are 50,
60 cms.
for
respectively.
are 50,
Find the
readings at O.
134.
Two
PARB, QASB
R and the
circles
B; a line PQRS
S; prove Z.PAQ =
intersect at A,
cuts one at P,
other at Q,
Z.RBS.
A ABC,
135. In
Z.BAC = 90; D is
the mid-point of BC ; a circle

and cuts AC again at E ;
BC at D, passes through A
arc AD = 2 arc DE.
touches
prove
136.
Two
circular
cylinders
of
6" are bound tightly
radii 2",
together with their axes parallel by an elastic band.

its
Find
stretched length.
XXXV
BC is an arc of radius 8"
OB produced; 08 = 9", L AOB = 90;
137. In Fig. 229,
of a circle touching
AO,
OB
and
arc
whose centre
lies
on
calculate the radius
BC.
B
FIG. 229.
138.
is
139.
a parallelogram ; AB, CB are produced to X, Y ; P

PCD - APAB
any point within the angle XBY ; prove
ABCD
is
= AABC.
A A 2 A3
that A! A 8
is
A^
is
a refeuar polygon of 20 sides, prove
perpendicular to
A 3 A 16
'REVISION PAPERS
C are three points on

BC produced at D; prove
BDA are at right angles.
140. A, B,
197
the tangent at A
;
that the bisect
of ^b
a circle
BM3,
XXXVI
ABC -90, ^BAC = I/*, Jie bisector of
AB at P prov AP 2 = 2PB 2
The diameter AB of a circle is induced to any point P; a
line is drawn from P touching Uio circle at Q and cutting
the tangent at A in R; prove Z.BQP J/.ARP.
In AABC, AB = AC and Z. BAG is obtuse a circle is drawn
touching AC at A, passing through B and cutting BC again
at P prove arc AB = 2 arc AP.
The volume of a circular cylinder is V cub. in. and the
HI. In AABC,
L ACB
142.
/.
meets
143.
144.
area of
its
curved surface
is
in.
sq.
find its radius in
terms of V, S.
BOOKS
I-IV
XXXVII
145. In Fig. 230,
triangles
if
ÂDC= Z.BEA-
ABC, XYZ
Z.CFB, prove that the
are equiangular.
DC
FIG. 230.
146.
The tangent
is
at a point
the centre;
is
of a circle meets a chord
the mid-point of
PQ;
prove
PQ
at
T;
/.ROT =
RET.
147.
line
long, is clivided internally and externally

at P,
respectively ; find PQ AB.
AB, 8 cms.
in the ratio 3
CONCISE GEOMETRY
198
148.
ABCD
BD at
EF
a quadrilateral; a line AF parallel to BC meets

F ; a line BE parallel to AD meets AC at E ; prove
is
is parallel
to
CD.
XXXVIII
ABC are produced their own

AB, BC, CA of
=
Z; prove AXYZ 7AABC.
150. ABCD is a quadrilateral ; the circles on AB, BC as diameters
intersect again at P; the circles on AD, DC as diameters
intersect again at Q ; prove BP is parallel to DQ.
151. A town occupies an oval area of length 2400 yards, breadth
149.
The
sides
lengths to X, Y,
a plan is made of it on a rectangular sheet of

What is the best scale to choose?
18"
Jong, 12" wide.
paper
152. ABC is a triangle inscribed in a circle; AD is an altitude;
1000 yards
AP is
AB
a diameter
:
'
prove
AP
AC
and complete the equation
=
AP'
XXXIX
153.
AB
is a diameter of
a circle;
AOC, BOE
are
two chords
2 =
2OC2
such that
;
prove that AC
154. PQ is a chord of a circle T is a point on the tangent at P
such that PT= PQ ; TQ cuts the circle at R ; prove L RPT =
L CAB =
Z. EBA = 22
155. In Fig. 231, AB, CD,

CE - 4" ; find BC. If
156.
AB,
DB
DC
at
at P,
EF are parallel;
EF - 2", AB = 3",
AD=7
find
are parallel sides of the trapezium

the line through
;
parallel to
O
;
prove
PO - OQ.
77
,
DF
CD.
ABCD; AC cuts
AB cuts AD, BC
REVISION PAPERS
XL
157. In
A ABC, AB-AC
bisector of
158.
AOB,
AB
cuts
L BAG =120;
arid
BC
at
X;
prove
the perpendicular
BC = 3BX,
COD are two perj>endicuu< cnorcLo/ a rir le;

AC -f arc BD equals h'tlf the ir ip'itereiice.
prove
that arc
159.
light is placed 4' in front oi a cirtii'ai hoi
of a wall 5'
160.
ABC
is
3" in diameter
the diameter of the illuminated part

behind tho partition pnd parallel to it.
in a partition;
find
a triangle inscribed in a circle;
chord cutting
BC
at
AP AQ
prove
---
AB = AC; AP
AB'2
is
XLI
161. In
AABC, ZBAC=90, Z. ABC- 45; AB is produced to

so that AD DB = AB 2
.
bisector of
CD
bisects
AB.
ia acyclic quadrilateral; AC cuts BD at O; it CD

touches the circle OAD, prove that CB touches the circle
162.
ABCD
163.
ABCDEF
OAB.
is
2:3:7:4:5;
164.
ABCD
is
at E, F,
straight
line;
find the ratios
AD
DF
AB BC CD DE EF =
:
and ~.
AF
a parallelogram; a line through
A cuts
BD, BC,
CD
G; prove *p =
^.
XLII
165.
AB is a diameter of a circle APB; the tangent at A meets

BP at Q prove that the tangent at P bisects AQ.
PAQ, PBQ, PCQ are three equal angles on the same side
of PQ the bisectors of L s PAQ, PBQ meet at H
prove
that CH bisects L PCQ.
;
166.
167.
Two
3 cms.,
triangles are equiangular: the sides of one are
is
other
the
the
of
;
2J feet; find
perimeter
5 cms., 7 cms.
its sides.
168.
Two
OAB, OCD cut a circle at A, B, C, D; H, K are

on OB, OD such lhat OH = OC, OK=*OA; prove
lines
points
that
HK
is
parallel to
BD.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
200
XLiri
169.
170.
is the mid-point of AB
AP 2 -PB 2 =2AB.CP.
any point on
is
circular cylinder of height 6" is cut
4"
CB
prove that
from a sphere of radius
find its greatest volume.
Show
that the triangle whose vertices are (2, 1), (5, 1), (4, 2)
similar to the triangle whose vertices are (1, 1) (7, 1) (5, 3).
172. Two circles intersect at A, B ; the tangents at A meet the
171.
is
circles at C,
BC = BA
BA BD
-
prove
173.
XLIV
ABCD is a quadrilateral; AP is drawn
BD; prove AAPC = quad. ABCD.
174.
circular cone
and angle 240
made from a
is
;
sector of a circle of radius 6"
find its height.
straight rod
AB, 3' 9" long, is fixed under water with

A 2' 6" and B 9" below the surface ; what is the depth of
a point C on the rod where AC = I' 1
176. ABCD is a straight line; O is a point outside it; a line
175.
through B parallel to
OD
cuts
OA,
OC
at P,
if
PB= BQ,
AB _ AD
BC~~CD"
XLV
177. In Fig. 232, OA,
AB
two rods hinged together at A;

AO can turn freely about it ; the
are
the end
end B
constrained to slide in a fixed groove OC.

AB = 4' ; find the greatest length of the groove
can travel over, and calculate the distance of B from
is
OA = 3',
which B
is
fixed,
when AB makes
and
the largest possible angle with
Fir,.
232.
OC.
20 i
REVISION PAPERS
178.
ABC
179.
AOXB, COYD
a triangle inscribed in a circle; P, Q, R are the midthe arcs BC, CA, AB ; prove AP is perpendicular
of
points
is
toQR.
parallel lines
BD
AC, XY,
lines;
are
XB = 3, AC = 2, BD = 4
7,
XY.
find
180.
two straight
=
cutting them j AX
are
any point on the common chord of two circles, centres

B; HPK and XPY are chords of the two circles per=
pendicular to PA, PB respectively; prove HK XY.
is
A,
XLVI
181.
ABC
a triangle inscribed in a
is
external bisectors of
182.
/.
BAG
cut
circle
BC
tangent at A bisects PQ.

circle of radius 4 cms. touches
the internal and
at P,
prove that the
two perpendicular lines;

and the
calculate the radius of the circle touching this circle
two
183.
it
a rectangle; AB = 8", BC=5"; P

whose distances from AD, AB arc 2", I"
is
meet
to
184.
lines.
ABCD
Two
AB
at
CE
CAB, OCD
OA CD AD 2
OB OC BC 2
lines
cuts
AD
at F
meet a
a point inside
is
;
DP
is
produced
calculate EB, AF.
circle at A, B, C,
D; prove
that
XLVil*
185.
ABC
P is any point on BC; AC

=
=
BP
CQ
prove AP PQ.
is
produced to Q so that
186. AB is a diameter of a circle
is
pendiculars from A,
APB; AH, BK
to the tangent at
are the perprove that AH 4-
BK = AB.
187.
AB
chord
tangent;
188. AB,
DC
of a circle
ABT
OA=6", OT = 4",
is
at
DC
at P,
E ; DA,
is
ABCD AC
cuts
EF
AB,
are parallel sides of the trapezium

CB are produced to meet at F
BD
O; OT
produced to
find BT.
AT- 3",
prove SL. == SL.
cuts
202
CONCISE GEOMETRY
XLVIII*
189.
A brick
on the ground and an equal brick
rusts
up against
it
The
as in Fig. 233.
bricks are
is
propped
2".
by
Calculate the height of each corner of the second brick above

the ground, if AB = 1 J".
190. Prove that the area of a square inscribed in a given semicircle is | of the area, of the square inscribed in the whole
circle.
191.
The
bisector of
Z.BAC
perpendicular to
192.
chord
DA
BC
at
AC
cuts AB,
AD is parallel
C meets AD
tangent at
cuts
the line through
D;
at Y,
prove
BC of a circle;
BC AE = BD 2
to a diameter
at
prove
BY = BD
CZ DC
the
XLIX*
a fixed point on a given circle ; a variable chord AP is
produced to Q so that PQ is of constant length ; QR is drawn
perpendicular to AQ ; prove that QR touches a fixed circle.
193.
194.
Four equal
is
circular cylinders, diameter 4*, length 5", are
packed in a rectangular box

unoccupied space in the box 1
195.
what
the least amount of
is
A rectangular sheet of paper ABCD is folded so that B falls

on CD and the crease passes through A AB = 10", BC = 6"
;
find the distance of the
new
position of
BC at Q, find CQ.
a parallelogram ; a line through
B from
C.
If the
crease meets
196.
ABCD is
in P, Q,
R; prove
PO = PD 2
-|
*
.
A cuts BD, CD, BC
203
REVISION PAPERS
197. In Fig. 234,

The area of
ABCD is a rectangle BP= 2CQ; AD = 2AB = 6".

APQD is 10 sq. in. find BP.
;
FIG.
198.
ABC
is
'234.
a triangle inscribed in a circle ; the tangents at B,

T ; a line through T parallel to the tangent at
meet at
meets AB,
199.
AC
produced at D,
parallel to BC cuts
HK
between HK and BC is
line
are 9 sq. cms.,
200. In
A ABC,
sponding to
40
is
BC
sq.
5 cms.
cms.
AB,
;
prove Al
the areas of
find
Al x =
distance
AHK and HKCB
HK.
the in-centre and

;
=
prove DT TE.
AC at H, K the
AB
is
.
the ex-centre corre-
AC.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
204
WHEN
learning propositions, do not use the figure printed in the
book, but
It is
draw your own
figure instead.
more trouble but gives
bettor results.
For
this reason,
no attempt has been made to arrange the whole proof of every

theorem on the same page as the corresponding figure.
A freehand
figure is
good enough.
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
BOOK
DEFINITION.
CD
line
is
is
If
is any point on the straight line AB, and if a

so that the angles ACD, BCD are equal, each
drawn
called a right angle.
AC
Fro. 235.
Therefore
ACB
is
if
is
any point on the
THEOREM
(1) If
straight line
AB, the angle
equal to two right angles, or 180.
one straight line stands on another straight line, the

of the two adjacent angles is two right angles.
(2) If at a point in a straight line,
opposite sides of
to
two right
it,
make
angles, these
two other straight
sum
lines,
on
the adjacent angles together equal

straight lines are in the same
two
straight line.
E>
FIG. 1.
205
CONCISE GEOMETRY
206
(1)
To Prove L
AB at C.
ACE + ^ BCE =
ACE+ ^BCE^
Given
CE
meets
80.
L.
ACB
= 180,
since
ACB
is
st. line.
Q.E.D.
Ey
ACB
FIG. 236.
ACE + L BCE = 180.

To Prove ACB is a straight line.
Produce AC to F.
ACE + L FCE - 180, since ACF is
BCE- 180, given.
But ACE 4ACE -h FCE = L. ACE + - BCE.
/.
(2) Given
.'.
L.
L.
st. line.
L.
L.
^FCE=
/.
CB
But
L.
L.
ACF
is
st.
Z.BCE.
falls
line
.*.
along CF.
ACB is a
st. line.
Q.E.D.
THEOREM
If
two straight
lines intersect, the vertically opposite angles
equal.
FIG.
To Prove
2.
that x = y and a = /3.
x 4- a = 1 80
a + y = 1 80
Similarly
adjacent angles.
adjacent angles.
a = j8.
Q.K.D.
For
riders
on Theorems 1-2, see page
2.
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
THEOREM
If
207
triangles have two sides of one equal respectively to two

sides of the other, and if the included angles are equal, then
two
the triangles are congruent.
FIG. 2#.
Given
AB = PQ, AC - PR, BAG = L QPR.

To Prove A ABC = A PQR.
L.
Apply the triangle ABC to the triangle PQR, so that A

on P and the line AB along the line PQ ;
Since AB = PQ, .'. B falls on Q.
Also since
AB
falls
along
PQ and L BAG = L QPR,
.".
falls
AC falls
along PR.
But
AC = PR,
C falls on R.
ABC coincides with
/.
.".
the triangle
/.
AABC-APQR.
the triangle
PQR.
Q.K.D.
For
riders
on Theorems
3, 9, 10,
see page 16.
THEOREM 4
If
one side of a triangle is produced, the exterior angle

than either of the interior opposite angles.
is
greater
CONCISE GEOMETRY
208
BC
is
produced to D.
>
L ABC and L ACD > L BAG.

To Prove L ACD
Lot F be the middle point of AC. Join BF and produce
to G, so that BF= FG.
Join CG.
In the triangles AFB,
it
CFG
AF - FC and BF = FG, constr.

L AFB
u CFG, vert. opp.
=--
.'.
AAFB-ACFG.
/.
.LBAF- Z.GCF.
But L
DCA>
DCA >
its
part
L,
GCF.
L BAI; or L BAC.
if BC is bisected and if AC is produced
Similarly,
can be proved that L BCE > L. ABC,
But L ACD - L BCE, vert. opp.
.'.
/.
ACD>
to E, it
ABC.
Q.E.D.
Straight lines which lie in t/ie same pl<me and

which never meet, however far tlifj are produced either way, are
DEFINITION.
called parallel straight lines.
PLAYF AIR'S AXIOM. Through a given point, one and only one
straight line can be drawn parallel to a given straight line.
THEOREM
If one straight line cuts two other straight lines such that
either (1) the alternate angles are equal,
or
or
(2) the corresponding angles are equal,

(3) the interior angles on the same side of the cutting
line are supplementary,
then the two straight lines are
/A
P
parallel.
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
ABCD
cuts PQ,
RS
209
at B, C.
(1) Given ^PBC= L BCS.

To Prove PQ is parallel to RS.
If PQ, RS are not parallel, they
will
meet when produced,
at H, say.
Since BCH is a triangle,
ext.
which
is
.".
L.
PBC
>
int.
<L
BCH,
contrary to hypothesis.
PQ
cannot meet
RS and
is
.*.
parallel to
it.
Q.B.P.
\?) Given
ABQ =
To Prom PQ
L.
is
BCS.
parallel to RS.
ABQ = L PBC, vert. opp.

