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AP EURO CHAPTER 20A STUDY GUIDE

CARLSBAD DECREES (1819)

Issued by the German states from the persuasion of Metternich


Dissolved the Burshenschaften student groups
Provided for university inspectors and prosecutors

CHARTER (1814)

Constitution made under supervision of Louis XVIII


Provided for hereditary monarchy & a bicameral legislature (2

legislative bodies)
Guarantees most of the rights listed in the Declaration of the Rights of

Man and Citizen


Religious toleration is enacted, but Roman Catholicism remains the

official religion
IMPORTANT: Promised not to challenge property rights of current
owners of land that had been confiscated from aristocrats and the
church

COERCION ACTS (1817)

Issued by Parliament after a mass meeting took place near London to

discuss discontent about the government's issuing of unfair taxes


Temporarily suspended habeas corpus (right to a trail), and extended
existing laws against seditious (rebellions) gatherings

CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1814-1815)

Upheld that legitimate dynasties, rather than ethnicity, provide the

basis for political unity


Opposed by Nationalists
Restored monarchical & aristocratic regimes that failed to recognize
the liberals' new status sufficiently & to provide for their economic and
professional interests

CONSERVATISM

Included legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies & established

churches
These three cooperated to keep this ideal alive after the French Revolution
and Napoleonic era

Those that supported this ideal spurned the idea of a written constitution,
unless it was written by themselves

CORN LAW (1815)

Passed by Parliament to maintain high prices for domestically produced

grain by levying import duties on foreign grain


Designed to protect the interests of the wealthy

ENLIGHTENMENT

Its rational concepts & reformist writings enshrined the critical spirit

and undermined revealed religion


Feared by conservative churches

FREE TRADE

Favored by liberals
Abolished government regulation on the economy
Favored a removal of international tariffs & internal barriers to trade

GERMANIC CONFEDERATION

Created by the Congress of Vienna to replace the Holy Roman Empire


Consisted of 39 states under Austrian leadership
Austria was wary of this group and the possibilities of it forming a
German national state within the Habsburg domains that would

exclude other groups


Issued the Final Act

HABEAS CORPUS

Law requiring one to be brought before a judge before being


considered guilty

LIBERALISM (19th Century Europe)

Referred to those that challenged political, social, and religious values


Political ideas were derived from the Enlightenment, English liberties,

and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen


Goal of this was a political structure that would limit the power of the

government against citizens


Power of government came from the consent of the people

Wanted to see constitutional governments everywhere, but didn't want

democracy
Sought to eliminate mercantilism.

LOUIS XVIII (FRANCE)

Former count of Provence & brother to Louis XVI


Bourbon rule is restored under his reign by the Congress of Vienna
Agreed to a constitutional monarchy, but only under his own
constitution (the Charter)

KLEMENS VON METTERNICH (AUSTRIA)

Epitomized 19th century conservatism


Directed the Congress of Vienna
Felt that the recognition of the political rights & aspirations of the
various national groups residing in the Habsburg domains would mean

probable dissolution of Austrian empire


Used the incident involving the killing of the conservative dramatist by
a Burschenschaft student to suppress institutions associated with
liberalism

LORD LIVERPOOL (GREAT BRITAIN)

Was the Prime minister of Britain who failed to protect the welfare of
the poor & instead worsened it w/ taxes that favored the nobility in a
time of poor harvest & unemployment

NATIONALISM

The single most powerful ideology of the 19th century


Based on concept that a nation is composed of people who are joined
together by the bonds of a common language, customs, culture,
history, & because of these bonds, should be administered by the

same government
Protested against multinational states & against people of the same
ethnic group living in political units smaller than that of the ethnic

nation
A difficulty was determining which ethnic groups would reign (rule) a
particular domain

PETERLOO MASSACRE (1819)

During a public meeting in St. Peter's Fields (Manchester, England),

local armies charged into the crowd, killing 11 people


The purpose of the meeting was to protest the Corn Laws

SIX ACTS (1819)

Parliament passed these laws which:


1. Forbade large unauthorized public meetings
2. Raised the fines for seditious libel
3. Speeded up the trials for political agitators
4. Increased newspaper taxes
5. Prohibited the training of armed groups
6. Allowed local officials to search homes in certain disturbed
counties

IMPORTANT THINGS TO REMEMBER

NATIONALISM challenged the status quo in these six areas in Europe:


1. Ireland, against British influence
2. Germany, challenging Austria's multinational structure, as
well as creating conflict between Austria & Prussia
3. Italy, to drive out Austrians
4. Poland, against Russia
5. Eastern European nations of the Austrian Empire
6. Southeastern nations, against Ottomans & Russians

NATIONALISM was an important complement to liberalism in this


period

The following is true of NATIONALISM:


1. It evolved from cultural unity

2. Its roots lay in the French Revolution and the Napoleonic


Wars
3. Those that supported this tried to create a political identity
based on culture

LIBERALS transformed the eighteenth-century concept of aristocratic


liberty into a new concept of privilege based on wealth and

property rather than birth


LIBERALS were often academics, members of the learned
professions, and people involved in the rapidly expanding
commercial and manufacturing segments of the economy, but
who were excluded from the existing political processes

Political goals of 19th-century LIBERALS included all of the following:


1. legal equality
2. religious toleration
3. freedom of the press
4. limited government regulation of business

Goals of 19th-century LIBERALS include:


1. removal of international tariffs and internal barriers to trade
2. opposition to legislation that established wages and labor
practices by government regulation or guild privileges
3. an economic structure where people use their talents &
property to enrich themselves
4. reform of agricultural policies and techniques

The problem for LIBERALS in France and England was to protect civil
liberties, define the respective powers of the monarch and the
elected legislature, and expand the electorate moderately while
avoiding DEMOCRACY

Economic liberals favored FREE TRADE

Most German liberals favored a UNITED Germany; as a result they


were more tolerant of a strong state and MONARCHICAL power
than other liberals were

The GERMAN CONFEDERATION was used by Prince Klemens von


Metternich to oppose:
1. Liberalism
2. Nationalism

In the GERMAN states and AUSTRIA, in comparison to France and


England, monarchs and aristocrats offered stiffer resistance to liberal
ideas, leaving liberals with less access to direct POLITICAL
influence

The real goal of early nineteenth century political liberals was:


a. a mass democracy
b. the end of monarchy
c. free education for all
d. the end of poverty
e. political reform based on private property

Liberalism and nationalism posed the greatest threat to the status quo
in:
a. France
b. Italy
c. Austria
d. Spain
e. Britain

Metternich's beliefs epitomized CONSERVATISM

All of the following were achieved during the Prussian ERA OF REFORM
(1806 - 1821):
1. Improvements in the number & quality of the Prussian military
2. Abolition of serfdom
3. End of the Junker monopoly on landholding
4. Reform of the state bureaucracy

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