Professional Documents
Culture Documents
'
SFERS
Retirement Board
Through:
Jay Huish)fij (
Executive Director
From:
Date:
April 8, 2015
Agenda Item:
Possible Action to Authorize Staff to Conduct Due Diligence on Ex-Fossil Fuels Indices and to Invest up to
$100 Million in One or More Ex-Fossil Fuels Passive Index Funds.
Background:
Investment Staff has undertaken a survey of the potential for investing in passive investment vehicles (either
commingled funds or separate accounts) that are designed to exclude investments in companies involved in
the extraction of fossil fuels (Coal, Oil and Natural Gas).
Although three of the major index providers have launched indices that exclude fossil fuels, the perfoimance
history is very short. Additionally, the leading providers of passive investment management services have only
a very limited number of fossil fuel free investment funds.
Recommendation:
Authorize Investment Staff to enter into discussions and to negotiate with SFERS' approved passive
investment manager services providers to evaluate and select a passive investment vehicle that specifically
excludes fossil fuels. Should the Retirement Board agree, the following motion is required:
Move that the Retirement Board authorize Investment Staff to pursue implementation of Level ll.0
of SFERS' Social investment Procedures and Policies and authorize Staff to conduct due diligence
on Ex-Fossil Fuels Indices and to invest up to $100 million in one or more Ex-Fossil Fuel Passive
Index Funds, or take other action related to investing in Ex-Fossil Fuel Passive Index Funds.
Attachment:
Staff Memorandum
Consultant Presentation
SFERS
To:
Retirement Board
Through:
Jay Huish4g
Executive Director
of April 8,2015
Date:
AphI 8, 2015
Re:
Possible Action to Authorize Staff to Conduct Due Diligence on Ex-Fossil Fuels Indices
and to Invest up to $100 Million in One or More Ex-Fossil Fuels Passive Index Funds.
Background:
Investment Staff ("Staff) has been asked to evaluate investment in a passively managed equity index fund that
excludes fossil fuels for the Board's consideration. Under Section ll.0 of the Board's Social Investment Policies
and Procedures, at a Level II engagement, the Board may consider "specific investment programs that benefit
the Participants white aiding other persons or entities ... provided that expected returns are at least equivalent to
available alternatives of similar risk."
Staff contacted MSCI (one of (he major providers of equity index information) to obtain historical performance
data on MSCI's ex fossil fuel index (The MSCI ACWI ex Fossil Fuels). MSCI launched the MSC! series of
Global Fossil Fuel Exclusion Indexes in October 2014. The performance sedes in this memorandum goes back
to 1995 and represents a "back-tested' return series created by MSCI that follows MSCI's indexing
methodology. 1
As SFERS is a long-term investor, the analysis in this memorandum is focused on 10 year rolling performance
data from January 1995 to December 2014.
Historical Performance:
Staff evaluated a number of absolute and risk-adjusted performance metrics to determine if MSCI ACWI ex
fossil fuel index ("XFF") would produce consistently better performance than the MSCI ACWI:
I.
iscl, in their materials, notes There are frequently material differences between back-tested pertorniance and actual results."
Excess Return (Chart A). Excess Return looks at the performance difference between XFF and MSCIACWI. Over the full span of the 20 years of performance data evaluated, only the 10 years ended
November2014 (+0.05%) and December 2014 (+0.02%) have outperformed MSCI ACWI;
Alpha (Chart B). Using Rolling 10-year time periods (through December 31,2014), XFF produces
negative Alpha for all 10-year time periods with the exception of the 10-year time periods ended
October (+0.03%), November (+0.11%) and December 2014 (+0.08%);
Information Ratio (Chart C). As with Alpha, the Information Ratio turns positive in November (+0.04%)
and December (+0.02%) of 2014;
Sharpe Ratio (Chart D). Over the full 20-year performance periods evaluated, MSCI-ACWI maintained
a marginally higher Sharpe Ratio (mostly by 1-2 basis points) for each 10-year rolling period - with the
exception of the 10 years ended December31, 2014; and
S. Standard Deviation (Chart E). For most of the rolling 10-year time periods evaluated, the Standard
Deviation (Return Volatility) of the MSCI-ACWI has been consistently lower than XFF. This reversed in
2012 as the impact of rapidly changing energy prices resulted in higher volatility for MSCI-ACWI. This
shift, combined with higher absolute returns for XFF, is a key driver behind the strong risk-adjusted
returns realized by XFF over the past 3-5 years.