But L ABQ =
BCS, given.
-L PBC = L. BCS.
/.
/. by (1), PQ is parallel to RS.
SCB - 180.
Given L. QBC 4To Prove PQ is parallel to RS.
L. QBC+ <- PBC = 180, adj.
angles.
But _ QBC + L. SCB - 180, given.
_ QBC +
PBC = L QBC f L SCB.
L. PBC SCB.
/.
/. by (1), PQ is parallel to RS.
L.
L.
(3)
.'.
L.
L.
Q.E.D.
THEOREM
If
a straight line cuts two parallel straight lines,

Then (1) the alternate angles are equal;
(2) the corresponding angles are equal ;
(3) the interior angles on the same side of the cutting
line are supplementary.
V
P
B
FIG. 239.
14
CONCISE GEOMETRY
210
AB,
CD
are two parallel st. lines ; the

To Prove (1) Z.AQR- ^QRD.
(2)
(3)
(1) If
AQR
to
But
L.
is
PS
line
PQB = QRD.
^.BQR+ ^.QRD-180
L.
cuts
them
at Q, R.
L.
not equal to L
QRD,
let
the angle
XQR
be equal
QRD.
these are alternate angles.

is parallel to RD,
QX
.*.
.'.
(2)
But
two intersecting lines QX, QA are both parallel to RD,

which is impossible by PI ayfair's Axiom.
L.
AQR cannot be unequal to L QRD.
LPQB=- L AQR,
vert. opp.
ÂQR=
alt.
But
.'.
angles.
AQR - 180, adj. angles.

AQR = L QRD, alt. angles.
L
^BQR + QRD = 180.
L.
(3)
1.QRD,
BQR +
L.
Q.E.D.
For
riders
on Theorems
5, 6, see page 6.
THEOREM
'
of a triangle is produced, the exterior angle

(1) If a side
to the sum of the two interior opposite angles.
(2)
The sum
ABC
of the three angles of
any triangle
is
two right
a triangle ; BC is produced to D.
L CAB + L ABC.
To Prove (1) L. ACD
is
(2)
L.
CAB +
L.
ABC 4-
is
ACB = 180.
equal
angles.
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
(1)
Let
CF
be drawn parallel to AB.
adding, L
Add
FCD = L ABC, corresp. angles*

ACF = L CAB, alt. angles,
ACF = L ABC + L CAB.
L
L
L
FCD +
1ACD=
.'.
(2)
to each the angle
.LABC + /.CAB.
ACB.
ACD + ACB - L ABC + _ CAB +

_ ACD + L ACB = 180, adj. angles.
L ABC +
CAB + - ACB - 180.
.*.
But
211
,1
L.
ACB.
21
.'.
Q.K.D.
THEOREM 8
a convex polygon, together with four
are
equal to twice as many right angles as the
right angles,
(1) All the interior angles of
polygon has
sides.
(2) If all the sides of a
sum
convex polygon are produced in order, the
of the exterior angles
is
four right angles.
Let n be the number of sides of the polygon.

(I) To Prove that
the
sum
rt.
the
of
angles of the polygon
+4
rt. L. s
= 2n
LS.
Take any point
inside the polygon
and
join
to each
it
vertex.
The polygon
But the sum
.".
the
sum
is
now
divided into
triangles.
of the angles of each triangle is 2

of the angles of the n triangles is
But these angles make up 'all the angles

together with
all
the angles at O.
of
rt.
2n
s.
rt.
s.
the polygon
212
CONCISE GEOMETRY
Now
.".
sum of all the angles at

the angles of the polygon
the
all
-h
is
rt.
rt. <- s
s.
= 2n
rt.
s.
FIG. 242.
(2)
At each
.".
vertex, the interior
the
sum
_ + the exterior - - 2
of all the interior angles
exterior angles
=-
2n
rt.
-j-
the
rt.
sum
s.
of all the
s.
]}ut the HUIII of all the interior angles -f I rt. L. s

the sum of all the exterior *_ s
4 rt. .L s.
.*.
= 2n
rt.
s.
Q.E.D.
may
The sum of
8(1)
also be vt--lod as follows
the interior angles of any convex polygon of
sides is 2w
-4
right angles.
For riders on Theorems
7, 8,
see page 10.
TJIEOUKM 9
Two
if two
angles and a side of one are
two angles and the corresponding side
triangles are congruent
respectively equal to
of the other.
Given either that
BC^QR.
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
213
= QR.
z_A3C= A. PQR.
or that FiC
To Prove AABC== APQR.

The sum of the three angles
of any triangle is 180.

in each case, the remaining pair of angles is equal.
to the triangle PQR so that B falls
Apply the triangle
.*.
ABC
Q and BC falls along QR.
Since BC = QR, C falls on R. -A
And since BC falls on QR aiul'-L ABC=on
PQR,
.".
BA
falls
L PRQ,
/.
CA
falls
L.
along QP.
And
since
CB
falls
on
RQ
falls
on
P.
and
L.
ACB =
along RP.
/.
.*.
the triangle
.'.
ABC
coincides with the triangle
PQR.
A ABC = A PQR.
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 10
(1) If
two sides of a triangle are equal, then the angles opposite
to
those sides are equal.

(2) If
two angles of a triangle are equal, then the
sides opposite to
those angles are equal.
FIG. 244.
ABC
a triangle
at D.
is
let
the line bisecting the angle
AB - AC.
To Prwe L ACB = L ABC.
(1) Given
As ABD, ACD.
AB AC, given.
AD is common.
In the
BAC
meet
BC
CONCISE GEOMETRY
214
BAD = L CAD, constr.

the AS are congruent.
L ABD - L ACD.
Given L ABC = L ACB.
To Prove AC = AB.
L
.*.
.'.
(2)
AS ABD, ACD.
ABD = L. ACD, given.
L BAD = L CAD, constr.
AD is common,
AS are congruent.
AB = AC.
In the
i.
the
.'.
Q.E.D.
For
riders
on Theorems
3, 9,
10 see page
THEOREM
Two
triangles are congruent
if
15.
11
the
three sides of
one are
re-
spectively equal to the three sides of the other.
FIG. 245(2).
Given that AB = XY, BC = YZ, CA = ZX.

To Prove
ABC s? XYZ.
ABC so 'that B falls

since BC = YZ, C falls on
Place the triangle
YZ;
/.
on
Z.
Y and BC
along
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
Let the point
YZ to X.
Now YF = BA,
But BA^YX,
constr.
.'.
Join XF.
given.
YFX.
sides of the triangle
.YXF = /.YFX.
Z.ZXF- _ ZFX.
.'.
Similarly,
adding in Fig. 245(1) or subtracting in Fig. 245(2)

^_YXZ= <_YFZ.
But L
L.
.'.
.'.
a point F on the opposite side of
YF-YX
But these are
.*.
fall at
215
in the
BAC=
L YFZ,
constr.
BAG - L YXZ.
AS ABC, XYZ
AB = XY, given.
AC = XZ, given.
Z.BAC- ^.YXZ,
A ABC A
proved.
XYZ.
==
/.
J\
Q.B.D.
THEOREM 12
Two
right-angled triangles are congruent if the hypotenuse and

side of one are respectively equal to the hypotenuse and a
side of the other.
Fid. 246.
Given /.ABC
= 90= L. XYZ.
AC = XZ.
AB = XY.
To Proe
AABC== AXYZ.
ABC so
Place the triangle
along XY, and so thai

opposite side of
XY
th^t
to Z.
on X and AB falls
some point F on the
falls
falls at
CONCISE GEOMETRY
216
AB = XY, B falls on Y.
XYF = L ABC = 90 and u XYZ = 90.
Z.XYF + ^ XYZ =180.
ZYF is a straight line.
But XF = AC, and AC is given equal to XZ.
XZF is a triangle, in which XF XZ,
Since
L.
.'.
But L
.'.
/.
XFY-
L ACB,
constr.
XZY - ACB.
in the AS XYZ, ABC.
L XYZ = L ABC, given.
L. XZY =
ACB, proved.
XY - AB, given.
A XYZ = A ABC.
L.
L.
L.
/.
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 13
(1)
(2)
The opposite sides and angles of a parallelogram are

Each diagonal bisects the parallelogram.
equal.
Fm.
Given
ABCD
is
To Prove
as
a parallelogram.
(1)
AB - CD and AD - BC.
DAB = L DCB and L ABC = ADC.
AC and BD each bisect the parallelogram.
L.
(2)
L.
Join BD.
In the AS ADB, CBD

L ADB = L CBD, alt. L
L ABD = L. CDB, alt. _
BD
/.
.'.
is
s.
s.
common.
A ADB s A CBD.
AB = CD, AD = BC, c L DAB == L BCD
and BD bisects the parallelogram.
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
217
by joining AC it may bo proved that L

L ADC, and that AC bisects the parallelogram.
Similarly,
ABC =
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 14
The diagonals
of a parallelogram bisect one another.
D
FIG. 29.
The diagonals AC, BD of the parallelogram

To Prove AC = OC and BO - CD.
In the
intersect at O.
As AOD, COB,
L DAO = L BCO,
L
/.
ABCD
ADO
alt. L s.
L CBO, alt. L s.
BC, opp. sides of
AD =
||gram.
AOD = A COB.
AO = CO and BO = DO.
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 15
The
straight lines
straight lines
and
which join the ends of two equal and parallel

towards the same parts are themselves equal
parallel.
C
FIG. 30.
Given
AB
is
equal and parallel to CD.
To Prove
Join BC.
AC
is

1
CD
CONCISE GEOMETRY
218
In the
As ABC, DOB
ABC =
AB = DC, given.
BC is common.
DCB alt. angles, AB
being
||
to
CD.
AABC-ADCB.
AC-DBand ACB = ^ DBC.
.'.
.-.
<L
J3ut these are alt. angles,
.'.
AC
is
parallel to
DB.
Q.E.D.
This theorem can also be stated as follows
quadrilateral which has one pair of equal
a parallelogram.
Other tests for a parallelogram are
(1) If the diagonals of
and
parallel sides is
a quadrilateral bisect each other,
is
it
is
it
is
it
parallelogram.
the opposite sides of a
(2) If
quadrilateral are equal,
parallelogram.
(3) If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are
equal,
parallelogram.
For
riders
on Theorems
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, see
BOOK
page 23.
II
THEOREM 16
(1) Parallelograms
on
the
same base and between the same
parallels are equal in area.
(2)
The area
of a parallelogram
base and
(1) Given
measured by the product of
its
are two 'parallelograms on the same base

and between the same parallels AB, DP.
ABCD, ABPQ
AB
is
its height.
219
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
To Prove that ABCD, ABPQ are equal in area.
In the As AQD, BPC,
L ADQ = L BCP, corresp. L. s AD, BC being
L AQD= L BPC, corresp. L. s; AQ, BP being
;
AD = BC,
From
||
lines.
||
lines.
opp. sides Hgram.
the figure
ABPD,
subtract in succession each of the
equal triangles BPC, AQD.

the remaining figures ABCD,
.".
ABPQ
are equal in area.
Fia. 32.
(2) If
BH
is the perpendicular from B to

CD, the area of ABCD
measured by AB BH.
Complete the rectangle ABHK.
The Hgram ABCD and the rectangle ABHK are on the same
is
base and between the same parallels and are therefore

equal in area.
But the area of ABHK = AB BH ;
.
.'.
the area of
ABCD = AB BH.
.
Q.B.D.
THEOREM 17
The area of a triangle
and the height.
is
measured by half the product of the base
C
FIG. 247.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
220
Given that
AD
is
triangle
To Prove
to the base
BC
of the
ABC.
that the area of
A ABC = JAD
BC.
Complete the parallelogram ABCK.

Since the diagonal AC bisects the parallelogram
A ABC
=*
i parallelogram
ABCK = AD BC
AABC-IAD.BC.
But parallelogram
/.
ABCK,
ABCK.
.
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 18
(1) Triangles
on the same base and between the same
parallels are
equal in area.
and on the same
(2) Triangles of equal area on the same base

side of it are between the same parallels.
(1) Given
two
triangles
ABC,
ABD
on the same base
between the same parallels AB, CD.

To Prove the triangles ABC, ABD are equal in
Draw CH, DK
But
CH
is
AB, and
perpendicular to
parallel* to
DK,
AB
or
AB
since each
area.
produced.
is
CD is given parallel to HK.

CDKH is parallelogram.
CH = DK? opp. sides.
A CAB equals A DAB in
AB and
perpendicular to
9>
area.
221
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
(2)
Given two triangles ABC, ABD of equal area.

To Prove CD is parallel to AB.
Draw CH, DK perpendicular to AB or AB produced.

Now ACAB = JCH AB and A DAB = JDK AB.
CH AB = DK AB.
CH - DK.
/.
But CH is parallel to DK, for each is perpendicular to AB.
Since CH and DK are equal and parallel, CHKD is
.
.'.
.".
parallelogram.
.*.
CD
is
parallel to
HK
or
AB.
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 19
If
a triangle and a parallelogram are on the same base and between

the same parallels, the area of the triangle is equal to half
that of the parallelogram.
ABC and the parallelogram ABXY on tho same

and between the same parallels AB, CX.
Given the triangle

base
AB
To Prove
AABC = J
||gram
ABXY.
Join BY.
The AS ABC, ABY

same parallels.
.'.
on the same base and between the
AABC = AABY in
Since the diagonal
.'.
are
BY
area.
bisects the ||gram
ABXY,
AABY = \ Hgram ABXY

AABC - 1 Jlgrani ABXY.
The following formula for the area
Q.E.D.
of a triangle is important
If a, 6, c are the lengths of the sides of a
triangle and
s
6
the
of
area
the
+
+
J(a
c),
triangle
if
CONCISE OEOMETBY
222
By
using the results
Area of parallelogram = height x base,

= height x base.
Area of triangle
Proofs similar to the proof of Theorem 18 can be easily obtained
theorems
on
equal bases and between the same
(1) Triangles
for the following
parallels are
equal in area.
(2) Parallelograms
on equal bases and between the same
parallels
are equal in area.
which are on equal bases in the same

and on the same side of it, are between the
(3) Triangles of equal area,
straight line
same
parallels.
which are on equal bases in the

same straight line and on the same side of it, are between
the same parallels.
The area of a trapezium = the product of half the 'sum of the
parallel sides and the distance between them.
(4) Parallelograms of equal area,
(5)
For
riders
on Theorems 16, 17, 18, 19, see page 28.
THEOREM
20.
[PYTHAGORAS' THEOREM.]
In any right-angled triangle, the square on the hypotenuse is equal to

the sum of the squares on the sides containing the right anglp!
P
FIG. 248.
223
EKOOFS OF THEOREMS
Given L
BAG
is
a right angle.
BC = the
To Prove the square on

on AC.
Let
ABHK, ACMN, BCPQ
square on
BA 4- the
square
be the squares on AR, AC, BC.
Through A, draw AXY

BC,
QP at X, Y.
cutting
Since L. BAC and L BAK arc right angles,
Join CH, AQ.
parallel
KA
and
to
BQ
AC
are
same straight line.

= - QBC.
L. HBA - 90
Again
Add to each L. ABC, .'. u HBC= L ABQ.
in the
In the
As HBC, ABQ
HB = AB,
CB = QB,
HBC^ ABQ,
AHBC-AABQ.
_
/.
sides of square.
sides of square.
t-
proved.
Now
Also
A ABQ and rectangle BQYX
HBC and square HA are on the same base

between the same parallels H B, K AC ;
.'.
A HBC=| square
and between the same

.".
AABQ - \
.'.
square
Similarly,
and
HA.
parallels
rect.
HB
are on the same base

BQ, AXY.
BQ
BQYX.
HA -- rect. BQYX.
by joining AP, BM,
it
can be shown that square
M Afreet. CPYX;
.'.
square HA
+ square MA = rect. BQYX + rect. CPYX
= square
BP.
Q.E.D.
THEOREM
21
square on one side of a triangle is equal to the sum of

the squares on the other sides, then the angle contained by
these sides is a right angle.
If the
r.
FIG. 249.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
224
Given
AB 2 + BC 2 -= AC 2
To Prove u ABC = 90.
Construct a triangle XYZ such that XY-AB, YZ-BC,
L. XYZ - 90.
Since L XYZ = 90, XZ 2 = XY a + YZ a
But X Y - AB and YZ - BC.
XZ 2 -AB 2 + BC 2 = AC 2 given.
/.
XZ-AC.
/.
in the A ABC, XYZ
AB = XY, constr.
BC = YZ, constr.
AC = XZ, proved.
.
.'.
AABC-AXYZ.
.'.
L.
.'.
But L
/.
L.
ABC ~L XYZ.
XYZ = 90 constr.
ABC 90.
Q.K.D.
For riders on Theorems 20, 21, see page 38.

