Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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160464
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A CONCISE
GEOMETRY
BY
CLKMENT
SJ.NIOI'
V.
IHJRELL, M.A.
\VTN<
111
SI
PR COT Kf>P
I
LONDON
G.
First
Publhhcd
Reprinted
January IQZI
August
IQH
PREFACE
TITE primary object of this text-book is to supply a large number
of easy examples, numerical and theoretical, and as varied in
character as possible, in 'the belief that the educational value of
the subject lies far more in the power to apply the fundamentoKfrte
of geometry, and reason from thorn, than in the ability to reprocfoice
friends
additions to
for
it,
and
Joint Board.
Riders are arranged in exercises corresponding to groups of
There is also a
theorems, and Constructions are treated similarly.
questions,
except
where
no
I.
II.
III.
Proofs of Theorems.
The Proofs
PREFACE
VI
it.
of congruence tests
and proofs
of the fundamental
practical
work
in
another
Naturally both
will
in
be
use
but
the
course
should open
groups
simultaneously
with the exercise on the use of instruments in the practical
;
geometry section.
No attempt has been made to include in the text the usual
preliminary oral instruction which deals with the fundamental
concepts of angles,
illustration
lines,
planes,
surfaces,
solids,
The examples
and requires
methods
start with
earliest stage at
C. V. D.
August, 1920.
CONTENT'S
R1DEHS ON BOOK
......
......9
I
PAUH
ANGLES AT A POINT
ANGLES AND PARALLEL LINES
...
.......
RIDERS ON BOOK
AREAS
PYTHAGORAS' THEOREM
INTERCEPT THEOREM
....
RIDERS ON BOOK
...
...
......
.56
.60
67
.
CONVERSE PROPERTIES
Loci
.71
.76
.........
.......
......
........
.....
........
.......
iN-ClRCLE, Kx-ClRCLES
ORTHOCENTRE
CENTROID
82
.86
ClRCUMOlRCLE
46
111
MENSURATION
37
43
51
25
48
15
II
.....
iNEtjUALI'IKK
.21
93
99
100
101
103
RIDERS ON BOOK IV
PROPORTION
105
SIMILAR TRIANGLES
Ill
vii
CONTENTS
Vlll
PACH8
FIOTJRKB, SOLIDS)
.120
,126
.131
I
.......
.......
...
.........
....
USE OF INSTRUMENTS
.13.5
DRAWING TO SUALK
MISCELLANEOUS
MISCELLANEOUS
II
AREAS
MISCELLANEOUS
III
150
.153
155
.158
148
II
SUBDIVISION OF A LINE
CIRCLES
145
111
.161
.172
.....
.......
......
........
........
........
........
........
........
.
MISCELLANEOUS
IV
175
.178
180
181
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
I
BOOK
BOOK II
BOOK III
BOOK IV
.205
218
234
254
PROOFS OF CONSTRUCTION
BOOK I
BOOK II
BOOK III
BOOK IV
267
276
280
289
NOTES
GLOSSARY AND INDEX
313
ANSWBKS
315
305
A CONCISE GEOMETRY
RIDERS ON BOOK
ANGLES AT A POINT
THEOREM
If a straight line
(i)
(ii)
If lines
that L
CE
ACB
at C, then
C
Fir,.
1.
THEOREM
If
two straight
equal.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
ANGLES AT A POINT
EXERCISE
2.
What
What
3.
4.
adjacent spokes ?
Guess the sizes of the following angles
1.
FIG.
5.
What
is
17
the least
7.
8.
3.
of times
number
an obtuse angle,
(ii)
10.
(i)
9.
12.
13.
A wheel
14.
What
11.
(ii)
mentary,
(ii)
supplementary ?
if
x*
and y are
(i)
comple-
ANGLES AT A POINT
15.
The
OA
line
calculate
at
O;
if
LAOB = 2<
AOC,
<_AOB.
17.
18.
The weight
19.
What
16.
BOC
complement?
moment ?
in a pendulum clock falls 4 feet in 8 days;
what
angle does the hour hand turn when the
through
weight
is
falls 1
inch
*?
N.N.W.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25
26.
27.
^POR = 4#;
find x.
sum 1
CONCISE GEOMETRY
28.
Given
ZAOD =
calculate
ZBOC -
145,
Z.AOC
FIG.
29.
and
77,
ZAOB- ZCOD;
(Fig. 5).
5.
ZAOF
and
ZBOC.
30.
ZAOB = 38; AO
produced to C;
is
OP
bisects
OD
= Z BOD
32.
33.
if
Z BOC = #*,
calculate
ZBOC;
Z AOC = 90
Z AOD.
Two
lines
34.
line
OA
bisects
35.
straight line.
36.
Given
ZAOB= ZDOC,
6), if
PO
and that
OP
bisects
QO
ZAOD
bisects
(see Fig.
Z BOC.
If
ii)
If
ii)
If
7,
to RS.
-Q
'D
FIG.
7.
THEOREM
In Fig.
If
7,
PQ
is parallel to
RS,
CONCISE GEOMETRY
II
What
FIG. 8.
2.
The following
figures
lines.
J
3.
What
Give reasons.
iL.
(i)
If
is
60,
find its
other
(ii)
If
is
90,
find
other
its
angles.
4.
If
AB
is
parallel to
^.BCD =
FIG. 10.
5.
_ABC.
If
AB
is
'parallel to
/.ODE =180+
Z.ABC +
Z-BCD.
E
Dr
FIG. 11.
[Draw CF
7.
parallel to
DE.]
In Fig. 12, prove that AB
is parallel
to
ED.
E
FIG. 12.
8.
In Fig. 13,
ED
is
if
parallel to
AB.
A/
FIG. 13.
9.
10.
ABCD is a
L DAB -
quadrilateral
_
if
In Fig. 14,
two right angles.
L.
ADC.
^"*r-^
FIG. 14.
equals
CONCISE GEOMETRY
8
11.
the
12.
line,
ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE
(ii)
the
to
D,
C
FIG. 15.
THEOKEM 8
(i)
The sum
(ii)
sides is
2n
CONCISE GEOMETRY
10
III
angle
3.
Two
angles of a
angle
.
A.
5.
jB.
37, what
is
the third
53, what
is
the third
is
7.
8.
15.
What
angles equal to
is
if
two
(i)
is
43, 64,
of its angles
50, x
are
/I2. If A,
.
13.
/1 4.
B,
of a triangle
figure
and
are #, 2#,
if
a?
A - B = 15,
+ 30,
x -10,
1:2:3:4:5;
find them.
5.
In
to
43. In
r
X;
the
lines
Find /.BKC.
bisecting
/.ABC and
LACX
meet at K.
ANGLES OF A TEIANGLE
vt7.
11
In
In
AABC,
pendicular from
19.
DAB =
The base
and
20.
the per-
21. In
if
AABC,
a?
and
L.
the bisector of
ACB = y,
BAC
calculate
BC
cuts
at
if
ABC =
L ADC.
of a polygon is
of a 12-sided
interior angles
convex
polygon.
25.
Find the
26. Prove
interior angle of
that
the
convex polygon
27.
Each angle
sum
is
The sum
is
figure.
of
twice the
of a regular polygon of
of a regular polygon of
find any values of #, y
28.
a regular 20-sided
sides
which
express
will
in terms of #,
and
fit.
double the
= a 4- b - y.
FIG. 16.
12
CONCISE GEOMETRY
x-y^a-b.
FIG. 17.
in terms of a,
6, c.
FIG. 18.
32.
a,
ft,
c.
FIG. 19.
in terms of a,
FIG. 20.
6, c.
ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE
34.
If,
in Fig. 21,
triangle
13
is
right-
angled.
35.
36.
IBS.
is
$7.
a + 6 = x + y.
DAG =
BC
of the triangle
L.
$9.
40.
"il.
^2.
43.
at
I,
= 90 + \ L BAC.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
14
is parallel
45.
to
AB.
The side BC of
ABC is produced to D ; the lines bisecting
L ABC, L ACD meet at Q prove that L BQC = \ L BAG.
The base BC of A ABC is produced to D; the bisector of
L BAG cuts BC at K prove L ABD -f L ACD = 2 L AKD.
The sides AB, AC of the triangle ABC are produced to H, K;
the lines bisecting L HBC, L KGB meet at P; prove that
;
^48.
is
any
inside
point
the
triangle
ABC,
prove
that
LBPO/.BAC.
y49. In the quadrilateral ABCD, the lines bisecting L ABC,
= 2 L. BPC.
meet at P, prove that L. BAD + L
BCD
CDA
CONGRUENT TRIANGLES
Given a triangle ABC, what set of measurements must be made in
order to copy it
Measure AB, AC, /.BAG.
'?
1.
This
is
enough to
Therefore
fix.
will be congruent to
This result
is
all triangles
ABC
given as Theorem
2.
3.
and
to each other.
3.
[Theorem
9.]
[Theorem
11.]
ISOSCELES TRIANGLES
ISOSCELES TRIANGLES
TRIANGLES
AND CONGRUENT
(FIRST SECTION)
THEOHEM
In the triangles ABC, PQR,
If AB-PQ, AC = PR,
Then
/.BAG-
-.
QPR,
AABC==APQR.
FIG. 23.
THEOREM
(ii)
If
BC = QR, /-ABC=
THEOREM 10
ABC
is
a triangle.
(i)
If
(ii)
If
B
FIG. 24.
15
CONCISE GEOMETRY
16
ISOSCELES TRIANGLES
TRIANGLES
AND CONGRUENT
(FIBST SECTION)
EXERCISE IV
\.
The
vortical angle of
One base
110; what
isosceles triangle is
are
vertical angle
3.
an
is
62
what
is
the
*!
4.
5.
L.
ACB -
ABC
A, B,
L
6.
In
7.
is
that
x
8.
9.
BD = BA;
if
BC
Z-BAD = #
and
12.
/i3.
<LDAC=y,
such
express
in terms of y.
ABCDE
'11.
ABC
ISOSCELES TRIANGLES
14.
that
Yb.
17
B and C
AC
DAB, DCB,
of the quadrilateral
prove that
AC
ABCD
bisects the
BD
at right angles.
arc the mid-points of AB, CD;
ABCD is a quadrilateral; E, F
if L AEF = 90 = L EFD,
prove
bisects
that
AD = BC.
The diagonals
ROS
PRS,
20.
21.
PQS
Two
lines
POQ, ROS
to
meet
at
if
intersect at
OP = OR
and
-82.
33.
#4.
5.
FIG. 26.
o.
The base
BC
Z.ACD=Z.BIC.
2
ABC
is
produced to
I;
prove
CONCISE GEOMETRY
18
'27.
In the quadrilateral
prove
28.
AB-AD
ABCD,
radius
AB
Z.ADC,
BC
cuts
^9. A, B,
Z ABC-
and
CB = CD.
= 180.
ABC =
ZLOAB+/.OCB.
<#0.
AC
AB,
two chorda of a
are
BOC
ACB
and
32.
AD
circle,
centre
if
is
AB
/.
BAC - 90,
is
a straight line.
AB = AC; the bisectors of the angles
meet at I, prove that IB ~ 1C.
prove that
31. In the
ABC,
DX
ABC
is
ABC
ADX
is
perpendicular
AC.
or
'33r~^C
34.
is
is
AD = DB,
35.
prove L
L.
'36.
"37.
38.
The
vertical angles of
ary
39.
Draw
AC
'40.
two
XZ, L
In the
XYZ
A ABC, AB = AC;
PY
PX,
ABC =
prove
L.
any point on
P to AB,
XPB =
L.
42.
43.
In the
ABC
is
external to
produced
produced;
YPB.
ACY
ABC prove CX = BY.
OA = OB = OC and L BAC is acute
41.
BC
AC
Prove
ABC, AB = AC
- L ADC 2 L BCD.
AB
is
prove L
produced to
BOC == 2 L BAC.
D
prove
L.
ACD
ISOSCELES TRIANGLES
44.
AB
is
CB AC
is
produced
A ABC,
to
AABC
of
1!)
such that
AD = DC =
45. In the
46.
L.
47.
L.
48. In the
A ABC,
L_
BAG = 90
and
AB=AC;
P,
are points
ABC ;
AB, AC of the
A
a
line
to
on
BC
PY
PX,
parallel
any point
through
are produced to meet BC at Q, R ; prove QR = BC.
50. ABC is a triangle; the perpendicular bisectors of AB, AC
meet at O ; prove OB = OC.
49. X,
51.
is
ABC
is
are equal.
52. The sides AB,
AC
ABC
of the triangle
53.
Two
one
54.
ABC
ABC, ACB
meet at
circles
AB,
AC
are produced to H, K ;
KCB meet at ; prove
A K are equal.
a straight line
PQRS
cuts
S and
circle at P,
is
to
is
BC
at P, such that /.
side of
j
55.
toCG.
56. In the 5-sided figure
each 120
57.
ABC
is
ABODE,
prove that
a triangle
lines are
D, E
prove
ABC.
;
that
DE
the angles at A, B, C,
are
AB + BC = DE.
drawn through C parallel to the
CBA to meet AB produced in
GAB,
CONCISE GEOMETRY
20
58.
AB, BC,
59.
60.
21
CONGRUENT TRIANGLES
CONGRUENT TRIANGLES
(SECOND SECTION),
PARALLELOGRAMS, SQUARES,
THEOREM
ETC.
11
Then
FIG. 27.
THEOREM 12
In the triangles ABC, XYZ,
If /.
Then
THEOREM 13
If
A BCD
is
Then
a parallelogram,
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
AB = CD and AD = BC.
L DAB = L DCB and L ABC == L ADC.
BD bisects ABCD.
B
FIG. 28.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
22
THEOREM
If the diagonals of the parallelogram
Then
AO = OC
and
14
ABCD
intersect at O,
BO = OD.
THEOREM 16
If
AB
is
Then
AC
CD,
is
D
FIG. 30.
DEFINITIONS.
parallelogram
is
rectangle
is
is
a right
angle.
A
A
square
trapezium
is
is
'CONGRUENT TRIANGLES
CONGRUENT TRIANGLES
(SECOND
23
8wr;*>jr),
1.
Prove that
2.
3.
4.
all
angles.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Z.
BOC = 44
ABCD
ABCD
/.ABC = 56;
is
a rhombus
is
a parallelogram
calculate Z.
prove that
B and D
is
ACD.
are equidistant
from AC.
9.
is
AB
of a circle, centre
prove
/. OX A = 90.
10.
The diagonals
through
11.
12.
14
CD
AD
is
parallel to
ABC
is
line
and
prove
BC.
13.
cut at O any
XO = OY.
O if PQ = RS
ABCD
of the parallelogram
at X, Y ; prove
AB,
O cuts
AEFG
is
DG.
AY = AZ.
ABCD is a parallelogram P is the mid-point of BC DP
AB are produced to meet at Q prove AQ = 2AB.
ABCD, ABXY are two parallelograms; BC and BX
different lines
prove that DCXY is a parallelogram.
;
and
16.
are
17.
Two
unequal
that
18.
AB
bisects
The diagonals
AK
is
circles,
XY
centres A, B, intersect at X,
at right angles.
of a square
cut off equal to AC
ABCD
;
prove
cut at
Y; prove
O; from AB a
L AOK = 3 /. BOK.
part
CONCISE GEOMETRY
24
ABCD
X
21.
is
L BAD
the bisector of
cuts
BC
at
prove
XY = CD.
22.
23.
24.
25.
that
PR
bisects
CQ.
is
BR
circles, centres
is
a straight
In
is
perpendicular to AX.
is a triangle; the bisectors of Z.s
ABC
AQ,
AP
line.
27.
A,
in the
QPR
AABC, L BAG = 90; ABPQ, ACRS, BCXY are
outside ABC
prove that (i) BQ is parallel to CS;
prove that
26.
and
[From
squares
(ii)
BR
at
drop perpendiculars to
29.
30.
31.
is parallel
to^BC.
RIDERS ON BOOK
II
AREAS
THEOREM 16
(i)
If
ABCD
and
(ii)
If
BH
is
ABPQ
FIG. 32.
THEOREM 17
If
AD
is
an altitude
of the triangle
areaof
ABC,
ABC = iAD.BC.
D
FIG. 38.
2,.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
26
THEOREM 18
(i)
(ii)
If
ABC
and
ABD
same
parallel**, i.e.
CD
is
parallel to
THEOREM
If
the triangle
same base
AB.
19(1)
ABC
AB
area of
ABC =
area of
ABXY.
AREAS
THEOREM
(i)
(ii)
Triangles (or
27
19(2)
it,
same
C
parallels.
FIG. 36.
MENSURATION THEOREMS
(i)
and
b inches,
area of
and
if
trapezium = \h
(a -f-
inches,
b) sq. inches.
b
FIG. 37.
(ii)
area of triangle
/s
(a
-)(*- b)
(*
b, c
inches and
c) sq. inches.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
28
AREAS
TRIANGLES, PAKALLELOGKAMS, ETC.
EXERCISE VI
In Fig. 38, AD, BE,
CF
ABC.
A ABC,
1.
In
2.
3.
In Fig. 38,
In Fig. 38,
4.
In Fig. 38,
5.
In
6.
In quad.
7.
of
ABC
is
quad.
Find BC.
18*.
ABCD, AB = 12*,
In Fig. 39,
ABCD
pendiculars to
is
a parallelogram
AP,
AQ
BC, CD.
B
FIG. 39.
8.
In Fig. 39,
9.
In Fig. 39,
In Fig. 39,
10.
of
/;
ABCD.
AQ.
of
ABCD
is
AREAS
11.
In quad.
if
29
the area of
AABC
18
is
is parallel to AD;
find the area of AABD.
sq. in.,
13.
14.
The area
1 2.
In quad.
is
of
AABC is
36
sq. cms.,
the mid-point of
BC;
B
16.
17.
18.
to
to
CD
is
3"
cms.,
AC = 9
15. In
pendicular from
AB = 8
= 8", BC = 5";
cms.,
from
AD.
40 represents on a
acre.
and
FIG. 40.
FIG. 41.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
30
and elevation
a box on a
of
FIG. 42.
22.
The diagram
ol
(Fig. 43), not drawn to scale, represents the plan
The measurements given are in inches.
acres.
an estate of^6|
On what
line
PQ
drawn
The dotted
AQ.
FIG. 43.
23.
ABCD
</,
r.
31
AREAS
24.
ABC is inscribed in
ABC in terms of p,
a rectangle
r/,
(Fig. 45)
r, s.
45.
Fir..
/.ABC-
46
25. In Fig.
perpendicular from
/.
of the
FIG. 46.
26. In
Fig.
47
OB
a square,
is
is
4*;
OA=12",
Calculate areas of
ABC
side
a straight
00 = 6*.
line.
C
B
FIG. 47.
27. In
prove
28.
P,
29.
The area
terms of
e,
AB,
/, #, y.
is
CONCISE GEOMETRY
32
30.
(ii)
(2,1);
31.
(4, 7).
1);(5,2);<6,5).
(0,0); (a,o);
(b, c).
(v)(0,0);(a,6);(c,d).
Find the area of the quadrilaterals whose
(i)
(ii)
32.
5);
(iii)(l,
(iv)
(2,
vertices are
(3,
YARDS
YARDS
to
(1) to
to
to
250
200
150
100
80
B 50
40
to
(2) to
to
300
220
200
100
50
60
B 100
50
to
80
to
From A
33.
From A
Find from the formula [page 27] the area of the triangles
whose sides are (i) 5 cms., 6 cms., 7 cms.
(ii)
its
shortest
altitude.
35.
AX,
BY
prove
36.
ABC
is
prove
37.
Two
40.
ABC;
if
AC = 2BC,
a line parallel to
BC
cuts AB,
AC
at P,
AOB,
COD
intersect at
O;
if
AC
is parallel
to
BD,
AAOD = ABOC.
39.
the triangle
AAPC = AAQB.
lines
prove
38.
are altitudes of
AX = 2BY.
AREAS
41.
is
AD
33
prove
AAPB-
drawn through A,
C parallel
of
AABC;
AAPC.
42.
ABCD id a quadrilateral
BD, and through B,
lines are
D parallel to AC
44.
ABC
a straight line;
is
a point outside
is
it;
prove
AOAB __ AB
AOBC~BC"
45.
ABCD
is
a parallelogram
perpendicular from
46.
is
to
any point on
AP;
ABCD-DQ.AP.
ABCD is a parallelogram; P
is
prove
BC DQ
;
is
the
APAB = APBC.
47.
48.
49.
FIG. 48.
AC
50.
ABCD
51.
52.
The diagonals
is
a line through
a quadrilateral;
parallel to
of
of equal area
53.
ABCD
cuts
and
BQ
at
PQ
prove that
AB = BCCD = PQ; PC
ADQP = 8 AOBC.
prove quad.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
34
54. X,
that
55.
AB,
deduce that
AC of AABC
XY is parallel
prove
to
BC.
prove DX,
YC
are
parallel.
56.
The
to
point in
at
58.
59.
AE;
prove
PQ
bisects
parallel to
QD
cuts
BD
AABC.
FIG. 49.
60.
prove
61.
62.
35
AREAS
63.
BE,
CF
ABGC = quad.
64.
ABC,
ABD
same
to
cuts
AC,
and cut at
In Fig. 51,
prove
BD
at X,
65.
parallels
AB
ABC
AEGF.
APQR
is
a square; prove
-.
AC
i
AB
BK
66.
ABCD
is
a quadrilateral
point of
67.
BC
68.
^~
= AABD.
APR +
69. In Fig. 52, prove
a
three
lines
is
ABC
70.
AX, BY, CZ meet
; any
parallel
where
AB
at
X, Y v Z ; prove
CA,
necessary
produced
AASQ
BC,
AAYZ
ABCD
AXYZ-2AABC.
a parallelogram;
within
the angle
point
is
APBD.
AB
is
CBE;
produced to E; P
prove
is
any
CONCISE GEOMETRY
36
73*.
parallelograms outside
ABC
is
prove that
76*. In
ABC,
is
constant.
77*.
PX -f PY -f PZ
78*.
is
79*. G,
lateral
ABCD; AB and DC
prove quad.
P;
PYTHAGORAS' THEOREM
PYTHAGORAS' THEOREM
THEOREM 20
If,
in the triangle
ABC,
Z.
BAG - 90",
Then BA 2 + AC 2 = BC-.
A
Fio. 54.
THEOKEM
If,
in the triangle
21
ABC, BA + AC 2 = BC 2
Then ^.BAC-90
2
37
CONCISE GEOMETRY
38
PYTHAGOKAS' THEOREM
EXERCISE VII
1.
In Fig. 54,
2.
3.
In Fig. 54,
In Fig. 54,
4.
In
5.
In
A ABC.
length of
7.
R on
8.
9.
AD
the median
10.
is
is
find the
prove
AC = 13", BD-S
ABCD.
is 9000 yards, is 5000 yards
what length of the railway is com-
PQ = 505', QR = 456',
AB = 8", L ACB = 90
a parallelogram;
calculate area of
11.
if
AD.
an altitude of
ABCD
is
An
14.
15.
AB,
How much
closer
hour?
16.
PYTHAGORAS' THEOREM
17.
whose centre
18.
The
7)
parallel sides of
an
area
1 9.
In
20.
In
21. In
(5,
is (2,
is
32
39
on a
circle
and
isosceles
trapezium are
and
5*, II",
its
AC =
L ACB =
AABC, L ABC =
=
=
AABC, L ABC 90, L ACB 60, AB = 5"; find
= 2", BC = 4", CD = V iind AD.
Fig. 55, AB
BC.
90
ocT
ID
Flo. 55.
22. In quadrilateral
= L BCD = 90
90=
23.
In
Z.AQD
Fig.
56,
ABCD, AB = 5", BC =
are points on
P,
;
calculate BP, BQ.
find
ACB
FIG. 56.
25.
whose
sides are x^
+ y 1 #2
,
2
,
%xy
right-angled.
a;
26.
AB.
BC
are
two vertical poles, D and C being the ends on
AD,
the ground, which is level; AC = 12', AB = 10', BC = 3';
calculate
27.
calculate
28.
AD.
29.
circle
B, C.
CONCISE GEOMETKY
40
30. In
A ABC, AB*=4", 80 =
A ABC, AB*=8", BC =
31.
In
32.
A regular
its
5",
3",
polygon of n sides
is
perimeter
L ABC = 45;
Z. ABC ~60;
is
prove that
calculate
calculate
AC.
AC.
area
is
? jir - jg )
2
circle of radius
2
prove that the area of the circle is Tir
33. The slant side of a right circular cone is 10", and the diameter
is 27ir,
of its base
is
8"
36.
A piece
37.
distance of
from D.
A circular
38.
is
r feet
is
39.
cone
;
of height
is
by the water-surface.
h feet, and the radius
its
of its base
circumscribing sphere
feet -
40*.
ABCD
BD
41.
AD
is
ABC
prove that
42. In
43.
'44.
prove that
are at right
THEOREM
PYTHAGfOKAS'
45. It
the quadrilateral
AB 2 - AD 2
that
46.
is
PB + PD
2
In
48.
AC
ABCD
;
51.
52.
Is this true
ABCD
P
if
is
ADC = 90
prove that
outside
K are
2
2 =
BK + CH f BC 2
prove that
is a rhombus
/.
prove
H,
PA 2 + PC 2 =
ABCD ?
the mid-points of
AB,
BD 2 = 2AB 2 + 2BC 2
=
In the quadrilateral ABCD, /. ACB
L ADB = 90 AH, BK
are drawn perpendicular to CD; prove DH 2 + DK 2 = CH 2 +
;
prove that
AC?
-l-
CK 2
1)0.
&T
49.
ABCD, Z ABC =
CD 2 - CB 2
41
PW
PC 2 + PD 2 = 2(PX 2 + PY 2 + PZ 2 + PW 2 ).
In AABC, Z BAG = 90 and AC-2AB; AC is produced to
D so that CD AB; BCPQ is the square on BC; prove
BP-BD.
AD is an altitude of AABC P, Q are points on AD produced such that PD = AB and QD = AC prove BQ = CP.
In AABC, Z.BAC-90
AD is an altitude; prove
;
53.
54.
In
BC
AABC, Z.BAC = 90; AX
is
BA2 = BX BC
.
;
'
B?T^ABC
is
that
2
2
BC, CD prove AE = 13EC
In the AABC, AB = AC = 2BC; BE is an altitude; prove
that AE = 7EC.
O is any point inside AABC; OP, OQ, OR are the perpendiculars to BC, CA, AB; prove BP 2 -f CQ 2 + AR 2 = PC 2 +
QA 2 +RB 2
AD is an altitude of AABC E is the mid-point of BC
2
2
prove AB - AC = 2BC DE.
.
59.
that
58.
55. In
56.
=
f^
AC CX
60.
42
CONCISE GEOMETRY
use area
FIG. 57.
62*.