Over shorter time periods (ended December31, 2014) XXF has outperformed MSCI ACWI on both an absolute
and risk-adjusted basis:
Quarter
Ex Fossil Fuels
1.94%
FYID
0.42%
1 Year
3 Years
6.50%
16.35%
5 Years
10.69%
MSCI ACWI
Excess
Return
Alpha
0.52%
-1.69%
1.42%
2.11%
NA
NA
4.71%
1.79%
1.86%
NA
1.58
14.72%
9.74%
1.63%
0.94%
1.77%
1.11%
1.88
1.04
Information
Ratio
NA
This trend, which is also seen in the attached charts, may be unsustainable as markets tend to be long-term
mean reverting.
Based on the long-term excess return and commonly employed risk-adjusted performance statistics, the usage
of the MSCI ACWI ex Fossil Fuels Index as a replacement for the standard MSCI ACWI index is not justified.
There is anecdotal evidence, from more recent time periods, that XFF indices may show excess returns on a go
forward basis. This may not be sustainable as the outperformance coincides with the recent decline in the price
of oil.
Index Providers -Availability:
Three of the major index data providers (MSCI, Standard & Poor's and FISE) have launched competing series
of indices that exclude Fossil Fuels - although the length of the live performance records is somewhat limited.
S&P started back in 2009 while MSCI and FTSE launched their indices in 2014. The approaches being
employed for constructing Low, Carbon (or Ex Fossil Fuel) benchmarks come from several perspectives:
Low Carbon Footprint. Utilized by MSCI and S&P. This approach employs quantitative analysis
to assess the carbon footprint of each company in the benchmark and then, using specific
construction rules, reduces the carbon footprint of the benchmark while maintaining minimum
sector weights and limiting tracking error; and
Exclusion of Fossil Fuels. Utilized by MSCI and FTSE. This approach targets companies within
specific industries (Coal Mining, Integrated Oil and Gas, etc.) and then evaluates the sources of
revenue and/or sources of reserves of each company to determine if it should be excluded.
Asset Managers - Market Depth:
Through discussions with a number of the major passive investment organizations (Blackrock, Northern Trust
and State Street), Staff has determined that the current universe of investible funds is small. The largest fund
($550 million managed by Northern Trust) is focused on emerging markets and is not available to US investors.
Blackrock manages the second largest fund ($113 million), which in addition to fossil fuels, also precludes
investment in Korea.
The index providers are continuing to actively develop indices that exclude fossil fuels, but there remains a lack
of 'turn-key" investment funds for the institutional investor.
Despite these issues, Investment Staff believes that the market has developed to the point that there exist
viable Low Carbon or Ex-Fossil Fuels indices that can be implemented and managed on an institutional basis.
Asset Managers - Fee Structures:
Existing Funds:
As noted above, there is limited market depth in terms of available institutional index funds that exclude fossil
fuels:
iShares: MSCI ACWI Low Carbon Target:
Exchange Traded Fund, $144 Million AUM, Fee: 33 basis points
Blackrock FISE Developed ex Korea & ex Fossil Fuels:
Commingled Trust, $113 Million AUM, FeeS basis points;
Northern Trust: MSCI Emerging Markets Low Carbon:
Commingled Trust, $550 million ALJM, Fee 30 basis points.
Not available to US based investors.