DEFINITION.
if
AH, BK
called
If
AB
and
CD
are
any two
are the perpendiculars from A,

of AB on CD.
FIG. 250(1).
Thus, in Fig. 248,
QY is the projection of BA on
XC is the projection of AC on
BX is the projection of QA on
Or, in Fig. 250(2),
AN is the projection of
BN
is
the projection of
QP,
BC,
BC.
AC dh AB,
BC on AB.
vstraight lines,
to
CD, then
and
HK
is
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
225
THEOREM 22
In an obtuse-angled triangle, the square on the side opposite the
sum of the squares on the sides

containing it plus twice the rectangle contained by one
of those sides and the projection on it of the other.
obtuse angle is equal to the
AN
FIG. 250(2).
Given L
BAG
is
CN
obtuse and
is
to
BA
produced.
To Prove
BC 2 = BA 2 + AC 2 + 2BA AN.
.
[Put in a small letter for each length that

and also for the altitude.]
BC = a units, B A = c
CN = h units.
Let
units,
It is required to prove that a?
Since L
BNC = 90,
Since L
ANC = 90,
b*
= (c
units,
AN
units,
= c2 + b2 + 2cx.
a* =
:.
or
AC = b
comes in the answer
BC 2 = BA 2 + AC2 + 2BA AN.

.
Q.E.D.
*
THEOREM 23
In any triangle, the square on -the side opposite an acute angle
is
equal to the
15
sum
of the squares
on the
sides containing
CONCISE GEOMETRY
226
minus twice the rectangle contained by one

sides and the projection on it of the other.
it
of
those
X
PIG.
FIG. 59(2).
5~9(1).
BAC is acute and CN is the perpendicular

AB produced.
To Prove BC2 = BA2 + AC 2 - 2AB AN.
Given L
from
to
AB
or
[Put in a small letter for each length that comes in the answer
and also for the height.]
BC = a units, BA = c
CN==A units.
Let
units,
It is required to prove that
a2 = c2 + 6 2 -
BNc-#;
In Fig. 59(1),
Since L. CNB - 90, a 2 or
/
Since
in each case,
units,
AN = x
units,
2ra.
BN=#-c.
in Fig. 59(2),
2
A2 in Fig. 59(1),
(c
a?) +
2
2
(x c) + A in Fig. 59(2) ;
a2 a 2 c2
ANC = 90, 62 =
or
AC = b
a?
+ A2
BC 2 = BA2 + AC 2 - 2 AB AN.
.
Q.K.D.
THEOREM
In any
24.
sum
[APOLLONIUS* THEOREM.]
of the squares on two aides is

equal
on half the base phw twice the square
on the median which bisects the base.
triangle, the
to twice the square
^ROOFS OF THEOREMS
Given
the mid-point of BC.
is
To Prove
AB 2 + AC 2 = 2AD 2 + 2BD 2
Draw AN
From the
From the
perpendicular to BC.
triangle
triangle
BD = DC,
But
227
.'.
AB 2 - AD 2 + DB
AC 2 = AD 2 + DC 2 - 2DC DM.
BD.DN-DC.DN and BD 2
AB 2 + AC 2 = 2AD 2 + 2DB 2
S
ADB,
ADC,
given;
adding,
.'.
Q.R.D.
For
riders
on Theorems 22, 23, 24, see page 44.
THEOREM 25
(1) If A, B, C,
are four points in order
AC BD - AB CD + AD BC.
Tf a straight line AB is bisected
.
(2)
on a straight
point on AB, then
at O,
and
if
AP 2 + PB 2 = 2AO 2 + 2OP 2
x
is
ss
*
FIG. 251(1).
AB x units, BC = y units, CD ~z
AC = # + y, BD = y + z.
AC.BD = (o?-fy) (y-f z)
(1) Let
units.
Then
.'.
AD = x y -f
AB CD + AD BC = xz + (x + y + z)
Also
/.
-i-
AC BD = AB CD + AD
.
"A
>
FIG. 251(2).
(2)
Let
AO = #
units,
OJP^y
units.
PB = OB - OP rr x - y
andAP = AO-fOP
Also
.*.
line,
then
BC.
B~
any other
CONCISE GEOMETRY
228
= 2AO 2 + 2OP 2
Q.B.D.
For
riders
on Theorem 25, see page 46.
GEOMETRICAL ILLUSTRATIONS OF ALGEBRAIC

IDENTITIES
Fio. 252(1).
PQ of length a + b inches and take a point R on

RQ is of length b inches.
On PQ and RQ describe squares PQXY, RQHK on the
same side of PQ and produce RK, HK to meet XY, PY
Draw
it
a line
such that
at M, L.
Then the area of PQXY is (a 4- b)'2 sq. inches.

The areas of LKMY and RQHK are a2 sq. inches and
sq. inches.
The area of each of the rectangles
II.
(a
+ J)(a-6) = tt 2
R
FIG. 252(2).
PK,
KX
is
ab
sq. inches.
62
229
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
Draw
part
a line
PR
PQ
of length
a inches (a>b) and cut
off
of length b inches.
On PQ and PR describe squares PQXY, PRHK; produce

KH to meet QX at L.
Produce KL, YX to E, F so that LE = XF = 6 inches.
Now LX = QX-QL = QX-RH=a-6 inches.
the rectangle LXFE equals the rectangle HLQR.
the rectangle KYFE equals the sum of the rectangles
KYXL and HLQR equals PQXY - PRHK = a2 -6* sq. in.
But KY = a - b inches, YF = a 4- b inches.
.*.
.".
THEOREM 26
two sides of a triangle are unequal, the greater side has the
(1) If
greater angle opposite to
two angles
(2) If
it.
of a triangle are unequal, the greater angle has
the greater side opposite to
it.
FIG. 253.
(1)
GumAOAB
To Prove L
ABC>
L ACB.
cut off a part AX equal to AB.

AB = AX, L. ABX = L AXB*
But ext. L AXB > int. opp. L. XCB,
L ABX > L XCB.
/.
From AC
Join BX.
Since
But
/.
2L.AfeOz.ABX,
L ABC > L XCB or
L ACB.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
230
(2) Given
ABC >
To Prom
If
AC
L ACB.
AOAB.
not greater than AB,

or less than AB.
is
it
must either be equal
to
AB,
Fia
61.
ABC = L- ACB, which is contrary to hypothesis.

L ACB, which is contrary to hypothesis.
^.ABC<
IfAC<AB,
If
AC
AB, _
AC
.".
must be greater than AB.

Q.E.D.
THEOREM 27
Of
all
straight lines that can be drawn to a given straight line

from an external point, the perpendicular is the shortest.
FIG. 62.
Given a fixed point
ON
is
and a
fixed line
AB.
to
AB, and
OP
is
any other
from O to AB.
To Prove ON<OP.
line
Since the
since
sum
of the angles of a triangle is 2
ÔNP=1
.'.
/.
L
L
L
rt.
NPO +
rt.
angles,
angle.
NOP = 1
rt.
angle.
NPO< 1 rt. angle.

NPO< - ONP.
ON<OP.
Q.B.D
and
231
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
THEOREM 28
Any two
sides of a triangle are together greater than the third
side.
x
*V
'I
*
*''
I
i
A-''
C
B
Fio. 254.
Given the triangle ABC.
To Prom BA + AOBC,
BA to P and cut
Produce
Since
AX = AC,
But
/.
.'.
off
ACX -=
L BCX >
L BCX >
L.
AX
equal to AC.
Join CX.
u AXC.
L ACX.
L.
AXC.
BCX > - BXC.

BX>BC.
BX = BA + AX = BA + AC.
in the triangle
BXC,
.'.
But
/.
BA + AOBC.
Q.E.D.
The following theorem

The shortest and longest
an easy rider on the above

distances from a point to a
is
circle lie
along the diameter through the point.
FIG. 255.
If
AB
is
a diameter, tod If P
PA>PQ>PB.
lies
on
AB
produced,
CONCISE GEOMETRY
232
Join
to the centre O.
PA = PO + OA-PO l-OQ>PQ.
PB + BO=PO<PQ + QO.
For
riders
on Theorems 26, 27, 28 see page 49.
THEOREM 29
The
straight line joining the

triangle
middle points of two sides of a
parallel to the base
is
and equal
to half the base.
C
FIG. 256.
Given H,
are the middle points of AB, AC.

is parallel to BC and
To Prove
HK =
HK
CP
Through C, draw
BA
parallel to
to
BC.
meet
HK
produced
at P.
In the
As AHK, CPK.
/.AHK- -CPK, alt. _ s.
i_HAK^ 1.PCK, alt. L s.
AK = KC, given.
AAHK-ACPK.
.'.
/.
But
.'.
Also
CP
is
CP = AH.
AH = BH,
CP = BH.
drawn
/. the lines
given.
parallel to
BH.
CP, BH are equal and parallel.

BCPH is a parallelogram.
.".
.'.
Also
HK = KP
But
.'.
HK Is
parallel to
from congruent
HP = BC oppf sideft
HK-JBC.
BC.
triangles.
of parallelogram.
Q.E.D.
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
233
THEOREM 30
If there are three or
cepts
more
parallel straight lines,
made by them on any
and
if
straight line cutting
the inter-
them
are
equal, then the intercepts made by them on any other
straight line that cuts
them
are equal.
Given three parallel lines cutting a line
PT
other line
at Q, R,
AE at B, C, D
BC = CD.
S and that
and any
To Prove
QR^RS.
Draw BH, CK parallel to PT to meet
Then BH is parallel to CK.
in the AS BCH, CDK.
L CBH ^ L DCK corresp.
L BCH = L CDK corresp.
OR,
DS
at H, K.
.'.
BC=^CD,
a.
s.
given.
ABCH = ACDK.
.'.
/.
But
BQRH
is
BH-CK,
a ||gram since
.'.
And CRSK
is
/.
BH=QR.
a ||gram since
:.
its
its
CK-RS.
QR = RS.
Q.E.D.
For
riders
on Theorems 29, 30 see page 52.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
234
BOOK
III
THKORKM
(1)
The
straight line
31
which joins the centre of a
middle point of a chord (which
(2)
The
is
circle to the
not a diameter)
is
per-
pendicular to the chord.

line drawn from the centre of a circle perpendicular to a
chord bisects the chord.
FIG. 69.
(1) Given a circle, centre O,

is N.
To Prove u
ONA
Join OA, OB.

In the As ONA,
/.
is
and a chord AB, whose mid-point
a right angle.
ONB,
OA = OB, radii.
AN = BN, given.
ON is common,
ONA = A ONB.
i.ONA= -LONB.
But these are adjacent angles,
/.
.".
each
ON
is the
(2) Given that
perpendicular
circle to a chord AB.
To Prove
that
is
a right angle.
of a
the mid-point of AB.
In the right-angled triangles ONA,
/.
is
from the centre
ONB.
OA = OB, radii.
ON is common.
A ONA = A ONB.
/. AN = NB.
*
Q.E.D.
THEOREMS
PJ800FS OF
235
THKOBEM 32
In equal
same
circles or in the
circle
(1) Equal chords are equidistant from the centres.

(2) Chords which are equidistant from the centres are equal.
FIG. 258(1).
(1)
Given two equal
circles
ABX, CDY,
centres P, Q,
equal chords AB, CD.

To Prove that the perpendiculars PH,
CD
QK
from
P,
and two
to
AB,
are equal.
Join PA, QC.

Since PH, QK are the perpendiculars from the centres to the
chords AB, CD, H and K are the mid- points of AB and CD.
AH = JAB
/.
and
CK = 'CD.
But
AB = CD,
AH = CK.
/.
given.
in the right-angled triangles
.*.
PA = the
hypotenuse QC,
.'.
A
.'.
PAH, QCK,
the hypotenuse
radii of equal circles.
AH = CK, proved.
PAH 53 A QCK.
PH = QK.
Q.E.D.
(2) Given that the perpendiculars
To
PH,
QK from
P,
to the chords
CD
are equal
Prove that AB = CD.
AB,
In the right-angled triangles PAH* QCK, the hypotenuse

PA = the hypotenuse QC, radii of equal circles.
PH =* QK,
.'.
given.
A PAH B A QCK.
/.
AH-CK.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
236
But the perpendiculars PH, QK bisect AB, CD.

AB = 2AH and CD = 2CK.
.'.
AB = CD.
.'.
Q.E.D.
The proof
is
unaltered
if
the chords are in the same
circle.
FIG. 258(2).
For
riders
on Theorems 31, 32, see page 57.
THEOREM 33
The angle which an arc of a circle subtends at the centre is double
that which it subtends at any point on the remaining part
of the circumference.
/N
FIG. 259(2).
FIG. 259(1).
Given
AB
is
an arc of a
circle,
centre
FIG. 259(3).
is
any point on the
remaining part of the circumference.

To Prove L AOB = 2 L APB.
Join PO, and produce it to any point N.
Since
OA = P, L CAP = L OPA.
But
ext.
Z-NOA = int. L CAP 4- int. Z.OPA.
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
Similarly
/.
237
NOB - 2 L OPB.
adding in Fig. 259(1) and subtracting in Fig. 259(2), we

L AOB = 2 L APB.
have
Q.E.D.
Fig. 259(3) shows the case where the angle AOB

the proof for Fig. 259(3)
greater than 180
:
is
reflex, i.e.
is
the same
as for Fig. 259(1).
THEOREM 34
Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
in a semicircle is a right angle.
2)
1)
The angle
B-
'B
FIG. 76(1).
1)
Fio. 76(2).
Given two angles APB, AQB in the same segment of a

To Prove L APB = L AQB.
Let
O be the centre. Join OA, OB.

^ at centre = twice L
Then ^ AOB - 2 L APB.
<_ AOB = 2 L
and
AQB.
_ APB = L AQB.
.'.
circle.
at
Qce.
Q.E.D.
2)
Given
AB
a diameter of a
circle, centre O,
the circumference.
To Prove L APB = 90.
Fm.
77.
and P a point on
CONCISE GEOMETRY
238
L at centre twice L at
L. AOB = 2 L APB.
*=
_
is a straight line
since
AOB
Bat
AOB 180,
=
L
APB 90.
/.
O ce
Q.K.D.
THEOREM 35
(1)
The opposite angles of a
cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.

is produced, the exterior
(2) If a side of a cyclic quadrilateral
angle
(1) Oiven
is
equal to the interior opposite angle.
ABCD
is
To Prove L
Let
ADC = 180.
be the centre of the
Let the arc
and
a cyclic quadrilateral.
ABC +
let
Join OA, OC.
circle.
Q
ADC
subtend angle X at the centre,

the arc ABC subtend angle y at the centre.
L ABC.
L. at centre = twice L at
^
ADC.
y
/. 2 L ABC + 2 L ADC = 360.
L ABC + /L ADC = 180.
.'.
Now
and
=2
FIG. 78.
Q.B.D.
239
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
(2) Given the side
duced to P.
AD
ABCD
of the cyclic quadrilateral
L PDC =* L ABC,
To Prove
Now L ADC 4- L PDC = 180, adj. angles,
and L ADC -f L ABC - 180, opp. L s cyclic quad.
L ADC + L PDC = L. ADC + L ABC.
.'.
L ABC.
L PDC
.'.
==>
For
riders
on Theorems 33, 34, 35
i*
pro-
Q.E.D.
see page 62.
THEOREM 36
two points subtends equal angles at two
other points on the same side of it, then the four points lie
on a circle.
(1) If the line joining
(2) If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary,
then the quadrilateral
is cyclic.
FIG. 261.
(1) Given that

side of
APB =
AQB
where
P,
Q are points on the
same
AB.
To Prove that
A, P, Q,
If possible, let
the circle through A, B, P not pass through

cut AQ or AQ produced at X.
Join BX.
and
let it
lie
on a
circle.
Then L AXB = L. APB, same segment,

and t- AQB = L APB, given.
u AXB = L AQB.
that
is,
the exterior angle of the triangle
interior opposite angle,

/.
BQX
equals the
whicbjs impossible*
the circle through A,-B,
P must
pass through Q,
Q.RD.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
240
(2)
Given that in the quadrilateral ABCD, L ABC + L

To Prove that A, B, C, D lie on a circle.
If possible let the circle
D, and let
it
cut
AD
or
through A, B,
AD
ADC = 180.
not pass through

Join CX.
produced at X.
.D
Flu. 2G2.
Then L ABC + L AXC = 180, opp. L

But L ABC + L ADC - 180, given.
/. L AXC - L ADC.
That
this,
s cyclic
the exterior angle of the triangle
interior opposite angle,
quad.
CXD
equals the
which is impossible,
C must pass through D.
the circle through A, B,
.".
Q.E.D.
For
riders
THEOREM 37
In equal
circles (or in the
same
circle), if
two arcs subtend equal
angles at the centres or at the circumferences, they are equal.
Given two equal

(1) Given that
To Prove
circles,
that
ABP, CDQ,
centres H, K.
AHB = L CKD.
arc AB = arc CD
L
PKOOFS OF THEOREMS
241
Apply the circle AB to the circle CD so that the centre H

falls on the centre K and HA along KG.
Since the circles are equal, A falls on C and the circumferences coincide.
Since -
AHB =
_ CKD,
the arcs AB,

arc
CD
HB
falls
on KD, and B
falls
on D.
coincide,
AB = arc CD.
_ APB = L CQD.
(2) Given that
To Prove that arc AB = arc CD.
Now L. AHB ^= 2 L. APB, - at centre = twice - at Oce.
L CKD = 2 L CQD.
L APB = L. CQD, given.
and
But
*.
AHB =
arc
L.
CKD.
AB = arc CD.
Q.E.I).
THEOREM 38
In equal circles (or in the same circle), if two arcs are equal, they
subtend equal angles at the centres and at the circumferences.
Given two equal

arcs
ABP, CDQ,
centres H, K,
and two equal
AHB = L CKD.
(2) z.APB-iCQD.
Apply the circle AB to the circle CD so that the centre H falls
on the centre K and HA along K9
Since the circles are equal, A falls on C and the circumTo Prove
(1)
circles
AB, CD.
(1)
L.
ferences coincide.
AB = arc CD, /. B falls' on D

AHB coincides with" L CKD.
AHB
CKD.
But
arc
/.
_
-
.'.
16
L.
and
HB
on KD.
Q.E.D.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
242
(2)
=<_ CKD.
AHB = L CKD, just
L APB =
CQD.
But
L.
proved.
L.
.'.
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 30
In equal
(1)
same circle
two chords are equal, the arcs which they cut
circles or in the
if
off
are equal
(2)
if
two arcs are equal, the chords of those arcs are equal.
Given two equal

Given chord
(1)
To Prove
circles
ABP, CDQ,
centres H, K.
AB = chord CD.
arc AB = arc CD.
Join HA, HB, KC, KD.