ABC
is
a straight
same side of
63*. The diagonal
point
P;
AC
AC
line
prove
of the rhombus
prove that
AC
ABCD
PA PC = PB 2 - AB 2
.
ABCD
is
produced to any
64*.
The diagonal
65*.
PC = BC prove PB 2 = PA AC.
In AABC, Z.BAC = 90; BCXY, ACPQ, ABRS
outside ABC prove PX 2 4- RY 2 = 5BC 2
that
of the square
is
the
produced to P so
are squares
43
A ABC,
to
Z.BAC
if
BA
is
obtuse and
produced,
then BC 2 =
if
CN
is
the perpendicular
BA 2 + AC 2 + 2BA AN.
.
FIG. 58.
THEOREM 23
In
the perpendicular to
FIG. 59(1).
AN.
FIG. 59(2).
THEOREM 24
In
AABC,
if
AD
is
then
a median,
D
FIG. 60.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
44
2.
7, 8,
11;
(iii)
8,9, 12;
(iv) 15,
4.
5.
5,
7.
ABCDis
of
In
AC on AB is 6"
AABC, AC8
10.
The
11.
In
AB = 5", AD=
altitude;
altitude;
BC = 6
cms.,
AC.
calculate
cms.,
/.ACB=120;
AB.
AABC, AB *= 8
In
12. In
a parallelogram
calculate
altitude;
6.
9.
4,
In A ABC, BC = 6, CA-3, AB = 4; CN is an
calculate AN and CN.
In AABC, BC = 8, CA=9, AB = 10; CN is an
calculate AN and CN.
In AABC, BC = 7, CA=13, AB = 10; CN is an
calculate
8.
(i)
3.
16,22.
cms.,
AC = 7, BC = 3
36;
prove
is it
L ABC = 60.
obtuse-angled?
13.
The
14.
15.
The
sides of
are 4, 7, 9;
shortest median.
are 6, 8, 9 cms.
sides of a parallelogram are
is
16.
;
diagonal
is a median of the
In
cms., 7 cms.,
AABC, AB = 6, AC = 8, AD = 5;
AABC, AB = 4, BC = 5, CA = 8; BC
CD = 5 calculate AD.
ABC is an
BC = CD
and one
BC.
that
18.
'5
AD
calculate
17.
8 cms.
is
produced to
so
equilateral triangle;
;
prove
AD
3AB
BC
is
produced to
so that
A ABC, AB = AC;
In
CD
is
45
BC2 =
2AB BD.
.
20.
AB
DC
and
prove that
AC2 + BD 2 = AD 2 -f BC 2 + 2AB
23.
24.
21. BE,
22.
ABCD
DC.
In
).
).
34*
ABCD
is
prove that
a tetrahedron
BCD
is
an acute-angled
triangle.
* 90
CONCISE GEOMETRY
46
2.
3.
1.
straight line
5.
AB is bisected at O and
PA2 + PB 2 = 2PO 2 + 2AO 2
straight line
that
4.
ABCD
produced to P
prove
CD
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
AB
is
bisected at
prove that
14.
PA 2 = 5PB 2
OB OP = BP 2
.
15.
PA_5
PB~2*
ACBD
is
point of
AB
.=
CB
BD
prove that
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
DA.DB = DC.DO.
AB.CD-2AD.CB.
OB 2 = OC.OD.
1
(iv)'
v
^ AD-^-AB
AC
-.
47
is
the mid-
CONCISE GEOMETRY
48
INEQUALITIES
THEOREM 26
In the triangle ABC,
(i)
(ii)
If
AOAB,
then /_
ABO
AOAB.
61.
THEOREM 27
If
ON
is
is
to a line
ON < OP.
then
FIG. 62.
THEOREM 28
If
ABC
is
a triangle,
BA + AC >BC.
AB, and
if
49
INEQUALITIES
INEQUALITIES
EXERCISE X
1.
The
if
ABC, ACB
of
AABC
meet at
AB >AC,
5.
AD is
Z.BAC
AABC;
<90.
ABC is an equilateral triangle P is any point on BC prove
AP>BP.
In AABC, the bisector of Z.BAC cuts BC at D; prove
BA>BD.
AD is a median of AABC; if AB>AC, prove that /.BAD
6.
In
2.
3.
4.
7.
<Z.CAD.
AABC, AB
AB
> Z. ADC.
Which
8.
ABC
9.
10.
11.
is
a triangle
14.
15.
16.
CD>AC.
BAC cuts BC
BC
(ii)
at
if
any
How many
side of a triangle
is less
than half
its
perimeter.
BC + CA).
ABCD is a quadrilateral
AD>CD.
ABC is a A P is any
;
AB<BC; /.BAD</.BCD;
point on
BC;
prove that
AP
prove
is
less
is
> L BAC
18. A,
B
4
are
(ii)
ABC;
BO + OC< BA + AC.
side of
CD,
A'
is
the
CONCISE GEOMETRY
50
is
19.
AD
20.
21.
CA + AB).
In AABC, BC>BA; the perpendicular bisector OP of AC
cuts BC at P Q is any other point on OP
prove AQ + QB
is
is
a median of
any point
AABC;
inside
prove
AABC
AD<|(AB-f AC).
OA + OB -f OC > |(BC
prove
-f-
>AP + PB.
22.
51
then
(i)
(ii)
HK is parallel
HK = |BC.
to
AC of
the triangle
ABC,
BC.
B
FIG. 63.
THEOREM 30
If
two
lines
DS
ABCDE, PQRST
so that
BC = CD,
are cut
then
by the
7\
z
:/
parallel lines
QR = RS.
\a
R_
\T
Fio. 64.
BQ, CR,
CONCISE GEOMETRY
52
P is any
H, K are the mid-points of AB, AC
BC prove HK bisects AP.
In AABC, L BAG = 90
D is the mid-point of BC; prove
that AD = BC.
[From D, drop a perpendicular to AC.]
In Fig. 65, if AC = CB and if AP, BQ, CR are parallel, prove
ABC
is
point on
2.
3.
4.
if AC = CB, and
=
CR
(BQ - AP).
In Fig. 66,
that
"
if
AP, BQ,
CR
c
V
FIG. 66.
5.
P.
toSR.
6.
In
AABC,
/.
7.
a fixed point
is
is
is
is
whose centre
10.
AB
OP.
53
at the mid-point of
any quadrilateral
OA.
sides
angles, prove that the mid-points of the four sides are the
corners of a square.
12.
ABCD
line.
13.
ABC
is
AX,
AY
ABCD
15.
AD,
P,
16.
BE
ABCD
P,
are
Q, R
altitudes
is
BD
bisects
/.ABC and
of
A ABC
that
and
PQ = RS;
(i)
at
intersect
BC
HA, AB,
having
quadrilateral,
are the mid-points of
R,
prove
AH
is
Q,
to
AH = 2CD.
prove
XY
is
BC
ACB
AB
H;
prove that
to
parallel
CD;
(ii)
QR = |(AB~CD).
17
ABC
is
is
the mid-point of
BC
18.
ABC
is
is
the mid-point of
is
Z. BAG
BC; Q
is
prove that
ABCD
is
a quadrilateral having
QR.
AB=^CD;
BC
P,
prove that
Q, R,
PS
/.
S
is
BAC
are the
perpen-
CONCISE GEOMETRY
54
20.
In Fig. 67,
and AP =
if
BD = DC
and
AP = AQ,
BP = CQ
prove that
PIG. 67.
aqiKre box
ABCD,
FIG. 68.
22.
ABC
CF
is
at
E,
G; AG
is
AC AB BE
AG GX
cuts
and
/.
BAG
BO
cuts
at X,
BC
55
at
prove that"
CY=20X.
25*.
Two
equal
circles,
circle passes
prove that
through
AB
is
O ; a third equal
the
and cuts
former circles at C, D ;
centres A, B, intersect at
is
a variable
APAB
27*.
jx>int
PAST,
PBXY
at
join
BK, KF.]
RIDERS ON BOOK
III
AB
is
a chord of a
(1) If
(2) If
ON
is
circle,
31
centre O.
= NB.
THEOREM 32
AB,
CD
(1) If
(2) If
from O, then
AB = CD.
57
AB
is
A chord of
3.
cms.;
the
length 10 cms. is at a distance of 12 cms. from
centre of the circle ; find the radius.
AB = 8
from AB.
ABC
is
at a distance of
is
4 cms.
inscribed in a circle;
AB = AC = 13", BC==10";
In a
of
circle of radius
4 cms.,
lengths
them.
6.
Two
parallel chords
CD = 10"
7.
An
8.
The perpendicular
the
ABC
AB = 4",
bisector of a chord
is
AB
6 cms.,
is
inscribed
cuts
AB
at
and
is
find
such that
line,
circle
on
AC
AB = T, BC = 4"; PBQ
is
as diameter, perpendicular to
PQ.
11.
The
is
centres of
apart
Two
P,
S and
variable line
a",
two
common
chord.
one at
which
AB = 6", CD = 1*
a straight
the chord of the
10.
13.
circle.
AC;
12.
CD
the circle at
9.
AB,
at P,
equation
constant.
the other at Q,
PQRS
cuts
S and
between
x,
Q,
y,
two
R;
a,
R;
if
QR = 2",
PQRS
find
cuts
PQ.
&,
PQ = #", QR = /, find
and prove that PQ.QS
an
is
CONCISE GEOMETRY
58
14.
A crescent
Fig. 71)
at C,
15.
is
;
In Fig. 72,
ABCD
is
BC
arc
AB = CD = #;
BP = PC = y; PQ = z; AB, QP, DC
calculate in terms of r, y,
perpendicular to
the radius of the circular
are
AQD.
C
A
Fro. 72.
16.
AB
is
a chord of a
from
17.
Two
A and B
circles,
bisects
18.
Two
XY
circle,
prove
centres A,
centre
OT
O T
is
bisects /.
ATB.
B, intersect at X,
prove that
AB
at right angles.
circles,
line parallel
centres
to
AB
A, B, intersect at C, D;
cutting the circles at P,
PCQ is a
Q prove
;
PQ = 2AB.
1 9.
Two
circles, centres
one
20.
21.
ABC
A, B, intersect at X,
circle, parallel to
PQRS cuts
RS.
prove PQ
line
is
XY
prove
two concentric
a triangle inscribed in a
BC
is
AB
PQ
bisects
circles at
circle
if
/.
is
a chord of
PQ.
P,
S and
Q, R
22.
PQ
if
is
59
PQ = RS.
Fre. 73.
23.
CPD
APB,
OP
24.
if
bisects
quadrilateral
;
;
B,
A, O,
;
;
prove that their four centres are the corners of a parallelogram.
25. AOB,
are two intersecting chords of a circle ; if AB = CD,
COD
prove AO = CO.
AC = CB,
prove
Fig.
27.
PQ = RS.
74.
prove
28.
prove
PQ
is
greatest
when
it is
AB.
29*. P is any point on a diameter AB of a circle QPR is a chord
such that L APQ = 45 ; prove that AB 2 = 2PQ 2 + 2PR
parallel to
'.
30*.
ABC
is
CD
are
prove that
AB
AC + BD - 4OA2
2
are the
X, Y,
;
prove that AX, BY,
circle,
centre
CZ
CONCISE GEOMETRY
60
(1)
THEOREM 33
If
AB
is
an arc of a
circle,
centre O,
and
if
is
FIG. 75(1).
Fio. 75(2).
THEOREM 34
(1) If
(2) If
FIG. 76.
FIG. 77.
61
(1)
THEOREM 35
(1) If
ABCD
is
a cyclic quadrilateral,
AD
Z.ABC+ /.ADC =
= Z.ABC.
FIG. 78.
ABCD
is
180.
produced
CONCISE GEOMETRY
62
(1)
EXERCISE XIII
1.
2.
find
3.
4.
5.
Z.ABD.
ZAOC-42
6.
ZOBC.
Two circles APRB, AQSB intersect at A, B PAQ, RBS are
= 70, find Z.PQS,
straight lines; if ZQPR-=80, ZPRS
7.
P,
find
Z.QSR.
Q,
= 36;
8.
9.
Z.PQR.
The diagonals
Two
at
chords AB,
Z.COD.
11.
(i)
In Fig. 79,
(ii) If
if
y + z = 90,
z - 40, find
=
x
45.
prove
y = 32,
x.
to
;
meet
find
is
of
find
13.
15.
if
AC cuts BD at O, if
L BAG = 2 L BCA.
lines; prove
16.
AB
18.
19.
20.
21.
/_
ABCD
a circle;
A,
AY
BX
cuts
PAQ, RAS
/.BOC-
at
O;
are straight
AB
is
y = 20, 2-40,
PBR-- Z.QBS.
a chord of a
is
minor arc
1 7.
H,
if
Z.BAC.
In Fig. 79,
100, prove
14.
A ABC
63
(1)
circle,
22.
23. A, B, C,
whose
24.
AABC.
AP, AQ are diameters of
PBQ is a straight line.
25.
OA
is
PB,
the circles
PC
APB,
is
equiangular to
AQB
AP is any
circle, centre O
OA as diameter bisects AP.
AOB, COD of a circle intersect at O
a radius of a
prove that
chord
prove
Two
chords
prove
27.
APC
is
if
AO = AC,
DO = BD.
an
AQOC
2LPCQ.
is
arc, less
than a semicircle, of a
Z.
circle,
APC=
centre
O;
/.PAQ +
64
28.
29.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
a
point of
BC
ABC
is
OA, OB,
prove
30.
Two
31.
OB = BD,
ABCD is a
lines
OAB,
prove
ABCD
is
37.
is
the mid-
Z.AOB = 90,
A,
AB,
CD
DC
at X
AD,
are produced to
B and
C,
EX F
BC
prove
prove
D;
if
are
meet at F
Z.AOC +
produced to
;
the circles
a straight line.
; prove
are perpendicular chords of a circle, centre O
cut
is
prove
Z.DAB= Z.OAC.
In AABC, AB = AC; ABD is an equilateral triangle; prove
that L BCD = 30 or 150.
ABC is a A D is a point on BC H, K are the centres of
the circles ADB, ADC; if H, D, K, A are concyclic, prove
L BAC = 90.
ABC is a A the bisectors of Z.s ABC, ACB intersect at
and meet AC, AB at P, Q if A, Q,
P are*concyclic, prove
=
BAC
60.
L
Two lines EBA, ECD cut a circle ABCD at B, A and C, D
O is the centre prove L AOD - /. BOC = 2 /. BEC.
ACB, ADB are two arcs on the same side of AB a straight
;
I,
38.
if
circle at
a cyclic quadrilateral;
EDC, FBC
36.
is
meet at E ; AB,
35.
OCD cut
OC = CA.
O D
Z. BAC.
34.
/. BOD =
OC
Z ACB =
33.
39.
line
ADB
ACD
lies
cuts
them
at C,
D;
if
CB = CD.
65
(1)
ABCD
40.
is
A ABC;
inside
prove
42.
drawn through D,
is
AEFG
ABC
43.
P,
is
is
equilateral.
a line
;
Q, R;
of Z.8
if
BPR,
E,
F are
Z.
circle
prove
PQR
B, C, Q,
BAC
of A ABC
points E,
EDA = 60 = /. FOB a
and cuts AB again at G
AB
cuts
BC
produced, CA,
AB
at
APXBYQ
44.
45.
is
a circle;
46.
produced
at
O;
use an
47.
BQ.AO-AR.BO.
ABC is a A; the bisectors
and cut AC, AB at Y, Z
;
at
48.
area
of /.s
formula
ABC,
to
ACB
prove
that
intersect at
I,
ABC
is
Z.ADB.
49*.
AOB,
COD
duced, BC.
50*.
51*.
2OC 2
Two given
.
52*.
circles
ABP,
ABQ
intersect at A,
a variable
CONCISE GEOMETRY
66
line
PAQ
meets them at P,
prove
21
PBQ
of constant
is
size.
53*.
ABC
is
a given
BC, prove
/.
is
PBA - L PCA
is
constant.
Z.PRQ
is
of constant
size.
FIG. 81.
55*.
56*.
AB is
C,
of
two constant
values.
Two
circles
circle
PSQ
PRQ
circle passes
PRQ, PSQ
lies
cuts circle
on
intersect at P,
circle
PRQ
at
PSQ;
;
prove
Q;
the centre
the diameter
QR
is
PS
parallel to
of
of circle
OP,
(2)
(2)
67
THEOREM 40
If
is
and
if
PX
is
the tangent
OPX
P,Q
FIG. 82.
THEOREM 41
If
PA
is
any chord
K and X
of a circle
PKA, and
if
PX
FIG. 83.
is
the tangent at P,
CONCISE GEOMETRY
68
(2)
EXERCISE XIV
2.
3.
1.
line
tangent;
A,
if
meet
at
the tangent at A
DB produced at T if Z.ATD = 24, /.COD = 82,
Find also the angle between
Z. TBC = 146, find ZL BAG.
BD and the tangent at C.
The aides BC, CA, AB of a A touch a circle at X, Y, Z
= 64, Z. ACB = 52; find Z.XYZ, ,/XZY.
,/ ABC
meets
4.
5.
6.
TBP,
whose
TCQ
Z.QCA =
7.
In
A ABC,
AC
L ABC = 50,
produced,
AB
Z.
ACB = 70;
produced at X, Y,
a
;
T TC
8.
A chord AB of
9.
Z.TBC = /.ACT.
Two circles APB, AQB intersect at A, B
= Z.ABQ.
tangents at A, prove Z.ABP
a circle
is
produced to
circle
find Z.
is
= 146,
touches BC,
YXZ.
a tangent from
10.
DA
11.
is
the tangent at
to the circle
ABC
AQ
AP,
if
mid-point of
DB
is
BC;
are the
parallel to
prove that
ADC
is perpendicular to AB.
the tangent at D to the circle
of
the
chords
circle
the tangent
are parallel
12. BC,
;
at
13.
AD
A cuts CB
ABCD
produced at
Z.PAQ=Z.BPQ.
Two circles ACB, ADB
to circles
ADB,
ACB
PD
intersect at A,
at A,
prove
CA,
AD
is
DB
prove
are tangents
parallel to
BC.
14.
CA,
CB
15.
The
bisector of
Z.BAC meets BC
at
circle is
drawn
BC
16.
Two
17.
ABCD
A, C
18.
circles
passing through
^PDB=
meet at
A inscribed in a
produced at
B; the tangents
A,
PBQ
if Z. PBQ is
is
if Z.
the tangents at
Z. ABC ~ L ADC.
What happens
is
AC
Z.QDC.
T prove Z. ATC =
circles intersect at
ABC
AB,
;
tangents at
is a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle
Two
cuts
if it
APB,
circles at P,
19.
D and
at
at P, Q, prove
69
(2)
acute, prove Z.
at
B meet
the
PAQ = 2 Z. PBQ.
obtuse ?
circle
the bisector of
L ACB
TC = TD.
AOB is a diameter
+ ZlAED=:lS0 -f ,/BAT.
A ABC, AB = AC; a circle
22. In
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
is
AABC;
CA.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
70
30.
circle
PQ and the tangent at R
T prove L PRQ = 60 \ L PTR.
The diameter AB of a circle, centre O, is produced to T so that
OB = BT TP is a tangent to the circle prove TP = PA.
The bisector of L BAG cuts BC at D a circle is drawn through
D and to touch AC at A prove that its centre lies on the
intersect at
31.
32.
perpendicular from
AB.
to
34.
also their
common
35.
(iii)
very close to
B?
37. A,
intersect at Q.
when P
is
very close
to B.
38.
the position of
B when A
is
very close to O.
37.
If
arc
THEOREM
H K
(
AB = arc CD.
38.
APB, CQD.
= L CKD,
(ii)/.APB = Z.CQD.
and
THEOREM
APB,
CQD
(i)
(ii)
are
two equal
39.
circles.
If chord
If arc
circle.
71
CONCISE GEOMETRY
72
ABCD
Ls
in the
2.
3.
circle
AB
AC cuts BD at
DC when proif Z. AEB = 55, Z. BFC = 35, Z. DOC = 85,
duced meet at F
4.
a square and
same
BC
produced at T; /.BAT
ratio of the arcs AB and AC.
5.
CD;
calculate/.
AB,
A meets
the tangent at
ABCD
arc
6.
^135,ZATB-
A,
circle
30
DAB = 74
Z.
find the
arc
BC =
A BD andZ_BDC.
8.
9.
7.
AB,
</
circle
;
if
prove arc
AB = CD,
AD
prove
arc
Z.
BC.
ABC =
BCD.
prove that
10.
11.
12.
in the
13.
same
circle,
BP = arcPC.
On a clock-face,
4 and 7
arc
is
15.
APB,
AQB
16.
ABCD
18.
ABC
are
is
DC
prove
a tangent to the
DP
is
a chord
PB = AD.
hexagon
A inscribed
is
through B, C
are produced to meet
in a circle;
circle
any
"20.
XY
of a circle;
is
equal to
17.
AP
circle
AC
73
CD
AB
/.ABC =
if
a diameter
is
AD
P is any point
is a
inscribed in a circle, centre O
on the side BC ; prove that the circles OBP, OCP are equal.
22. In AABC, AB = AC; BC is produced to D; prove that the
21.
ABC
23.
ABCD
ABD,
circles
ACD
are equal.
a quadrilateral inscribed in a
is
Z.ABC
to F; the bisector of
that
21.
DE
ABCD
is
bisects /.ADF.
a cyclic quadrilateral
meet at E
a circle
is
drawn
circle
CD
is
BC
and
produced
E; prove
AD
are produced to
through A, C, E and cuts AB,
;
25.
/.ABC.
an equilateral
is
produced to
D so
BE
prove that
E;
bisects
26.
ABC
is
the mid-points
of
the
by AB, AC.
are two chords of a
are
HK
is
trisected
27.
BC
AB is
AB,
prove
28.
ABCD
circle
(AB>BC)
AB and
BD
is
AC
at
BC.
a quadrilateral inscribed in a
circle
XZ is perpendicular to YW.
In AABC, AB>AC; the bisectors
of
X, Y, Z,
DA;
W are
prove that
^ ABC, ACB
meet
74
CONCISE GEOMETRY
at
the circle
BIG
cuts
AC
AB,
at P,
QI = IB.
30.
ABC
prove PI
=r
1C and
side of
BC
is
prove
/.
prove
XBYD
a parallelogram.
FIG. 85.
AABC, AB = AC
is
35*.
36*.
37*.
38*.
Two
is
PB when
QR
prove
75
QR
is
of constant length.
39*.
and the
fixed
circle at
a fixed point.
circle at
Q;
prove that
PQ
CONCISE GEOMETEY
76
TP,
TQ
T to a circle,
TP - TQ.
Z.TOP = TOQ.
then
(i)
(ii)
(in)
OT
bisects Z.
centre O,
PTQ.
FIG. 86.
THEOREM 43
If
two
circles, centres A, B,
then
APB
is
a straight
Y
FIG. 87(1)
FIG. 87(2).
between
between
AB
77
LENGTHS OF TANGENTS
CIRCLES
EXEBCISE XVI
1.
7 cms.
what
is
2.
Three
3.
circles,
with B,
with
C
as
FIG. 88.
5.
In Fig. 89,
quadrant
AB is a
BC at B
FIG. 89.
6.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
78
7.
= 5", CB
is a point on AB such that
radius of the circle which touches AB at
AC
the circle on
8.
A,
AB
= 3*
calculate the
and
also touches
as diameter.
AB
BC
12 cms.;
is
BC
[Two
answers.]
AB,
are
FIG. 90.
10.
A ABC, AB =
11.
12.
Two circles of
13.
The
14.
15.
ABCD
16.
radii 3 cms.,
common tangent.
distance between the centres of two circles of radii 11 cms.,
5 cms. is 20 cms. ; find the lengths of their exterior and
interior
common
tangents.
disc
and touches
which
will
fit
AB
at A.
two
circles
which
LENGTHS OF TANGENTS
find the radius of the circle
and
circles
also
thejr
79
common
[Two answers
tangent.
20.
Four equal
1*,
them ;
21.
circle
Two
AC,
above the
table,
A ABC at
X, Y, Z; if Y, Z are
that
X is the mid-point
prove
BC.
circles
the circles at P,
Q;
A cuts
Q are
parallel.
23.
ABCD
is
a quadrilateral circumscribing a
circle,
prove that
AB-f CD = BC + AD.
24.
ABCD
25.
26.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
80
27.
28.
circles
these circles.
29.
AB
is
a diameter of one
prove that
/.
APB = 45
IZ.ABP.
30.
A BCD
is
31.
Two
a quadrilateral circumscribing a
Z.AOB+
prove
Two
circles
one
at
circle,
A
=
a chord
of one touches
PQ
Z. QAR.
provo L PAR
touch internally at A
any line
PQRS cuts
prove /_ PAQ =
S and
P,
centre
COD -180.
touch internally at
circles
the other at
32.
Z.
the
other at
Q,
Z.RAS.
33.
Two
equal
is parallel
34.
Two
circles
on each
Two
circles
/_
aro points,
prove that PQ
P,
XY.
tangents at
35.
such that
circle
to
A
=
90
PAQ
centres X, Y, touch at
circles,
one on each
P and
touch at
are parallel.
any
line
PAQ
at
AB produced,
Z.AXC-45
touch
AC
produced,
and
BC;
prove
37.
Two
at
circles
= 180.
38.
Two
39.
A circle,
at X,
XY
CZ.
are two
C
is
parallel to
40. PR,
QR
and
LENGTHS OF TANGENTS
OQ
81
at P,
prove that
Q;
FIG. 02.
41*.
PQ
42*.
is
RST;
if
Q,
P,
43*.
PBQ,
circle
circle
AOPQ
A
Two
through
44*. OA,
OB
circle
touches OA,
radius
= JOA.
is
is
constant.
a variable
line
j)er-
pendicular bisector of
45*.
circle
PQ
OB
and the
arc
AB
prove that
its
CB, AB
is
drawn
radius
46*.
to touch
its
= JAC.
square
ABOD
PQRS
AB = 5PQ.
is
is
inscribed in a circle,
AB
prove that
CONCISE GEOMETRY
82
CONVERSE PROPERTIES
THEOREM 36
(i)
(ii)
if
P,
lie
on a
If
If
of
(iii)
If
are on the
same
side of
AB,
circle,
/.APB +
AQB-
CONVERSE OF THEOREM 41
If
and
/_
passes through A, C, B.
FIG. 95
ler at
83
CONVERSE PROPERTIES
CONVERSE PROPERTIES
EXERCISE XVII
1.
2.
BE,
3.
The
CF
are altitudes of
altitudes
BE
AD,
of
^AEF-= ZABC.
H prove that
at
Z_DHC= ZDEC.
4.
5.
AABC
6.
The
prove that
BCGF
circle
lies
EF
is
ADHE; OABCD
and
OEFGH
7.
are two lines cutting them ; if A, B, F, E are concyclic, prove that C, D, H, G are concyclic.
cuts BD at
is a parallelogram ;
that the
; prove
AC
ABCD
circles
8.