Fee estimates from index providers:
Staff has contacted each of the major index providers. The following are representative fee quotes for different
benchmarks:
MSCI ACWI ex Fossil Fuels:
5.5 basis points for first $260 million;
4 basis points thereafter; and
$300,000 fee minimum (30.0 basis points on $100 million)
MSCI US ex Fossil fuels:
are preliminary and will likely change based upon final negotiations.
+3.44%
+15.91%
+4,93%
+1.86%
+7,54%
+ 13.73%
This base model shows strong predictive powers and an investor that could consistently anticipate the rate of
growth in inflation would have added significant value by knowing when to over- (or under-weight) the 5SF 500
Energy sector.
Analysis #2: S&P 500 Energy Sector (1 year lag). This model applied a lagged approach. An investor will
be over-weighted the S&P 500 Energy Sector if the rate of inflation had risen in the prior year:
Rising Rate of Inflation Years:
S&P 500 Energy Sector:
5SF 500:
+8.85%
6.24%
+11.24%
+11.40%
The lagged model shows strong predictive powers in years of rising inflation, but fails (by a small margin) to
keep up when inflation has been falling.
Analysis #3. Crude Oil (non-lagged). The S&P 500 Energy Sector includes both energy produces (such as
Exxon) as well as service providers (Schiumberger, Halliburton, etc.). To provide a more clean energy vs
inflation evaluation, Staff looking at Cwde Oil prices using a common benchmark, West Texas Intermediate (or
Wil) - for which there is reliable data going back to 1986(29 years):
Rising Rate of Inflation Years:
CPI:
WTI:
S&P 500:
+3.61%
+18.14%
6.95%
+1.86%
-3.39%
+13.73%
As with the S&P 500 Energy Sector analysis, the WTI model shows strong predictive powers and an investor
that could consistently anticipate the rate of growth in inflation would have added significant value by knowing
when to over- (or under-weight) Crude Oil relative to the S&P 500 Index.
Analysis #4 Crude Oil (1-year lagged). Staff employed the same lagging methodology used in Analysis #2
(above):
a) Rising Rate of Inflation Years:
CPI:
WTI:
S&P 500:
+3.61%
+11.72%
+6.24%
+1.86%
+6.24%
+10.94%
This model also shows strong results during both rising and falling rates of inflation.
Staff evaluated two different approaches to investing in Energy (S&P 500 Energy Sector and WTI) as well as
two separate investment models (lagged and un-lagged). The overall results indicate that being over-weight
energy during periods of rising inflation (or under-weight during times of declining rates of inflation) produces
returns superior to just holding the S&P 500 index. This indicates a strong correlation between energy and
inflation.
Constituents Excluded:
At this point of the analysis, Staff does not have a recommendation as to which benhmark to employ for the
potential passive mandate. As a result, the following analysis looks at MSCI ACWI, which is a broad
benchmark and includes both developed market and emerging market equities:
Names in Benchmark:
Names excluded:
Largest exclusion:
Smallest exclusion:
It should also be noted that some companies with large amounts of fossil fuel reserves may be making
structural changes toward greater use of renewables and cleaner forms of energy.
Lastly, markets will mean revert over the long-term. However, individual companies may not. A potentially
better approach is to maintain benchmark exposure, but allow active managers to evaluate and select
companies for investment.
In summary, low valuations have been a strong predictor of long-term returns and currently energy companies
are characterized by low valuations.
On the other hand, the outperformance of the ex-fossil fuel index recently may be due to longer term forces in
favor of greater use of renewables and clean energy and less demand for traditional sources of energy. These
forces may still have many years to play out.
Recommendation:
Section II.0 of SFERS' Social In vestment Pfocedures and Policies states that:
Specific investment programs that benefit Participants while aiding other persons or entities may be
considered provided that expected investment returns are at least equivalent to available alternatives of
similar risk.