In the As HAB, KCD,
HA ~ KC, radii of equal circles.

HB = KD, radii of equal circles.
AB = CD, given.
*
.".
.'.
AHAB-AKCD.
/.
^.AHB= Z-CKD.
the arcs AB,

the centres.
.*.
CD
arc
of equal circles subtend equal angles at
AB = arc CD.
Q.E.D.
(2)
AB = arc CD.
To Prove chord AB =fchordr CD.
Given arc
Since AB,
CD
are equal arcs of equal circles,
= LCKD.
PKOOFS OF THEOREMS
/. in
the
AS
243
HAB, KCD,
H A = KC,
HB = KD, radii of equal

z.AHB= Z.CKD, proved.
circles.
AB-CD.
Q.E.D.
For
riders
on Theorems 37, 38, 39 see page 72.
THE TANGENT TO A CIRCLE
FIG. 265.
AB of a circle.
A and moves along
positions Q Q 2 Q 8
Let P be any point on an arc

Suppose a point Q starts at
towards P, taking successive
the lines
PQ V PQ 2 PQ 3
lf
the arc
AP
and draw
Also suppose a point R starts at B and moves along the arc BP

towards P, taking successive positions R 1? R 2 R 3
and draw
,
the lines
PR 1}
PRg,
All lines in the
PR 8
PQ system cut off arcsalong PA, the lengths of

which decrease without limit as Q tends to P.
All lines in the PR system cut off gjrcs along PB, the lengths of
which decrease without limit as R tends to P.
Produce AP, BP to X, Y.
All lines drawn from P in the angle
APY
or
BPX belong either
CONCISE GEOMETRY
244
to the
PQ
PR
system or to the
system, except
t/ie
single line
which
cuts off an arc of zero length.

This line is called the tawjent at P.
The tangent at P is therefore the lino CPD, which is the intermediate position between lines of the PQ system and lines of the
PR
system, arid cuts off an arc of zero length at P.
THEOREM 40
The tangent
to a circle is at right angles to the radius through the
point of contact.
FIG. 267(1).
Given
FIG. 267(2).
P is any point on a circle,

To Prove the tangent at P
Through
circle
centre O.
perpendicular to OP.
draw any line XPQY, cutting the
Join OP, OQ.
is
P, see Pig. 267(1),
again at Q.
t
.'.
.*.
,\
OP OQ,
radii,
L OPQf= L OQP.
their supplements are
equal,
<_
OPX
L OQY.
245
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
Now
the tangent at P is the limiting position of the line

XPQY, when the arc PQ is decreased without limit, so
Q coincides with P, see Fig. 267(2).

in Fig. 267(2), z_OPX
2LOPY.
But these are adjacent angles, .*. each is a right angle.
/. in Fig. 267(2), L.
90, where PX is the tangent at P.
that
.'.
OPX
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 41
from the point of contact,
drawn, the angles which the chord makes with
If a straight line touches a circle and,
a chord
is
the tangent are equal to the angles in the alternate segments

of the circle.
"V
Y/
FIG. 268(2).
Fui. 268(1).
Given
YPX
is a tangent at P to the
chord through P.
To Prove L APX = L PKA and
circle
PLAK, and PA
L APY
In Fig. 268(1), draw through P any line

circle again at Q.
Join QA.
Then
L AQX = L PKA
ext.
is
L PLA.
YPQX cutting
of cyclic quad.
= int. opp.
any
the
/.
Now the tangent at P is the limiting position of the line

YPQX when the arc PQ is decreased without limit, so
that Q coincides with P, see Fig. 268(2).
But the limiting position of /. AQX is /. APX.
.". when YPQX becomes the
tangent at P,
Similarly
it
may
be} proved that Z.
APY= L PLA.
Q.E.D.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
246
The converse
For
of this theorem
is
frequently of use in rider- work.
riders
THEOKEM 42
If
two tangents are drawn to a circle from an external point

(1) The tangents are equal.
(2)
(3)
The tangents subtend equal angles at the centre.

The line joining the centre to the external point
bisects
the angle between the tangents.
FIG. 86.
Given TP, TQ are the tangents from

To Prove (I) TP-TQ.
to a circle, centre O.
(2)
(3)
Since TP, TQ are tangents at P, Q, the angles

are right angles.
.".
in the right-angled triangles
OP = OQ, radii.
OT is the common
TOP,
TPO,
TQO
TOQ
hypotenuse.
and ZTOP=ZTOQ,
and Z.OTP = ZOTQ.
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 43
t
If
two
touch one another* the line joining their centres

(produced if necessary) passes through the point of contact.
circles
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
Given two
circles, centres
To Prove
AB
247
A, B, touching each other at P.
(produced
if
necessary) passes through P.
Fio. 87(2).
Since the circles touch each other at P, they have a
XPY
common
at P.
tangent
Since XP touches each circle at P, the angles
XA, XPB
are
right angles.
.".
A and B
to
each
on the
lie
line
through P perpendicular
PX.
.".
A, B,
lie
on a straight
line.
Q.E.D.
Note.
If
two circles touch each other externally
the distance
(Fig. 87(1)),
between their centres equals the sum of
the radii.
If
For
two circles touch each other internally (Fig. 87(2)),

the distance between their centres equals the difference
of the radii.
riders
on Theorems
42, 43, see page 77.
THEOREM 44
In a right-angled triangle, the line joining the mid-point of the
hypotenuse to the opposite vertex is equal to half the
hypotenuse.
Given
ABC
is
triangle, right-angled at A,
point of BC.
and
is
the mid-
CONCISE GEOMETRY
248
To Prow AD
Draw a circle through
Since
/.
A, B, C.
is a diameter.
BAG = 90, BC
FIG. 269.
But D
is
the mid-point of BC,
.".
is
the centre of the
circle.
.'.
DA = DB = DC,
DA-JBC.
radii.
Q.E.T).
DEFINITION.
If
a point moves in such a
way
given geometrical condition, the path traced oat
that
it
obeys a
by the point
is
called the locus of the point.
THEOREM 45
The
which is equidistant from two given points,

the perpendicular bisector of the straight line joining the
locus of a point,
is
given points.
A
,
B and any
PA = PB.
Given two fixed points A,
moves so that
To Prove that P
Bisect
AB
at N.
lies
FIG. 105.
position of a point
P which
on the 'perpendicular bisector of AB.
Join PN.
249
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
In the
AS ANP, BNP,
AN = BN, constr.
AP = BP, given.
PN is common.
AANPsABNP.
.'.
L ANP =
.'.
But these are adjacent
PN
.*.
lies
is
angles,
Z.
BNP.
.*.
each
perpendicular to
AB
is
and
a right angle.
bisects
it.
on the perpendicular bisector of AB.

Q.E.D.
THEOREM 46
The locus of a point which
is
equidistant from two given interwhich bisect the
secting straight lines is the pair of lines
angles between the given lines.
Fin. 106.
COD
and any position of a point P

which moves so that the perpendiculars PH, PK from P to
Given two fixed lines
AOB,
COD
To Prove P
AOB,
are equal.
lies
on one of the two
BOC, BOD.
Suppose P is situated
in the angle
lines bisecting the angles
BOD.
In the right-angled triangles PHO, PKO,
PH = PK,
PO
is
the
given.
common
hypotenuse.
/.
A PHO s A PKO.
/.
L POH = L ROK.
on the line bisecting the angle BOD.

In the same way if P is situated in either of the angles
BOC, COA, AOD, it Jj#s on the bisectors of these angles.
.".
For
lies
riders
QBD
'
'
'
CONCISE GEOMETRY
250
THEOREM 47
The perpendicular
concurrent
bisectors of the three sides of a triangle are
(i.e.
meet
in a point).
Given that the perpendicular bisectors OY,
OZ
of
AC,
AB
meet
at O.
To Prove the perpendicular
BC at X, join OX
the As OZA, OZB,
Bisect
In
BZ
bisector of
also join
BC
passes through O.
OA, OB, OC.
ZA, given.
OZ is common.
/. BZO = /. AZO, given rt.
/.
A OZA -A OZB.
OA-OB.
Similarly from the AH OYA, OYC, it can
OA = OC,
OB - OC.
In the As OXB, OXC,
OB = OC, proved.
XB = XC, constr.
</ s.
.'.
be proved that
.'.
OX
is
common.
/.
AOXB AOXC.
/.
L OXB -/. OXC.
==

.*.
For
riders
OX
is
angles,
.".
each
is
rt.
the perpendicular bisector of BC.
Q.E.D.
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
251
THEOREM 48
The
internal
the
of
bisectors
three
angles
of
a triangle are
concurrent.
PC
FIG. 109.
Given that the internal bisectors
meet at I.
To Prove that
Join A.
In the
Draw
As
IB,
1C of the angles ABC,
bisects the angle
IP,
ACB
BAC.
IQ, IR perpendicular to BC, CA, AB.
IBP, IBR,
ZJBP=
ZIPB=
IB
/.
is
Z.IBR, given.
Z.IRB, constr.
Z.s.
= IR.
AS ICP, ICQ
IP = IQ,
IQ = IR.
IP
Similarly from the
.'.
rt.
common.
it
may be
proved that
In the right-angled triangles IAQ, IAR,

IQ =
IA
.'.
is
IR, proved.
the
common
hypotenuse.
ZJAQ=Z.IAR.
IA bisects the angle
BAC.
Q.E.D.
For
riders
on Theorem 48, see page M)0.
THEOREM 49
The
three altitudes of a triangle (i.e. the lines drawn from the

vertices perpendicular to the opposite sides) are concurrent.
CONCISE OEOMETBY
252
Given AD, BE, OF are the altitudes|of the triangle ABC.

To Prove AD, BE, CF are concurrent.
Through A,
B,
draw
lines
parallel to
BC, CA,
AB
to
form the triangle PQR.
P
FIG. 270.
AR and AC is to BR,
BCAR is a parallelogram.
BCÂR.
/.
= AQ,
Similarly, since BCQA is a parallelogram, BC
AR = AQ.
Since AD is perpendicular to BC, and since QR, BC
Since
BC
is
||
to
||
.'.
are
parallel,
AD is perpendicular to QR.
AD is the perpendicular bisector of QR.
AR = AQ,
and
BE
CF are the perpendicular bisectors
Similarly,
.'.
But
.*.
PR, PQ.
But the perpendicular
PQR
of
bisectors of the sides of the triangle
are concurrent
.*.
AD, BE,
CF
are concurrent.
Q.E.D.
For riders on Theorem 49, see page 101.
THEOREM 50
(1)
The three medians
of a triangle (i.e. the lines joining each

vertex to the middle point of the opposite side) are concurrent.
253
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
(2)
(1)
The point at which the medians intersect is

way up each median (measured towards the
Given the medians BE,
CF
of
the triangle
one-third of the
vertex).
ABC,
intersect
at G.
To Prove that AG, when produced, bisects BC.

Join AG and produce it to H, so that AG - GH.
Let AH cut BC at D ; join HB, HC.
Since AF = FB and AG = GH,
FG is parallel to BH.
Since AE = EC and AG = GH,
EG is parallel to CH.
Since FGC and EGB are parallel to BH and CH,
.*.
BGCH is a parallelogram ;
the diagonals BC, GH bisect each other ;
/.
BD-DC.
Q.E.D.
(2)
For the same reason,
GD = DH.
But AG*=GH.
C.
/.
or
AG-2GD.
AD-3GD.
GD
For riders on Theorem 50* see page 103.
254
CONCISE GEOMETRY
BOOK
IV
THEOREM 51
If
two
triangles have equal heights, the ratio of their areas
is
equal to the ratio of their bases.
Y
FIG. 113.
XYZ
Given two triangles ABC,
having equal heights AP, XQ.
A ABC = BC
The area
of a triangle
.'.
and
"
But
AP = XQ,
height x base.
AABC=JAP.BC.
AXYZ-=JXQ.YZ,
AABC = |AP.BC
A"XYZ""|XQ7YZ'
given,
"
.
AABC = BC
A XYZ Yr
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 52
(1) If a straight line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle, it
divides the other sides (produced if necessary) proportionally.
(2) If a straight line divides two sides of a triangle proportionally,
it is
parallel to the third side.
H
FIG. 114(2).
FIG. 114(3).
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
BC
(1) Given a line parallel to

at H, K.
ni
Prove
To
cuts
AC
AB,
255
(produced
if
necessary)
AH = AK
----HB KC
Join BK, CH.
The
to
KHA, KHB have a common
triangles
to
HKA,
triangles
HKC
have a
common
AC.
AHKA ~= AK
A H KC
A KHB, AKHC are
base
HK
Given a line
KG*
equal in area, being on the same
and between the same
parallels
HK, BC.
AH_AK
"
(2)'
V
altitude from
AKHB~HB'
But
AKHAÂH
"
The
altitude from
AB.
HB'KC'
HK cuttingb
AB,
AC
at H,
such that
To Prove HK is parallel to BC.

The triangles KHA, KHB have a common
to AB.
to
triangles
HKA,
altitude from
from
AKHAÂH
AKHB HB'
The
AH = AK
HB KC
HKC
have a
common
altitude
AC.
AHKAÂK
AHKC~~KC'
AH- = AK
given.
HB KG' b
u
J3ut
AKHA _ AHKA
But these triangles are on the same base

*
same side of it.
.*.
HK
is
parallel to
HK
and on the
BC.
Q.B.D.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
256
COROLLARY
a line
If
1.
HK
cuts
AB,
AHAK
AC
at H,
so that
Now
HB
A1
A1S
AB
AH == KC AK
X
HB AC iTc
AH_AK
AB~AC*
COROLLARY
If
2.
a lino
AH = AK
Then
AB AC
COROLLARY
and
If a line
3.
A -K
AB
For
riders
HK
,
rn,
AC
BC cuts AB, AC at H,
HB = KC
AB AC
parallel to
HK
then
K,
cuts AB,
HK
is
AC
at H,
parallel to
so that
BC.
THEOREM 53
If
two
triangles are
equiangular, their
corresponding sides are
proportional.
A
X
C
FIG. 272.
.PROOFS OF THEOREMS
Given the triangles ABC,
XYZ
XY XZ
YZ
are equiangular, having
From AB, AC cut off AH, AK

In the As AHK, XYZ,
AH = XY,
AK - XZ,
equal to XY, XZ.
But /.XYZ =
,/
Z.A
Join HK.
constr.
constr.
ZHAK- Z.YXZ,
AAHK-AXYZ.
/.
257
ABC,
given.
given.
Z.AHK=Z.ABC.
.'.
But these are corresponding
angles,
HK
.".
is
parallel to
BC.
" AB_AC
.
But
AH - XY
and
.
Similarly
DEFINITION.
it
AH~AK*
AK = XZ.
A]3 ~
= AC
XY XZ'
can be proved that
If
AC = BC
-
two polygons are equiangular, and
if
their
corresponding sides are proportional, they are said to be similar.