AOB, COD
AD
line
is
trisected at B,
C BPC
;
is
an equilateral triangle
AQ
10.
in X,
are concyclic.
is a
inscribed in a circle
ABC
BC
at X,
and
the tangent at
any
at
AP,
prove that P, X, Y,
lino parallel to
AC
prove B, X, A,
cuts
are
concyclic.
11.
In Fig. 96,
prove that
BQP
QA
and
is
BAC
BC.
parallel to
12.
ABCD
is
a parallelogram
AC
circle is
at P,
Q;
drawn touching
AD
prove that P, Q, C,
at
Bare
CONCISE GEOMETRY
84
13.
are concyclic.
14.
A ABC,
In
CA, BA
L BAG = 90
produced at P,
CPQ.
15.
16.
17.
18.
on the circumference
P
19.
to
ABC
is
cuts
20.
CA,
a
BC
CB
PQ, PR
prove that
inscribed
at P,
QR
is
in a circle;
a line parallel to AC
A at T ; prove that
A ABC X is a variable
cut AB, AC at Z, Y
CXO
BXO,
is
point on
BC
the circles
AXYZ
21.
Four
circular coins of
unequal
sizes lie
touches two, and only two, of the others; prove that the
four points of contact are concyclic.
22.
ABC, ABD
AB,
CD
are
parallel to
of
26.
prove that
AC
to
CQ
are
prove that
PQ
of a circle
CD, AB
AP,
is cyclic.
any quadrilateral
BD are two perpendicular chords of a circle ; prove that
the tangents at A, B, C, D form a cyclic quadrilateral.
AB, AC are two equal chords of a circle AP, AQ are two
AC,
chords cutting
27.
AB = BC,
BD.
25.
if
ABD.
The diagonals
BC
at X,
of a cyclic
prove P, Q, X,
quadrilateral
ABCD
are concyclic.
intersect at
CONVEKSE PBOPERTIES
right angles at
from
to AB,
28.
O
COD
AOB,
29.
ABC
is
DP
is
drawn
DA
BC, CD,
are concyclic.
CF
30. BE,
A inscribed in a
AD is an altitude of AABC ;
;
and meets the tangent at A at P ;
circle
AB
parallel to
Z.CPA = 90.
prove
AABC X
is
tho mid-point of
BC
AABC; X is
L BAG.
the mid-point of
BC;
are altitudes of
85
Z.
FXE -
180 - 2
Two
33.
COD
AOB,
are
chords CP,
CQ
AB
cut
at H,
circle
two
prove that H, K, Q,
are
concyclic.
34.
The
CD of
on CD
side
point
bisector of /.
35*.
ADE
at
prove
36*. X,
straight line
PX and QY are
prove that
38*.
PQ
is
is
Z.ZEF= /. ABC
a chord of a
circle
at E,
prove that
any
cuts the
is
CA,
DB
D meet
at
ABQ PAQ
;
meet at R
are
T
is
prove
the mid-point of
AB
/. BAC.
TR -= TP
EF
39*. PQ,
40*.
ABP,
produced to
37*. BE,
PB
is
BP= PQ.
CD
AB,
E; P
Z.ODC.
CONCISE OKOMETRY
86
MENSURATION
1.
For a
(i)
(li)
circle of radius
r inches,
in.
the chcle,
o,.::
^irr in.
A
(iv)
-n-r
aq. in.
2.
(ii)
'A
(i)
4.
2?rrA
s<j.
in.
5.
%-irrd s<{ in
planes at distance d inches apart
For a circular cylinder, radius r inches, height h inches,
inches,
P~*a + /A
area of the curved surface
= ?rrZ
sq. in.
w= 2 2
7
87
MENSURATION
MENSURATION
EXERCISE XVIII
of radius
(1) the circumference, (2) the area of a circle
1.
Find
2.
The circumference
(i)
correct to
3.
The area
An
what
if
its
radius
what
is its
radius correct to
at the centre
5.
of a circle is 5 inches
inch
iV cm.
4.
100 yards.
4", (ii)
what
is its
an angle of 40
T\> inch 1
its radius
and
108,
length correct to
circle is
is
2*5
6.
7.
what
AB is an arc
8.
square
ABCD
is
5 cms.
of a circle, centre
find /.
of the circle
AOB,
by AB.
AO = 5 cms. and arc
off
AB =
radius
9.
horse
it is
circle
what
is
the
is
slide along a
10.
AOB
11.
What
x arc AB.
equals |OA
the area contained between two concentric circles of
is
C
FIG. 97.
12.
DA
CONCISE GEOMETRY
88
13.
Find
the volume,
(i)
(ii)
1 Ib.
of tobacco
and height
is
8"
packed
15.
Ib.
of tobacco, similarly
How many
Find
the volume,
(i)
(ii)
of
sector
of
circle
radius
cms.
and angle 60
find the
is
radius of
its base.
18.
folded out
is
obtained
19.
Find
the volume,
pyramid, whose base
(i)
(ii)
is
(ii)
184".
20.
Find
21.
the volume,
(i)
diameter 5 cms.
is
this
earth
22.
Two
area of
the
area of
the
total
find
miles,
What
the
fraction
surface
of
the
cylinders, diameters 8*
and
with water to
and an
elastic
1"
band
Find
on a table
its
stretched
length.
24.
What
is
89
MENSURATION
FIG. 93.
25.
26.
27.
is
AE = AB = DF = 100
(i)
AEFD, (ii)-ABCD.
Find
28.
ABCOFE.
CA
AB, BC,
(ii)
Find
its
perimeter.
FIG. iOO.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
90
29.
Draw
like.
is
surrounded by
man
flower-beds
water
What would be
31.
ABC
if
is
CA
BC,
equal to the
32. Fig.
(ii)
sum
bisects
(i)
(ii)
two
circles.
AC = DB
and
represents
at right angles.
Prove that
Curves AXB, AVB are of equal lengths ;
Area of figure area of circle on
as diameter.
101
four semicircles;
XOV
AB
XV
BSARC
the area of
A ABC.
the lunes
BSAQ, CRAP
equals
MENSURATION
34. In Fig. 103, AB =
touch the sides of
BC = CA = 2
AABC
91
and the
cms.,
circular arcs
FIG. 103.
35*.
A hoop,
of radius
plane, with
high.
its
rests in
2',
rim in contact at
The hoop
is
>f Calculate
this area.
FIG. 104.
36*.
ABC
is
such that
on the
floor
BA = 8*,
with the
ABCD cut at
= 4". The
right angles atO; AC -6", OC-OD-2*, OB
triangle DOC is cut away and the triangles AOD, BOC are
BD
of the quadrilateral
CONCISE GEOMETRY
92
folded through 90
a tetrahedron on
about OA,
AOAB
Find
(ii)
so as to form
two
faces of
as base.
(i)
(iii)
OB
to
the
opposite face.
38*.
ABCD
is
a rectangle;
DWA'are
AB
--=
10",
;
they are folded so as to form a pyramid with
base and X, Y, Z,
at the vertex.
9"
which are
ABCD
as
Find
(i)
(ii)
If
2
2
pyramid = A*, prove that A = r
Jp
height^
\q
2
.
93
LOCI
LOCI
THEOREM 45
A,
are
two
fixed points;
PA = PB,
if
a variable point
P moves
out,
by)
so that
is
the
THEOREM 46
AOB,
COD
if a variable point P
;
perpendicular distances PH, PK from
these lines are equal, then the locus of (or path traced out by)
P is the pair of lines which bisect the angles between AOB
are
two
moves so that
its
and COD.
FIG. 106.
DEFINITION.
PX
from P to
AB
pendicular
then P1 is called the image
line
AB,
1
produced to P so that
in
or reflection of P
AB,
is
if
the per-
PX = XP1
CONCISE GEOMETRY
94
LOCI
EXERCISE XIX
1.
variable point
is its locus
is
variable point
is its locus
is
what
2.
what
3.
from a given
at a given distance
line,
what
is
the locus of
4.
two
fixed points,
what
tue
locus of
5.
centre
its
6.
two
fixed lines,
what
is
the locus of
what
7.
what
is
two
what
is
what
is
the locus of
8.
the locus of
9.
10.
PQR
is
its
centre
PQ
and PR pass
12.
the locus of
what
P?
of its vertex.
13.
the locus of
14.
its
mid-point
a fixed point on a fixed
is
circle
is
is
of given length,
what
is
AP
A P.
;
is
a variable chord
a variable point on a given line ; O is a fixed point outfind the locus of the mid-point of OP.
;
16. A,
17.
ABC
is
a given triangle
BAPQ, CBQR
95
LOCI
grams
P moves on a
if
fixed
circle,
the
centre A, find
locus of R.
18.
variable chord
PQ
20. A,
21.
OR
OA OPQ
/. OPQ
constant
PQR
if
O PQ
point.
ABPQ
AP
PQ, QR
22. O,
two
centre
23.
mid
and
QR
is
a straight
is
is
line.
a variable triangle
is
fixed
of P.
24. A,
are
fixed
bisector of
points
AB; AP
the locus of Q.
25. A, B are fixed points
is
produced to
is
so that
AP= PQ
find
AP 2 4-
26.
27.
perpendicular to AB.
AC arc two fixed lines;
Z. BAC such that the sum of
AB,
its
is
;
prove that the locus of P is a straight line.
are fixed points ; P is a variable point such that
the sum of the areas^f the triangles PAB, PCD is constant ;
prove that the locus of P is a straight line.
is
constant
28. A, B, C,
29.
If
P1
30.
variable line
the image of
is
OQ
in
find
the
AP = AP X
A
point O
in the line
is
OQ.
are
image of
(i)
(ii)
AO
if
side of a line
CD A 1
;
is
in
is
AP + PB > AO -f OB.
the
CONCISE GEOMETRY
96
32.
AH,
"
FIG. 107.
33. A,
CD
CD
value.
parallel to
AC
through
P.
all
four cushions
it
97
ABC
is
meet at a point
AB
(say).
Fio. 108.
is
is
ABC, and
THEOREM 48
If A.BO is
BCA,
PC
FIG. 109.
is
(i.e.
The external
AB
produced,
bisectors of
a point Ip which
is
AC
produced,
is
BC;
called
an
this
circle
ex-centre.
is
aaid
to
CONCISE GEOMETRY
98
THEOREM 49
If
ABC
H
is
AD, BE,
CF
meet at a point
(say).
triangle
of
ABC.
The
triangle
AABC.
THEOREM 50
If
ABC
G
is
(say),
and
CF meet
DG- |DA.
A
BOO
FIG. 111.
is
ABC.
at a point
CONCURRENCY PROPERTIES
THE TRIANGLE
99
THE CIRCUMCIRCLK
1.
If
of
2.
the circumcentre of
is
BC, prove
Z.
A ABC and
of the quadrilateral
are the circumcentres of
P, Q, R,
if
is
the mid-point
BAG.
The diagonals
ABCD intersect at O;
AS AOB, BOC, COD,
PQ = RS.
In AABC, /.BAC=90; P is the centre of the square
described on BC prove that AP bisects /_ BAG.
In AABC, L BAG = 90; prove that the perpendicular
bisectors of AB and AC meet on BC.
DOA
3.
BOD =
Z.
prove
4.
5.
ABC
is
a scalene
bisector of
triangle
6.
BC
triangle;
/.
BAG
ABC.
of
7.
The
two
fixed lines
circle is
ABCD
is
^-^
ABC
AD, BE are
altitudes of
AD, BE,
AABC;
DE
AABC, AB = AC; P
circumcentres of
to PF.
AB = CD
/.
B AC = 90.
find a point
AOAB s AOCD.
bisectors of
In
A,
is
such that
11.
OB
8. If
10.
OA,
AOPQ is
centre of
9.
are concurrent.
is
AS ABP, ACP
prove that
E,
AE
F are the
is
parallel
CONCISE GEOMETRY
100
In Fig. 112,
if
BC = a, CA-&, AB = c,
and
prove that
(i)
(ii)
AY = s~a
AQ^.
(iv)
BP-XC.
YQ-ZR.
(v)
XP-6-c.
(iii)
IX
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
where
3
lP
B, I, C, ^ are concyclic.
AZ-f BX-f CY =
if L BIG -100, calculate
,s.
FIG. 112.
13.
AB
14.
a chord of a
ATAB
ZIAO = (ABC~Z.ACB).
is the in-centre of A ABC
prove that L AIC = 90 -f \ L ABC.
is the in-centre and AD is an altitude of A ABC;
prove that
L IAD \( L ABC - L ACB).
In Fig. 112, prove that AB - AC = BX - XC.
that
15.
16.
17.
18.
The
A ABC
in-circle of
19.
ABCD
20.
Two
touches
AS ABX, ACX
in-circles of
101
CONCURRENCY PROPERTIES
THE TRIANGLE
triangle is equilateral.
21. In
ABC, Z.BAC 90;
in-circle of
22.
The
AABC
BC.
equals AB + AC
of a variable line lie on two fixed lines
extremities P,
CD; the bisectors of
AB,
Z_s
CQP
APQ,
meet at R;
find
the locus of R.
23.
is
the in-centre of
BC
escribed to
AABC;
Ij
C lie on a
AABC; if
AQ = AC.
AB
at Q, prove
the in-centre of
is
prove that I, lt B,
is the in-centre of
\
24.
I,
circle,
AABC at
centre P.
the circumcircle of
ABIC
cuts
AABC
is
from
to Bl, Cl
AABC
THE ORTHOCENTRE
27. If
AD, BE,
CF
AABC
and
if
is its
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
/.BHF^BAC.
Z.BHC+Z.BAC = 180.
AS AEF, ABC are equiangular,
AS BDF, EDC are equiangular,
AD bisects L FDE.
Z.EDF = 180-2 iBAC.
2
is
in-centre of
ADEF.
28.
Where
29.
30.
is
is
Z.QBC
CONCISE GEOMETRY
102
H
31. If
is
As AHB, AHC
circles of
32.
is
A ABC,
orthocentre of
the
lf
are equal.
I
2,
34.
is
is
the orthocentre
CHF
that
AABC,
a:
is
AABC
prove
/. HBA = Z.OBC.
35. P, Q,
APQR
36.
is
circumcircle of
37.
AABC AH
the orthocentre of
AABC
the circumcentre,
is the in-centre, H
Al
that
bisects Z.OAH.
AABC; prove
is
38. BE,
CF
are
AABC; O
of
altitudes
BC at D
HD = DP.
meets
P; prove that
at
is
is
and the
the orthocentre of
its
circumcentre;
OA
is perpendicular to EF.
prove that
the circumcentre of
39. H is the orthocentre and
AABC AK
is
parallelogram,
(ii)
CH
AB.
40*.
is
AC = AH,
41.
42*.
is
prove
43.
the circumcentre of
AABC BH
the orthocentre of
K; prove AH = AK.
The altitudes BE, CF
mid-points of
to EF.
AABC
if
/.BAG = 60.
of
AABC
meet at H
is
P,
are the
perpendicular
of its orthocentre.
BC, CA,
(i)
(ii)
PZ
AD,
B, CF
are altitudes of
AABC
is
parallel to
L PZX = 90
(iii)
P, Z, X, D,
(iv)
The
circle
D,
E, F.
and
lie
BE and ZX
is
parallel to
AC.
L PYX - 90.
on a
circle.
through X, Y,
passes through P, Q, R,
THE TRIANGLE
CONCURRENCY PROPERTIES
103
THE CENTflOID
are the mid-points of BC, CA, AB ; prove that the
ABC, XYZ have the same centroid.
45. X, Y,
triangles
46.
ABCD
47. If the
at
prove that
medians AX,
BY
is
AQ
AABC
of
AB; CP
BC.
meet at G, prove that
bisects
AS
CGY
BGX,
48. If
a parallelogram;
is
BD
cuts
AABC
is
and
if
AG = BC,
prove that
L BGC = 90.
49. If
50. X, Y,
of
51.
AABC
AX, BY,
CZ
are the
>AX.
52. If the centroid and circumcentre of a triangle coincide, prove
that the triangle is equilateral.
53.
ABCD
AD
is
a parallelogram; H,
prove that
54*. In a tetrahedron
;
corners add
CH
up
tetrahedron, that
ABCD,
to 180
its
CK
and
trisect
AB,
BD.
RIDERS ON U0<
IV
>
PROPORTION
THKOBEM
If
XQ
51
of the triangles
ABC, XYZ
are equal,
AABC^BC
AXYZ YZ'
A
P C
FKI. 113.
THKOKKM 52
(1) If a straight line,
drawn
AC (produced if
AH
AK
,AH
= AK
then - = - and
HB KC
AB AC
If H, K are joints on the sides AB, AC (or
AH - A
of the triangle ABC such that
~,
HB KC
ABC,
BC of the triangle
necessary) at H, K,
,,
(2)
to
then
HK
is parallel
BC.
B
Fia.
K
FIG. 114(2).
FIG. 114(3).
CONCISE GEOMETRY
106
PROPORTION
EXERCISE XXI
1.
What
is
(i)
ins.
2.
Find x
(i)
x 24
:
3.
-=
If
-,
^=4
10,
= c = -,
If
fill
/...v
/..\
+ d+f
v
(
a,
(m)
+ b = c-\-d
in the following
_;
a+c
,...,
T \'
'6-3.
=-
"*--
(i)
&
*~
-2
5,r
(ii)
8 inches,
(ii)
*'
3J, 5, 8, 12
6.
7.
(i)
(ii)
J?,
.ry.
10.
11.
9.
AB, 8"
line
7:3;
12.
AB
to
13.
AB
to
is
A
is
,.. x
~b
5.
(iv)
(u)ad-6e,
a,
,.^
3 m.
(vi)
prove that
(,)_=-;
4.
hr.
120
(ii)
(iv) 2 hoars
/. v
in the following
find
long,
is
divided externally at
ratio
in the ratio
BQ.
divided internally at
or B !
in the ratio 5
6.
Is
nearer
divided externally at
or B ?
Is
nearer
107
PROPORTION
14.
AB
15.
16.
ABODE
divided externally at
is
to
a straight
is
line
line
at
is
long,
line of length
BE
(i)
is
J|
(ii)
A and
divided by
(iii)
D.
2
.
ration
which
AB BC CD DE-=
such that
AC.
in the ratio 7
AO = 6BO
that
find
00,00 -OB
that
19.
ratios in
AB, 8*
line
Find the
BE = 4",
at
nearer
If
18.
Is
5.
B1
or
Find the
in the ratio 3
line
1.3.2-5
17.
is
and
x"
is
CD.
20.
21.
line of length
AB
jc
ABCDEF
find
is
a\b\
OP
-.
divided internally at
is
ratio
23.
is
22.
if
CD
(i)
(ii)
and externally
p:r/:r:s:t',
(i)
*?,
(ii)
^,
at
in the
divides
CD.
AB BC CD DE EF =:
:
(m) the
ratios in
which
A and E
24.
,..
,.
WAX"-"'
25.
ABC
26.
The
is
is
a straight
..v
AY~AC
AD^AZ'
AR
= A. AB, find
line; if AC
inches
x y
:
in
and
terms of
its
A.
perimeter
108
27.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
AB
is parallel
to
CD OB = 2", OD - 2 J", BC = 5*
;
AD.
find
D
FIG. 115.
28.
parallel lines;
FIG. 116.
29*
-=
GB
OQ-6;
;
AP, BQ,
GN
are
perpendicular to
OX
OP -a,
JJL
30*.
find
The medians
ON.
of
AABC
OQ = b, OR = e
31.
ABC
is
JAB and
to
PQ
prove
OX
if
GN are
OP = a,
AB,
AC
such that
a line through
AP =
parallel
AB.
prove that
to a line
ON = J(a 4- b + c).
A; P, Q are points on
CQ = JCA; prove that
bisects
intersect at
AX, BY,
CZ
ABC,
XYZ
PKOPOFTION
33.
The diagonals
parallel to
34.
35.
36.
ABCD
of the quad.
DC, prove
BC
AH.AC-AK.AB.
line parallel ^o
cuts
iuterse
AB
if
is
AB,
AC
I-
-rove
a,t
tj AB
-a
any point inside the AABC; a ae XV
to
u 6 3
cut
cuts OA, OB at X, Y; YZ is drawi *ur,ii
OC at Z ; prove XZ is parallel to AC.
ABCO is a quadrilateral P is anj po; nt on AB ; lines PX, PY
are drawn parallel to AC, AU to cut BC. 3D at X, Y
prove
XY is parallel to CD.
D is the foot of the perpendicular from A to the bisector
of /.ABC; a line from D parallel to BC cuts AC at X;
prove AX = XC.
is
-.
37.
O
FIG. 118.
39.
is
the in-centre of
= BC CA
:
40.
AABC;
prove that
AlBC AICA
:
AB.
A AQD AC
= -.
Rf^I^
Rfi
AH = HB, AK = 2KC;
ratio
CO
_.
FIG. 119.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
110
42*.
43*.
44.
is a
H, K are points on AB, AC such that HB =
;
=
and
KC
JAB
JAC; BK cuts CH at O; prove BO = OK
and CO = 2OH. [Use method of ex. 41.]
ABC
lines; prove
^.
C cuts AB
^
=
produced, AD produced at P, Q prove
BP DA
46*. ABCD is a parallelogram a line through C cuts AB, AD, BD
2
=
(produced if necessary) at P, Q, O prove OP OQ OC
47. ABC is a A; three parallel lines AP, BQ, CR meet BC,
CA, AB (produced if necessary) at P, Q, R prove that
45.
ABCD
a parallelogram;
is
any
line
through
B_P
PC
48*.
x99 x *?=l
is
AB
RB
QA
parallel to
prove
49*.
ABC
P,
is
AD, BE,
CF
a triangle; a
...
[This
D, E,
to
lines
AB
at P, Q,
OP -f OQ + OR = AD.
Q, R ;
prove
AABC
AD = BE = CF;
such that
(i)
is
CX
is
drawn
BP BR
=
pc R-x
known
....
(n)
line
cuts
BC
produced, CA,
BP CQ
x
pc QA
AR
x
RB
as Menelaus'
Theorem.]
==1
AB
AB
at
at
111
SIMILAR TRIANGLES
SIMILAR TRIANGLES
THEOREM 53
If the triangles
ABC,
and
,,
c.
Fro. 120.
THEOREM 54
If the triangles
ABC, XYZ
~ -^-, then
^=
X
AR
ABC =
Z.
BC
CA
fm
21 /V
XYZ,
L ACB =
Z.
the
XZY,
ZlBAC= Z.YXZ.
THEOREM 55
If,
in the triangles
Z.ACB=ZXZY.
= ^?
XY XZ>
CONCISE GEOMETRF
112
SIMILAR TRIANGLES
EXERCISE XXII
1.
2.
pole 10' high casts a shadow 3J' long; at the same time
a church spire casts a shadow 42' long.
What is its height ?
breadth
3.
Show
is
right-angled.
4.
2160
5.
How
mean
distance.
The
slope of a railway
is
marked
as
in 60.
may
6' high
be taken
What
height
7.
f mile 1
A light is 9' above the floor ; a ruler, 8* long, is held horizontally 4' above the floor ; find the length of its shadow.
8.
Two
9.
The bases
triangles are equiangular \ the sides of one are 5", 8", 9"
the shortest side of the other is 4 cms. ; find its other sides.
ef the
10.
of
two equiangular
first is
tho height
In
11.
PD.
12.
line parallel to
5"
BC meets AB, AC at
XY are 2'" apart.
AXY.
X,
Y; BC = 8*,
XY =
SIMILAR TRIANGLES
13.
113
In Fig. 121,
if
(i)
if
(ii)
(iii)
if
(iv)
if
AO = 3*, OB = 2", AB = V, DC
AO^S", BO = 4*, AC^T", find
1 J", find
CO, DO,
BD.
Show
ARD
BCD
16.
B
FIG. 122.
17.
The diameter
15*
3" from
18.
is
9" and
its
height
is
and
it.
AXB
is
XB = 6;
findXY.
OX
and at distances
are points on the same side of a line
and
R
AB
divide
it
5*
from
internally and externally
;
1",
and R from OX.
in the ratio 5:3; find the distances of
19. A,
CONCISE GEOMETRY
114
20.
rectangular table,
floor
21.
5'
is
slant side
22.
The length
of each
arm
diameter
placed with
is
its
when a nut
find
1" in
If
PQBR is a rectangle.
AB
PQ - 1, PR = 2, find BC.
AB = 7, BC = 5, PR = #, PQ=y,
between
find
an equation
#, y.
AK
FIG. 123.
24. In
AABC,
bisector of
25.
Z.
The diameter
the perpendicular
parallel section,
V from
the base,
is
8*
is
6"
the diameter of a
find the height of
the cone.
26. In
Fig.
CD = 3"
FIG. 124.
AB = 4*, BC = 5*,
115
SIMILAR TRIANGLES
27.
that
L ABC = 90 = L AGO,
PQ
is
meet at
PR.
find
29.
(i)
18"
less
length
of
than with
wall
both
eyes
open;
2" apart,
of
visible.
(ii) If
the
window
is
covered
by a shutter containing a
vertical slit \" wide, show that there is a part of the wall
out of view which lies between two parts in view and find
its length.
(iii)
A man
in
30.
it
AQ.
HK
and
its
,.. x
,. v
image
PQ
in a con-
116
CONCISE GEOMETRY
~
t
4- -,
and
find
same notation as in
ex.
in terms of x, u, f.
1.
""--
r~^
H;:
^i
FIG. 126.
concave
HK
and
its
image
a thin
PQ
iu
PQ
in a thin
prove that
--
(i)
= ?--U
(ii)
r-7
B\ -A* z- : : : ; Q- : :
--K
-i
*F
"H
FIG. 127.
34. Fig.
convex
HK
and
its
image
= v. OF
=v
OH = u. OP
^"
**
"* = ^i
=f,
x. PO
j HK
\e
j
prove that -
= - + -, and
f u
'
>
find
ii j
in terms of #. u,
J<
.13
...P....r::ll\Li-----'
r
- "*""""'""
""
H"
]V:;-----'--~T ]o
cf"
f.
v
FIG.. 128.
35.
OAOB
is
Z.OBC, ZLOAC=135,
OB = 9', OA = 12';
Z.AOB = 90 =
covered by
a plane roof resting on pillars ; the
at
pillars
A, B are 10'
high, the pillar at O is 8' high ; find the height of the pillar
atC.
it is
117
SIMILAR TRIANGLES
36.
DC
AB,
diagonals cut at
CF
37. BE,
38.
Two
ABC
is
BC
at
spaces in
and the
-- =
prove
AC
CF
up the
fill
cut a circle at A, B, C,
circle
~- -
(ii)
BD
circle at
OC
the bisector of
prove
l
(ii)
AP
AB
fill
L BAG
= ^ and
PC
BO
-= = ~
AB
In AABC, Z.BAC = 90; AD is an altitude;
DC
AC
CD = -.