In studying this issue Staff was able to determine that the two indices have similar levels of risk while it is less
clear whether the ex-fossil fuel index will provide equivalent returns to the MSCI ACWI over the long term due
to the conflicting forces described above. That said, due to the potential for long-term structural forces affecting
the investment returns for energy companies, Staff is comfortable recommending a modest investment of up to
$100 million (0.5% of SFERS' current total assets) in a separate account or commingled fund that excludes
fossil fuel securities or reduces the carbon footprint of the index. At the same time, Staff is unable to
recommend a larger investment based on the factors noted in the previous section.
Should the Retirement Board determine that the MSCI ACWI ex-fossil fuel index and the MSCI ACWI are likely
to earn equivalent returns with similar risk, the following motion is required:
Move that the Retirement Board authorize Investment Staff to pursue implementation of Level II.0 of
SIERS' Social Investment Procedures and Policies and authorize Staff to conduct due diligence on ExFossil Fuels Indices and to invest up to 5100 million in one or more Ex-Fossil Fuel Passive Index
Funds, or take other action related to investing in Ex-Fossil Fuel Passive Index Funds.
-4
0
N
-1
en
'a
'N.
en
'-4
0
N
-I
en
'a
a
N
0
C"
en
'a
0
r
':
0
N
0
en
LI,
'-I
tO
C
0
N
en
U
0
o
N
(5(5
I..
C)
0
U>0
'-I
Co
0
0
N
ri
en
U
C)
C
.4-a
ci
ce
P.'
0
0
N
CM
UI
en
a)
U
x
w
U
C)
C
tO
0
0
N
IN
U
C)
C
U'
0
0
N
0
Pt)
U
C)
C
0
/1
en
I V
0
el
en
(a
w
0
en
'-I
0
(N
'-4
en
a)
fr.
-1
0
iN
ro
(a
:
4
4
en
'-I
C
r:J
0
ri
0
(N
(-4
LO
a.)
'-I
aJ
0
0
' -I
en
U
a)
CC
(5
a)
0
0
(N
'-4
en
el
a)
0
N-
0
0
-4
en
L)
a)
0
0
(N
I)
C?
0
In
0
0
(N
en
U
C)
0
0
0
eN
'-4
en
'I
0 0
0 0
0
t1
a)
0
0
.D
0
C9
8 0
0
r
ct
-I
0
(N
'-I
In
(-I
Ui
en
0
CN
en
U
0J
C
(N
C
(N
en
U
Ui
ri
'-I
0
e1
(N
0
en
U
Ui
Ln
ri
+
IN
"I
en
0
Ut
J&(5
(5>-
-C
C
(N
en
U
C)
C
Co
0
0
IN
-1
0
(5
en
I
I
N'
0
0
(N
4-.
(5
en
U
C)
9-
100
00
. d
-I
0
'-I
lv
w
:0
Ca
-I
0
ri
en
ci
U-
Ci
=
#1
'a
o
e.j
'C
w
Ci
Cfl
C)
a
Io
a
C;
U,
U)
0
0
en
0
0
0
IN
0C
C
C)
00
0
0
I-.
I_ 1_
Cc
mm
-Ca)
U>-
Ci
C
t-4
:0
0
IN
c-I
Cc
U
0)
.4-.
a)
a
m
-c
IC
0
0
IN
en
Ci
U)
0
0
0
IN
0i
IN
U
0)
Ul
0
0
0
Ca
ci
!
0
0
IN
m
i-I
U
0
0
0
0
U)
0 0
0 0
0 0 0 E E S
0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
em
1N
Cr.
IN
Cc
0 0 0 0 0 a a a s
'-I
0
-4
en
'-I
QJ
0
en
-1
0
cl
-4
en
a,
0
'-I
0
(N
'-I
en
U
0)
0
-1
-4
0
a
en
U
a,
0
0
1
a
(N
-4
en
0J
0
0
0
p1
ri
1
ww
4w
en
(5
a,
0
U-
00
0
0
p1
C
0
ri
en
(5
aJ
0
a)
C
o
I-
N.