Theorem 53 proves that equiangular triangles are necessarily
similar.
THEOREM 54
one triangle are proportional to the three sides
of the other, then the triangles are equiangular.
If the three sides of
Y,
c
Fio. 273.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
258
Given the
AS ABC, XYZ
are such that

/v T
ô Prove Z.A= Z.X,
ZB=
Z.Y,
- --- = ~y'
i
Z.C =
z.
2./V
Z.Z.
YZ opposite to X, draw YP and ZP so that

/.ZYP- Z ABC and Z.YZP= ZACB.
Since the AS ABC, PYZ are equiangular, by construction,
On
the side of
AB_BC
YP~YZ'
AB _ AB
VD
Tr
AT.
ZP = XZ.
Similarly
/. in the
AS XYZ, PYZ.
XY-PY, proved.
XZ = PZ, proved.
YZ is common.
AXYZÂPYZ.
But
ZLXYZ- ZPYZ and Z.XZY=ZPZY.

Z.PYZ- Z.ABC and /.PZY= Z.ACB,
L XYZ = z. ABC and L XZY = L ACB.
/. also Z.
YXZ = Z BAG.
constr.
Q.E D.
THEOREM 55
If
two triangles have an angle of one equal to an angle of the

other, and the sides about these equal angles proportional,
the triangles are equiangular.
HA.
XK
259
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
Given in the triangles ABC, XYZ,
Z.BAC- Z.YXZ
and
AC
.
j\ i
XZ'
To Prove /.ABC = Z.XYZ and Z.ACB = Z.XZY.
From AB, AC, cut off AH, AK equal to XY, X7. Join HK.
In the As AHK, XYZ,
AH = XY, constr.
AK = XZ, constr.
Z.HAK- ZYXZ,
given.
AAHK-AXYZ.
/.AHK- Z. XYZ and /AKHr-^XZY.
A B AC
^
d XY ^ AH, XZ - AK.
XY XZ
Now
AB_AC
~
AH
.".
HK
is
AK'
BC.
and
- Z.XYZ and
parallel to
L AHK =
ZAHK
Miit
/.
ABC
L ABC - L XYZ
For
riders
and
Z AKH = /_ ACB, corrosp.

_ AKH - Z.XZY, proved.
L ACB = L XZY.
on Theorems 53, 54, 55 see page 1J2.
/. s.
Q- K - !)
THEOREM 56
two chords of a circle (produced if necessary) cut one another,
the rectangle contained by the segments of the one is equal to
the rectangle contained by the segments of the other.
If
from any point outside a circle, a secant and a tangent are
(2)
drawn, the rectangle contained by the whole secant and the part
(1) If
of it outside the circle
129(1).
is
equal to the square on the tangent.
Fio. 129(2).
CONCISE GEOMETRY
260
(1)
Given two chords AB, CD intersecting at O.

To Prove OA OB = OC OD.
.
Join BC, AD.

In the As ADD,
BOG,
Z.OAD= Z.OCB,
same segment,
in the
Fig. 129(1)
and Fig 129(2).
ZAOD=
,/
vert. opp. in Fig. 129(1),
COB,
same
L ODA = the
L in Fig.
L OBC.
129(2).
third
.'.
the third
.".
OA_OD
/.
6C~OB*
OA.OB = OC.OD.
(2) Given a chord
AB
Q.E.D.
meeting the tangent at
in O.
Join AT, BT.
FIG. 180.
In the
As AOT, JOB,
^TAO=
.'.
/.
Z.BTO,
alt.
segment.
Z.AOT= Z.TOB, same angle.

the third ,/ ATO = the third Z.TBO.
OAÔT,
~
OT OB'
/.
OA.OB = OT2
Note.
This
may
limiting case
Q.E.D.
also be
when D
deduced from (1) by taking
coincides with
in Fig. 129(2).
tlje
PKOOFS OF THEOREMS
The converse properties are as follows
If two lines AOB, COD are such that
(i)
261
then A, B, C,
(ii)
If
two
lines
OBA,
then A, B, C,
(iii)
If
two
lines
lie
lie
OT
on a
OD,
OD,
circle.
ODC are such that OA OS = OC
OBA,
on a
AO OB -= CO
circle.
OA OB = OT2
T touches OT at T.
are such that
the circle through A, B,

These are proved easily by a reductio
then
ad absurdum method.
THEOREM 57
If
AD
is
an altitude of the triangle ABC, which

(i)
AD 2 =BD
(ii)
BA 2 =BD
A, then
is
right-angled at
DC.
BC.
C-
(1) Since /.
BDA = 90,
add up
to
/.
But
/.
.'.
/.
.'.
in the
the
the remaining angles of the triangle
ABD
90.
L DAB 4- Z DBA = 90.

L DAB + L DAC = 90, given.
L DAB + L DBA = L DAB + L DAC.
Z.DBA=/.DAC.
AS ADB, CDA,
Z.ADB= /.CDA, right angles.

L DBA = Z. DAC, proved.
third L BAD = the third /. ACD.
.".
AD_BD
*
DC"" DA'
BD'.DC.
Q.E.D.
262
(2)
CONCISE GEOMETRY
In the
ADB, CAB,
L ADB=
Z.CAB,
right angles.
Z.ABD= Z.CBA, same angle.

the third /. DAB - the third L ACB.
.'.
AB_BD
BC~AB
AB 2 =BD BC.
.'.
An
Note.
Also
For
AD
is
BA
is
riders
Q.E.D.
method
alternative
of proof
is
given on page 121.
mean proportional between BD and DC.

the mean proportional between BD and BC.
called the
THEOREM 58
The
ratio of the areas of
ratio of the squares
two similar
triangles
on corresponding
is
equal to the
sides.
FIG. 133.
Given the triangles ABC,
A XYZ
Draw
In the
XYZ
YZ 2
the altitudes AH,
XK.
As AHB, XKY,
Z.ABH=ZXYK,
ZAHB=
.'.
are similar.
Z.XKY,
given.
rt.
Z.s constr.
L BAH - the third L YXK.

As ArtB, XKY are similar.
the third
/.
the
"
AH_AB
XK~KY
But
AB = BC
*
,
since
AS ABC, XYZ
are similar.
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
"
.
But
AH_BC
XK~YZ"
AABC-ÂH BC and AXYZ-^XK

.
'
A ABC ~ AH
'
AXYZ XK
AH
But
BC
YZ'
YZ.
BC
AABC_BC 2
Q.E.D.
two polygons are similar, it can be proved that they can be

up into the same number of similar triangles.
Hence it follows that the ratio of the areas of two similar
is equal to the ratio of the squares on corresponding
If
divided
polygons
sides.
THEOREM 59
If three straight lines are proportionals, the ratio of the area of
any polygon described on the first to the area of a similar
polygon described on the second

first line
is
equal to the ratio of the
to the third line.
FIG. 134.
Given three
lines
figures
_
m Prove
To
AB, CD, EF such that
ABP, CDQ.
figure
figure
ABP
~~ = AB
==
CDQ EF
Since the figures are similar,

figure
figure
ABP ÂB8
2
CDQ ""CD
'
and two
similar
CONCISE GEOMETRY
264
CD 2 = AB
But
AB 2 *_
EF, given.
AB 2
AB
CD ~AB7EF~EF'
2
ABP_ AB
figure CDQ~EF'
figure
Q.E.D.
For
riders
on Theorems 58, 59 see page
1127.
THEOREM 60
(1) If the vertical angle of a triangle
externally by a straight
produced,
it
line
is
bisected internally or
which cuts the base, or the base
divides the base internally or externally in the
ratio of the other sides of the triangle.

If
a straight line through the vertex of a triangle divides the
(2)
base internally or externally in the ratio of the other sides,

it bisects the vertical angle internally or externally.
D
FIG. 275(1).
FIG. 275(2).
(1) Given the line
AD
bisecting the angle
BAC,
Fig. 275(1), externally in Fig. 275(2),
internally in
BC or BC
meets
produced at D.
BD
BA
c
draw
CP parallel to DA to meet AB or AB
C
Through
BA is produced to E in Fig. 275(2).
duced at P.
In Fig. 275(1). ZBAD= ZAPC, corresp. /.s.
Z.DAC= L AGP, alt. /.s.
But
BAD = /_ DAC, given.
Z.APC-Z.ACP.
In Fig. 275(2). Z.EAD = Z.APC, corresp. Z.s.
?>
To Prove
^~
Z.DAC*= Z.ACP,
alt.
L*.
pro-
265
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
Z. EAD = Z DAC,
Z.APC-ZACP.
in each case, AP = AC.
But CP is parallel to DA.
BA ""_ BD
AP DC'
But
given.
Q.B.D.
AD
2)' Given that
To Prove
Through
duced
XT
Now
T>
that
BC
or
BC
produced so that
L
BD
DC
AD bisects Z. BAC internally or externally.

CP parallel to DA to meet AB or AB pro-
draw
n
parallels.
L
i.
But
.*.
BA = -BD
AP DC
BA = BD
BA ~~ BA
AP AC*
AP = AC.
/.
Z.APC-ZACP.
'
In Fig. 275(1) Z.APC-- Z.BAD, corresp.
Z_s.
APC = Z. ACP,
Z BAD - Z DAC.
275(2) Z. APC = ZEAD,
Z.s.
But
BA
AC
at P.
by
J
cuts
Z.
proved.
.'.
In Fig.
corresp.
ZACP=
1
Z.DAC, alt. Z..

Z. APC - Z ACP, proved.
But
.'.
/.
Z.
EAD = /_ DAC.
AD bisects Z.BAC
AD bisects Z.BAC
in Fig. 275(1),
in Fig. 275(2),
internally,
and
externally
Q.E.D.
For
riders
on Theorem 60 see page 152.
CONSTRUCTIONS FOR BOOK

CONSTRUCTION
From a given
point in a given straight line, draw a straight line

with
the given line an angle equal to a given angle.
making
FIG. 276.
on a given line AB and an angle XYZ.

To Construct a line AC such that Z.CAB= Z XYZ.
With centre Y and any radius, draw an arc of a
Given a point
cutting YX, YZ at P, Q.
centre A and the same radius,
EF, cutting AB at E.
With
With
a
centre
circle,
Join
Then
Proof.
In the
radius equal to
EF at F.
arc of a circle
QP, describe an arc of
cutting the arc
AF and
AC
E and
draw an
circle
produce
it
to C.
the required
Join PQ, EF.
is
line.
As PYQ, FAE,
YP = AF, constr.
YQ = AE, constr.
PQ = EF, constr.
</XYZ=/.CAEf.
Q.E.F.
267
CONCISE GEOMETRY
268
CONSTRUCTION 2
Bisect a given angle.
Fi.
Given an angle BAG.
To Construct a
With A
277.
line bisecting the angle.
as centre
and any
radius,
draw an arc
of a circle,
cutting AB, AC at P, Q.
With centres P, Q and with any sufficient radius, the same
draw
for each,
Then AR
Proof.
In the
is
arcs of circles, cutting at R.

the required bisector.
Join AR.
Join PR, QR.
As
APR, AQR,
AP = AQ, radii of the same circle.
PR = QR, radii of equal circles.
AR is common.
,/PAR=/.QAR.
Q.E.F.
CONSTRUCTION 3
Draw
the perpendicular bisector of a given finite straight
FIG. 278.
line.

Given a
finite line
269
AB.
To Construct the line bisecting AB at right angles.

With centres A, B and any sufficient radius, the same
each, draw arcs of circles to cut at P, Q.
Join
PQ
Then
and
cut
let it
AB
at C.
the mid-point of AB, and
is
for
PCQ
AB
bisects
at
right angles.
Proof.
In the
Join PA, PB, QA, QB.
As PAQ, PBQ,
PA = PB,
QA = QB,
PQ
common.
APAQ-APBQ.
.'.
Z.APQ=Z.BPQ.
/.
In the
is
As
APC, BPC,
PA = PB, radii of equal

PC is common.
L APC = Z. BPC, proved.
AAPC = ABPC.
.'.
circles.
AC^CB.
and
ACP=
Z.BCP.
But these are adjacent angles,
/.
.*.
each
is
a right angle.
Q.E.P.
CONSTRUCTION 4
Draw
a straight line at right angles to a given straight line from

a given point in it.
'P
/Q
Fio. 279.
Given a point
on a
line
AB.
from C perpendicular to AB.

To Construct a
With centre C and any* radius, draw an aroof a
line
cutting
AB
at P, Q.
circle
CONCISE GEOMETRY
270
With centres
each, draw
Then
CR
Proof.
In the
P,
and any
sufficient radius, the
arcs of circles to cut at R.
same
for
Join CR.
the required perpendicular.
is
Join PR, QR.
As
RCP, RCQ,
RP = RQ, radii of equal circles.
CP = CQ, radii of the same circle.
CR is common.
.'.
A RCP = A RCQ.
/.
L RCP -Z. RCQ.
angles,
.*.
each
is
a right angle.
Q.K.F.
CONSTRUCTION 5
Draw a
perpendicular to a given straight line of unlimited length
from a given point outside
it.
FIG. 280.
Given a line
AB and
a point
outside
it.
To Construct a line from C perpendicular to AB.

With C as centre and any sufficient radius, draw an
arc of a
cutting AB at P, Q.
as centres and any sufficient radius, the same for
With P,
draw
arcs of circles, cutting at R.
Join CR and let
each,
circle,
it
cut
AB
Then-*X
Proof.
is
at X.
perpendicular
Join CP,
t<?
AB.
CQ, RP, RQ.
CONSTRICTIONS FOK BOOK

In the
As CPR, CQR,
CP = CQ, radii of the same circle.
RP ~ RQ, radii of equal circles.
CR is common.
In the
AS CPX, CQX,
CP = CQ,
CX
is
271
radii.
common.
ZPCX- ^QCX,
ACPX ACQX.
proved.
==
.'.
angles,
each
.".
is
a right angle.
Q.E.P.
CONSTRUCTION 6
'hrough a given
i>oint,
draw a
straight line parallel to a given
straight line.
9
J
Fro. 281.
liven
AB
line
and a point
outside
it.
To Construct a line through

parallel to AB.
With C as centre and any sufficient radius, draw an
a
PQ, cutting AB at P.
as centre and the same radius,
arc of
circle
With P
circle,
cutting
AB
cutting the arc
PQ
at
to CR, draw an arc of a

on the same side of AB as
Join CQ.
C.
Then
CQ
Proof.
In the
is
parallel to
AB.
Join CR, CP, PQ.
As CRP, PQC,
CR = PQ, constr.
RP =* QC radii'of
PC
is
arc of a
at R.
With centre P and radius equal

circle,
draw an
common.
equal
circles.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
272
Z.CPR-Z.PCQ.
.'.
But these are alternate
angles,
.".
CQ
is parallel
to RP.
Q.E.F.
CONSTRUCTION 7
Draw
a triangle having
any two
of
its
sides equal to three given straight lines,
which are together greater than the third
side.
-\(1
id
Bj
FIG. 282.
Given three
lines a, b y
To Construct a
a, by
c.
triangle
whose sides are respectively equal to
c.
Take any line AX, and with A as centre and radius equal to
c, draw an arc of a circle, cutting AX at B.
With A as centre and radius equal to 6, draw an arc of a
circle; and with B as centre and radius equal to a, draw
an arc of a circle, cutting the former arc at C.
Join AC, BC.
Then ABC is the required triangle.
Proof.
By
construction,
AB = c.
Q.E.F.
CONSTRUCTION 8
Draw
a triangle, given two angles and the perimeter.
Y and
a* line HK.
To C&istruct a triangle having two of its angles equal
and Y and its perimeter equal to HK.
Given two angles X,
to
QK
Construct lines PH,
on the same side of
Z.PHK= Z.X and ZQKH= Z.Y.

Construct lines HA, KA intersecting
at
273
HK
A and
such that
bisecting the
PHK, QKH.
angles
Construct through A, linos AB,

cutting HK at B, C.
AC
parallel
to
PH, QK,
ABC is the
L BAH
Proof.
Then
required triangle.
/.
AHP,
Z.BHA= Z.AHP,
since
AB
is
parallel to
PH.
constr.
BH = BA.
may be proved that CK = CA.
AB -f BC + CA = HB + BC + CK - HK.
Also Z.ABC= /.PHK^ Z.X, corresp.
and Z.ACB= Z.QKH - /.Y, corresp.
Similarly
/.
it
.".
ABC
is
/.s.
/.s.
the required triangle.