__. ~
the equation
and complete
H
F
DA DB
AC BC
The medians BY, CZ of AABC intersect at G;
the equation
1
41.
(i)
A inscribed in a
OCD
OAB,
the
OC CD
AABC;
*=
(i)
straight lines
up the blank
40.
prove
blank spaces in
39.
are altitudes of
COD
AOB,
ABCD
sides of a trapezium
cuts
complete
prove that
42.
CF
43. BE,
44.
Two
are altitudes of
lines
AOB, POQ
cut again at
AABC;
prove that
intersect at
prove that
,/vp
~ =^.
the circles
prove that
AOP,
BOQ
'^y
46.
is
the mid-point of
angles on opposite
47.
AB
is
AB
a diameter of a
48.
APB,
that
AQB
BP
BQ
AB
A
;
if
ABP
circle
AXB,
sides of
prove
PAQ
PT is the
PT = AP
perpendicular
is
a straight
line,
prove
CONCISE GEOMETBY
118
49.
ABCD
a parallelogram
is
produced,
50.
ABCD
AD
CD
BC
.=
GH AB
EF-
prove
at E,
prove
BX
AB
AB
cuts
51.
In the quadrilateral
52.
prove AB = CD,
The diagonals AC,
BD
of the quadrilateral
AOD
if
produced at X,
a rectangle
is
is
ABCD
^?^ CD
DA
BC
meet at
the circle
53.
ABCD
AC
54.
AB,
is
O
V
at
DC
;
'
prove
at X,
cuts
-.
AB cuts CA, CB
AB - XY.
prove
a parallelogram
;
DP
DQ
line parallel to
ABCD
AB
AB
at H,
ABCD any
DK cut AB
;
DH,
AC
is any point on
lines POQ,
;
;
are drawn, cutting AB, CD, BC, AD at P, Q, R, S ;
prove PS is parallel to QR,
56. In
is bisected at E;
ABC, D is the mid-point of BC ;
BE cuts AC at F; prove
2FA. [Draw EK parallel to
55.
is
ROS
AD
CF=
BC
57.
BC,
to cut
YZ
AP,
AC
at K.]
are the bases of
XQ
are medians
two similar
triangles
ABC, XYZ
L BAP = L YXQ.
prove
58. P is a variable point on a given circle ; O is a fixed point
outside the circle \ Q is a point on OP such that OQ = $OP ;
59.
ABC
drawn so that FD
-=
2EF
prove
BF
bisects
AC EFD
;
60. In
AABC
61.
is
AD.
BE_BA
FC~AC*
119
SIMILAR TRIANGLES
62*. Tn
AABC,
Z.
in-centres of
similar.
ABa
the
bisector of
PQ "
^
PA
OC are concurrent.
AC BQ is the perpendicular from B to
BAC BC cuts AQ at P prove? that
OA, OB,
.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
120
If
two chords
AB
and
CD
then
OA.OB = OC.OD.
,0
FIG. 129(1).
(ii)
If
FIG. 129(2).
then
OA.OB = OT2
FIG. 130.
121
THEOKEM 57
If
AD
is
is
right-angled
at A,
then
AD 2 = BD DC
.
(i)
(ii)
BA2 = BD BC.
.
FIG. 131.
DEFINITION.
is
(iii)
COD
If
If
b.
then A,B, C,
(ii)
called the
The converse
(i)
~ = ~ or x* = ab,
lie
on a
AC OB = CO
.
then A, B, C,
two
lines
then the
OBA,
on a
lie
OT
OD,
OD,
circle.
circle.
circle
OA OB = OT 2
OT at T.
.
touches
through A, B,
Alternative proof of Theorem 57
(i) Draw the circle on BC as diameter
:
A, since
L BAG = 90.
again at E.
Since the chord
AE
is
Produce
it
AD
perp. to diameter
passes through
to cut the circle
BC,
AD = DE.
But
(ii)
Draw
the
AD.DE=BD.DC;
AD 2 =BD.DC.
circle on AC as diameter
D, since
/.
it
touches
by Theorem 56 (ii),
passes through
at A, since
BA
BA2 = BD
BC.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
122
2.
From
3.
a point P on a circle,
diameter AB ; AN - 3", NB
In
A ABC,
3 and 48
5.
AB, AC at
The diagonals
(ii)
is
an
altitude;
I2x,
to a
AB = r>",
BD.
find
In
drawn perpendicular
find PN.
4.
through B,
cuts
of a cyclic
<
AC = 9, BD = 12, OA - 4
quadrilateral
find
ABCD
meet at O;
OB.
In Fig. 132,
AB - 9, BO = 3, find OT.
OB - 6, OT- 12, find AB.
If OA= 3, AB - 2, AT- 4, find BT.
If AB = 8, AT -6, BT-5, find OT.
(i)
If
(ii)
If
(Hi)
(iv)
7.
is
12"
AC = 12";
G.
PN
-=
(i)
8.
9.
(ii)
i'=ry (* + y);
if
(iii)
he
OA-2OT,
* b*
prove
(iv)
AB-3BO.
123
AOB,
12.
circle.
1
3.
ABC
is
A inscribed in a
circle
= r2
(ii) pq
15.
prove
16.
The diagonals
Two
form of equal
(iii)
17.
ratios, the
.
lines
OCD
OAB,
.
(i)
xy^ab\
- OP 2
(iv) ON OT
ABCD intersect at O
.
cut a circle
at A, B,
C,
prove
AD.
O if D is the
=
CD.
CA
CB
CO
AB, prove
the bisector of L ABC
In A ABC, AB - AC and L BAC = 36
2=
BC
AP 2
at
P
AC
CP
meets AC
prove
at H
intersect
The altitudes BE, CF of A ABC
prove that
=
CH.HF; (ii) AF AB AE AC (iii) CE.CA
(i) BH.HE
= CH.CF.
In AABC, AB = AC D is a point on AC such that BD = BC
2
prove BC = AC CD.
Two circles intersect at A, B P is any point on AB produced
Two
CD
chords AB,
of a circle intersect at
20.
equations
19.
AB
AD OC = BC OD.
mid-point of arc
'18.
of a cyclic quadrilateral
OA BC - OC
.
meets
AB^r, BD = #, CD=-y;
OA OB = OC OD
.
the tangent at
21.
22. In
23.
24.
25.
26.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
124
27.
AB
a diameter of a
is
chords
28.
30.
prove
are equal
AD is an altitude of
ABC
29.
O; AP, PQ
centre
circle,
AP PB = AQ OP.
A ABC
"-
equals
circle
A.]
Two
circles intersect at A,
Z ACB.
PR 2 = PQ. RQ; TQR
= PQ.
prove PT
31.
A line PQ
32.
A such that TQ = TR = PR
a A inscribed in a circle;
PQR
is
divided at
so that
;
QR
produced at T; prove
altitude
BC
point on
such that
AD is an
AB = CD,
P meets
TO =r _PO 2
33. In
34.
the tangent at
is
is
AABC;
AB.BC--=AC 2 and
if
if
Z.BAC = 90.
prove
chords AB, AC of a circle are produced to P, Q so that
AB = BP and AC = CQ ; if PQ cuts the circle at R, prove
35.
Two
36
AR 2 = PR.RQ.
37.
AC "~
= AD
CB BE'
AB is a diameter
of a circle, centre
39.
Two
lines
OAB,
drawn
OCD
is
prove
XO 2 = XA.XD.
a
parallel to
A inscribed
BC
meet
to
in a circle
AB
is
at
a chord of a circle
;
prove
PH, PK,
PH.
PX
the tangents at A,
AH BK = AO 2
.
line
AQ
APB
DA
through O,
produced at
through
parallel
1
i
the tangents at A,
PK-PX 2
a line through
A in P a
AP
AB 2
- =to AB cuts AP in Q
v prove
^
AC 2
40*.
prove
cut a circle at A, B, C,
a line
ABC is
to AC
TA, TB,
j
\
AB
AC
AB,
line
prove
is
a straight
BE CD = BD CE.
.
42*. P,
BDCE ADE
125
OA
and
OA
produced of a
OP OQ = OA 2 R is any other
point on the circle prove that RA bisects Z. PRQ.
In AABC, AB-AC, Z.BAC = 36; prove AB 2 -BC 2 =
AB BC.
The internal bisector of /.BAG cuts BC ut D, prove that
AD 2 = BA AC - BD DC. [Use ex. 1 7.]
;
43*.
44*.
45*
The external
bisector of
Z.BAC
cuts
BC
produced at E;
2
- BA AC.
prove that AE = BE EC
46*. ABCD is a parallelogram ; H, K are fixed points on AB,
HP, KQ are two variable parallel lines cutting CB,
.
AD
CD at
P,
prove BP,
DQ
is
constant.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
126
ABC, XYZ
and
if
EC,
YZ
are a pair
of corresponding sides,
AABC^BC*
AXYZ YZ2
then
C
FKI. 133.
More
THEOREM 59
If
AB
and
CD
PAB,
,.
(i.e.
V
AB
CD
CD,
),
EF''
The ratio
AREAS AND
127
VOLU]\<ttS
AREAS AND
EXEBCISIJ XXIV
1.
6'
high (not necessarily reeUM,
of material for covering
h-v
screen,
L; 7 sq.
ft.
mm
liig}
iPr
';
'quires
uf ;ded for
2.
On
3.
4.
is
5.
area of
of the
shadow on the
its
floor is
45
sq.
ft.
to
;
it.
the
floor.
6.
XK
CA = 13, AD = 12, XY = 5 find XK and
the ratio of the areas of AS ABC, XYZ.
A triangle ABC is divided by a line HK parallel to BC into
two parts AHK, HKCB of areas 9 sq. cms., 16 sq. cms.
XYZ
AB = 15, BC -
8.
14,
BC-7
9.
is
AC
cuts
ED
10.
ABC
is
A such
such that
cuts
AB
Z.
in
that
DBC =
E
Z.
AB = AC = 2BC; D is a point on AC
BAC a line through D parallel to BC
;
AABC ABCD
:
ABED AEDA.
:
11.
Water
12.
If it costs
13.
Two
ft.,
what
the smaller
is
will it
9* high
CONCISE GEOMETRY
128
14.
hold
the larger
is
15* high
how much
will
How many
diameter be
15.
A metal
16.
17.
Two models of
one
is
what
Ib.
is its
height 1
lodger pays 8 pence for a scuttle of coal, the scuttle being
20" deep ; what would he pay if the scuttle was the same
18.
19.
20.
Two
are melted
what
is its
diameter ?
AB, CD
CD = 4 cms.,
QDR are
The area
is
of the
first figure is
approximately 18
sq. cms.,
what
129
enlarged figure
22.
The
sides of
AABC
PQRSXY
the area of
=--
A ABC.
prove that
X/\.A
Fro. 136.
23. If in the
prove
F
24.
Two
4.1
Z.YXZ,
4.
lines
OCD
CAB,
meet a
circle at A, B,
C, D, prove that
A PAD
25.
AD
\yhat result is obtained by
J making
8 B coAOBC BC 2
incide with A ?
H, K are any points on the sides AB, AC of AABC, prove
AAHK = AH AK
that ^
AABC AB AC
In AABC, Z.BAC = 90 and AD is an altitude
AB* = BD
prove
AC 2 DC
ABCD is a parallelogram P, Q are the mid-points of CB, CD
.
4.1
4.
26.
--
27.
28.
prove
Any
AAPQ = f
circles
parallelogram
through
B,
ABCD.
cuts
AB,
AC
at
D,
E;
an altitude;
DE
prove
AADE^DE
AABC~BC
29.
In
'
AABC, Z.BAC = 90
,.
perpendicular from
30.
AP
is
a chord and
tangents at A,
AB
~
D
is
P meet
and
.
to
*
AB
AD
;
is
prove
a
at
prove
the
5.
is
BE = BA 2
-=
jj-
the
CONCISE GEOMETRY
130
31.
ABC
P,
32.
is
an equilateral triangle;
Q;
if
ZPAQ- 120,
BC
~
PR
prove
is
AP 2
j^-
In
triangles with X, Y,
are
similar
A CAY
-f A ABZ -= A BCX.
33.
A room
34.
If
the area of the shadow of the top on the floor does not alter.
,r ins. is the
length of some definite dimension in a figure of
given shape,
its
different sizes.
diagonal x\
area^ta? 2
Find k
(iii)
circle,
sq. ins.
x;
(vii)
35. If
Ic
is
constant for
-,
radius
where
for
x\
(vi) regular
;
(viii)
hexagon, side
surface of sphere,
jr.
ins. is
of given sha}>e,
Find
/<
edge
jc
(ii)
cube,
edge x
(vii)
;
(vi) circular cone, vertical
regular tetrahedron, edge x.
131
ABC
is
,,
then
(ii)
If
is
BA
si-
AC
BD
DC
BC
triangle
ABC
such that
or externally /.
AC
DC
then
produced of the
AD
bisects internally
BAG.
A
DC
FIG. 137(1).
C
FIG. 137(2).
CONCISE GEOMETRY
132
AABC, AB = 6
In
internal
BC
cms.,
ami external
produced at P,
Q;
BC = 5
find
CA = 4
cms.;
the
BC
and
that
cms.,
bisectors
of
Z.BAC
cut
L+ JU1.
BC*
BP
2.
BQ
AABC, AB = 4", BC = 3* CA-5"; the bisector of ZACB
find CD.
cuts AB at D
In AABC, AB=12, BC = 15, CA = 8; P is a point on BC
such that BP = 9 prove AP bisects /. BAG if the external
bisector of /. BAC cuts BC produced at Q, and if D is the
2
mid-point of BC, prove that DP DQ = DC
The internal and external bisectors of /. BAC meet BC and
BC produced at P, Q BP = 5, PC = 3 find CQ.
ABCD is a rectangular sheet of paper AB = 4*, BC = 3"
the edge BC is folded along BD and the corner is then cut
In
3.
4.
5.
off
6.
In
what
The
is
the area of
internal
BC
8.
AX
9.
ABCD
A AOB
and external
produced at
F
the median
7.
the bisector of
area of
AABC
/.BAG meets
is
sq.
in.;
BC
and
bisectors of
P,'*': prove
F
Z.BAC
cut
oo RO
= ~-?.
PC CQ
at
K;
AXC
is
parallel to
AB.
10.
OB
The
11.
is
bisector of
centres are
HK
prove
at a point
T D
at
is
Z.BAC
BC
cuts
at
A ABC;
13.
the
inside
any point
CA
8A,
the
BHC, CHA,
with B,
circles
[cut
12.
is
133
bisectors
at X,
at H,
of
as
/.s
Z; prove
Y,
___
\f
ZAOC
of
The
14.
N/
cuts
bisector of
AC,
BD
/.BAC
at H,
at
the bisector
=
^J
KB
HC ?^.
K; prove
BC
cuts
B, C,
D; the
circle
through
produced to meet at
A straight
16.
The tangent
1 7.
prove
^POR-90
if
and
OR
at a point
produced at
O;
OK
bisects
bisects /. AKB,
on a
18.
circle cuts
ABCD
19.
PQ when
TP, TQ at
a quadrilateral;
at L,
-.
K; prove ^t = KA
LD
if
Two
20.
circles
touch internally at
If
is
is
^=
a chord
/.TOP meets
the bisector of
of
at P, Q, R,
Z.QOS, prove
2
2
X,
prove TX = TY = PX QY.
In A ABC, Z. BAC = 90 and AD is an
OS
the in-centre of
AIAB + AC
prove
a chord
PQ
QP = PR
OQ RQ
A ABC, and if Al
DCB
ADC
of the larger
meets
BC
at D, prove
CONCISE GEOMETRY
134
22*.
The
internal
X,
Y; prove
^XPY = 90.
if
varies so that
is
circle.
is
PB
If A,
of
Z.APB meet AB
\Apolloniu3
circle.]
and external
24*.
at
lines a, 6,
c,
d.
FIG. 138(1).
2.
Draw a
3.
Draw a
4.
Draw a
it
5.
AD.
in
line
in inches
In Fig.
it
B
FIG. 138(2).
135
136
6.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
how
far
this page.
Taking
your measurements
7.
Draw
8.
Draw a
point
it
by eye
(i)
to bisect
it
(ii)
to trisect
it.
on a
FIG. 139.
12.
a, b y c, d.
FIG. 140.
13.
of
(i)
30,
(ii)
90,
(iii)
48,
137
USE OF INSTRUMENTS
14.
a, 6,
c,
d and
write
down
their sum.
FIG. 141.
15.
a, b
FIG.
16
a,
6,
sum.
14'2.
y.
What do you
FKJ. 143.
17.
their
notice about
CONCISE GEOMETRY
138
18.
ABC
FIG. 145.
19.
DEF and
write
down
FIG. 146.
20.
FIG. 147.
Draw by
FIG. 148.
23.
Draw an
angle
ABC
Measure Z.ABD.
equal to
108; produce CB
to
D.
USE OF INSTRUMENTS
24.
Draw an
angle
AOB
equal to 82
139
Measure /.COD.
25.
Draw any
five-sided figure
ABODE
DE, EA.
26.
27.
Draw any
triangle ABO;
ZCBA, /.CAB, Z.ACD.
,/ ACD?
Draw a
of
BO to D.
Z.CBA+Z.CAB
produce
Is
Measure
equal
to
28. Enlarge
points F, G, H, K, L, M,
them
to
AB = 8
150, making^
Fig.
make with
130, 150.
AD = BO = 2
cms.,
the mid-point of AB.
Mark
on CD such that the lines joining
cms.,
is
OB
FIG. 150.
USB OF COMPASSES
29.
Draw a
circle,
30.
centre
three points P, Q,
AQB, ARB.
Draw two circles
CONCISE GEOMETRY
140
the
joining
length.
the
is
at
points
What
6 cms.
33.
Draw
a circle
34.
Draw
ABC
a large triangle
Z.
(ii)
(not isosceles)
and AC as diameters.
35. Take two points A, B 5 cms.
AB
on it.
and /.ADC.
in order
ABC
describe circles on
they meet on BC 1
Construct a point
apart.
Do
C such
=
cms.
Draw
with
circles
CB
centres
7
CA=Gcms,
What do you
B, C and radii 2, 3, 4 cms. respectively.
that
A,
notice about
36.
them 1
Take two points A, B 3 cms.
that
CA = CB = 6
Z.CBA, Z.ACB.
L CAB
Is
L ACB
37.
38.
Construct a point
CB
equal to
such
Z.CBA?
Is
/.CAB
equal to twice
Draw a circle of radius 3 cms.
']
CB = AB.
A ABC.
39.
Draw
40.
Draw two
PQ
of
and
let it
cut
AB
at R.
circles of radii
Measure
/.
PRA.
circles is 1
41.
apart.
Join CA,
cms.
lies
inside both
cm.
Draw
a line
CA = 3
CD.
42.
Is
COCAS'!
Draw a line AB
3 cms. long
to pass through
and
B.
141
USE OF INSTRUMENTS
43.
PA = 3, PB = 7
(e.g.
positions
PA- 4, PB = 6,
or
All these
etc.).
lie
ellipse:
draw
Draw a
TO
TQ
these lines
45.
Draw a
such that
RS,
etc.,
^POQ
What
so obtained
46.
circle,
is
the figure
PY
circles intersecting at P,
of the circles.
Join XY.
Q; draw
the
XY
pass
Does
through Q 1
47. Draw a circle, centre O, and take any six points A, B, C, D, E, F
Measure /.s ABF, ACF,
in order on the circumference.
notice
Do
AOF.
ADF, AEF,
any connection between
you
them?
48.
Draw any
/LBOR.
This construction enables you to bisect a given angle.
49. Draw any straight line AB ; with A, B as centres and any
radius (not too short), describe two equal circles cutting at
Measure AR, RB
Join PQ and let it cut AB at R,
P, Q.
and ^ARP.
This construction enables you to draw the perpendicular
bisector
50.
of a given straight
Draw any
on
straight
line
line.
AB
and
take
any
point
it.
With
with P,
as centre, describe
two equal
as centres
and
any
circle cutting
AB
at P,
circles cutting at R.
Join CR.
Measure
/.
ACR.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
142
pendicular
to
to
a given straight
draw a
line
the line.
51.
With C
with
Draw any
P,
C outside it.
AB at P, Q
as centres
pendicular
to
a given straight
line from
a given point
outside
tfie line.
52.
53.
Draw any
pass through
54.
Draw
a triangle
ABC
(not
pendicular bisectors of
with
as centre and
AB
OA
isosceles)
AC
and
construct
let
the
them meet
B and
per-
at
Does
AB, construct a
line
through
xC
A
B
FIG. 151.
56.
Draw a
AB
57.
58.
line
AB, construct a
line
through B perpendicular to
Draw an
Draw a
XR
per-
Are
143
USE OF INSTRUMENTS
59.
Draw
such that
it
is
AB
60.
Draw
62.
a line
the bisectors
I.
of
/.s
With
pendicular IX from I to BC.
What do you notice about this
radius, describe a circle.
I
circle
63.
Draw two
bisectors
lines
BP,
BQ
ABC, BD,
of
ZABD,
cutting
at
B;
105,
(iv)
the
construct
30,
(ii)
45,
255.
and take any
three points A, B, C on it
the
construct
perpendicular bisector of BC and
(AB:4=AC);
the bisector of /. BAG and produce them to meet.
What
65.
Draw
66.
Draw an
a circle
it
into
69.
Draw
Draw
Z.s
when produced
and
CD
BPQ,
DQP
HK
AB
144
70.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
Copy
153
155
166
165
156
167
FIGS. 153-167
line
AB
set squares to
72.
to
AB.
DRAWING TO SCALE
73.
74.
75.
145
Draw a
side).
76.
Draw
ABC
ABCD
parallelogram
77.
Use
and use
measure
a triangle
set squares to
complete the
its sides.
set squares to
sides parallel
diagonals.
78.
Draw
a triangle
ABC
draw a
measure AK, KC.
squares to
79.
Draw any
angle
(not isosceles)
line
BAC
HK
bisect
parallel to
and cut
AB
off
BC
AB
to
at
equal to
use set
AC
meet
AC
at
use set
AC
AC
AP PQ> Q R RS ST J "1 BT through P, Q, R, S draw
lines parallel to TB
these cut AB at the required points.
>
>
DRAWING TO SCALE
EXEBCISE XXVII
FIG. 168.
FIG. 169.
OA
In Fig. 168, if
is horizontal,
DEFINITIONS.
(i)
called the angle of elevation of B as viewed from O.
1.
courtyard
is
80
feet long
and 50
feet
10
Z.HQR
is
Z.AOB
is
called the
wide ; what
is
the
CONCISE GEOMETRY
146
2.
3.
4.
The ends
command 1
it
wall does
it
reach ?
of a cord,
each of which
is
5.
is
direct
6.
A man
takes
him
A man
starts
from
20 minutes 1
A and
Southampton
9.
what
is
An
10.
is
10 miles W.
bearing of
Andover
is
15 miles
from
11. Exeter
12.
What
is
the pegs)
the
depth of
the weight
below
the line of
DRAWING TO SCALE
13.
147
From two
the road.
14.
of the field
and
is
the length of
is
the other ?
15.
field
yot go 50 yards
What
is
ABOD
farther
the length of a
One end
What
vertical.
positions
17.
is
its
two extreme
At a distance
of
makes an angle of 65
19.
What
casts a
20.
shadow 20
feet long
when a
east,
in breadth
the sun
21.
The
from 3
feet to 5 feet:
what
is
the bearing of
60 yards nearer,
22.
From
of
the top of a
cliff
from the
is
150
20
what
is
in yards t
of
a tower 250 feet high, the angles of depression
From
the
23.
top
in a line with and at the same level as the
houses
of two
cliff
apart in yards.
are 61
and 48.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
148
MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTIONS
EXERCISE XXVIII
1.
Draw an
angle
AC
on AB,
2.
BAG
and a
such that
RS
is
line
PQ;
equal and
construct points R,
parallel to PQ.
Draw
PQ = QR=RP;
equals the
3.
Draw an
Draw a
BAG
angle
such that
4.
sum
of
50
construct on AB,
Z.QPA = 90 and PQ = 4
cms.
AC
points P,
Measure AP.
circle of radius
of 2*5 cms.
5.
through A
Draw a large quadrilateral ABCD, so that AB is not parallel
to CD ; construct a point P such that PA = PB and PC = PD
6.
Draw a
AB
line
S.
as centre, cutting
AB
//
at
from AB
two points
;
its radius.
angle
"
Draw two
them
from C.
Measure PQ.
AC and
lengths from
10.
distant 2
and
9.
Measure
AB,
AB and AC.
Draw two
lines
lines
shown
in Fig. 170.]
FIG. 170.
MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTIONS
11.
Draw
a triangle
ABC; construct
/. BAG and let
the bisector of
12.
14.
parallel to
BA
produced at E.
Measure AE, AC.
Draw a circle and take two points A, B outside it. Construct
a circle to pass through A, B and have Its centre on tho first
When
circle.
13.
a line through
meet
149
is
this impossible
point
it
01 tside it
circle at A, B, D,
draw two
lines
AD, BC,
; join
and produce them to meet at K. Construct a circle to pass
through H, A, D and a second circle to ;*ass through K, D, C.
Do these circles cut again at a point on HK 1
Construct five points in the same relative position to each
other as are A, B, C, D,
in Fig. 171.
FIG. 171.
15.
Take a
line
AB
and a point
C
C
outside
it
the page.
16.
Take a
line
between
(see Fig.
B
FIG. 172.
17.
By
150
18.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
By
from a
45.
find
corners.
CONSTRUCTION OF TRIANGLES,
PARALLELOGRAMS, ETC.
EXERCISE XXIX
1.
Construct,
triangle
ABC
a
Fio. 173.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
(xi)
(xii)
(xiii)
(xiv)
(xv)
a = 3, 6 = 4,
a = 3, 6 = 4,
= 5, measure A.
= 8, measure A.
a = 5, B = 30, C = 45, measure 6.
a = 4, A =48, B = 33, measure h.
a =7, A=110, B = 40, measure 6.
a = 5, B=125, C = 70, measure 6.
6 = 5, c = 7, C = 72, measure a.
6 = 6, c = 4, C = 40, measure a.
6 = 8, c=6, C=65, measure a,
A = 40, B = 60, C = 80, measure a.
A = 50, B = 40, C = 70, measure a.
A =125, 6=7-3, c = 5'4, measure a.
c
c.
2.
BC,
CD,
parallelogram.
lines
DA
CONSTRUCTION OF TRIANGLES
3.
Draw two
AB,
lines
equal
CD,
BC,
BD
AC,
DA;
bisecting
measure
151
/.ABC.
rectangle.
4.
lines
Draw two
angles
ABCD
f>.
Af>CC
at right
/.