0
a
(N
-4
en
(5
a'
0
C
(5
to
0
C
(N
In
0)
a
U,
0
p1
0
en
U
0)
0
0
(N
'-4
en
0 0
o 0
C U
c.l
N.
-
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
p v Q UI 0 ill
N.
to
tO
LA
4
-4
rI
rI
ri
ri
a,
go
q
1
'-4
D
0)
a
o
t
IC',
>c
w
(0
C.)
a c
0
L>
=
CQ
cc
C C
caS
00
tt
= 0
2 2
22
22
o5
CO
C C
005
oSoS
CC
CC
c
.
2fl-2
CD
U,
0)
a a
00
oSc
o
o,5
.s c
cu
aCD
OO
05ca05S052ooSa2aoSoS2oSS, o52So5oS22(no6
o w_waa)oJ
aaw ,= ao.--aag,e...
.0.0
CD E
0)0)00) D)
c,6
Cn
0
w 05
&5 0
0)
.0 0.0.0
0) CM
- :e -o U) 0)
, -o
0)
coS ms2 co
co
CD 0
CD CD .
(
M
.6 'oS t
o6 oS 0) 0)o5 o5
,
4R
>
> >$r.2,-w
sosbsosso c djjcooccoowac
i-cU)
U)
0
LI
O'-O(O
C) _ U) IC) C'J F- C) C'-J CC 00 r tO C) (N
*0
0
Ls-w N- 00 co N- U)
O#)C%JOcraicD N00 C)
C'.J
C)
U)ON(flO)Lfl
(N
c- r U)
C'4C(N ' - 0
uicx
Ir
efy
EE
0) E
<00) E 0) E
E
a it 00
>O
000
j, 0
.0--.00o.0
(0(0 00)a) (5 0)
(0(0 0(0 0)0)0)
0)0)
I-
z
=
CD 0
.0
tI
U,
a
..-C0
(0
CO
2.0 =
00
(0(0 00) (5
-C
- 0
0 Ltcr:0
0
0
.0
fl0
LL
0
0-1
-a
-c
LU
LU
IDo
D
CW
-J
-J
-J
-J
-j
uJ
LU
Coro
W
-j
w___'
0
(/)
S2w
to0o
cx
>-
o5
CctQlt 20
D
9wz NJ
dJ%
Oo-'
O
W0 cxXOWW <LU
cx
a.
0jrdOUJzWO10 <Oc
C ZQ
=!oZ
0
wO0
0<
<<C
0
><u_J >-l.-z>-Q_o0 i- 00 CD
O0<.j 0ozoa0ooz
_<zzuJuNJ0
0 >C0...0000iaO
0ZZDcCZO<Z0tiiThcoZt
0
a
o
a
0
a,0
U, .0
-o
"-
cc
C,
2a,
0
'C
LU
CA
C,
c_s
a
0
fl
.0
OQQ
.Eoa
5
a
ooo
'-'a,w'-'-''--'
-o :-e
0 .0 -o 0 '
e
9 s o 9 9 9
o 3 D 0
-o
>C
)-(
CO
Co Co
0000
000.0
c2223 2222
.So000000QacM
222
Cu m a S s cu to to
0 0 5 3 D 0 0 0
OSSOSS.E0000
0.0.0.0
ccc
41) )C
0000
000<)
222
Q.
0000
000
3_$Q0 2000w
0
saoo
SOoOad2E 0 o8
aw
a---w'=a
'C
(I)
ccc a = act
000
o,0)2
a a =
dU
ooo6,O0 00
ccc
E2222
-o -o o -o -0
'C 'C
WWLIJWCWWLIJLLJ
0) (0 (0 0
CO Co U)
to cu to to 0 cu to to cu
9
3 3 0 0 0 0 co 0 0 00
I
s0000 Cc C0000000000
cc
in
U,
0
U'C
IIIJ-
uJ
a
wcc
ccc
- r r.