Q.E.F.
CONSTKUCTION 9
Draw a
triangle given one angle, the side opposite that angle

sum of the other two sides.
the
>
B/*'
.'
P
A^
Fio. 284.
18
and
CONCISE GEOMETRY
274
Given two
lines a,
p and an
To Construct a
Draw
triangle
PQ
a line
circle,
as centre
cutting
bisector of
Then
ABC
Proof.
ABC
such that
PB
it
and radius equal
PB
PB and
BC = a, BA + AC =j
cut off a part PC equal to p.

such that L BPC equals -J L X.
and from
Construct a line
With
angle X.
at
to a,
draw an arc
of a
Construct the perpendicular

meet PC at A. Join AB, BC.
B.
let it
the required triangle

Since A lies on the perpendicular bisector of PB,
is
/.
.'.
Also
and
.".
AP-AB.
ZAPB=Z.ABP.
L BAC - L APB + Z. ABP.
= 2ZAPB.
= Z X since Z APB
AB + AC = AP + AC-PC =
BC = a, by construction.
ABC is the required triangle.
-=
L X.
/>.
Q.K.F.
Note.
Since there are two possible positions of B, namely,

B there are two triangles which satisfy the
B and
given
conditions.
CONSTRUCTION 10
Given the angle BAC, construct points P, Q on AB, AC such that
PQ is of given length and the angle APQ of given size.
H B
P\
Fio. 285.
Given the angle BAC, a link
and an angle X.
To Construct points P, Q*on AB,

I and _ APQ
equals /.X.
AC
such that
PQ
equals

Take any point H on
Z.AHK=
From HK
AB
and construct a
cut off
By
line
HK
such that
^.X.
HF
Through F draw FQ
Through Q draw QP
equal to I.
parallel to AB to cut AC in Q.
parallel to FH to cut AB in P.
Then PQ is the required line.
Proof.
275
construction,
is
a parallelogram,
ZQPA = ^FHA=
and
.*.
PQFH
PQ
is
the required
Z.X,
line.
Q.E.F.
CONSTRUCTION 11
Describe a square on a given straight
line.
**
-t-
A
FIG. 286.
Given a line AB.
To Construct a square on AB.

From A draw a line AC perpendicular
off
AP
to
AB
Through P draw PQ parallel to AB.

Through B draw BQ parallel to AP, cutting
Then ABQP is the required square.
Proof.
from
AC
equal to AB.
By
But
But
construction,
L BAP = 90,
AB = AP,
PQ
at Q.
ABQP is a parallelogram.
ABQP is a rectangle.
ABQP is a square.
/.
.*.
Q.K.F.
cut
II
CONSTRUCTION 12
(1)
Reduce a quadrilateral to a triangle of equal
(*J)
Ueducu any given
rectilineal figure to
area.
a triangle of equal area.
D
JC
)\Given a quadrilateral ABCD.

To Construct a triangle equal in area to
it.
Join BD.
Through C, draw CK parallel to DB to meet AB produced

at K.
Join DK.
Thou ADK is the required triangle.
The triangles BCD, BKD are on the same base BD
Proof.
and between the same parallels BD, KC.
.".
Add
.".
/.
area of
to each
ABCD = area of ABKD.

AABD.
area of quad. ABCD area of

AKD is the required triangle.
FIG. 288.
276
A AKD.
Q.E.F.
FOR BOOK
ABODE.
(2) Given a pentagon
To Construct a
Proceed as in
lateral
triangle equal in area to

(1).
AKDE
Proceed as in
277
IT
it.
This reduces the pentagon to a quadri-
of equal area.
(1).
EK; through D draw DL
Join
parallel
EK to meet AK produced in L.
Then AEL is the required triangle.
to
This process can be repeated any number of times.
C< >NSTIU ICTTON
Bisect a triangle by a line through a given point in one sid<\
A
'
0,
PC
FIG. 289.
Given a point P on the side BC of the triangle ABC.

To Construct a line PQ bisecting the triangle.
Supi>ose P is nearer to
Join
Bisect AB at H.
than B.
PH.
Through C, draw CQ parallel

Join PQ.
Then PQ is the required line.
Join CH.
Proof.
to
PH
to
AH = HB, area of AAHC - area

ABHC = JAABC.
Since HP is parallel to QC.
Area of AHPQ = area of AHPC.
Add to each, ABHP.
area of A BPQ = area of ABHC.
But ABHC = |AABC.
Since
meet
of
AB
at Q.
ABHC.
.'.
.*.
/.
ABPQ=JAABC.
.'.
PQ
bisects
A ABC.
Q.B.F.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
278
If
it
required to draw a line PQ, cutting off from the triangle

ABC a triangle BPQ equal to a given fraction, say |, of the
is
triangle
ABC, take a
and proceed as
in the
point
H on BA
such that
BH = |BA
above Construction.
CONSTRUCTION 14
Divide a given straight line into any given number of equal parts.
c
h''
,KX \
F-
A
A
FIG. 290.
Given a line AB.
To Construct
points dividing
AB
into
any number (say 5)
equal parts.
Through A, draw any line AC.

Along AC, step out with compasses equal lengths, the number
of such lengths being the required number of equal parts
(in this case 5).
Let the equal lengths be AF, FG, GH, HK, KL.

Join LB, and through
meeting
AB
F, G, H,
at P, Q, R, S.
K draw
lines parallel to
BL,
Then AP, PQ, QR, RS, SB
are the required equal parts.

Since the parallel lines FP, GQ, HR, KS, LB cut off
equal intercepts on AC, they cut off equal intercepts on AB.
Proof.
Q.E.F.
CONSTRUCTION 15
Divide a quadrilateral into any number of equal parts by lines
through one vertex.
Given a quadrilateral
ABCD,
To Construct lines through A which divide

number (say 5) equal parts.
Join AC; through D draw DP parallel to
produced at P.
ABCD
AC
to
into
any
meet
BC

Divide
BP
into the required
number
279
II
(in this case 5) of equal
Q H Q 4 Q 4 P.
parts, BQ V QjQ 2 Q 2 Q
?
Through those points which lie on BC produced,
Q 3 Q 4 draw lines Q 3 R 3 Q 4 R 4 parallel to PD
,
in this case
to
meet
CD
R3 R
in
Then
AQ^ AQ 2 AR 3 AR 4
are the required lines.

and the quad.
construction, the
,
Q 2 AQ 3 Q 3 AQ 4 Q 4 AP
AS
But the areas
ABCD
AABP
Proof.
By
are equal in area.
of
BAQ^ QjAQ,,,
are equal, fc* their bases are equal
and they have the
same height.
each
/.
Further,
= I quad. ABCD.
1 A ABP
AACQ 3 =AACR AACQ = AACR4 AACP =
AACD,
3,
being on the same base and between the same
parallels.
/.
AAR 3 R 4
AAQ Q4
3
And
AACR
AACQ 4
AAR4 D = AAQ 4 P.
AQ2 CR 3 = AAQ 2 C + AACR
AACQ
AQ AQ 2 AR 3 AR 4
1?
parts.
Note.
AACR 4
similarly
Also quad.
.*.
=r
divide quad.
ABCD
into five equal

Q.E.F.
The same method may be used

figure with any number of sides
a.
for dividing a rectilineal
any number of equal

bylines through a vertex or by Jines through
a given point on one of the sides.
parts, either
into
III
CONSTRUCTION 16
Construct the centre of a
circle,
an arc of which
Ls
given.
A
Km.
Given an arc
AB
292.
of a circle.
To Construct the centre of the circle.

Take three points P, Q, R on the arc.
Construct the perpendicular bisectors
intersecting at O.
Then
Proof.
is
OX,
OY
of
PQ, QR,
the required centre.
The perpendicular
bisector of a chord of a circle
passes through the centre of the circle.

the centre of the circle lies on
.*.
and on
OX
OY,
the centre
is
at O.
Q.E.F,
CONSTRUCTION 17
Construct a circle to pass
through three given points, which do not
He on a straight line.
*--.
j*.-
Fio. 293.
880

Given three poin
281
III
_, _.
,,,
To Construct a circle to pass through A, B, C.

Construct the perpendicular bisectors OX, OY of AB, BC,
intersecting at O.
With
This
as centre
and
OA
the required circle.

Since O lies on the perp. bisector of AB,
Proof.
is
OA = OB.
Since
lies
on the perp. bisector of BC,
OB = 00.
.".
the
circle,
centre O, radius
OA,
passes through B, C.
Q.E.F.
CONSTRUCTION 18
(1) Construct the inscribed circle of a given triangle.
(2) Construct an escribed circle of a given triangle.
FIG. 294.
Given a triangle ABO.
To Construct
(1) the circle inscribed in

(2) the circle
A ABC.
which touches
AB
produced,
AC
produced and-CC.
ABC, ACB and
(1) Construct the lines Bl, Cl, bisecting the angles
intersecting at
Draw IX
With
I.
perpendicular
as centre
toBC.
and IX as
radius, describe
CONCISE GEOMETRY
282
This circle touches BC, CA, AB.

Since lies on the bisector of
Proof.
I
/.
ABC,
equidistant from the lines BA, BC.

Since lies on the bisector of Z.ACB.
I
is
is
equidistant from the lines
CB, CA.
equidistant from AB, BC, CA.

the circle, centre I, radius IX, touches AB, BC,
is
CA.
AC to H, K. Construct the lines Bl r Cl^

the
bisecting
angles HBC, KCB and intersecting at A
(2) Produce AB,
Draw
With
X1
1
perpendicular to
and
as centre
This circle touches

Proof.
Since
BC.
produced, AC produced and BC.

on the bisector of /_ HBC,
AB
lies
equidistant from BH and BC.

Since l lies on the bisector of /.KCB,
is
Ij
is
equidistant from
CK
and
CB
equidistant from HB, BC, CK.

the circle, centre 1? radius l X i touches HB,
\
is
BC, CK.
Q.E.F.
CONST RUCTION
(1) Construct a tangent to a circle at a given point
on the circum-
ference.
(2) Construct the tangents to a circle
Fi<4.
(1)
Given a point
from a given point outside
295.
on the circumference of a
circle.
tangent ac A to the circle.

Construct the centre
of the circle.
Join AO.
To
Orr*,stritt the
it
283
III
Through A, construct a line AT perpendicular to AO.

Then AT is the required tangent.
The tangent is perp. to the radius through the point
Proof.
of contact. But AO is a radius and /_ OAT = 90,
AT
.".
(2)
Given a point
is
the tangent at A.
outside a circle.
To Construct the tangents from

With
at F.
let it
to the circle.
of the circle.
Join
OT
and
bisect it
centre F and radius FT, describe a circle and
cut the given circle at P, Q.

Join TP, TQ.
are
the
TQ
required tangents.
Since TF=FO, the circle, centre F, radius
Then TP,
Proof.
passes through O, and

.*.
TO
is
FT,
a diameter.
L TPO = 90 = Z. TQO. L in semicircle.

OQ are radii of the given circle.
TQ are tangents to the given circle.
But OP,
TP,
Q.E.F.
CONSTRUCTION 20
(1)
(2)
Draw the direct (or exterior) common tangents to two

Draw the transverse (or interior) common tangents
non-intersecting circles.
circles.
to
two
CONCISE GEOMETRY
284
(1)
Given two
Let
a, b
a>6.
B.
circles, centres A,
To Construct
their direct
common
be the radii of the
With A
tangents.
circles, centres A, B,
as centre
and a
and suppose
b as radius, describe a
and construct the tangents BP, BP' from B to this

Join AP, AP' and produce them to meet the circle,
circle.
radius a, in Q, Q'.
Through Q, Q' draw lines QR, Q'R'
parallel to PB, P'B.
circle
Then QR, Q'R'
are the required
Draw BR, BR'
Proof.
Q'R' at R,
parallel
common
to
tangents.
to meet
AQ, AQ'
QR,
R'.
]}y Construction,
PQRB
is
a parallelogram.
BR=PQ = AQ- AP-a -(-&)=&.
.'.
on the
lies
circle,
centre B, radius
b.
BP is a tangent, /. BPA = 90.

L RQA = 90 and L. BRQ - 90, by parallels.
Also, since
/.
a tangent at Q and R to the two circles.

Similarly it may be proved that Q'R' is also a
QR
.'.
is
common
tangent.
(2)
Two
Given.
non-intersecting circles, centres A, B.
To Construct the transverse common tangents.

Let
be the radii of the circles, centres A, B.

as centre and. a -f b as radius, describe a circle
construct the tangents BP, BP' to it from B.
a, b
With
Join AP, AP', cutting the
Through
Q,
Then QR, Q'R'
Q'
draw
circle radius
lines
are the required
QR,
at Q, Q'.
Q'R' parallel to
common
and
tangents.
PB,

Through B draw BR, BR'
meet QR, Q'R' at R, R'.
Proof.
By
construction,
.*.
lies
PBRQ
on the
is
circle,
286
III
parallel to
to
AQ, AQ'
a parallelogram.
centre B, radius
6.
BP is a tangent, /_BPA=90.
*AQR = 90 and /. BRQ = 90, by parallels.
Also, since
/.
QR
.".
is
Similarly
a tangent at Q and R to the two circles.

may be proved that Q' R' is also a
it
common
tangent.
Q.B.F.
CONSTRUCTION 21
On
a given straight
line,
construct a segment of a circle containing
an angle equal to a given angle.
AT
B
\
\
c\
FIG. 299.
fiven a straight line
AB
To Construct on
and an angle X.
AB
a segment of a
circle
containing an
angle equal to Z.X.

A, make an angle BAG equal to /. X.
Draw AD perpendicular to AC.
Draw the perpendicular bisector of AB and
At
let it
meet
AD
at O.
With O as centre and

Then the segment of
OA

on the side of AB opposite
this circle
the required segment.

O lies on the perpendicular bisector of AB,
Since
Proof.
OA = OB; /. the circle passes through B.
to
Since
/.
is
AC is perpendicular to the fadius

/.X== /.CAB = angle
OA,
AC
is
a tangent ;
in alternate segment.'
Q.E.F.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
286
CONSTRUCTION 22
Inscribe in a given circle a triangle equiangular to a given triangle.
FIG. 300.
circle and a triangle ABC.

To Construct a triangle inscribed
Given a
in
the circle
and equi-
ABC.
Take any point R on the circle and construct the tangent
XRY at R to the circle.
Draw chords RP, RQ so that ^PRY= Z.CBA and Z.QRX
angular to
= Z.CAB.
Join PQ.
Then
PQR
Proof.
and
.'.
the
is
L PQR = L PRY,
alt.
segment.
Z.QPR= Z.QRX, alt. segment.

= Z.CAB.
remaining Z.QRP = the remaining
Q.K.F.
CONSTRUCTION 23
Describe about a given circle a triangle equiangular to a
given
triangle.
/Y
P
FIG. 301.

and a triangle ABC.
To Construct a triangle with
and equiangular to ABC.
287
III
(liven a circle
its
sides touching the circle
of the circle
OP
draw any radius
Draw radii OR, OS so

=
and
Z.ACB
Z.QOS = Z.ABC. Draw
^QOR
at
P, R, S, forming the triangle XYZ.
tangents
and produce
Then
XYZ
is
PO
But
the
Z.ORZ = 90= Z.OPZ
Proof.
that
to Q.
since PZ,
RZ
are tangents.
ORZP is a cyclic quadrilateral.

L QOR = /. PZR, ext. L cyclic quad. = int. opp.
Z.QOR= /.ACB, constr,
Z.
Z.PZR-Z.ACB.
Similarly Z.PYS-ZABC.
the remaining Z.YXZ of
.'.
the
AXYZ^the
roinaiiiing
CONSTRUCTION 24
Construct a circle to pass through a given point
given circle at a given point B.
and
to touch a
FIG. 302.
Construct the centre O of the given circle.

Construct the perpendicular bisector of AB and produce
to cut OB, or OB produced at P.
With P
as centre
the required
Since P
Proof.
is
and PB
it
This
circle.
lies
on the perpendicular bisector of AB,
PA=PB.
Since
lies
on OB, or
OB
produced, the two circles touch
at B.
Q.B.F.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
288
CONSTBUCTION 25
Construct a circle to touch a given circle and to touch a given line
ABC at a given point B on it.
'D
FIG. 303.
of the given circle.
Construct the perpendicular
BD
AB
to
and cut
oft*
a part
BE
equal to the radius of the given circle.