ABC.
a square.
is
ABCD
7.
join
BD
DA
CD,
AC,
is
kite.
Draw an
CD^
quadrilateral
8.
9.
is
ABCD
AC =
70
measure
its sides.
10. Construct a
11. Construct
5 cms.
AB- 5
cms.,
AC~G
cms.
AD = DC = 5
cms., /_
ABCD,
ABC =
20
given
AB=BC=3
measure
/.
cms.,
ADC.
14.
15.
makes an angle
16. Construct a
such that
of 54
with
(ii)
BD
sides
trapezium ABCD with AB, CD its parallel
AB - 8, BC - 4, CD - 3, AD - 2 measure L BAD.
;
ABCD,
given that
CONCISE GEOMETRY
152
(iv)
(v)
AB = 5,
(iii)
measure /.ABC.
/.
CAB = 35,
/.ADB = 54
,/
ABD = 47,
Z.ACB-65
measure CD.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
19. Construct
an equilateral triangle
BC given by BD = 3
ABC
such that
if
DAC = 40
is
a point
measure BC.
20. Construct a square having one diagonal 5 cms. ; measure its
on
cms., then
side.
21.
AD
L
22.
23.
24.
is
ABC = 55,
ABC;
AD = 4
given
A ABC;
cms.,
measure BC.
AE
/.ABC = 50,
25.
/.
construct
A ABC;
measure BC.
The
27. Construct
its side.
=70;
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
a= 9,
(vii)
a = 5,
- c= 2, A = 70
- B = 20
=
6
3, A
measure
measure
i.
c.
a.
measure
MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTIONS
29. Construct an isosceles triangle of height 5 cms.
18 cms.
30.
Each
measure
153
and perimeter
its base.
an
vertical angle
triangle
II
MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTIONS
construct the
II
EXERCISE XXX
1.
2.
P on AB such
Fig.
174),
Z.HPC- L KPC.
*K
Fia. 174.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
QR
is
of given length.
AC.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
154
9.
Given
triangle.
and
10.
By
construction
floor.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
BD = 5.
2.
3.
Draw a
triangle
whose
measure
6,
7 cms.,
and obtain
its
and construct an
it
its sides.
4.
5.
Draw
a triangle with
sq.
and construct a
and having one side equal
sides 4, 5, 6 cms.,
it
CONCISE GEOMETRY
156
to 4 cms.
to
70;
side.
7.
8.
is
5 cms. and of
acute angle.
;
Draw a parallelogram with sides 4 cms., 6 cms., and one angle
70; construct a parallelogram of equal area with sides
5 cms., 7 cms.
9.
measure
measure
its
its
acute angle.
10.
Draw
11.
and having
its
13.
CD = 4
equivalent
Find
14.
cms.,
to an
on BC.
it
its area.
Draw
FIG. 149.
15.
Draw a
triangle.
FIG. 175.
it
to
an equivalent
AREAS
16.
P such
and
DP
is
ABPD
i>erpendicular to
157
ABCD
AB.
C
FIG. 176.
17.
18.
Given a triangle
ABC
A ABC,
(ii)
ADPC = f AABC.
divide
If
and
Fig.
Use
if
it
ABCD
is
lines are
if
is
parallel
Fio. 177.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
158
23.
24.
inside
it
such that
BP
AC
at
(or
AD)
at
through
Bisect
(see Fig. 178).
meet
to
parallel to
bisecting
draw
OP
it
BD
CD
join BP.
SUBL
.IJSION
OF A LINE
EXERCISE XXXII
1.
Draw
2.
Draw
measuring
a line
AP =
it.
AB and
construct a point
P on AB such
that
4.
3.
PB *
Draw a line AB and
4.
5.
construct a point
on
AB
produced, such
-g-J:
externally.
lengths to
6.
inch.
7.
8.
On
triangle
SUBDIVISION OF A LINE
9.
What
scale
is
the R.F.
distances
10.
The
[i.e.
up
It.F. of
to
map
is 1
159
20,000
as small as
500 yards
ta 'o
of miles.
lines AB, AC and a poii c P between them, construct
a line through P, cutting AB, AC at Q, R so that QP= PR.
12. Given two lines AB, AC and a point P between them, construct
11.
Given two
13.
P with its
P in the ratio 2:3.
Draw a triangle ABC such
a line through
extremitie
on AB,
AC
and divided
at
parallel to
2 cms.
14.
that
BC=^6
AC at
AH HB ?
What
is
the ratio
cms.
H,
construct a line
such that
HK =
to
BC, cutting
&S, ETC.
EXERCISE XXXIII
Use a
2.
3.
Draw a
1.
4.
AB
make
line
3 cms. long,
AO = 3 cms., OB = 4
cms.,
CO = 5
cms.,
OD = 2-4
Does
5.
circle to
through D ?
Construct two
common
circles of radii
chord
is
cms.
it
pass
of length 6 cms.
cms.,
OC
3 cms.,
7.
8.
AC
Does
it
pass
AB
line
line
pass through
to touch
other
AB;
at a distance of 3 cms.
AC
65
with each
AB and AC.
Draw two
D and
at B.
Draw a
from the
10.
OD = 4
through D ?
Given a circle and two points A, B inside it, construct a circle to
pass through A and B and have its centre on the given circle.
Given a point B 'on a given line ABC and a point D outside
the line, construct a circle to pass through
9.
40
cms.
intersecting at an angle of
lines
AB,
making an angle
of
CONCISE GEOMETRY
162
11.
Draw
touch the
first
Given a straight
line
its
centre
and
circle
a radius of 2 cms.
12.
point A at a
construct a circle to
a circle of radius 3
and a
circle,
Is
radius to touch both the straight line and the circle.
If not, state the conditions under
this always possible ?
1
which
1 3.
Draw
it is
a line
impossible.
of length 6 cms.
AB
with A,
as centres
and
[The contacts
may
be
construct a circle of radius 1-5 cm. to touch the circle and AB.
Given a
the
circle
circle,
touching the
17.
Draw a
triangle
construct the
triangle
18.
Draw two
4 cms.
OB
whose
four
and measure
lines
OA,
4 cms., and
which touch the sides of this
their radii.
OB
such that
measure
Z.
its radius.
21.
22.
circles
163
with
Draw two
rhombus
2fi.
28.
90
to
6, 7,
>
BA = 4
find
cms.,
cms.
cms.,
L ABC =
BC.
29.
30.
Draw
given point.
a quadrilateral so that
cms.
Does
it
circle
CD
to
order are
4, 5, 7,
sides.
its sides in
inscribe a circle in it
AB,
are
C
FIG. 179.
32.
Given two
parallel lines
AB,
the given
33. Given
first,
two
circle.
circles,
on the
centres A, B, radii a, &, and a point
and
circle to touch the first circle at
construct a
16
CONCISE GEOMETRY
this construction
and construct
B.
How
would
or externally
with
the constructed
if
either internally
Fm.
34.
circle A, internal
be situated
180.
ABC
is
AB
and a given
circle
external.
Fio. ,181.
165
construction lines.
36. Three arcs each of radius 3 cms.
of a complete
circumference.
B<~
FIG. 182.
37.
DE
AE
fi
cms.
FIG. 183.
38.
AB, BC, CD, DE, EF, FG, GH, HA are alternately semicircles
and quadrants of equal radius ; XY= 10 cms.
y
FIG. 184.
FIG. 185.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
166
40.
The
Fio. 186.
41.
The
AB, BC,
CA
7 cms.
FIG. 187.
42.
The
FIG. 188.
43.
AP,
is
AQ
perpendicular to
CD
PQ
is
of radius
B
Fio. 189.
8 cms.
AB
CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCLES,
44.
CD
AB, BC,
AD
ETC.
167
45.
The
5 cms.,
DE = 6'5
BC
AE = 7
AB,
cms.,
CD
cms.
90
90
C
FIG. 191.
46.
AB,
AD
axis of symmetry.
AC
is
an
CONCISE GEOMETRY
168
47.
BC is a quadrant
CA are 4,
2,
3 cms.
Fm.
48.
AF is an
AF = 8
axis of
cms.,
EG = 6
The
DE
cms.
49.
193.
ABC,
ADC
5 cms.
it
chord
AC =
a circle of
50.
CE
is
an axis of symmetry
3 cms.; the
CE = 5 cms.
centre
of
AB,
AB
BC
lies
F
FIG. 196.
on AD.
AD = 10
cms.,
CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCLES,
51.
AB
is
an arc
radius
52.
53.
of radius 3 cms.
cm.
chord
DA
BC, CD,
AE = chord EB = 3
ETC.
cms.
of radius 2 cms.
AC
touches
AB,
169
ar<
intersecting at
AB, CB.
FIG. 199.
54.
CD
is
AE,
an axis of symmetry;
EC
AB = 9'5
cms.,
CD = 3 '5
cms.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
170
55.
its
centre on
AC;
B.
Fiu. 201.
56.
ABCD
is
with C,
as centres respectively.
FIG. 202.
57.
AB
is
2 cms.
arcs PR,
QS
58.
AB = 3'5
cms.,
AC = 6
cms.,
Z.BAC = 90;
1*5 cm.
Bl
A
FIG. 204.
radius of arc
CP
is
171
AB=BC=3
angles of
60.
AB
is
BC
ABC
at
30.
each of radius
Q/
FIG. 206.
61. Fig.
is
1*5 cm.
FIG. 207.
62.
GH
CF,
HE
are the
AD, BG,
CONCISE GEOMETRY
172
MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTIONS
III
EXERCISE XXXIV
1.
Draw a
circle of length
5 cms.
4.
5.
A, B,
2.
3.
chord of the
at C.
6.
Draw
centre.
and measure
7.
Draw
their lengths.
circle of radius
9.
Draw
from
P on
draw
AB
perpendicular to
AO
construct a point
AB
11.
line
it
an
13.
containing an angle of 70
measure
its radius.
MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTIONS
15.
On
173
III
circle
measure
18.
its
breadth.
Circumscribe about a
circle of radius
drawing the
Draw two
other
externally,
and
construct
their
common
exterior
tangents.
22.
Draw
23.
Draw two
90,
the altitude
ABC, given
AD = 2
cms.
that
that
ABC, given
ABC, given
angle BAC.
cms.
cms.,
BAC =
=4
BC = 6
BC = 5
Z.BAC =
cms.,
BC
and the
and the
altitude
BE and
the
and the
29.
Draw a
the length of
ABC, given BC = 6
median BE = 5
cms.,
L BAG =52,
cms.
B,
BA
and AC.
174
CONCISE GEOMETRY
ABC
Draw any
33.
Draw two
34*.
B on it and a point C
P on the circle such
Draw any
triangle
ABC
BAC
(not right-angled).
construct
Construct a
such that
BC = 4'6
cms.,
L ABD =
Z.
ACD = 55,
CBD = 43;
measure CD.
36*.
37*.
Draw
points A, B on it ; construct
that chord PA equals twice
chord PB.
a circle of radius 3 cms., centre O, and take a point P
O ; construct a line through P,
line
circles at P,
such that
of given length.
PQ
is
2.
3.
Draw
Draw
4.
(ii)
5.
Draw
a line
a line
in the ratio 3
a line
ratio 3
6.
8.
9.
10.
3.
5:3;
AB and
divide
it
internally
and externally
in the
7.
Use a construction
x 7
- = --.
to solve
5
2
(i)
-*
(ii)
'f
3*8
2'7.
y cms.
Draw any
ratio
its
AB BC
:
ABC
it
line
PQ
perimeter equals
PQ
and
2:7:3.
in the ratio
and any
triangle
such that
11.
the ratio
5.
7.
ratio 2
construct a triangle
are in the
its sides
CA.
(i)
-, (ii)
proceed as follows
BX
ab
--.
176
OH
at X, then
CONCISE GEOMETRY
176
QY
Use
CY
a^
^=
a ^c
~7*
</~~
fi
parallel to
and extend
it
to find
GX, cutting
(i)
at Y, then
'
*-
3 8
,
4'7
where
OH
(ii)-L*
*"?
4*i
a, 6,
c,
d,
ey
/,
Jl?_
x I'o
</,
h are
given lengths.
FIG. 209.
12. If a,
6, r,
by the method
of
ex. 11,
13.
14.
Kg. 209,
(i)
*;
(ii)
(iii)
g.
Given two
lines
16.
ABC
17.
is
such that
XY=2AB.
A
_-
177
22. Construct
its side.
is
12 cms.
Measure AB.
ABC
two given
lines
and a given
circle,
centre O, radius a.
[Draw two lines parallel to the given
construct a circle to touch
lines at a distance a from them
:
these lines
from it; P is a
O
a point such that OQ = OP and
Z.POQ = 50. Construct the locus of Q. [The locus of Q
is obtained by revolving AB about O through 50.]
30. ABC is a given triangle ; P is a variable point on BC ; Q is
a point such that the triangles ABC, APQ are similar.
29.
Draw a
line
AB
variable point on
31.
AB; Q
is
12
CONCISE GEOMETRY
32*. Given a triangle
33*.
P, Q
ABC
ABC
and a point
is
AB=6
BC = 3
cms.,
cms,
maks
an angle of 30
with OX, and construct the direction in which B is moving
it
at this instant.
34*.
35*.
mean
Construct a
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
measure
it.
2
Solve graphically the equation (x - 3) = 19.
Draw a rectangle of sides 4 cms., 7 cms., and construct a
8.
Draw
a line
AB
construct a point
P on AB such
that
AP = 1
AB J%
9.
Draw
area
centre
circle,
is
one-third of the
179
11.
12.
10.
with
its
area
f-
of the area of
AC CD.
rqv'uateral triangle of
ai<
equal area.
13.
line
14.
15.
Given three
linos
6, c
cms., construct a
a c
two equilateral triangles, construct an equilateral
triangle whose area is the sum of their areas.
Construct a circle to pass through two given points A, B and
touch a given line CD.
Use the method indicated in Fig. 211 and obtain two
Given
solutions.
/
~'
FIG. 211.
16.
Given a
outside
is
it,
construct a
y = 5, xy= 16.
OA = 6 cms., L AOB = 40
OA at A and intercepting on OB
OB
CONCISE GEOMETRY
180
construct a chord
such that
it
PQ
3 cms.
PA = |AQ.
MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTIONS IV
EXERCISE XXXVII
1.
Draw a
line
AB;
if
AB
is
CD
construct a line
OPQ,
of length
of length x 2 inches.
are two given parallel lines,
2. AB,
cutting
and
AB,
AP CQ
3.
ABC
is
5.
6.
7.
2:3:4 and
measure the
last.
z_BCA = 73,
^ACB = 75
Draw
/s
(s
a) (s
b) (*
- c).
8.
9.
10.
Given two
lines
AB
PA PB = CD 2
.
AB
REVISION PAPERS
BOOK
1.
feet.
2.
The angles
3.
ACB
1:3:5.
Find them.
a straight line
ABX,
4.
II
5.
6.
In
ABCD
DA
to
AOB,
is
lines
BC
CD = CA,
The base
that
8.
is
tween the
7.
AOB
ZAOB.
find
prove
a parallelogram
is
meet at R
so
Z.ABD = 2Z.ADB.
prove
the mid-point of
DP
and
CB
AB
CP
and
are produced
QR = CD.
Ill
9.
10.
181
182
11.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
The
prove
12.
AP = AC.
CAXY
ABC
are squares
is an acute-angled triangle; BANK,
outside the triangle ; prove that the acute angle between BH
CX
and
90 -
equals
Z.
BAC.
IV
13.
14.
The sum
15.
ABC
interior
polygon.
of one pair of angles of a triangle is 100, and the
difference of another pair is 60 ; prove that the triangle is
isosceles.
is
a triangle right-angled at
is
a point on
AB
such
16.
is
of
AB;
prove
BP = OC.
latitude
long. 2
18.
60.
long. 2
bisectors of
The
L BOC =135,
19.
minute
Z.s
ACB of
BAC = 90.
ABC,
prove
/.
A ABC
meet at
O;
if
20.
VI
21.
x.
KEVISION PAPERS
22. In Fig.
23.
ABCD
is
24.
ABCD
is
cutting
OQ
if
DA=-DB
a quadrilateral*
a parallelogram;
AC
at P,
bisects
prove
1P3
Z.AOC, pvo\a
DC;
</
BOC
/ BAC-f
prov*
DQ an two parallel
BQ p railel to DP.
BP,
lines
is
VII
25. In
pendicular from
26.
27.
28.
ABCD
is
a quadrilateral
Z.
VIII
29.
Two
if
lie
which
YZ
cuts
30. In
31.
AYZ
that
BC.
if
BD = BC
HB=HC,
CONCISE GEOMETRY
184
S
32. P, Q, R,
square
if
PR
is
DA
of a
PR = QS.
IX
33. In Fig. 213, express
sr
in
terms of
a,
/>,
c.
FIG. 213.
34.
35.
ABC
is
DQ.
is
D,
ABCD
PQ
is
are points on
BC
such that
/.
BAD =
AB = AC.
if AD = AE, prove
a square; the bisector of Z.BCA cuts AB at P;
the i>erpendicular from P to AC ; prove AQ= PB.
Z.CAE;
36.
is
X*
37.
38.
39.
40.
AQ.
The sides AB,
AC
of
AABC^are produced to D,
are lines parallel to the bisectors of /.s BCE,
= BC + HK.
BC in H, K: prove AB-f
E; AH,
CBD
AC
AK
meeting
REVISION PAPERS
XI*
41. In Fig. 214, express z in oerm.j of ^,
7>,
x, y.
FIG. 214.
42.
DE
44.
prove that
AC
bisects /.
BAC.
XII*
45.
Fio. 215.
46.
ABC
75
is
;
AB make
186
47.
48.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
A ABC,
In
',
perpendicular to BC.
BOOKS
II
I,
XIII
49.
50.
ABC
is
such
51.
is
AABC; BC = 5
of
an equilateral triangle
a variable point on a
ABCD is a
AABD.
cms.,
quadrilateral
if
BC, CA
ARB-120
R; prove
centre O, radius a; C is a
P,
thatBP-CQ; AP cuts BQ
are points on
at
circle,
52.
CA=6
cms.,
BE.
from
,/
and
XIV
53.
Find in terms of
x,
90
90
y
FIG. 216.
54. In
at R, P,
55.
The diagonals
= ABOC,
56.
In
of the quadrilateral
ABCD
cut at
O;
if
AAOD
prove
its
altitude
find the
AD.
REVISION PAPERS
18?
XV
57.
Find
in
cms.
sq.
the area,
making any
poiihtr'u,ti
and
FIG. 217.
58.
ABODE
is
a regular pentagon;
BD
CE
cuts
at
P;
prove
+ -~)
inches
BP=BA.
59.
The hypotenuse
long,
and one
of a right-angled triangle
is
x2 -
(
\
is
x*
(
v
#27
inches.
X2/
Find
The
BC
side
point
of the parallelogram
K; prove
AABK = quad.
ABCD
is
produced to any
ACKD.
XVI
61.
ABCD
is
a parallelogram of area 24
intersect
at
from CD.
62. In
ABC,
Z.
O; AB = 4*5
cms.;
is
are altitudes of
BE,
64.
AD is an altitude of
BD = #, DC = y, prove
A ABC.
its diagonals
;
the distance of O
prove
A ABC;
DX = AB 4- AC.
A ABC; prove AC = CF
A ABC; AB = 7, AC = 5,
63.
the area of
cms.
a square outside
sq.
find
a;
y =24, and
find
BC = 8;
y
if
find also
CONCISE GEOMETRY
188
XVII
rectangle;
66. In
such that
67.
68.
What
,
is
AP,
at P,
AQ
Q
4", 12"
XVIII
69.
AD, BE,
CF
BC = BOJ
are
the
altitudes of
A ABC;
AD = 7 '5
CA = 3x
cms.,
cms.,
base BC of the triangle ABC
cms.
AB = 5#
find
cms.,
BE, CF.
70.
The
71.
72.
is
produced to
the lines
find
PB.
90
Fio. 219.
REVISION PAPERS
189
XIX
73. Soundings are taken at
feet wide, starting
inte*-* ri v)s
4 feet from on
1*
*,nk,
oij*-tf
40
and the following
60, 9'3, 9'9, 8'2,
river's cross-section.
A ABC, AB-BC
74.
In the
75.
BAC
ABCD is
Z.
cuts
BC
at
A ABC,
Z.
to
is
= BQ
BAC = 90; P
drawn perpendicular
<
prove
a parallelogram;
produced to Q so that AB
76. In
and
is
BC;
the mid-point of
;
prove
AD; AB
is
ABCD = 2 APQD.
the mid-point of
prove
bisector of
AC; PN
BN 2 =BA 2 + CN 2
is
XX
77.
AB-4
ABCD
is
a parallelogram;
the distance of A from BC is 6 cms.
cms.,
;
BC = 5aj
cms.;
from AB.
Fig. 220, AB
calculate the area
78. In
79. In
A ABC,
80.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
190
XXI
triangle ABC
is
inscribed in a rectangle:
FIQ. 221.
82. A,
is
Y,
83.
AXB
obtuse
ABC
is
and
is
produced
to
so that
XZ=BC;
Y
=
ABXY
prove
AAYZ.
84.
The
obtuse-angled
Is
it
*?
XXII*
85.
ABC
distance of
86.
87.
BA>AC.
ABCD is a
is
cms.,
BD=BC;
AC = 9
find the
from AB.
a point inside
drawn
88.
AB = 8
A ABC
such that
OA = AC,
prove that
CP
are
APDC =
ABD.
The length,
feet;
to
these
that route
(ii) is
(i)
REVISION PAPERS
XX III
BC-8 A CD -7";
,
91
if
AP
PD,
calcu-
BP.
oo
P
FIG. 222.
90.
ABC
91.
to the^bisectcr
of
ABP,
PR
ABQ
is
cut
Q;
AB
QR
parallel to PB.
92. In
ABC, Z.BAC-90
at
drawn
prove that
AB
is
XXIV*
93.
The angles
223 are
all
right angles.
FiO. 223.
94.
In
P,
prove
the two
that the
CONCISE GEOMETRY
192
95.
ABCD
AC,
96.
In
a parallelogram
is
AD
at X, Y,
prove
BA
cuts
BC,
AB 2
line parallel to
any
AAXY = ADYZ.
AD
is
BOOKS
I-III
XXV
97.
The
D
98.
side
ABCD
that
is
the
ABC is produced to
2
2=
AD
13AB
prove
a quadrilateral; if Z.ABC+ L ADC -180, prove
perpendicular bisectors of AC, BD, AB are con-
BC
so that
of
an equilateral triangle
CD = SBC
current.
99.
100.
ABCD
is
a quadrilateral inscribed in a
circle
AC
is
tangent
parallel
to BR.
XXVI
ABC
a
H, K are the mid-points of AB, AC; P, Q are
;
on
such that BP = ^BC = jBQ; prove PH = QK.
BC
points
102. Find the remaining angles in Fig. 224.
101.
is
FIG. 224.
103.
104.
tangent at P.
REVISION PAPERS
XXVII
105.
that
AP = JAB
APQD =
pro e
$ABCD.
106.
107.
Z.BAC, /iCAD.
/.BAG = 90
A ABC,
108. In
BC
at
the tangent at
the circle on
cuts
AC
at
AB
as diameter cuts
prove
PD = PC.
XXVIII
ABCD, AB = 7", CD -II", Z.BAD= Z.ADC
=
/.BCD
-90,
60; calculate AC.
Two chords AB, DC of a circle, centre O, are produced to
meet at E; Z.CBE-75
Z.CEB = 22, Z.AOD=144;
109. In quadrilateral
110.
prove
111. In Fig.
112.
AOB = L BAC.
225, O is the centre
/.
and
TQ
bisects
Z.OTP; prove
PCA
to
meet the
PAB, PBC,
a straight
13
circles
line.
PBA,
PCA
again at X,
prove
XAY
is
CONCISE GEOMETRY
194
XXIX
113. In
prove by
wise that
is an altitude;
or othertheorem
the
of
using
Pythagoras'
figure
AD = 4DB.
PT
are
FIG. 226.
115.
AOB
at
is
A;
a chord of a
circle
Z.BOT=115; find
AABC, AB = AC the
at P; prove. BP= PC.
35,
116. In
B meets
the tangent at
Z.BPT.
on
AB
circle
as diameter cuts
BC
XXX
117. X, Y,
are
sides
BC, CA,
AB
of the
triangle
;
prove that AX + BY + CZ
J(BC -f CA -f AB).
118. A, B, C, D are the first milestones on four straight roads
running from a town X ; A is due north of D and north-
>
ABC
west of B.
is
E. 20
S. of
from C.
119.
120.
ABCD is a
AC bisects
AB
diameter
TP
is
OC
of a circle
a tangent
APB
is
O;
if
BD.
prove
XXXI
121.
ABCD
is
a rectangle; P
quad. ABCP
122.
ABCD
is
is
A APD AD
a circle;
=*
if
arc
any point on
CP.
ABC =
arc
ADC,
CD;
find
prove that
/.ADC.
REVISION PAPERS
123. A, B,
L BAC.
124. In
227, AB
AH = BK.
is
Fig.
prove
a diameter;
P
Fro. 227.
XXXII
125. In
A ABC,
Z BAC = 90; AD
JL-J-+..L
AD AB AC
2
126.
ABCD
127.
ABC is
is
'
is
any point on
such that PI
128.
Two
circles,
tangents at
= PB
prove
L IBA = L IBC.
centres A, B, cut at X,
prove
L AXB
is
XP,
XQ
are the
equal or supplementary to
XXXIII
129.
130.
arc
BR = 3
arc AP.
J*
Fro. 228.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
196
131.
A rectangular strip
how many
out of
prove
133.
it 1
CD
132. AB,
Two
Z.AOC
AD
XXXIV
AOB, COD cross
metre rules
ABDC,
circle
centre
and BC.
40 cms., those
on
for
OD
are 50,
60 cms.
for
respectively.
are 50,
Find the
readings at O.
134.
Two
PARB, QASB
R and the
circles
B; a line PQRS
S; prove Z.PAQ =
intersect at A,
cuts one at P,
other at Q,
Z.RBS.
A ABC,
135. In
Z.BAC = 90; D is
BC at D, passes through A
arc AD = 2 arc DE.
touches
prove
136.
Two
circular
cylinders
of
radii 2",
Find
stretched length.
XXXV
BC is an arc of radius 8"
OB produced; 08 = 9", L AOB = 90;
of a circle touching
AO,
OB
and
arc
whose centre
lies
on
BC.
B
FIG. 229.
138.
is
139.
ABCD
is
= AABC.
A A 2 A3
that A! A 8
is
A^
is
perpendicular to
A 3 A 16
'REVISION PAPERS
140. A, B,
197
the tangent at A
;
that the bisect
of ^b
a circle
BM3,
XXXVI
ABC -90, ^BAC = I/*, Jie bisector of
AB at P prov AP 2 = 2PB 2
The diameter AB of a circle is induced to any point P; a
line is drawn from P touching Uio circle at Q and cutting
the tangent at A in R; prove Z.BQP J/.ARP.