Construct the perpendicular bisector of
OE
to cut
EB, or
EB
With P as centre and PB as

This
and produce
radius, describe a circle.
the required circle.

[There are two solutions according to which side
Let PO cut the given circle at Q.
Proof.
is
lies
on the perpendicular bisector
In Fig. 303,
/.
/.
the
lies
of
is
of
AC.]
and
OE.
PO=PE.
/.
Also
it
produced at P.
BE=OQ and PE=PO.

PB = PQ.
on
OQ
produced.
centre P, radius PB, passes through

touches the given circle at Q.
circle,
Q.E.F.
CONSTRUCTIONS FOR BOOK IV

CONSTRUCTION 26
Divide a given
(ii)
a given ratio
finite straight line in
(i)
internally,
externally.
p
'
FIG. 304.
Given two lines p,
and a
<?
To Construct
(i)
finite line
a point
in
AB.
AB
such that
AY v\
_=-.
XB q
Y in AB produced such that

=-?.
eBY ?
Draw any line AC and cut off successively AH=jt>, HK =
(i)
Join KB. Through H draw a line parallel to KB to
<.
cut AB at X.
(ii)
x '
a point
c,
Y -
B
FIG. 305.
(ii)
Draw any
HK =
KB to
19
line
AC
Join KB.
cut
AB
cut off
AH =^>, and
Through
produced at Y?
H draw
from
HA
cut off
a line parallel to
CONCISE GEOMETRY
290
CONSTBUCTION 27
Construct a fourth proportional to three given
lines.
,'Y
>
FIG. 306.
Given three lines of lengths
To Construct a
a, b, c units.
line of length
units,
such that - =
Draw any two lines OX, OY.

From OX cut off parts OP, OQ such that OP = a,
From OY cut off a part OR such that OR = c.
OQ = b.
Join PR.
Through Q, draw a line QS parallel to PR to meet

Then OS is the required fourth proportional.
Proof*
Since
PR
is parallel
to
OY
at
QS
OP OR
OQ~OS'
Q.E.F.
To
construct a third proportional to two given lines,

lengths a, b units, is the same as constructing a fourth
proportional to three lines of length a, 6, b units.
Note.
CONSTRUCTION 28
To
construct a polygon similar to a given polygon

corresponding sides are in a given ratio.
Given a polygon
To
QABCD \md
Cwutruot
A'3't=
AB
.
*
,
a ratio
XZ.
OA'B'O'D'
polygon
= XY
XZ
XY
and such that
such
that
9*' =
OA
291

Join OB, OC.
Draw any
XY, XZ.
line
OQ
and cut
off parts
OP
OP',
equal to
Join PA.
Through P' draw P'A' parallel to PA to meet OA at A'.

Through A' draw A'B' parallel to AB to meet OB at B'.
Throiigh B' draw B'C' parallel to BC to meet OO at C'.
Through C' draw C'D' parallel to CD to meet OD at D'.
Then OA'B'C'D' is the required polygon.
Since A'B' is parallel to AB, AS OA'B', OAB are
Proof.
similar,
*"
.
.,
OA' ~
= A'B'
OA
__
AB
OB'
OB'
OB' = B'C' = OC'

-, and
,
Similarly
"
A1
Also
OA' = A'B' _
~~
OA
AB
OA'
OP'
&& ^ Qjy = D'O
BC """CD""
XY
OA--6P--55-
/. the sides of
OABCD
BO on.
DO"
OA'B'C'D' are proportional to the sides of
in the ratio
XY
XZ.
Further, by parallels, the polygons are equiangular.

/. the polygons are similar and tjjieir corresponding sides are
in the given ratio.
Q.E.F.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
292
CONSTRUCTION 29
Inscribe a square in a given triangle.
,'X'
Y''
_JY
V...
FIG. 308.
Given a triangle ABC.
To Construct a square with one

corners on AB and AC.
side on
BC
On BC describe the square BXYC.

Join AX, AY, cutting BC at X', Y'.
Through X', Y' draw X' B', Y'C' parallel to
cut AB, AC at B', C'.
Join B'C'.
Then B'X'Y'C' is the required square.
,
AB'
B'X'
,
x,
v
Proof.
By parallels
AB
Y'C'
YC
BX
and
XB
its
(or
other
YC)
AX'
X'Y'
AY'
AX
XY
AY
to
= AC'
"
AC
A =
AB AC
.'.
Since
.'.
B'X'Y'C'
is
B'C'
similar to
is parallel
BXYC and
to
is
BC and
.".
^^=
fA'.
BC AB
a square.
Q.E.F.
The following
is
a more general but
less
neat method.
>
293
PQRS with PQ parallel to BC, and circumscribe a triangle FGH about this square equiangular to
ABC. [Draw SF, RF parallel to AB, AC produce FS,
FR to meet PQ produced at G, H.]
Divide BC at X' in the ratio GP PH.
Take any square
Then X' is one corner

and perpendiculars.
of the square
complete by parallels
CONSTRUCTION 30
mean
Construct a
Given two
proportional to two given lines.
lines of lengths a, b units.

i
To
Construct a line of length x units such that
Of
- = - or
x* = ab
FIG. 310.
Take a point O on a line and cut off from the

on opposite sides of O, parts OA, OB of lengths &, b units.
On AB as diameter, describe a circle.
METHOD L
line
Draw OP
Then
OP
Proof.
PQ
is
perpendicular to AB to cut the circle at P.

the required mean proportional.
is
Produce PO to meet the circle at Q.

a dhord perpendicular to the diameter AB,
PO = OQ.
PO OQ = AO OB,
/.
But
or
OP~
intersecting chords of a circle.
'
b
Q.E.F.
294
CONCISE GEOMETRY
MKTHOD
line
II.
Take a point
on a
on the name side of O, parts OA,
lino
OB
and cut
off
from the
of lengths a, b units.
On OB
as diameter, describe a circle.
Draw AQ perpendicular to OB to meet the circle at Q.

Join OQ. Then OQ is the required mean proportional.
OQB = 90 angle in semicircle.

a
OQ
tangent to the circle on QB as diameter.
But Z.QAB = 90, /. circle on QB as diameter
/.
Proof.
is
.".
passes
through A.
OQ 2 = OA
OQ.-...
OB, tangent property
of circle.
or
Q.B.P.
In practical constructions,
ferable to Method I.
Note.
Method
II. is often pre
CONSTRUCTION 31
(i)
(ii)
Construct a square equal in area to a given rectangle,

Construct a square equal in area to a given polygon.
FIG. 312.
(i)
Given a rectangle ABOD.

To Coitstruct a square of equal area.
Produce AB to E, making BE = BC.
295

On AE
as diameter, describe a semicircle.
Produce
On BP
This
is
Proof.
CB
to
meet the semicircle at
P.
describe a square.
the required square.
By
.'.
the proof of Constr.
BE=BC.
BP 2 = AB BC = area
.
30,
BP 2 = AB.
BE, but
ABCD.
of
QE.F.
(ii)
Given any polygon.

To Construct a square of equal area.
FIG. 313.
By
the method of Constr. 12, reduce the polygon
to
an
XYZ.
equivalent triangle
the altitude XK and bisect
Draw
Use
(1) to construct
YZ at Q.
a square of area equal to a rectangle
sides are equal to YQ and

the square required.
Area of polygon = area of
Proof.
whose
This
XK.
is
A XYZ.
= JYZ XK.
= YQ.XK = square.
.
Q.E.F.
CONSTRUCTION 32
(i)
(ii)
(i)
Construct a triangle equal in area to one given triangle and

similar to another given triangle.
Construct a polygon equal in area to one given polygon and

similar to another given polygon!
A* ABO, PQR.
To Construct a AXBZ equal
Given two
Suppose
to
AABC
APQR placed with QR parallel to
and similar
BC.
to
CONCISE GEOMETRY
296
Through
A draw
Through B draw
Through H draw
AD
a line
parallel to
BC.
BH parallel to QP to meet AD at
HK parallel to PR to meet BC at
C Z
Fm.
H.
K.
314.
mean proportional BZ to BC, BK.

Z
draw
ZX parallel to KH to meet BH at
Through
Construct the
Then
XBZ
is
By
Proof.
/. to
X.
AXBZ
parallels,
similar
is
AHBK
to
and
APQR.
BC
BK
BC BK
2
BK2
BK
AHBK
=
XBZ
ABC.
A
A
.
AABC
.'.
Q.E.F.
(ii)
Given two polygons F and
OSTUV.
To Construct a polygon OS'T'U'V

equal to
similar to
OSTUV
and
F.
JJ'
FIG. 315.
Reduce the two polygons F and

triangles
ABC, PQR
On
take a point S' such that
O& construct the
Then OS'T'U'V'
is
to
equivalent
respectively and proceed as
in
(i).
[See Fig. 314.]
On OS
OSTUV
OS =
OS QR
polygon* OS'T'UV similar to

the polygon required.
OSTUV.
^9
OSTUV
os
ez 2
os'
S'T'U'V'
Proof.
QR 2
AXBZ AABC
APQR APQR
OSTUV'
OS'T'U'V'=F.
.*.
Q.E.F.
Note the use made of Theorems 58, 59.
CONSTRUCTION 33
Construct a
circle to pass
through two given points and touch a
line.
given
'O
FIG. 316.
Given two points A, B and a line CD.

To Construct a circle to pass through A, B and touch CD.
Join AB and produce it to meet CD at O.
mean
Construct the
off
from
CD
Construct the
circles
These are the required

Proof.
circles.
OA OB = OG 2 = OP 2 = OQ 2
OQ are tangents to the circles
Since
OP,
OG
to OA, OB, and cut

OP,
OQ equal to OG.
parts
P
and
A, B, Q.
through A, B,
proportional
on each side of
ABP, ABQ.
Q.E.F.
Note that the method

special case forms
fails if
an easy
AB
is
parallel to
CD.
This
exercise.
CONSTRUCTION 34
Construct a circle to pass throbgh two given p6int ahd touch a
given
circle.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
298
Given two points A, B and a
To Construct a
Construct any
circle S.
circle to pass
circle to pass
through A,
through A,
B and touch S.
S at C, D say
to cut
FIG. 317.
CD
Produce AB,
From O, draw
to
meet at O.
the tangerfts OP,
OQ
to S.
C6nstruct the circles through A, B, P and A, B, Q.
These are the required
circles.
OA OB = OC OD, property of intersecting chords.

= OP 2 = OQ 2 tangent property.
OP, OQ are tangents to the circles A, B, P and A, B, Q,
Proof.
.".
.".
these circles also touch S.

Q.E.F.
CONSTRUCTION 35
Construct a
given
circle to pass
through a given point and touch two
lines.
FIG. 318.
299

Given two
AC
and a point D.
To Construct a circle to touch AB,
lines
AB,
[The centres of
of
all circles
AC
and pass through D.

AC lie on a bisector
touching AB,
L BAG.]
Draw any circle touching AB, AC and let P bo

P being in the same angle BAC as D*
Join
AD
and
centre
its
cut the circle at Q, Q'.
let it
parallel to QP to meet AP at E.
centre E and radius ED, describe a circle.
Draw DE
With
This circle will touch AB, AC.

Proof.
If
EH,
it
meet
AB
to
AB.
at H.
be proved to touch AC.

is obtained by drawing DE' parallel to Q'P
may
A second circle
to
are the perpendiculars from E,
centre E, radius ED, touches
circle,
Similarly
PX
AP
at
E'.
Q.K.P.
Take the image of D in the bisector of

L BAC, call it D'. By the method of Constr. 33, draw a circle to
pass through D, D' and to touch AB ; this circle will then touch
AC.
ANOTHER MKTHOD.
CONSTRUCTION 36
Construct a
circle to
touch two given lines and a given
circle.
B'
Given two
lines
AB,
To Construct a
AC
and a
circle to
circle S, centre* D, tacfius r.
touch AB, AC, and S.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
300
Draw two
lines A'B', A'C' parallel to
AB,
AC
and
at a dis-
tance r from them.

Constr. 35, draw a circle to touch A'B', A'C'
be its centre.
through D. Let
By
and to pass
With
draw a circle
touch AC and S.
will also
Proof.
to touch
as centre,
Let
P',
AB.
This
circle
Q' be the points of contact with A'B', A'C'.
Let OP', OQ', OD cut AB, AC, S at P, Q, E.

Then PP' = QQ' = r = ED ; but OP' = OQ' - OD.
OP=OQ=OE and OP, OQ
.'.
the circle, centre O, radius

There are in all four solutions
.".
Note.
solutions, since
two
are perp. to
AB, AC.
OP, touches AB, AC, S.

this construction gives two
can be drawn to touch A'B', A'C'

And by drawing A'B', A'C' at dis-
circles
and pass through D.

tance r from AB, AC on the other
side,
two other solutions
are obtained.
CONSTRUCTION 37
Bisect a triangle
by a
line parallel to
one
side.
Given a triangle ABC.

To Construct a line parallel to BC, cutting AB,
PQ
so that
Bisect
AB
at P,
at F.
Construct the
mean
From AB
Draw PQ
cut off
Then
is
PQ
AC
AABC.
bisects
proportional
AP
ecjual to
parallel to
AG
BC, cutting
the required Kne.
AC
Proof.
AABC AB 2
AB 2
between AF, AB.
AG.
AB
at Q.
301
CONSTRUCTION 38
Divide a given line into two parts so that the rectangle contained by
the whole and one part is equal to the square oti the other part.
FIG. 321,
Given a line AB.
To Construct a point
Draw BC
on
perpendicular to
AB
AB
so that
AB BX = AX 2
and equal
to
|AB.
Join CA.
From CA
From AB
Then
is
cut off
Let
Proof.
CP
AX
equal to CB.
equal to AP.
the required point.
cut off
AB = 21.
BC = I
BX = 21-
AX 2 = Z 2 ^5 - 1)2 = J2 (6 - 2
AB.BX = AX 2
and
.'.
CONSTRUCTION 39
Construct an isosceles triangle, given one side and such that each
base angle is double of the vertical angle.
302
CONCISE GEOMETRY
Given a side AB.
To Construct a
With centre
ABC
triangle
A and
radius
AB
such that
AB = AC
and /.ABC
describe a circle.
construct a point P such that AB BP = AP 2

Place a chord BC in the circle such that BC = AP.
On AB
Join AC.
ABC
Then
is
the required triangle
AB BP = AP 2
Proof.
AB.BP-BC
.'.
BC
AS
AP - BC.
touches the circle
BCP,
BAC
AB = AC,
ButCB = AP,
But
APC.
are equiangular
Z ABC
is
common
CB = CP.
CP = PA.
/.
/.
.'.
.'.
but
ZBCP=ZCAP.
.'.
But
ZPAC-ZPCA.
Z PAC = Z PCB, /. Z BCA - 2 /. PAC

Z ABC - Z BCA - 2 Z BAC.
A
or 2
Z BAC.
--
FIG. 323.
Note.
Since the angles of a triangle add
Z.ABC
/.
BC
Z BCA =72
is
and
up
to
180.
Z BAC = 36.
the side of a regular decagon inscribed in the
circle.
C, draw CH perpendicular to AB and produce it

meet the circle at D then CH = HD and Z. CAD -- 72.
From
to
CD
is
the side of* a regular pentagon inscribed in the
circle.
The following result is useful :-yIf p and d are the lengths of the
sides of a regular
pentagon
303

and a regular decagon inscribed
in a circle of radiua a,
AB = a, CD=*p, CB = d; it is required to
=
a 2 -f d2
prove that p
Since AB. BP=*BC 2 and BP=BA - AP=BA- BC = a-d.
2
2
2
/.
a(a-d) = d ora -ad-d = o.
2
2
2
=
From ACHB, CH + HB
CB
but CH - JCD = \p and
In Fig. 323,
let
2
/.
/>
.".
jt?
= a2 + d 2 - 2(a 2 - ad - d*).
= a 2 4- ^2 since a2 - ad ~ d 2 = o.
,
CONSTRUCTION 40
Inscribe
(i)
given
pentagon
regular
(ii)
a regular decagon
in
circle.
FIG. 324.
Let
EAB a diameter of the given circle.