In AABC, AB = AC and Z. BAG is obtuse a circle is drawn
touching AC at A, passing through B and cutting BC again
at P prove arc AB = 2 arc AP.
The volume of a circular cylinder is V cub. in. and the
HI. In AABC,
L ACB
142.
/.
meets
143.
144.
area of
its
curved surface
is
in.
sq.
terms of V, S.
BOOKS
I-IV
XXXVII
145. In Fig. 230,
triangles
if
^ADC= Z.BEA-
ABC, XYZ
are equiangular.
DC
FIG. 230.
146.
The tangent
is
at a point
the centre;
is
the mid-point of
PQ;
prove
PQ
at
T;
/.ROT =
RET.
147.
line
AB, 8 cms.
in the ratio 3
CONCISE GEOMETRY
198
148.
ABCD
BD at
EF
is
is parallel
to
CD.
XXXVIII
149.
The
sides
lengths to X, Y,
1000 yards
AP is
AB
a diameter
:
'
prove
AP
AC
=
AP'
XXXIX
153.
AB
is a diameter of
a circle;
AOC, BOE
are
two chords
2 =
2OC2
such that
;
prove that AC
154. PQ is a chord of a circle T is a point on the tangent at P
such that PT= PQ ; TQ cuts the circle at R ; prove L RPT =
L CAB =
Z. EBA = 22
156.
AB,
DB
DC
at
at P,
EF are parallel;
EF - 2", AB = 3",
AD=7
find
O
;
prove
PO - OQ.
77
,
DF
CD.
ABCD; AC cuts
AB cuts AD, BC
REVISION PAPERS
XL
157. In
A ABC, AB-AC
bisector of
158.
AOB,
AB
cuts
L BAG =120;
arid
BC
at
X;
prove
the perpendicular
BC = 3BX,
prove
that arc
159.
of a wall 5'
160.
ABC
is
3" in diameter
in a partition;
find
chord cutting
BC
at
AP AQ
prove
---
AB = AC; AP
AB'2
is
XLI
161. In
bisector of
CD
bisects
AB.
162.
ABCD
163.
ABCDEF
OAB.
is
2:3:7:4:5;
164.
ABCD
is
at E, F,
straight
line;
AD
DF
AB BC CD DE EF =
:
and ~.
AF
A cuts
BD, BC,
CD
G; prove *p =
^.
XLII
165.
166.
167.
Two
3 cms.,
triangles are equiangular: the sides of one are
is
other
the
the
of
;
2J feet; find
perimeter
5 cms., 7 cms.
its sides.
168.
Two
lines
points
that
HK
is
parallel to
BD.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
200
XLiri
169.
170.
is the mid-point of AB
AP 2 -PB 2 =2AB.CP.
any point on
is
4"
CB
prove that
Show
that the triangle whose vertices are (2, 1), (5, 1), (4, 2)
similar to the triangle whose vertices are (1, 1) (7, 1) (5, 3).
172. Two circles intersect at A, B ; the tangents at A meet the
171.
is
circles at C,
BC = BA
BA BD
-
prove
173.
XLIV
ABCD is a quadrilateral; AP is drawn
BD; prove AAPC = quad. ABCD.
174.
circular cone
made from a
is
;
straight rod
175.
through B parallel to
OD
cuts
OA,
OC
at P,
if
PB= BQ,
AB _ AD
BC~~CD"
XLV
177. In Fig. 232, OA,
AB
are
the end
end B
is
OA = 3',
which B
is
fixed,
when AB makes
and
Fir,.
232.
OC.
20 i
REVISION PAPERS
178.
ABC
179.
AOXB, COYD
a triangle inscribed in a circle; P, Q, R are the midthe arcs BC, CA, AB ; prove AP is perpendicular
of
points
is
toQR.
parallel lines
BD
AC, XY,
lines;
are
XB = 3, AC = 2, BD = 4
7,
XY.
find
180.
two straight
=
cutting them j AX
are
is
A,
XLVI
181.
ABC
a triangle inscribed in a
is
external bisectors of
182.
/.
BAG
cut
circle
BC
at P,
two
183.
it
meet
to
184.
lines.
ABCD
Two
AB
at
CE
CAB, OCD
OA CD AD 2
OB OC BC 2
lines
cuts
AD
at F
meet a
a point inside
is
;
DP
is
produced
circle at A, B, C,
D; prove
that
XLVil*
185.
ABC
an equilateral triangle
is
produced to Q so that
186. AB is a diameter of a circle
is
pendiculars from A,
APB; AH, BK
to the tangent at
BK = AB.
187.
AB
chord
tangent;
188. AB,
DC
of a circle
ABT
OA=6", OT = 4",
is
at
DC
at P,
E ; DA,
is
ABCD AC
cuts
EF
AB,
BD
O; OT
produced to
find BT.
AT- 3",
cuts
202
CONCISE GEOMETRY
XLVIII*
189.
A brick
rusts
up against
it
The
as in Fig. 233.
bricks are
is
propped
2".
by
190. Prove that the area of a square inscribed in a given semicircle is | of the area, of the square inscribed in the whole
circle.
191.
The
bisector of
Z.BAC
perpendicular to
192.
chord
DA
BC
at
AC
cuts AB,
AD is parallel
C meets AD
tangent at
cuts
D;
at Y,
prove
BC of a circle;
BC AE = BD 2
to a diameter
at
prove
BY = BD
CZ DC
the
XLIX*
a fixed point on a given circle ; a variable chord AP is
produced to Q so that PQ is of constant length ; QR is drawn
perpendicular to AQ ; prove that QR touches a fixed circle.
193.
194.
Four equal
is
what
is
new
position of
BC at Q, find CQ.
a parallelogram ; a line through
B from
C.
If the
crease meets
196.
ABCD is
in P, Q,
R; prove
PO = PD 2
-|
*
.
203
REVISION PAPERS
FIG.
198.
ABC
is
'234.
meet at
meets AB,
199.
AC
produced at D,
parallel to BC cuts
HK
between HK and BC is
line
200. In
A ABC,
sponding to
40
is
BC
sq.
5 cms.
cms.
AB,
;
prove Al
the areas of
find
Al x =
distance
HK.
=
prove DT TE.
AC at H, K the
AB
is
.
AC.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
204
WHEN
book, but
It is
figure instead.
bettor results.
For
this reason,
A freehand
figure is
good enough.
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
BOOK
DEFINITION.
CD
line
is
is
If
drawn
AC
Fro. 235.
Therefore
ACB
is
if
is
THEOREM
(1) If
straight line
opposite sides of
to
two right
it,
make
angles, these
sum
lines,
on
two
straight line.
E>
FIG. 1.
205
CONCISE GEOMETRY
206
(1)
To Prove L
AB at C.
ACE + ^ BCE =
ACE+ ^BCE^
Given
CE
meets
80.
L.
ACB
= 180,
since
ACB
is
st. line.
Q.E.D.
Ey
ACB
FIG. 236.
(2) Given
.'.
L.
L.
st. line.
L.
L.
^FCE=
/.
CB
But
L.
L.
ACF
is
st.
Z.BCE.
falls
line
.*.
along CF.
ACB is a
st. line.
Q.E.D.
THEOREM
If
two straight
equal.
FIG.
To Prove
2.
x 4- a = 1 80
a + y = 1 80
Similarly
adjacent angles.
adjacent angles.
a = j8.
Q.K.D.
For
riders
2.
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
THEOREM
If
207
two
FIG. 2#.
Given
AB
falls
along
.".
falls
AC falls
along PR.
But
AC = PR,
C falls on R.
ABC coincides with
/.
.".
the triangle
/.
AABC-APQR.
the triangle
PQR.
Q.K.D.
For
riders
on Theorems
3, 9, 10,
THEOREM 4
If
is
greater
CONCISE GEOMETRY
208
BC
is
produced to D.
>
it
CFG
.'.
AAFB-ACFG.
/.
.LBAF- Z.GCF.
But L
DCA>
DCA >
its
part
L,
GCF.
L BAI; or L BAC.
if BC is bisected and if AC is produced
Similarly,
can be proved that L BCE > L. ABC,
But L ACD - L BCE, vert. opp.
.'.
/.
ACD>
to E, it
ABC.
Q.E.D.
DEFINITION.
PLAYF AIR'S AXIOM. Through a given point, one and only one
straight line can be drawn parallel to a given straight line.
THEOREM
If one straight line cuts two other straight lines such that
either (1) the alternate angles are equal,
or
or
/A
P
parallel.
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
ABCD
cuts PQ,
RS
209
at B, C.
will
at H, say.
Since BCH is a triangle,
ext.
which
is
.".
L.
PBC
>
int.
<L
BCH,
contrary to hypothesis.
PQ
cannot meet
RS and
is
.*.
parallel to
it.
Q.B.P.
\?) Given
ABQ =
To Prom PQ
L.
is
BCS.
parallel to RS.
L.
(3)
.'.
L.
L.
Q.E.D.
THEOREM
If
P
B
FIG. 239.
14
CONCISE GEOMETRY
210
AB,
CD
(1) If
AQR
to
But
L.
is
PS
line
PQB = QRD.
^.BQR+ ^.QRD-180
L.
cuts
them
at Q, R.
L.
not equal to L
QRD,
let
the angle
XQR
be equal
QRD.
QX
.*.
.'.
(2)
But
LPQB=- L AQR,
vert. opp.
^AQR=
alt.
But
.'.
angles.
L.
(3)
1.QRD,
BQR +
L.
Q.E.D.
For
riders
on Theorems
5, 6, see page 6.
THEOREM
'
The sum
ABC
any triangle
is
two right
a triangle ; BC is produced to D.
L CAB + L ABC.
To Prove (1) L. ACD
is
(2)
L.
CAB +
L.
ABC 4-
is
ACB = 180.
equal
angles.
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
(1)
Let
CF
adding, L
Add
L
L
L
FCD +
1ACD=
.'.
(2)
.LABC + /.CAB.
ACB.
But
211
,1
L.
ACB.
21
.'.
Q.K.D.
THEOREM 8
a convex polygon, together with four
are
equal to twice as many right angles as the
right angles,
polygon has
sides.
sum
is
sum
rt.
the
of
+4
rt. L. s
= 2n
LS.
and
join
to each
it
vertex.
The polygon
But the sum
.".
the
sum
is
now
divided into
triangles.
all
the angles at O.
of
rt.
2n
s.
rt.
s.
the polygon
212
CONCISE GEOMETRY
Now
.".
the
all
-h
is
rt.
rt. <- s
s.
= 2n
rt.
s.
FIG. 242.
(2)
At each
.".
the
sum
_ + the exterior - - 2
exterior angles
=-
2n
rt.
-j-
the
rt.
sum
s.
of all the
s.
= 2n
rt.
s.
Q.E.D.
may
The sum of
8(1)
sides is 2w
-4
right angles.
7, 8,
TJIEOUKM 9
Two
if two
angles and a side of one are
two angles and the corresponding side
respectively equal to
of the other.
BC^QR.
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
213
= QR.
z_A3C= A. PQR.
or that FiC
ABC
Q and BC falls along QR.
Since BC = QR, C falls on R. -A
And since BC falls on QR aiul'-L ABC=on
PQR,
.".
BA
falls
L PRQ,
/.
CA
falls
L.
along QP.
And
since
CB
falls
on
RQ
falls
on
P.
and
L.
ACB =
along RP.
/.
.*.
the triangle
.'.
ABC
PQR.
A ABC = A PQR.
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 10
(1) If
to
sides opposite to
FIG. 244.
ABC
a triangle
at D.
is
let
AB - AC.
To Prwe L ACB = L ABC.
(1) Given
As ABD, ACD.
AB AC, given.
AD is common.
In the
BAC
meet
BC
CONCISE GEOMETRY
214
.*.
.'.
(2)
AS ABD, ACD.
ABD = L. ACD, given.
L BAD = L CAD, constr.
AD is common,
AS are congruent.
AB = AC.
In the
i.
the
.'.
Q.E.D.
For
riders
on Theorems
3, 9,
10 see page
THEOREM
Two
if
15.
11
the
three sides of
one are
re-
FIG. 245(2).
YZ;
/.
on
Z.
Y and BC
along
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
Let the point
YZ to X.
Now YF = BA,
But BA^YX,
constr.
.'.
Join XF.
given.
YFX.
.YXF = /.YFX.
Z.ZXF- _ ZFX.
.'.
Similarly,
But L
L.
.'.
.'.
YF-YX
.*.
fall at
215
in the
BAC=
L YFZ,
constr.
BAG - L YXZ.
AS ABC, XYZ
AB = XY, given.
AC = XZ, given.
Z.BAC- ^.YXZ,
A ABC A
proved.
XYZ.
==
/.
J\
Q.B.D.
THEOREM 12
Two
Fid. 246.
Given /.ABC
= 90= L. XYZ.
AC = XZ.
AB = XY.
To Proe
AABC== AXYZ.
ABC so
XY
th^t
to Z.
on X and AB falls
some point F on the
falls
falls at
CONCISE GEOMETRY
216
AB = XY, B falls on Y.
XYF = L ABC = 90 and u XYZ = 90.
Z.XYF + ^ XYZ =180.
ZYF is a straight line.
But XF = AC, and AC is given equal to XZ.
XZF is a triangle, in which XF XZ,
Since
L.
.'.
But L
.'.
/.
XFY-
L ACB,
constr.
XZY - ACB.
in the AS XYZ, ABC.
L XYZ = L ABC, given.
L. XZY =
ACB, proved.
XY - AB, given.
A XYZ = A ABC.
L.
L.
L.
/.
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 13
(1)
(2)
equal.
Fm.
Given
ABCD
is
To Prove
as
a parallelogram.
(1)
AB - CD and AD - BC.
DAB = L DCB and L ABC = ADC.
AC and BD each bisect the parallelogram.
L.
(2)
L.
Join BD.
BD
/.
.'.
is
s.
s.
common.
A ADB s A CBD.
AB = CD, AD = BC, c L DAB == L BCD
and BD bisects the parallelogram.
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
217
Similarly,
ABC =
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 14
The diagonals
D
FIG. 29.
intersect at O.
As AOD, COB,
L DAO = L BCO,
L
/.
ABCD
ADO
alt. L s.
L CBO, alt. L s.
BC, opp. sides of
AD =
||gram.
AOD = A COB.
AO = CO and BO = DO.
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 15
The
straight lines
straight lines
and
parallel.
C
FIG. 30.
Given
AB
is
To Prove
Join BC.
AC
is
CD
CONCISE GEOMETRY
218
In the
As ABC, DOB
ABC =
AB = DC, given.
BC is common.
DCB alt. angles, AB
being
||
to
CD.
AABC-ADCB.
AC-DBand ACB = ^ DBC.
.'.
.-.
<L
.'.
AC
is
parallel to
DB.
Q.E.D.
a parallelogram.
Other tests for a parallelogram are
(1) If the diagonals of
and
parallel sides is
is
it
is
it
is
it
parallelogram.
(2) If
parallelogram.
(3) If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are
equal,
parallelogram.
For
riders
on Theorems
BOOK
page 23.
II
THEOREM 16
(1) Parallelograms
on
the
(2)
The area
of a parallelogram
base and
(1) Given
its
ABCD, ABPQ
AB
is
its height.
219
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
To Prove that ABCD, ABPQ are equal in area.
In the As AQD, BPC,
L ADQ = L BCP, corresp. L. s AD, BC being
L AQD= L BPC, corresp. L. s; AQ, BP being
;
AD = BC,
From
||
lines.
||
lines.
the figure
ABPD,
ABPQ
Fia. 32.
(2) If
BH
is
.'.
the area of
ABCD = AB BH.
.
Q.B.D.
THEOREM 17
The area of a triangle
and the height.
is
C
FIG. 247.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
220
Given that
AD
is
triangle
To Prove
to the base
BC
of the
ABC.
that the area of
A ABC = JAD
BC.
A ABC
=*
i parallelogram
ABCK = AD BC
AABC-IAD.BC.
But parallelogram
/.
ABCK,
ABCK.
.
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 18
(1) Triangles
parallels are
equal in area.
(1) Given
two
triangles
ABC,
ABD
Draw CH, DK
But
CH
is
AB, and
perpendicular to
parallel* to
DK,
AB
or
AB
since each
area.
produced.
is
AB and
perpendicular to
9>
area.
221
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
(2)
.'.
.".
parallelogram.
.*.
CD
is
parallel to
HK
or
AB.
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 19
If
AB
To Prove
AABC = J
||gram
ABXY.
Join BY.
AABC = AABY in
.'.
are
BY
area.
ABXY,
Q.E.D.
of a triangle is important
If a, 6, c are the lengths of the sides of a
triangle and
s
6
the
of
area
the
+
+
J(a
c),
triangle
if
CONCISE OEOMETBY
222
By
parallels are
equal in area.
(2) Parallelograms
parallels
straight line
same
parallels.
(5)
For
riders
THEOREM
20.
[PYTHAGORAS' THEOREM.]
P
FIG. 248.
223
EKOOFS OF THEOREMS
Given L
BAG
is
a right angle.
BC = the
square on
BA 4- the
square
parallel
KA
and
to
BQ
AC
are
In the
As HBC, ABQ
HB = AB,
CB = QB,
HBC^ ABQ,
AHBC-AABQ.
_
/.
sides of square.
sides of square.
t-
proved.
Now
Also
A HBC=| square
AABQ - \
.'.
square
Similarly,
and
HA.
parallels
rect.
HB
BQ
BQYX.
HA -- rect. BQYX.
it
M Afreet. CPYX;
.'.
square HA
= square
BP.
Q.E.D.
THEOREM
21
If the
r.
FIG. 249.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
224
Given
AB 2 + BC 2 -= AC 2
To Prove u ABC = 90.
Construct a triangle XYZ such that XY-AB, YZ-BC,
L. XYZ - 90.
Since L XYZ = 90, XZ 2 = XY a + YZ a
But X Y - AB and YZ - BC.
XZ 2 -AB 2 + BC 2 = AC 2 given.
/.
XZ-AC.
/.
in the A ABC, XYZ
AB = XY, constr.
BC = YZ, constr.
AC = XZ, proved.
.
.'.
AABC-AXYZ.
.'.
L.
.'.
But L
/.
L.
ABC ~L XYZ.
XYZ = 90 constr.
ABC 90.
Q.K.D.
AH, BK
called
If
AB
and
CD
are
any two
FIG. 250(1).
QY is the projection of BA on
XC is the projection of AC on
BX is the projection of QA on
Or, in Fig. 250(2),
AN is the projection of
BN
is
the projection of
QP,
BC,
BC.
AC dh AB,
BC on AB.
vstraight lines,
to
CD, then
and
HK
is
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
225
THEOREM 22
In an obtuse-angled triangle, the square on the side opposite the
AN
FIG. 250(2).
Given L
BAG
is
CN
obtuse and
is
to
BA
produced.
To Prove
BC 2 = BA 2 + AC 2 + 2BA AN.
.
BC = a units, B A = c
CN = h units.
Let
units,
Since L
BNC = 90,
Since L
ANC = 90,
b*
= (c
units,
AN
units,
= c2 + b2 + 2cx.
a* =
:.
or
AC = b
Q.E.D.
*
THEOREM 23
In any triangle, the square on -the side opposite an acute angle
is
equal to the
15
sum
of the squares
on the
sides containing
CONCISE GEOMETRY
226
of
those
X
PIG.
FIG. 59(2).
5~9(1).
Given L
from
to
AB
or
[Put in a small letter for each length that comes in the answer
and also for the height.]
BC = a units, BA = c
CN==A units.
Let
units,
a2 = c2 + 6 2 -
BNc-#;
In Fig. 59(1),
Since L. CNB - 90, a 2 or
/
Since
in each case,
units,
AN = x
units,
2ra.
BN=#-c.
in Fig. 59(2),
2
A2 in Fig. 59(1),
(c
a?) +
2
2
(x c) + A in Fig. 59(2) ;
a2 a 2 c2
ANC = 90, 62 =
or
AC = b
a?
+ A2
BC 2 = BA2 + AC 2 - 2 AB AN.
.
Q.K.D.
THEOREM
In any
24.
sum
[APOLLONIUS* THEOREM.]
^ROOFS OF THEOREMS
Given
is
To Prove
AB 2 + AC 2 = 2AD 2 + 2BD 2
Draw AN
From the
From the
perpendicular to BC.
triangle
triangle
BD = DC,
But
227
.'.
AB 2 - AD 2 + DB
AC 2 = AD 2 + DC 2 - 2DC DM.
BD.DN-DC.DN and BD 2
AB 2 + AC 2 = 2AD 2 + 2DB 2
S
ADB,
ADC,
given;
adding,
.'.
Q.R.D.
For
riders
THEOREM 25
(1) If A, B, C,
AC BD - AB CD + AD BC.
Tf a straight line AB is bisected
.
(2)
on a straight
at O,
and
if
AP 2 + PB 2 = 2AO 2 + 2OP 2
x
is
ss
*
FIG. 251(1).
AB x units, BC = y units, CD ~z
AC = # + y, BD = y + z.
AC.BD = (o?-fy) (y-f z)
(1) Let
units.
Then
.'.
AD = x y -f
AB CD + AD BC = xz + (x + y + z)
Also
/.
-i-
AC BD = AB CD + AD
.
"A
>
FIG. 251(2).
(2)
Let
AO = #
units,
OJP^y
units.
PB = OB - OP rr x - y
andAP = AO-fOP
Also
.*.
line,
then
BC.
B~
any other
CONCISE GEOMETRY
228
= 2AO 2 + 2OP 2
Q.B.D.
For
riders
Fio. 252(1).
Draw
it
a line
such that
at M, L.
II.
(a
+ J)(a-6) = tt 2
R
FIG. 252(2).
PK,
KX
is
ab
sq. inches.
62
229
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
Draw
part
a line
PR
PQ
of length
off
of length b inches.
.".
THEOREM 26
two sides of a triangle are unequal, the greater side has the
(1) If
two angles
(2) If
it.
it.
FIG. 253.
(1)
GumAOAB
To Prove L
ABC>
L ACB.
From AC
Join BX.
Since
But
/.
2L.AfeOz.ABX,
L ABC > L XCB or
L ACB.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
230
(2) Given
ABC >
To Prom
If
AC
L ACB.
AOAB.
it
to
AB,
Fia
61.
AC
AB, _
AC
.".
THEOREM 27
Of
all
FIG. 62.
ON
is
and a
fixed line
AB.
to
AB, and
OP
is
any other
from O to AB.
To Prove ON<OP.
line
Since the
since
sum
^ONP=1
.'.
/.
L
L
L
rt.
NPO +
rt.
angles,
angle.
NOP = 1
rt.
angle.
and
231
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
THEOREM 28
Any two
side.
x
*V
'I
*
*''
I
i
A-''
C
B
Fio. 254.
To Prom BA + AOBC,
BA to P and cut
Produce
Since
AX = AC,
But
/.
.'.
off
ACX -=
L BCX >
L BCX >
L.
AX
equal to AC.
Join CX.
u AXC.
L ACX.
L.
AXC.
in the triangle
BXC,
.'.
But
/.
BA + AOBC.
Q.E.D.
is
circle lie
FIG. 255.
If
AB
is
a diameter, tod If P
PA>PQ>PB.
lies
on
AB
produced,
CONCISE GEOMETRY
232
Join
to the centre O.
PA = PO + OA-PO l-OQ>PQ.
PB + BO=PO<PQ + QO.
For
riders
THEOREM 29
The
is
and equal
C
FIG. 256.
Given H,
To Prove
HK =
HK
CP
Through C, draw
BA
parallel to
to
BC.
meet
HK
produced
at P.
In the
As AHK, CPK.
/.AHK- -CPK, alt. _ s.
i_HAK^ 1.PCK, alt. L s.
AK = KC, given.
AAHK-ACPK.
.'.
/.
But
.'.
Also
CP
is
CP = AH.
AH = BH,
CP = BH.
drawn
/. the lines
given.
parallel to
BH.
.".
.'.
Also
HK = KP
But
.'.
HK Is
parallel to
from congruent
HP = BC oppf sideft
HK-JBC.
BC.
triangles.
of parallelogram.
Q.E.D.
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
233
THEOREM 30
If there are three or
cepts
more
and
if
the inter-
them
are
them
are equal.
PT
other line
at Q, R,
AE at B, C, D
BC = CD.
S and that
and any
To Prove
QR^RS.
Draw BH, CK parallel to PT to meet
Then BH is parallel to CK.
in the AS BCH, CDK.
L CBH ^ L DCK corresp.
L BCH = L CDK corresp.
OR,
DS
at H, K.
.'.
BC=^CD,
a.
s.
given.
ABCH = ACDK.
.'.
/.
But
BQRH
is
BH-CK,
a ||gram since
.'.
And CRSK
is
/.
BH=QR.
a ||gram since
:.
its
its
CK-RS.
QR = RS.
Q.E.D.
For
riders
CONCISE GEOMETRY
234
BOOK
III
THKORKM
(1)
The
straight line
31
(2)
The
is
circle to the
not a diameter)
is
per-
FIG. 69.
To Prove u
ONA
/.
is
a right angle.
ONB,
OA = OB, radii.
AN = BN, given.
ON is common,
ONA = A ONB.
i.ONA= -LONB.
But these are adjacent angles,
/.
.".
each
ON
is the
(2) Given that
perpendicular
circle to a chord AB.
To Prove
that
is
a right angle.
of a
/.
is
ONB.
OA = OB, radii.
ON is common.
A ONA = A ONB.
/. AN = NB.
*
Q.E.D.
THEOREMS
PJ800FS OF
235
THKOBEM 32
In equal
same
circles or in the
circle
FIG. 258(1).
(1)
circles
ABX, CDY,
centres P, Q,
CD
QK
from
P,
and two
to
AB,
are equal.
AH = JAB
/.
and
CK = 'CD.
But
AB = CD,
AH = CK.
/.
given.
.*.
PA = the
hypotenuse QC,
.'.
A
.'.
PAH, QCK,
the hypotenuse
AH = CK, proved.
PAH 53 A QCK.
PH = QK.
Q.E.D.
To
PH,
QK from
P,
to the chords
CD
are equal
Prove that AB = CD.
AB,
PH =* QK,
.'.
given.
A PAH B A QCK.
/.
AH-CK.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
236
The proof
is
unaltered
if
circle.
FIG. 258(2).
For
riders
THEOREM 33
The angle which an arc of a circle subtends at the centre is double
that which it subtends at any point on the remaining part
of the circumference.
/N
FIG. 259(2).
FIG. 259(1).
Given
AB
is
an arc of a
circle,
centre
FIG. 259(3).
is
But
ext.
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
Similarly
/.
237
NOB - 2 L OPB.
is
reflex, i.e.
is
the same
THEOREM 34
Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
in a semicircle is a right angle.
2)
1)
The angle
B-
'B
FIG. 76(1).
1)
Fio. 76(2).
circle.
at
Qce.
Q.E.D.
2)
Given
AB
a diameter of a
circle, centre O,
the circumference.
Fm.
77.
and P a point on
CONCISE GEOMETRY
238
L at centre twice L at
L. AOB = 2 L APB.
*=
_
is a straight line
since
AOB
Bat
AOB 180,
=
L
APB 90.
/.
O ce
Q.K.D.
THEOREM 35
(1)
angle
(1) Oiven
is
ABCD
is
To Prove L
Let
ADC = 180.
and
a cyclic quadrilateral.
ABC +
let
circle.
Q
ADC
L ABC.
L. at centre = twice L at
^
ADC.
y
/. 2 L ABC + 2 L ADC = 360.
L ABC + /L ADC = 180.
.'.
Now
and
=2
FIG. 78.
Q.B.D.
239
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
(2) Given the side
duced to P.
AD
ABCD
L PDC =* L ABC,
To Prove
Now L ADC 4- L PDC = 180, adj. angles,
and L ADC -f L ABC - 180, opp. L s cyclic quad.
L ADC + L PDC = L. ADC + L ABC.
.'.
L ABC.
L PDC
.'.
==>
For
riders
i*
pro-
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 36
two points subtends equal angles at two
other points on the same side of it, then the four points lie
on a circle.
is cyclic.
FIG. 261.
APB =
AQB
where
P,
same
AB.
To Prove that
A, P, Q,
If possible, let
and
let it
lie
on a
circle.
is,
BQX
equals the
whicbjs impossible*
P must
pass through Q,
Q.RD.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
240
(2)
D, and let
it
cut
AD
or
through A, B,
AD
ADC = 180.
produced at X.
.D
Flu. 2G2.
this,
s cyclic
quad.
CXD
equals the
which is impossible,
C must pass through D.
.".
Q.E.D.
For
riders
THEOREM 37
In equal
same
circle), if
To Prove
circles,
that
ABP, CDQ,
centres H, K.
AHB = L CKD.
arc AB = arc CD
L
PKOOFS OF THEOREMS
241
Since -
AHB =
_ CKD,
CD
HB
falls
on KD, and B
falls
on D.
coincide,
AB = arc CD.
_ APB = L CQD.
(2) Given that
To Prove that arc AB = arc CD.
Now L. AHB ^= 2 L. APB, - at centre = twice - at Oce.
L CKD = 2 L CQD.
L APB = L. CQD, given.
and
But
*.
AHB =
arc
L.
CKD.
AB = arc CD.
Q.E.I).
THEOREM 38
In equal circles (or in the same circle), if two arcs are equal, they
subtend equal angles at the centres and at the circumferences.
ABP, CDQ,
centres H, K,
AHB = L CKD.
(2) z.APB-iCQD.
Apply the circle AB to the circle CD so that the centre H falls
on the centre K and HA along K9
Since the circles are equal, A falls on C and the circumTo Prove
(1)
circles
AB, CD.
(1)
L.
ferences coincide.
But
arc
/.
_
-
.'.
16
L.
and
HB
on KD.
Q.E.D.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
242
(2)
=<_ CKD.
AHB = L CKD, just
L APB =
CQD.
But
L.
proved.
L.
.'.
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 30
In equal
(1)
same circle
two chords are equal, the arcs which they cut
circles or in the
if
off
are equal
(2)
if
two arcs are equal, the chords of those arcs are equal.
(1)
To Prove
circles
ABP, CDQ,
centres H, K.
AB = chord CD.
arc AB = arc CD.
.".
.'.
AHAB-AKCD.
/.
^.AHB= Z-CKD.
CD
arc
AB = arc CD.
Q.E.D.
(2)
AB = arc CD.
To Prove chord AB =fchordr CD.
Given arc
Since AB,
CD
= LCKD.
PKOOFS OF THEOREMS
/. in
the
AS
243
HAB, KCD,
H A = KC,
circles.
AB-CD.
Q.E.D.
For
riders
FIG. 265.
AB of a circle.
A and moves along
positions Q Q 2 Q 8
PQ V PQ 2 PQ 3
lf
the arc
AP
and draw
the lines
PR 1}
PRg,
All lines in the
PR 8
Produce AP, BP to X, Y.
All lines drawn from P in the angle
APY
or
CONCISE GEOMETRY
244
to the
PQ
PR
system or to the
system, except
t/ie
single line
which
The tangent at P is therefore the lino CPD, which is the intermediate position between lines of the PQ system and lines of the
PR
THEOREM 40
The tangent
point of contact.
FIG. 267(1).
Given
FIG. 267(2).
centre O.
perpendicular to OP.
draw any line XPQY, cutting the
Join OP, OQ.
is
again at Q.
t
.'.
.*.
,\
OP OQ,
radii,
L OPQf= L OQP.
their supplements are
equal,
<_
OPX
L OQY.
245
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
Now
.'.
OPX
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 41
from the point of contact,
drawn, the angles which the chord makes with
a chord
is
"V
Y/
FIG. 268(2).
Fui. 268(1).
Given
YPX
is a tangent at P to the
chord through P.
To Prove L APX = L PKA and
circle
PLAK, and PA
L APY
Then
L AQX = L PKA
ext.
is
L PLA.
YPQX cutting
of cyclic quad.
= int. opp.
any
the
/.
it
may
APY= L PLA.
Q.E.D.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
246
The converse
For
of this theorem
is
riders
THEOKEM 42
If
(3)
bisects
FIG. 86.
to a circle, centre O.
(2)
(3)
OP = OQ, radii.
OT is the common
TOP,
TPO,
TQO
TOQ
hypotenuse.
and ZTOP=ZTOQ,
and Z.OTP = ZOTQ.
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 43
t
If
two
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
Given two
circles, centres
To Prove
AB
247
(produced
if
Fio. 87(2).
XPY
common
at P.
tangent
Since XP touches each circle at P, the angles
XA, XPB
are
right angles.
.".
A and B
to
each
on the
lie
line
through P perpendicular
PX.
.".
A, B,
lie
on a straight
line.
Q.E.D.
Note.
If
the distance
(Fig. 87(1)),
the radii.
If
For
on Theorems
THEOREM 44
In a right-angled triangle, the line joining the mid-point of the
hypotenuse to the opposite vertex is equal to half the
hypotenuse.
Given
ABC
is
triangle, right-angled at A,
point of BC.
and
is
the mid-
CONCISE GEOMETRY
248
To Prow AD
Draw a circle through
Since
/.
A, B, C.
is a diameter.
BAG = 90, BC
FIG. 269.
But D
is
.".
is
circle.
.'.
DA = DB = DC,
DA-JBC.
radii.
Q.E.T).
DEFINITION.
If
way
that
it
obeys a
by the point
is
THEOREM 45
The
locus of a point,
is
given points.
A
,
B and any
PA = PB.
moves so that
To Prove that P
Bisect
AB
at N.
lies
FIG. 105.
position of a point
P which
Join PN.
249
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
In the
AS ANP, BNP,
AN = BN, constr.
AP = BP, given.
PN is common.
AANPsABNP.
.'.
L ANP =
.'.
PN
.*.
lies
is
angles,
Z.
BNP.
.*.
each
perpendicular to
AB
is
and
a right angle.
bisects
it.
THEOREM 46
The locus of a point which
is
Fin. 106.
COD
AOB,
COD
To Prove P
AOB,
are equal.
lies
BOC, BOD.
Suppose P is situated
in the angle
BOD.
PH = PK,
PO
is
the
given.
common
hypotenuse.
/.
A PHO s A PKO.
/.
L POH = L ROK.
For
lies
riders
QBD
'
'
'
CONCISE GEOMETRY
250
THEOREM 47
The perpendicular
concurrent
(i.e.
meet
in a point).
OZ
of
AC,
AB
meet
at O.
BC at X, join OX
the As OZA, OZB,
Bisect
In
BZ
bisector of
also join
BC
passes through O.
ZA, given.
OZ is common.
/. BZO = /. AZO, given rt.
/.
A OZA -A OZB.
OA-OB.
Similarly from the AH OYA, OYC, it can
OA = OC,
OB - OC.
In the As OXB, OXC,
OB = OC, proved.
XB = XC, constr.
</ s.
.'.
be proved that
.'.
OX
is
common.
/.
AOXB AOXC.
/.
==
For
riders
OX
is
angles,
.".
each
is
rt.
Q.E.D.
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
251
THEOREM 48
The
internal
the
of
bisectors
three
angles
of
a triangle are
concurrent.
PC
FIG. 109.
meet at I.
To Prove that
Join A.
In the
Draw
As
IB,
IP,
ACB
BAC.
IBP, IBR,
ZJBP=
ZIPB=
IB
/.
is
Z.IBR, given.
Z.IRB, constr.
Z.s.
= IR.
AS ICP, ICQ
IP = IQ,
IQ = IR.
IP
.'.
rt.
common.
it
may be
proved that
.'.
is
IR, proved.
the
common
hypotenuse.
ZJAQ=Z.IAR.
IA bisects the angle
BAC.
Q.E.D.
For
riders
THEOREM 49
The
CONCISE OEOMETBY
252
Through A,
B,
draw
lines
parallel to
BC, CA,
AB
to
P
FIG. 270.
AR and AC is to BR,
BCAR is a parallelogram.
BC^AR.
/.
= AQ,
Similarly, since BCQA is a parallelogram, BC
AR = AQ.
Since AD is perpendicular to BC, and since QR, BC
Since
BC
is
||
to
||
.'.
are
parallel,
AD is perpendicular to QR.
AD is the perpendicular bisector of QR.
AR = AQ,
and
BE
CF are the perpendicular bisectors
Similarly,
.'.
But
.*.
PR, PQ.
But the perpendicular
PQR
of
are concurrent
.*.
AD, BE,
CF
are concurrent.
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 50
(1)
253
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
(2)
(1)
CF
of
the triangle
one-third of the
vertex).
ABC,
intersect
at G.
BGCH is a parallelogram ;
the diagonals BC, GH bisect each other ;
/.
BD-DC.
Q.E.D.
(2)
GD = DH.
But AG*=GH.
C.
/.
or
AG-2GD.
AD-3GD.
GD
254
CONCISE GEOMETRY
BOOK
IV
THEOREM 51
If
two
is
Y
FIG. 113.
XYZ
A ABC = BC
The area
of a triangle
.'.
and
"
But
AP = XQ,
height x base.
AABC=JAP.BC.
AXYZ-=JXQ.YZ,
AABC = |AP.BC
A"XYZ""|XQ7YZ'
given,
"
.
AABC = BC
A XYZ Yr
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 52
(1) If a straight line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle, it
divides the other sides (produced if necessary) proportionally.
(2) If a straight line divides two sides of a triangle proportionally,
it is
H
FIG. 114(2).
FIG. 114(3).
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
BC
cuts
AC
AB,
255
(produced
if
necessary)
AH = AK
----HB KC
The
to
triangles
to
HKA,
triangles
HKC
have a
common
AC.
AHKA ~= AK
A H KC
base
HK
Given a line
KG*
parallels
HK, BC.
AH_AK
"
(2)'
V
altitude from
AKHB~HB'
But
AKHA^AH
"
The
altitude from
AB.
HB'KC'
HK cuttingb
AB,
AC
at H,
such that
to
triangles
HKA,
altitude from
from
AKHA^AH
AKHB HB'
The
AH = AK
HB KC
HKC
have a
common
altitude
AC.
AHKA^AK
AHKC~~KC'
AH- = AK
given.
HB KG' b
u
J3ut
AKHA _ AHKA
HK
is
parallel to
HK
and on the
BC.
Q.B.D.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
256
COROLLARY
a line
If
1.
HK
cuts
AB,
AHAK
AC
at H,
so that
Now
HB
A1
A1S
AB
AH == KC AK
X
HB AC iTc
AH_AK
AB~AC*
COROLLARY
If
2.
a lino
AH = AK
Then
AB AC
COROLLARY
and
If a line
3.
A -K
AB
For
riders
HK
,
rn,
AC
BC cuts AB, AC at H,
HB = KC
AB AC
parallel to
HK
then
K,
cuts AB,
HK
is
AC
at H,
parallel to
so that
BC.
THEOREM 53
If
two
triangles are
equiangular, their
proportional.
A
X
C
FIG. 272.
.PROOFS OF THEOREMS
Given the triangles ABC,
XYZ
XY XZ
YZ
AH = XY,
AK - XZ,
But /.XYZ =
,/
Z.A
Join HK.
constr.
constr.
ZHAK- Z.YXZ,
AAHK-AXYZ.
/.
257
ABC,
given.
given.
Z.AHK=Z.ABC.
.'.
angles,
HK
.".
is
parallel to
BC.
" AB_AC
.
But
AH - XY
and
.
Similarly
DEFINITION.
it
AH~AK*
AK = XZ.
A]3 ~
= AC
XY XZ'
If
AC = BC
-
if
their
THEOREM 54
one triangle are proportional to the three sides
of the other, then the triangles are equiangular.
Y,
c
Fio. 273.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
258
Given the
AS ABC, XYZ
ZB=
Z.Y,
- --- = ~y'
i
Z.C =
z.
2./V
Z.Z.
the side of
AB_BC
YP~YZ'
AB _ AB
VD
Tr
AT.
ZP = XZ.
Similarly
/. in the
AS XYZ, PYZ.
XY-PY, proved.
XZ = PZ, proved.
YZ is common.
AXYZ^APYZ.
But
/. also Z.
YXZ = Z BAG.
constr.
Q.E D.
THEOREM 55
If
HA.
XK
259
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
Given in the triangles ABC, XYZ,
Z.BAC- Z.YXZ
and
AC
.
j\ i
XZ'
To Prove /.ABC = Z.XYZ and Z.ACB = Z.XZY.
From AB, AC, cut off AH, AK equal to XY, X7. Join HK.
In the As AHK, XYZ,
AH = XY, constr.
AK = XZ, constr.
Z.HAK- ZYXZ,
given.
AAHK-AXYZ.
/.AHK- Z. XYZ and /AKHr-^XZY.
A B AC
^
d XY ^ AH, XZ - AK.
XY XZ
Now
AB_AC
~
AH
.".
HK
is
AK'
BC.
and
- Z.XYZ and
parallel to
L AHK =
ZAHK
Miit
/.
ABC
L ABC - L XYZ
For
riders
and
/. s.
Q- K - !)
THEOREM 56
two chords of a circle (produced if necessary) cut one another,
the rectangle contained by the segments of the one is equal to
the rectangle contained by the segments of the other.
If
from any point outside a circle, a secant and a tangent are
(2)
drawn, the rectangle contained by the whole secant and the part
(1) If
129(1).
is
Fio. 129(2).
CONCISE GEOMETRY
260
(1)
BOG,
Z.OAD= Z.OCB,
same segment,
in the
Fig. 129(1)
ZAOD=
,/
COB,
same
L ODA = the
L in Fig.
L OBC.
129(2).
third
.'.
the third
.".
OA_OD
/.
6C~OB*
OA.OB = OC.OD.
AB
Q.E.D.
in O.
FIG. 180.
In the
As AOT, JOB,
^TAO=
.'.
/.
Z.BTO,
alt.
segment.
OA^OT,
~
OT OB'
/.
OA.OB = OT2
Note.
This
may
limiting case
Q.E.D.
also be
when D
coincides with
in Fig. 129(2).
tlje
PKOOFS OF THEOREMS
The converse properties are as follows
If two lines AOB, COD are such that
(i)
261
then A, B, C,
(ii)
If
two
lines
OBA,
then A, B, C,
(iii)
If
two
lines
lie
lie
OT
on a
OD,
OD,
circle.
OBA,
on a
AO OB -= CO
circle.
OA OB = OT2
T touches OT at T.
then
ad absurdum method.
THEOREM 57
If
AD
is
AD 2 =BD
(ii)
BA 2 =BD
A, then
is
right-angled at
DC.
BC.
C-
(1) Since /.
BDA = 90,
add up
to
/.
But
/.
.'.
/.
.'.
in the
the
ABD
90.
AS ADB, CDA,
AD_BD
*
DC"" DA'
BD'.DC.
Q.E.D.
262
(2)
CONCISE GEOMETRY
In the
ADB, CAB,
L ADB=
Z.CAB,
right angles.
.'.
AB_BD
BC~AB
AB 2 =BD BC.
.'.
An
Note.
Also
For
AD
is
BA
is
riders
Q.E.D.
method
alternative
of proof
is
called the
THEOREM 58
The
two similar
triangles
on corresponding
is
equal to the
sides.
FIG. 133.
A XYZ
Draw
In the
XYZ
YZ 2
XK.
As AHB, XKY,
Z.ABH=ZXYK,
ZAHB=
.'.
are similar.
Z.XKY,
given.
rt.
Z.s constr.
the third
/.
the
"
AH_AB
XK~KY
But
AB = BC
*
,
since
AS ABC, XYZ
are similar.
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
"
.
But
AH_BC
XK~YZ"
'
A ABC ~ AH
'
AXYZ XK
AH
But
BC
YZ'
YZ.
BC
AABC_BC 2
Q.E.D.
divided
polygons
sides.
THEOREM 59
If three straight lines are proportionals, the ratio of the area of
any polygon described on the first to the area of a similar
is
FIG. 134.
Given three
lines
figures
_
m Prove
To
ABP, CDQ.
figure
figure
ABP
~~ = AB
==
CDQ EF
ABP ^AB8
2
CDQ ""CD
'
and two
similar
CONCISE GEOMETRY
264
CD 2 = AB
But
AB 2 *_
EF, given.
AB 2
AB
CD ~AB7EF~EF'
2
ABP_ AB
figure CDQ~EF'
figure
Q.E.D.
For
riders
1127.
THEOREM 60
(1) If the vertical angle of a triangle
externally by a straight
produced,
it
line
is
bisected internally or
D
FIG. 275(1).
FIG. 275(2).
AD
BAC,
internally in
BC or BC
meets
produced at D.
BD
BA
c
draw
CP parallel to DA to meet AB or AB
C
Through
BA is produced to E in Fig. 275(2).
duced at P.
In Fig. 275(1). ZBAD= ZAPC, corresp. /.s.
Z.DAC= L AGP, alt. /.s.
But
BAD = /_ DAC, given.
Z.APC-Z.ACP.
In Fig. 275(2). Z.EAD = Z.APC, corresp. Z.s.
?>
To Prove
^~
Z.DAC*= Z.ACP,
alt.
L*.
pro-
265
PROOFS OF THEOREMS
Z. EAD = Z DAC,
Z.APC-ZACP.
in each case, AP = AC.
But CP is parallel to DA.
BA ""_ BD
AP DC'
But
given.
Q.B.D.
AD
To Prove
Through
duced
XT
Now
T>
that
BC
or
BC
produced so that
L
BD
DC
draw
n
parallels.
L
i.
But
.*.
BA = -BD
AP DC
BA = BD
BA ~~ BA
AP AC*
AP = AC.
/.
Z.APC-ZACP.
'
Z_s.
APC = Z. ACP,
Z BAD - Z DAC.
275(2) Z. APC = ZEAD,
Z.s.
But
BA
AC
at P.
by
J
cuts
Z.
proved.
.'.
In Fig.
corresp.
ZACP=
1
But
.'.
/.
Z.
EAD = /_ DAC.
AD bisects Z.BAC
AD bisects Z.BAC
in Fig. 275(1),
in Fig. 275(2),
internally,
and
externally
Q.E.D.
For
riders
From a given
FIG. 276.
Given a point
cutting YX, YZ at P, Q.
centre A and the same radius,
EF, cutting AB at E.
With
With
a
centre
circle,
Join
Then
Proof.
In the
radius equal to
EF at F.
arc of a circle
AF and
AC
E and
draw an
circle
produce
it
to C.
the required
Join PQ, EF.
is
line.
As PYQ, FAE,
YP = AF, constr.
YQ = AE, constr.
PQ = EF, constr.
</XYZ=/.CAEf.
Q.E.F.
267
CONCISE GEOMETRY
268
CONSTRUCTION 2
Bisect a given angle.
Fi.
Given an angle BAG.
To Construct a
With A
277.
as centre
and any
radius,
draw an arc
of a circle,
cutting AB, AC at P, Q.
With centres P, Q and with any sufficient radius, the same
draw
for each,
Then AR
Proof.
In the
is
Join AR.
As
APR, AQR,
AP = AQ, radii of the same circle.
PR = QR, radii of equal circles.
AR is common.
,/PAR=/.QAR.
Q.E.F.
CONSTRUCTION 3
Draw
FIG. 278.
line.
finite line
269
AB.
PQ
Then
and
cut
let it
AB
at C.
is
for
PCQ
AB
bisects
at
right angles.
Proof.
In the
As PAQ, PBQ,
PA = PB,
QA = QB,
PQ
common.
APAQ-APBQ.
.'.
Z.APQ=Z.BPQ.
/.
In the
is
As
APC, BPC,
.'.
circles.
AC^CB.
and
ACP=
Z.BCP.
But these are adjacent angles,
/.
.*.
each
is
a right angle.
Q.E.P.
CONSTRUCTION 4
Draw
'P
/Q
Fio. 279.
Given a point
on a
line
AB.
cutting
AB
at P, Q.
circle
CONCISE GEOMETRY
270
With centres
each, draw
Then
CR
Proof.
In the
P,
and any
same
for
Join CR.
is
As
RCP, RCQ,
RP = RQ, radii of equal circles.
CP = CQ, radii of the same circle.
CR is common.
.'.
A RCP = A RCQ.
/.
angles,
.*.
each
is
a right angle.
Q.K.F.
CONSTRUCTION 5
Draw a
it.
FIG. 280.
Given a line
AB and
a point
outside
it.
arc of a
cutting AB at P, Q.
as centres and any sufficient radius, the same for
With P,
draw
arcs of circles, cutting at R.
Join CR and let
each,
circle,
it
cut
AB
Then-*X
Proof.
is
at X.
perpendicular
Join CP,
t<?
AB.
As CPR, CQR,
CP = CQ, radii of the same circle.
RP ~ RQ, radii of equal circles.
CR is common.
In the
AS CPX, CQX,
CP = CQ,
CX
is
271
radii.
common.
ZPCX- ^QCX,
ACPX ACQX.
proved.
==
.'.
angles,
each
.".
is
a right angle.
Q.E.P.
CONSTRUCTION 6
'hrough a given
i>oint,
draw a
straight line.
9
J
Fro. 281.
liven
AB
line
and a point
outside
it.
PQ, cutting AB at P.
as centre and the same radius,
arc of
circle
With P
circle,
cutting
AB
PQ
at
Join CQ.
C.
Then
CQ
Proof.
In the
is
parallel to
AB.
As CRP, PQC,
CR = PQ, constr.
RP =* QC radii'of
PC
is
arc of a
at R.
draw an
common.
equal
circles.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
272
Z.CPR-Z.PCQ.
.'.
angles,
.".
CQ
is parallel
to RP.
Q.E.F.
CONSTRUCTION 7
Draw
a triangle having
any two
of
its
side.
-\(1
id
Bj
FIG. 282.
Given three
lines a, b y
To Construct a
a, by
c.
triangle
c.
Take any line AX, and with A as centre and radius equal to
c, draw an arc of a circle, cutting AX at B.
With A as centre and radius equal to 6, draw an arc of a
circle; and with B as centre and radius equal to a, draw
an arc of a circle, cutting the former arc at C.
Join AC, BC.
Then ABC is the required triangle.
Proof.
By
construction,
AB = c.
Q.E.F.
CONSTRUCTION 8
Draw
Y and
a* line HK.
To C&istruct a triangle having two of its angles equal
and Y and its perimeter equal to HK.
to
QK
at
273
HK
A and
such that
bisecting the
PHK, QKH.
angles
AC
parallel
to
PH, QK,
ABC is the
L BAH
Proof.
Then
required triangle.
/.
AHP,
Z.BHA= Z.AHP,
since
AB
is
parallel to
PH.
constr.
BH = BA.
may be proved that CK = CA.
AB -f BC + CA = HB + BC + CK - HK.
Also Z.ABC= /.PHK^ Z.X, corresp.
and Z.ACB= Z.QKH - /.Y, corresp.
Similarly
/.
it
.".
ABC
is
/.s.
/.s.
CONSTKUCTION 9
Draw a
the
>
B/*'
.'
P
A^
Fio. 284.
18
and
CONCISE GEOMETRY
274
Given two
lines a,
p and an
To Construct a
Draw
triangle
PQ
a line
circle,
as centre
cutting
bisector of
Then
ABC
Proof.
ABC
such that
PB
it
PB
PB and
BC = a, BA + AC =j
and from
Construct a line
With
angle X.
at
to a,
draw an arc
of a
B.
let it
/.
.'.
Also
and
.".
AP-AB.
ZAPB=Z.ABP.
L BAC - L APB + Z. ABP.
= 2ZAPB.
= Z X since Z APB
AB + AC = AP + AC-PC =
BC = a, by construction.
ABC is the required triangle.
-=
L X.
/>.
Q.K.F.
Note.
B and
given
conditions.
CONSTRUCTION 10
Given the angle BAC, construct points P, Q on AB, AC such that
PQ is of given length and the angle APQ of given size.
H B
P\
Fio. 285.
and an angle X.
AC
such that
PQ
equals
Z.AHK=
From HK
AB
and construct a
cut off
By
line
HK
such that
^.X.
HF
Through F draw FQ
Through Q draw QP
equal to I.
parallel to AB to cut AC in Q.
parallel to FH to cut AB in P.
Then PQ is the required line.
Proof.
275
construction,
is
a parallelogram,
ZQPA = ^FHA=
and
.*.
PQFH
PQ
is
the required
Z.X,
line.
Q.E.F.
CONSTRUCTION 11
Describe a square on a given straight
line.
**
-t-
A
FIG. 286.
AP
to
AB
from
AC
equal to AB.
By
But
But
construction,
L BAP = 90,
AB = AP,
PQ
at Q.
ABQP is a parallelogram.
ABQP is a rectangle.
ABQP is a square.
/.
.*.
Q.K.F.
cut
II
CONSTRUCTION 12
(1)
(*J)
rectilineal figure to
area.
D
JC
it.
Join BD.
Add
.".
/.
area of
to each
FIG. 288.
276
A AKD.
Q.E.F.
FOR BOOK
ABODE.
To Construct a
Proceed as in
lateral
AKDE
Proceed as in
277
IT
it.
of equal area.
(1).
Join
parallel
EK to meet AK produced in L.
Then AEL is the required triangle.
to
A
'
0,
PC
FIG. 289.
than B.
PH.
to
PH
to
meet
of
AB
at Q.
ABHC.
.'.
.*.
/.
ABPQ=JAABC.
.'.
PQ
bisects
A ABC.