AF be a radius perpendicular to AB.
Bisect AE at G.
With G as centre and GF as radius, describe a circle, cutting
AB at P join PF.
Then AP and PF are equal in length to the sides of a regular
be the centre and
Let
decagon and a regular pentagoji inscribed in the
circle.
The
regular figures are therefore constructed by placing

chords in the circle end to end equal to these lines.
Proof.
FS
From GF
cut off
equal to FR.
GR
equal to
GA
froip
FA
cut off
CONCISE GEOMETRY
304
2
Constr. 38, FA AS= FS
=
=
NowGR GAandGP QF, .'. AP=RF- = or.
BPAS.
But AF = AB, .*.
BA. BP = AP2
.'.
/.
by Constr. 39, AP is equal to a side of the
Then by
regular
decagon.
But
/.
AP2 + AF2 =PF2

PF
is
equal
to
a side
(See pp. 302, 303.)
of
the
regular
pentagon.
306
CONCISE GEOMETKY
NOTES
307
308
CONCISE GEOMETRY
NOTES
809
310
CONCISE GEOMETRY
NOTES
311
312
CONCISE GEOMETRY
GLOSSARY AND INDEX

ACUTE angle : any angle less than 90.
Alternate angle, 5.
Altitude the altitude of a triangle is
the perpendicular from any vertex
to the opposite side.
Angle in a semicircle ; an angle
whose vertex lies on the circumference and whose arms pass through
the extremities of a diameter.
Diameter a chord of a
through tho centre.
:
circle passing
Apollonius* theorem, 226.

Arc of a circle : any part of the circumference.
Area of circle, 86.
Area of triangle and trapezium, 27.
Elevation, angle of, 145.

Fquilateral having all its sides equal.
Equivalent equal in area.
Exeentre, 97.
:
External bisector:
BAC
if
is
an
angle and if BA is produced to X,

is called
the line bisecting Z.
the external bisector of
BAC.
CAX
a figure with six sides.

Horizontal line a line ]>erpen<1wular
Hexagon
to a vertical line.
Bisect
divide into two equal parts.
the side of a rightangled triangle opposite the right
Hypotenuse
Centroid, 98.
Chord : the line joining any two
points on the circumference of a
circle.
Circle
the locus of a point which is
at a constant distance (called the
radius) from a fixed point (called
the centre) is called the circumference of a circle.
:
angle.
Identities, geometrical, 228.
Image, 93.
Incentre, 97.
Isosceles triangle
two sides equal.
a triangle with
Locus, 248.
Circumcentre, 97.
Common
Mean
tangents, 283
Complementary angles
sum is 90.
angles whose
Concentric having the same centre.

in all respects.
Congruent
equal^
The symbol is zz.
Corresponding angles, 5.
:
proportional, 121.
Median
the line joining a vertex of

a triangle to tho mid-point of the
opposite side.
Mensuration formulae, 86.
:
Nine point
Cyclic quadrilateral a quadrilateral

whose four corners lie on a circle.
circle, 102.
Decagon a figure with ten sides.

Degree $Vth part of a right angle.
Depression, angle of, 145.
the line joining two opDiagonal
:
posite corners of a quadrilateral.
Obtuse angle an angle greater than

90* and less than 180.
Octagon a figure with eight sides.
:
Orthocentre, 98.
Parallel lines, 208
Parallelogram, 22.
318
314
GLOSSARY AND INDEX
Pedal triangle, 98.

Pentagon a figure with five sides.
Perimeter: the sum of the lengths
of the sides bounding a figure.
Perpendicular at right angles to.
Playfair's axiom, 208.
:
Projection, 224.
Proportional (third or fourth), 290.
Pythagoras' theorem, 222.
a semicircle
ment,
if less
is called a major sega minor segment.
Similar, 257.
Square, 22.
Supplementary angles
sum
Symbols
= equal in
==
X
Reflex angle
an angle greater than
180.
Regular polygon
all its sides
Rhombus,
and
a polygon having
all its angles equal.
22.
angles whose
area.
congruent.
the difference between
Rectangle, 22.
Reflection, 93.
180.
is
and
is
sented by X
greater than.
>
<
~repreY.
less than.
Z angle.
A triangle.
umtn
Right angle, 205.
||
Sector of a circle : the area bounded

by two radii of a circle and the arc
they cut off.
Segment of a circle the area bounded
by a chord of a circle and the arc
it cuts off ; a segment greater than
:
'
(
parallelogram.
circumference.
Tangent, 243.
Trapezium, 22.
a line which when
produced passes through the centre
Vertical line
of the earth.
ANSWERS.
1.
Where only one form
the unit
is
of unit occurs in the question, the nature of
omitted in the Answer.
Answers are not given when intermediate work
is unnecessary.
Results are usually given correct to three figures, and for angles to
the nearest quarter of a degree.
2.
3.
EXERCISE
7. 135.
6; 11; 22.
300 ; (v) 990.
13. 120.
15. 120.
8.
5.
9.
18.
(iv)
120.
25. 110
29.
19.
;
149J
80.
111J.
5.
122.
2a;-180
72.
20. 5*.
24. 40.
27.46.
28.111.
81. 180 -IK.
32.
27.
y=
32.
~, y=6,
8-a?
XU
&
III (p. 10)
80.
10. 36.
16. 37.
8.
21. |(g - y) + 90.
36.
15.
120.
20.
33.
EXERCISE IV
3. (i)
90, 45
a=60Jy.
5.
68.
(ii)
72, 36.
62.
23.
60, 60,
36.*
315
17.
x=c-a-b.
(p. 16)
9.
67i.
80.
86.
25. 162.
12.
6.
EXEROJSE.V
7.
31.
28. 6.
10, 18, 42.
C*
7.
65.
(ii)
7.
14. Least is
19.
167.
17.
93.
6.
72.
EXERCISE
13. 80.
112i
12.
2474.
251.
83;
10. 20.
16.
26.15.
I (p. 2)
(p.
70.
6.
33.
23)
3=360-2?.
26f.
316
CONCISE GEOMETRY
EXERCISE VI
EXERCISE X
13.
(p. 28)
(p. 49)
7.
EXERCISE XI
21. 12*
EXERCISE XII
1.
9-16.
2.
13.'
3.
6.
5-38.
7.
3-46.
8. 5.
11. 4-8.
12. 3*12.
13.
a;
40.
7.
54
99.
2.
55",
3.
8.
105.
9.
110.
72.
57)
(p.
11-5.
EXERCISE
1.
(p. 52)
17*.
4.
7*V
9.
4.
5.
10.
+ xy = a? -Jr.
XIII
4.
10.
(p.
37.
124.
8'58, 0*58.
8.
14. 5'22.
62)
5.
11.
107.
54.
6.
100; 110
12. 105.
SWEIIS
XIV
W
1.
62.
2.
117
6.
94, 8.
7.
120.
3.
2t>,
8.
:*>
(p.
5.
103",
90, 77, 90.
(p. 72)
u
1.
30, 45, 105 or 15, 30, 135.
4.
3:1.
5.
1.
3.
2.
2'5, 1-5, 4'6.
3.
8, 4, 3.
4.
5 '3, 3 '6, 4 '5.
5.
10-5, 1-6.
6.
7.
1J.
8.
32, 8.
9.
3.
10.
1-5, 2-5.
11.
'5,
19-1, 12.
14.
7, 1.
15.
4-45, 11-125.
74, 22J, 150 or 22 J

46, 37.
EXERCISE XVI
13.
18.1-44,36.
(p.
4.
2-1.
5.
5-89.
6.
11. 84-8.
IS,
314
20. 65'4; 78'5.
21.
100,000, 000 sq. m.
24. 20'1.
25,
119; 44-0.
35. 29'3.
12.
16. 5 -3\/2~-0'757'.
(p. 87)
4'57.
158-5.
28.
12,
628 yd., 31,420 sq. yd.
25.
9.
15.
77)
2-5.
EXERCISE XVIII
25-1 in., 50-3 sq. in.
30 \ 1274".
20.1+^2 = 2-41.
19.24.
1.
68)
58, 64.
KXEKCISE XV
204.
2f.
29. 77-4.
36. 102'5.
7.
12. 21-5.
18.
17.
18.
jj.
4.
26. 78-5.
2.
57
628; 408.
288,
22, 8'2.
27.
514; 500;
828'5 sq. ft,

37. 8 ; 14 ; 1,
30.
EXERCISE XIX
(p.
94)
32. 20 in.
EXERCISK XXI
0'8.
18'.
(p.
100)
3.
1-1.
8.
3'2.
14.
3.
19.
48
23.
9'21.
96
9'0.
34. 11'8.
38. 6'86;
137; 186.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
318
EXERCISE XXIII
6.
2.
3.
6. (i) 6
11. 7-07
12
(ii)
13*04.
I j.
2-31
(iii)
4.
21^.
(iv)
0707.
12.
(p. 122)
10.
13.
9.
40.
2.
16
10.
0.
6.
18. 2s. 3d.
3-35.
2.
2.
7140.
3.
6.
2-77.
7.
S. 37
W.
9.
8-42 mi. N. 12
W.
12. 10-6.
13. 321.
18. 326.
19.
59
20. E.
1.
(i)
2-5.
7.
(xii)
11-3
(iii)
(xiii)
2'59
S.
8'49
12.
10.
10tfi.
11.
16.
49J.
17. (i) 4-96
18.
(i)
25i
(ii)
49i8'25
21. 4*67.
22. 7.
27. 4-62.
28.
(i)
676
(iii)
7'67;
(ii)
29. 6-22.
17. 84'0.
(i)
6.
2'64.
150)
(p.
(vii)
(iii)
5'18
10*1
(iv)
63J
(viii)
5'66, 3'53
574.
8.
14. 2*55.
;
24. 6-16.
(iii)
6'68
9.
15. 7*13, 3'63.

(v) 3'82.
19. 8 -64.
20. 3 '53.
25. 4*26.
26. 4*96.
(iv)
478;
5 '23.
(v) 7'82; (vi)
871.
30. 5 '34.
(p. 153)
21|.
(p.
155)
50-0; (iii) 147; (iv) 6; (v) 48; (vi) 9'43 ; (vii) 45-1;
2. 15*0.8. 575.
4. 4*57.
5. 30.
(ix) ?l t (X) 18.
9. 4'07.
10. 5*80 or W6.
13. 29'1
36j. 8. 40.
(ii)
7.
148)
2'83.
(xv) 1044.
EXERCISE XXXI
10;
(viii) 28
1.
(p.
479
EXERCISE XXX
11.
10. 1*63.
32.
W.
N. 31J W.
23. 34 '4.
(iv) 6 -21.
7'10;
5.
22. 137.
8.
7*0 mi. N. 34
21. 177.
13. 5'41.
62J.
(ii)
23. 6'09.
6 -64.
(vii)
(xiv) 8*87
10' 8".
8.
11. 34 -8 mi.
(v)
4.
16. 2'59.
6'13.
2'93
(iv)
145)
(p.
15. 85'3.
EXERCISE XXIX
36 50'
162.
135)
(p.
86| N.
91'9,
14.
3 sq. in.
6.
5'17 mi.
EXERCISE XXVIII
6.
21. 40 -6
13' 9".
10. E.
31.
19. 9if.
40'.
EXERCISE XXVII
94-3.
15. 512.
5. 9J.
EXERCISE XXVI
1.
8. 4'2.
101J.
13. 4if.
(p. 132)
12.
4.
45' or 14
69. 81
30. 4*8.
127)
(p.
5i.
EXERCISE XXV
3, 15.
3-36.
H.
8.
6J.
^?!L
9.
12.
9.
17. 6.
16. 1*024.
3.
4,
gi-^j*-^
12 sq. ft.
3*75 sq. in.
1.
2 or 10.
7.
J?5l
EXERCISE XXIV
1.
5.
ANSWERS
EXERCISE XXXII
6.
1-93.
5.
6-65.
3-61.
7.
8.
6*82".
9.
319
(p.
168)
j.
ffl
EXERCISE XXXIII
27. 1-94.
17. 0-64, 1'16, 1-93, 5 '80.
4'47.
18. 8-13.
320.
9.
14. 2'66.
7*5.
35. 4'16.
7.
7'2.
2.
37.
(i)2-89;
(ii)
7.
19.
5-00.
10.
4. 7 '36 or
5.
4-81.
300.
6.
37.
67J.
41.
49.
375.
112.
68. 13".
81. 12;
89. 2.
107.
29.
65. 4[p(y
69. 15, 9.
72.
102.
55, 40.
57.
9.
(p.
180)
(p.
181)
75.
CD
33.
rt.
a = 540-a-&-c.
46.
angles.
80.
'
61. 2J.
18'4(5).
73. 300.
77. 7*5.
T^8iT416
88. (ii)>/*
60, 80.
109. 13.
AB
6.3*29.
5. 5 '29.
+ r) + q(r + s) + x(s~y)].
85. 2.
47.
178)
66. 4*24.
5'66.
16. 3'63.
or -7'22.
42. *?
z=180-a-&-a;-y.
53. ^(xy-{-yz).
99.
110.
10.
64, 5-5, 2-5, 17'3.
1-21.
3'83.
7.
REVISION PAPERS
1.
(p.
1 '36.
a =7 '22 or -2*22, y=2'22
578.
4.
11. 4'12
23. 5'36.
EXERCISE XXXVII
3.
1'32.
175)
(p.
10'3.
EXERCISE XXXVI
3.6-08.
17.
29. 5'87, 2*23.
11J.
22. 2*68.
21. 4-55.
1.6-325.
16. 5 -80.
25. 6'Ob*, 4 '02.
EXERCISE XXXV
1.
26. 3'11.
172)
(p.
1-66.
15.
24, 5'60, 2'14.
30. 6-89, 4'89.
20. 2*27.
24. 2'13.
1-4(5.
28. 4'61.
EXERCISE XXXIV
6.
161)
(p.
18.
10. 3'1 7,
115.
106.
78. 2-16.
(iii)a;>6J.
a* + * h
lh
16.
118. E. 25
N.
9V
~.
131. 17.
133. on
147. f.
132.
155. 9i, J.
159. 6J in.
167. 6, 10, 14 in.
170.
174. 4'47.
175. 24 -4 in.
177. 6, 5.
179. 2*2.
182. 0-69 or 23'3.
189. 3-2, 1*2, 4-4.

197. 4.
199. 4-8.
10,
on
20.
194. 687.
186. 43'2.
137. 6.
144.
183. 5| f 2J T .
187. 2.
\95. 2, 2?.
I'KINTKD BY
AND GIHH LIMIT*

KDINKUROH
M OK IU SON

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DAMAGE BOOK

MAIIIFMAIHAI MAS IRK,

BELL AND SONS LTD.

This collection has grown out of a get* of

to the following authorities for

permission to use questions taken from examination papgrs

Answers are given to all numerical

set of fifty Revision Papers.

Riders, Numerical and Theoretical.

Geometry ; Construction Exercises.

IV. Proofs of Constructions.

of Theorems and Constructions are collected together

learning or revising proofs of theorems and constructions, it is most

proof of a theorem on the same page as the figure corresponding

The order and method of proof is arranged to suit those who

angle property of parallel lines should be omitted in the preliminary

The arrangement of riders in one group and

with simple models.

measurement and general use of instruments, which is the

ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE, ETC.

SEGMENTS OF A STRAIGHT LINE

PROPERTIES OF EQUAL ARCS

ANGLE PROPERTIES OF A CIRCLE

SYMMETRICAL PROPERTIES OF A CIRCLE

EXTENSION OF PYTHAGORAS' THEOREM

RECTANGLE PROPERTIES OF A CIRCLE

AREAS AND VOLUMES (SIMILAR

THE BISECTOR OF AN ANGLE OF A TRIANGLE

CONSTRUCTION EXERCISES BOOK

TRIANGLES, PARALLELOGRAMS, ETC

CONSTRUCTION EXERCISES BOOK

CONSTRUCTION EXERCISES BOOK

CONSTRUCTION EXERCISES BOOK IV

REVISION PAPERS, I-L

cuts a straight line

CA, CB are drawn on opposite sides of a line CE such

lines intersect, the vertically opposite angles are

20, 150, 27* 45', 92 10' 1

are the supplements of

are the complements of

wheel has six spokes,

in order to turn through

reflex angle, (iii)

more than oue complete revolution 1

you must turn through

What is the angle between N.K. and S.E. 1

Through what angle does the minute hand of a clock turn in

Through what angle has the hour hand of a clock turned,

ten minutes past four 1

equation connects x and y

cuts the line

What angle is equal

to four times its

revolving searchlight notes that he is

the reflex angle between the directions S.W. and

makes one complete revolution every 24 hours,

20. If the earth

z.POQ = 2^, L.QOR = 3#,

OP, OQ, OR, OS are 4 lines in order such that L POQ = 68

OA, OB, OO are 3 lines in order such that L AOB = 54,

OF are 6 linen in order such that

OA, OB, OC, OD, OE,

Calculate the angle between the lines bisecting