Q.B.F.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
278
If
it
is
triangle
ABC, take a
and proceed as
in the
point
H on BA
such that
BH = |BA
above Construction.
CONSTRUCTION 14
Divide a given straight line into any given number of equal parts.
c
h''
,KX \
F-
A
A
FIG. 290.
To Construct
points dividing
AB
into
equal parts.
meeting
AB
F, G, H,
at P, Q, R, S.
K draw
lines parallel to
BL,
Proof.
Q.E.F.
CONSTRUCTION 15
Divide a quadrilateral into any number of equal parts by lines
through one vertex.
Given a quadrilateral
ABCD,
ABCD
AC
to
into
any
meet
BC
BP
number
279
II
Q H Q 4 Q 4 P.
parts, BQ V QjQ 2 Q 2 Q
?
Through those points which lie on BC produced,
Q 3 Q 4 draw lines Q 3 R 3 Q 4 R 4 parallel to PD
,
in this case
to
meet
CD
R3 R
in
Then
AQ^ AQ 2 AR 3 AR 4
Q 2 AQ 3 Q 3 AQ 4 Q 4 AP
AS
ABCD
AABP
Proof.
By
are equal in area.
of
BAQ^ QjAQ,,,
are equal, fc* their bases are equal
same height.
each
/.
Further,
= I quad. ABCD.
1 A ABP
AACQ 3 =AACR AACQ = AACR4 AACP =
AACD,
3,
parallels.
/.
AAR 3 R 4
AAQ Q4
3
And
AACR
AACQ 4
AAR4 D = AAQ 4 P.
AQ2 CR 3 = AAQ 2 C + AACR
AACQ
AQ AQ 2 AR 3 AR 4
1?
parts.
Note.
AACR 4
similarly
Also quad.
.*.
=r
divide quad.
ABCD
a.
into
III
CONSTRUCTION 16
Construct the centre of a
circle,
an arc of which
Ls
given.
A
Km.
Given an arc
AB
292.
of a circle.
Then
Proof.
is
OX,
OY
of
PQ, QR,
The perpendicular
OX
OY,
the centre
is
at O.
Q.E.F,
CONSTRUCTION 17
Construct a circle to pass
through three given points, which do not
He on a straight line.
*--.
j*.-
Fio. 293.
880
281
III
_, _.
,,,
With
This
as centre
and
OA
OA = OB.
Since
lies
OB = 00.
.".
the
circle,
centre O, radius
OA,
passes through B, C.
Q.E.F.
CONSTRUCTION 18
(1) Construct the inscribed circle of a given triangle.
(2) Construct an escribed circle of a given triangle.
FIG. 294.
To Construct
A ABC.
which touches
AB
produced,
AC
produced and-CC.
intersecting at
Draw IX
With
I.
perpendicular
as centre
toBC.
and IX as
radius, describe
CONCISE GEOMETRY
282
/.
ABC,
is
is
CB, CA.
CA.
Draw
With
X1
1
perpendicular to
and
as centre
Since
BC.
AB
lies
Ij
is
equidistant from
CK
and
CB
is
BC, CK.
Q.E.F.
CONST RUCTION
on the circum-
ference.
(2) Construct the tangents to a circle
Fi<4.
(1)
Given a point
295.
on the circumference of a
circle.
To
Orr*,stritt the
it
283
III
AT
.".
(2)
Given a point
is
the tangent at A.
outside a circle.
With
at F.
let it
to the circle.
of the circle.
Join
OT
and
bisect it
Then TP,
Proof.
TO
is
FT,
a diameter.
But OP,
TP,
Q.E.F.
CONSTRUCTION 20
(1)
(2)
circles.
to
two
CONCISE GEOMETRY
284
(1)
Given two
Let
a, b
a>6.
B.
circles, centres A,
To Construct
their direct
common
With A
tangents.
circles, centres A, B,
as centre
and a
and suppose
b as radius, describe a
Proof.
Q'R' at R,
parallel
common
to
tangents.
to meet
AQ, AQ'
QR,
R'.
]}y Construction,
PQRB
is
a parallelogram.
.'.
on the
lies
circle,
centre B, radius
b.
Also, since
/.
QR
.'.
is
common
tangent.
(2)
Two
Given.
With
Through
Q,
Q'
draw
circle radius
lines
QR,
at Q, Q'.
Q'R' parallel to
common
and
tangents.
PB,
Proof.
By
construction,
.*.
lies
PBRQ
on the
is
circle,
286
III
parallel to
to
AQ, AQ'
a parallelogram.
centre B, radius
6.
BP is a tangent, /_BPA=90.
*AQR = 90 and /. BRQ = 90, by parallels.
Also, since
/.
QR
.".
is
Similarly
it
common
tangent.
Q.B.F.
CONSTRUCTION 21
On
a given straight
line,
AT
B
\
\
c\
FIG. 299.
AB
To Construct on
and an angle X.
AB
a segment of a
circle
containing an
At
let it
meet
AD
at O.
OA
this circle
Since
/.
is
OA,
AC
is
a tangent ;
in alternate segment.'
Q.E.F.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
286
CONSTRUCTION 22
Inscribe in a given circle a triangle equiangular to a given triangle.
FIG. 300.
Given a
in
the circle
and equi-
ABC.
Take any point R on the circle and construct the tangent
XRY at R to the circle.
Draw chords RP, RQ so that ^PRY= Z.CBA and Z.QRX
angular to
= Z.CAB.
Join PQ.
Then
PQR
Proof.
and
.'.
the
is
L PQR = L PRY,
alt.
segment.
CONSTRUCTION 23
Describe about a given circle a triangle equiangular to a
given
triangle.
/Y
P
FIG. 301.
287
III
(liven a circle
its
of the circle
OP
Then
XYZ
is
PO
But
the
Proof.
that
to Q.
since PZ,
RZ
are tangents.
Z.
Z.PZR-Z.ACB.
Similarly Z.PYS-ZABC.
the remaining Z.YXZ of
.'.
the
AXYZ^the
roinaiiiing
CONSTRUCTION 24
Construct a circle to pass through a given point
given circle at a given point B.
and
to touch a
FIG. 302.
With P
as centre
the required
Since P
Proof.
is
and PB
it
This
circle.
lies
PA=PB.
Since
lies
on OB, or
OB
at B.
Q.B.F.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
288
CONSTBUCTION 25
Construct a circle to touch a given circle and to touch a given line
ABC at a given point B on it.
'D
FIG. 303.
BD
AB
to
and cut
oft*
a part
BE
OE
to cut
EB, or
EB
and produce
is
lies
In Fig. 303,
/.
/.
the
lies
of
is
of
AC.]
and
OE.
PO=PE.
/.
Also
it
produced at P.
on
OQ
produced.
Q.E.F.
a given ratio
(i)
internally,
externally.
p
'
FIG. 304.
and a
<?
To Construct
(i)
finite line
a point
in
AB.
AB
such that
AY v\
_=-.
XB q
a point
c,
Y -
B
FIG. 305.
(ii)
Draw any
HK =
KB to
19
line
AC
Join KB.
cut
AB
cut off
AH =^>, and
Through
produced at Y?
H draw
from
HA
cut off
a line parallel to
CONCISE GEOMETRY
290
CONSTBUCTION 27
Construct a fourth proportional to three given
lines.
,'Y
>
FIG. 306.
To Construct a
a, b, c units.
line of length
units,
such that - =
OQ = b.
Join PR.
Since
PR
is parallel
to
OY
at
QS
OP OR
OQ~OS'
Q.E.F.
To
Note.
CONSTRUCTION 28
To
Given a polygon
To
QABCD \md
Cwutruot
A'3't=
AB
.
*
,
a ratio
XZ.
OA'B'O'D'
polygon
= XY
XZ
XY
such
that
9*' =
OA
291
Draw any
XY, XZ.
line
OQ
and cut
off parts
OP
OP',
equal to
Join PA.
.,
OA' ~
= A'B'
OA
__
AB
OB'
OB'
Similarly
"
A1
Also
OA' = A'B' _
~~
OA
AB
OA'
OP'
BC """CD""
XY
OA--6P--55-
/. the sides of
OABCD
BO on.
DO"
in the ratio
XY
XZ.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
292
CONSTRUCTION 29
Inscribe a square in a given triangle.
,'X'
Y''
_JY
V...
FIG. 308.
side on
BC
AB
Y'C'
YC
BX
and
XB
its
(or
other
YC)
AX'
X'Y'
AY'
AX
XY
AY
to
= AC'
"
AC
A =
AB AC
.'.
Since
.'.
B'X'Y'C'
is
B'C'
similar to
is parallel
BXYC and
to
is
BC and
.".
^^=
fA'.
BC AB
a square.
Q.E.F.
The following
is
less
neat method.
>
293
PQRS with PQ parallel to BC, and circumscribe a triangle FGH about this square equiangular to
ABC. [Draw SF, RF parallel to AB, AC produce FS,
FR to meet PQ produced at G, H.]
Divide BC at X' in the ratio GP PH.
Take any square
of the square
complete by parallels
CONSTRUCTION 30
mean
Construct a
Given two
To
Of
- = - or
x* = ab
FIG. 310.
METHOD L
line
Draw OP
Then
OP
Proof.
PQ
is
is
PO = OQ.
PO OQ = AO OB,
/.
But
or
OP~
'
b
Q.E.F.
294
CONCISE GEOMETRY
MKTHOD
line
II.
Take a point
on a
lino
OB
and cut
off
from the
of lengths a, b units.
On OB
Proof.
is
.".
passes
through A.
OQ 2 = OA
OQ.-...
of circle.
or
Q.B.P.
In practical constructions,
ferable to Method I.
Note.
Method
CONSTRUCTION 31
(i)
(ii)
FIG. 312.
(i)
295
Produce
On BP
This
is
Proof.
CB
to
P.
describe a square.
the required square.
By
.'.
BE=BC.
BP 2 = AB BC = area
.
30,
BP 2 = AB.
BE, but
ABCD.
of
QE.F.
(ii)
FIG. 313.
By
to
an
XYZ.
equivalent triangle
the altitude XK and bisect
Draw
Use
(1) to construct
YZ at Q.
a square of area equal to a rectangle
whose
This
XK.
is
A XYZ.
= JYZ XK.
= YQ.XK = square.
.
Q.E.F.
CONSTRUCTION 32
(i)
(ii)
(i)
A* ABO, PQR.
To Construct a AXBZ equal
Given two
Suppose
to
AABC
and similar
BC.
to
CONCISE GEOMETRY
296
Through
A draw
Through B draw
Through H draw
AD
a line
parallel to
BC.
BH parallel to QP to meet AD at
HK parallel to PR to meet BC at
C Z
Fm.
H.
K.
314.
Then
XBZ
is
By
Proof.
/. to
X.
AXBZ
parallels,
similar
is
AHBK
to
and
APQR.
BC
BK
BC BK
2
BK2
BK
AHBK
=
XBZ
ABC.
A
A
.
AABC
.'.
Q.E.F.
(ii)
OSTUV.
similar to
OSTUV
and
F.
JJ'
FIG. 315.
ABC, PQR
On
Then OS'T'U'V'
is
to
equivalent
in
(i).
On OS
OSTUV
OS =
OS QR
OSTUV.
^9
OSTUV
os
ez 2
os'
S'T'U'V'
Proof.
QR 2
AXBZ AABC
APQR APQR
OSTUV'
OS'T'U'V'=F.
.*.
Q.E.F.
CONSTRUCTION 33
Construct a
circle to pass
line.
given
'O
FIG. 316.
mean
Construct the
off
from
CD
Construct the
circles
circles.
OA OB = OG 2 = OP 2 = OQ 2
OQ are tangents to the circles
Since
OP,
OG
proportional
on each side of
ABP, ABQ.
Q.E.F.
fails if
an easy
AB
is
parallel to
CD.
This
exercise.
CONSTRUCTION 34
Construct a circle to pass throbgh two given p6int ahd touch a
given
circle.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
298
To Construct a
Construct any
circle S.
circle to pass
circle to pass
through A,
through A,
B and touch S.
S at C, D say
to cut
FIG. 317.
CD
Produce AB,
From O, draw
to
meet at O.
OQ
to S.
circles.
Proof.
.".
.".
CONSTRUCTION 35
Construct a
given
circle to pass
lines.
FIG. 318.
299
AC
and a point D.
To Construct a circle to touch AB,
lines
AB,
[The centres of
of
all circles
AC
touching AB,
L BAG.]
AD
and
centre
its
let it
parallel to QP to meet AP at E.
centre E and radius ED, describe a circle.
Draw DE
With
If
EH,
it
meet
AB
to
AB.
at H.
may
A second circle
to
circle,
Similarly
PX
AP
at
E'.
Q.K.P.
ANOTHER MKTHOD.
CONSTRUCTION 36
Construct a
circle to
circle.
B'
Given two
lines
AB,
To Construct a
AC
and a
circle to
CONCISE GEOMETRY
300
Draw two
AB,
AC
and
at a dis-
By
and to pass
With
draw a circle
touch AC and S.
will also
Proof.
to touch
as centre,
Let
P',
AB.
This
circle
.'.
.".
Note.
solutions, since
two
are perp. to
AB, AC.
circles
side,
are obtained.
CONSTRUCTION 37
Bisect a triangle
by a
line parallel to
one
side.
PQ
so that
Bisect
AB
at P,
at F.
Construct the
mean
From AB
Draw PQ
cut off
Then
is
PQ
AC
AABC.
bisects
proportional
AP
ecjual to
parallel to
AG
BC, cutting
the required Kne.
AC
Proof.
AABC AB 2
AB 2
AG.
AB
at Q.
301
CONSTRUCTION 38
Divide a given line into two parts so that the rectangle contained by
the whole and one part is equal to the square oti the other part.
FIG. 321,
To Construct a point
Draw BC
on
perpendicular to
AB
AB
so that
AB BX = AX 2
and equal
to
|AB.
Join CA.
From CA
From AB
Then
is
cut off
Let
Proof.
CP
AX
equal to CB.
equal to AP.
the required point.
cut off
AB = 21.
BC = I
BX = 21-
AX 2 = Z 2 ^5 - 1)2 = J2 (6 - 2
AB.BX = AX 2
and
.'.
CONSTRUCTION 39
Construct an isosceles triangle, given one side and such that each
base angle is double of the vertical angle.
302
CONCISE GEOMETRY
To Construct a
With centre
ABC
triangle
A and
radius
AB
such that
AB = AC
and /.ABC
describe a circle.
On AB
Join AC.
ABC
Then
is
AB BP = AP 2
Proof.
AB.BP-BC
.'.
BC
AS
AP - BC.
BCP,
BAC
AB = AC,
ButCB = AP,
But
APC.
are equiangular
Z ABC
is
common
CB = CP.
CP = PA.
/.
/.
.'.
.'.
but
ZBCP=ZCAP.
.'.
But
ZPAC-ZPCA.
or 2
Z BAC.
--
FIG. 323.
Note.
Z.ABC
/.
BC
Z BCA =72
is
and
up
to
180.
Z BAC = 36.
circle.
From
to
CD
is
circle.
The following result is useful :-yIf p and d are the lengths of the
sides of a regular
pentagon
303
in a circle of radiua a,
AB = a, CD=*p, CB = d; it is required to
=
a 2 -f d2
prove that p
Since AB. BP=*BC 2 and BP=BA - AP=BA- BC = a-d.
2
2
2
/.
a(a-d) = d ora -ad-d = o.
2
2
2
=
From ACHB, CH + HB
CB
but CH - JCD = \p and
In Fig. 323,
let
2
/.
/>
.".
jt?
= a2 + d 2 - 2(a 2 - ad - d*).
= a 2 4- ^2 since a2 - ad ~ d 2 = o.
,
CONSTRUCTION 40
Inscribe
(i)
given
pentagon
regular
(ii)
a regular decagon
in
circle.
FIG. 324.
Let
Let
circle.
The
Proof.
FS
From GF
cut off
equal to FR.
GR
equal to
GA
froip
FA
cut off
CONCISE GEOMETRY
304
2
Constr. 38, FA AS= FS
=
=
NowGR GAandGP QF, .'. AP=RF- = or.
BPAS.
But AF = AB, .*.
BA. BP = AP2
.'.
/.
by Constr. 39, AP is equal to a side of the
Then by
regular
decagon.
But
/.
is
equal
to
a side
of
the
regular
pentagon.
306
CONCISE GEOMETKY
NOTES
307
308
CONCISE GEOMETRY
NOTES
809
310
CONCISE GEOMETRY
NOTES
311
312
CONCISE GEOMETRY
Diameter a chord of a
through tho centre.
:
circle passing
External bisector:
BAC
if
is
an
CAX
Hexagon
to a vertical line.
Bisect
Hypotenuse
Centroid, 98.
Chord : the line joining any two
points on the circumference of a
circle.
Circle
the locus of a point which is
at a constant distance (called the
radius) from a fixed point (called
the centre) is called the circumference of a circle.
:
angle.
Identities, geometrical, 228.
Image, 93.
Incentre, 97.
Isosceles triangle
two sides equal.
a triangle with
Locus, 248.
Circumcentre, 97.
Common
Mean
tangents, 283
Complementary angles
sum is 90.
angles whose
proportional, 121.
Median
Nine point
circle, 102.
Orthocentre, 98.
Parallel lines, 208
Parallelogram, 22.
318
314
Projection, 224.
Proportional (third or fourth), 290.
Pythagoras' theorem, 222.
a semicircle
ment,
if less
Similar, 257.
Square, 22.
Supplementary angles
sum
Symbols
= equal in
==
X
Reflex angle
180.
Regular polygon
all its sides
Rhombus,
and
a polygon having
all its angles equal.
22.
angles whose
area.
congruent.
the difference between
Rectangle, 22.
Reflection, 93.
180.
is
and
is
sented by X
greater than.
>
<
~repreY.
less than.
Z angle.
A triangle.
umtn
||
'
(
parallelogram.
circumference.
Tangent, 243.
Trapezium, 22.
a line which when
produced passes through the centre
Vertical line
of the earth.
ANSWERS.
1.
the unit
is
is unnecessary.
Results are usually given correct to three figures, and for angles to
the nearest quarter of a degree.
2.
3.
EXERCISE
7. 135.
6; 11; 22.
300 ; (v) 990.
13. 120.
15. 120.
8.
5.
9.
18.
(iv)
120.
25. 110
29.
19.
;
149J
80.
111J.
5.
122.
2a;-180
72.
20. 5*.
24. 40.
27.46.
28.111.
32.
27.
y=
32.
~, y=6,
8-a?
XU
&
80.
10. 36.
16. 37.
8.
21. |(g - y) + 90.
36.
15.
120.
20.
33.
EXERCISE IV
3. (i)
90, 45
a=60Jy.
5.
68.
(ii)
72, 36.
62.
23.
60, 60,
36.*
315
17.
x=c-a-b.
(p. 16)
9.
67i.
80.
86.
25. 162.
12.
6.
EXEROJSE.V
7.
31.
28. 6.
C*
7.
65.
(ii)
7.
14. Least is
19.
167.
17.
93.
6.
72.
EXERCISE
13. 80.
112i
12.
2474.
251.
83;
10. 20.
16.
26.15.
I (p. 2)
(p.
70.
6.
33.
23)
3=360-2?.
26f.
316
CONCISE GEOMETRY
EXERCISE VI
EXERCISE X
13.
(p. 28)
(p. 49)
7.
EXERCISE XI
21. 12*
EXERCISE XII
1.
9-16.
2.
13.'
3.
6.
5-38.
7.
3-46.
8. 5.
11. 4-8.
12. 3*12.
13.
a;
40.
7.
54
99.
2.
55",
3.
8.
105.
9.
110.
72.
57)
(p.
11-5.
EXERCISE
1.
(p. 52)
17*.
4.
7*V
9.
4.
5.
10.
+ xy = a? -Jr.
XIII
4.
10.
(p.
37.
124.
8'58, 0*58.
8.
14. 5'22.
62)
5.
11.
107.
54.
6.
100; 110
12. 105.
SWEIIS
XIV
W
1.
62.
2.
117
6.
94, 8.
7.
120.
3.
2t>,
8.
:*>
(p.
5.
103",
(p. 72)
u
1.
4.
3:1.
5.
1.
3.
2.
3.
8, 4, 3.
4.
5.
10-5, 1-6.
6.
7.
1J.
8.
32, 8.
9.
3.
10.
1-5, 2-5.
11.
'5,
19-1, 12.
14.
7, 1.
15.
4-45, 11-125.
EXERCISE XVI
13.
18.1-44,36.
(p.
4.
2-1.
5.
5-89.
6.
11. 84-8.
IS,
314
21.
24. 20'1.
25,
119; 44-0.
35. 29'3.
12.
16. 5 -3\/2~-0'757'.
(p. 87)
4'57.
158-5.
28.
12,
25.
9.
15.
77)
2-5.
EXERCISE XVIII
25-1 in., 50-3 sq. in.
30 \ 1274".
20.1+^2 = 2-41.
19.24.
1.
68)
58, 64.
KXEKCISE XV
204.
2f.
29. 77-4.
36. 102'5.
7.
12. 21-5.
18.
17.
18.
jj.
4.
26. 78-5.
2.
57
628; 408.
288,
22, 8'2.
27.
514; 500;
30.
EXERCISE XIX
(p.
94)
32. 20 in.
EXERCISK XXI
0'8.
18'.
(p.
100)
3.
1-1.
8.
3'2.
14.
3.
19.
48
23.
9'21.
96
9'0.
34. 11'8.
38. 6'86;
137; 186.
CONCISE GEOMETRY
318
EXERCISE XXIII
6.
2.
3.
6. (i) 6
11. 7-07
12
(ii)
13*04.
I j.
2-31
(iii)
4.
21^.
(iv)
0707.
12.
(p. 122)
10.
13.
9.
40.
2.
16
10.
0.
6.
3-35.
2.
2.
7140.
3.
6.
2-77.
7.
S. 37
W.
9.
8-42 mi. N. 12
W.
12. 10-6.
13. 321.
18. 326.
19.
59
20. E.
1.
(i)
2-5.
7.
(xii)
11-3
(iii)
(xiii)
2'59
S.
8'49
12.
10.
10tfi.
11.
16.
49J.
18.
(i)
25i
(ii)
49i8'25
21. 4*67.
22. 7.
27. 4-62.
28.
(i)
676
(iii)
7'67;
(ii)
29. 6-22.
17. 84'0.
(i)
6.
2'64.
150)
(p.
(vii)
(iii)
5'18
10*1
(iv)
63J
(viii)
5'66, 3'53
574.
8.
14. 2*55.
;
24. 6-16.
(iii)
6'68
9.
19. 8 -64.
20. 3 '53.
25. 4*26.
26. 4*96.
(iv)
478;
5 '23.
871.
30. 5 '34.
(p. 153)
21|.
(p.
155)
50-0; (iii) 147; (iv) 6; (v) 48; (vi) 9'43 ; (vii) 45-1;
2. 15*0.8. 575.
4. 4*57.
5. 30.
(ix) ?l t (X) 18.
9. 4'07.
10. 5*80 or W6.
13. 29'1
36j. 8. 40.
(ii)
7.
148)
2'83.
(xv) 1044.
EXERCISE XXXI
10;
(viii) 28
1.
(p.
479
EXERCISE XXX
11.
10. 1*63.
32.
W.
N. 31J W.
23. 34 '4.
(iv) 6 -21.
7'10;
5.
22. 137.
8.
7*0 mi. N. 34
21. 177.
13. 5'41.
62J.
(ii)
23. 6'09.
6 -64.
(vii)
(xiv) 8*87
10' 8".
8.
11. 34 -8 mi.
(v)
4.
16. 2'59.
6'13.
2'93
(iv)
145)
(p.
15. 85'3.
EXERCISE XXIX
36 50'
162.
135)
(p.
86| N.
91'9,
14.
3 sq. in.
6.
5'17 mi.
EXERCISE XXVIII
6.
21. 40 -6
13' 9".
10. E.
31.
19. 9if.
40'.
EXERCISE XXVII
94-3.
15. 512.
5. 9J.
EXERCISE XXVI
1.
8. 4'2.
101J.
13. 4if.
(p. 132)
12.
4.
45' or 14
69. 81
30. 4*8.
127)
(p.
5i.
EXERCISE XXV
3, 15.
3-36.
H.
8.
6J.
^?!L
9.
12.
9.
17. 6.
16. 1*024.
3.
4,
gi-^j*-^
12 sq. ft.
3*75 sq. in.
1.
2 or 10.
7.
J?5l
EXERCISE XXIV
1.
5.
ANSWERS
EXERCISE XXXII
6.
1-93.
5.
6-65.
3-61.
7.
8.
6*82".
9.
319
(p.
168)
j.
ffl
EXERCISE XXXIII
27. 1-94.
4'47.
18. 8-13.
320.
9.
14. 2'66.
7*5.
35. 4'16.
7.
7'2.
2.
37.
(i)2-89;
(ii)
7.
19.
5-00.
10.
4. 7 '36 or
5.
4-81.
300.
6.
37.
67J.
41.
49.
375.
112.
68. 13".
81. 12;
89. 2.
107.
29.
65. 4[p(y
69. 15, 9.
72.
102.
55, 40.
57.
9.
(p.
180)
(p.
181)
75.
CD
33.
rt.
a = 540-a-&-c.
46.
angles.
80.
'
61. 2J.
18'4(5).
73. 300.
77. 7*5.
T^8iT416
88. (ii)>/*
60, 80.
109. 13.
AB
6.3*29.
5. 5 '29.
+ r) + q(r + s) + x(s~y)].
85. 2.
47.
178)
66. 4*24.
5'66.
16. 3'63.
or -7'22.
42. *?
z=180-a-&-a;-y.
53. ^(xy-{-yz).
99.
110.
10.
1-21.
3'83.
7.
REVISION PAPERS
1.
(p.
1 '36.
578.
4.
11. 4'12
23. 5'36.
EXERCISE XXXVII
3.
1'32.
175)
(p.
10'3.
EXERCISE XXXVI
3.6-08.
17.
11J.
22. 2*68.
21. 4-55.
1.6-325.
16. 5 -80.
EXERCISE XXXV
1.
26. 3'11.
172)
(p.
1-66.
15.
20. 2*27.
24. 2'13.
1-4(5.
28. 4'61.
EXERCISE XXXIV
6.
161)
(p.
18.
10. 3'1 7,
115.
106.
78. 2-16.
(iii)a;>6J.
a* + * h
lh
16.
118. E. 25
N.
9V
~.
131. 17.
133. on
147. f.
132.
155. 9i, J.
159. 6J in.
170.
174. 4'47.
175. 24 -4 in.
177. 6, 5.
179. 2*2.
10,
on
20.
194. 687.
186. 43'2.
137. 6.
144.
183. 5| f 2J T .
187. 2.
\95. 2, 2?.
I'KINTKD BY
M OK IU SON