Co
CO
0e90)
C-)
C
0
U,
2>-n
I-
a
_
C,
-o
-n
coae
a .c 0.0 E -g )
O
w
CO CO U)
90)41)
Co
0)
mo(
E
..0 -o o ._
U)
CU (0(0(0
a a
.O0 C-0
a.
0)90 c,m
(5
(0
CcuC5
43
C
cc
LI
4-
.0
-C
0
a
0
2
LU
LL,
C
0
0
w 0
UJ 0
ozo
5L)a5CO
C
0
0
C-)
cc
ow
>- --J
0
0z C
5oD
05(/)=d
WQZQ)i
O zzccWFowwwzo
QOfl0D0 0w
w51
oa
-FF--JW0c1)wC<0O
JJ _J
>0
<a
_I-wOuJccwccwCow
91
a,
o
(U
I-
ccc
.2.9.2
ttt
0)
.
.
C)
o,
Ui
ca
U,
CDjI
oa
C)
-W
Cu
'-'
aE
c
Ui
.2.2.9
.2
.tt0o
222400w
coo
ccc
cU
ccc
Q6 ooa
to 0
to
2) 00 0
CD o
fl
CD CD CD CD
4)
CL)
cc
o_2
Qo
QU
oo
22
.22.Qw
c ,-.,
,.c
ca
,c
Ci)
0 0
cc
(D
oo22
Q,_o.O
)< ><
Ci) tO
5.0 u, to
ctU
0 2) .g
0 0
)<
'-'W'-'WWLJJ'-'c'-'WaflE'-'WW
0
a'
.2.2
222
CL
.2
S222EQSSEOEaSoo222oaE.2
aaaoaaaOWL_a,aoo._o_a
to
.2.9.2
0
ccc
.2
0)
O0c
222
U)
U)
0
2'
4,
ccc
0 0(9
('4 0) C C In r CO) IL) ('4 10 0) 0 N- 03 CO C'4 ('4 ('4 03 C') C') C') 0)0)0) N- NI r N- U- 0
c
N
NO.
00
CCC4to
N- ('403 C') U) 0)0) 0 ('40303 N-u) 0 ('4
00) N- NI N- ('400) 03 r 03 ' IC C U-'
'-' o
U) C( 0 03 0) C') U) N- C14 U) C NJ N-. (0 En (N 0 co 0) U) NI U) LI) C C') NI tO
-J I- oo in ' - o CO N- to ,i- '- C') ow CO CO 0(0(010 q- --0000)0)03 CON
wx
WEE
EEC
)I
U)
Cl)
CO
U)
(0
(U(UCD)e
05 mwu
c,)05
c 2
cc
2)
-oa Co
O) 0 &5 a)
0
o Oc
o
CO
-0
cu
Ct5
2)
U.
-a
-c
'C
Ui
LU
o
o
>-
a2)
_,
a2)
o
2)
8og
CO WWZ W
..J>-CJ)
.jW
Lii
z0
>O0W _o
0 w
gO
LL
C
EEIft.
zo
oOcz
0
0
CD COWw CD
Ui C
EECD0 O0EEow
o,-.EE1-wEE wo 2) o0O
(9'-'UiWZ2) Zwgz.0wo
CwEE-fl.-Jo
0JWV3cZQ)CW
UWF-0ZwWWW
C,)
OLJJ
> EEC.)
0 z
ow J2UJ0D<=d
I cE
O<0
.0<wi-w0
I-
CD
Lii
06
wwa.>i--cO00a.00O0
cc
IU)
o
=
C)
-D 0
s-00
0606
U)
0
CO
CD
,E
u,
U) W
CO CO CO
CO
CO
0U1I
CO
in
a)
>C
WUJ aW '
CD
a) S
0 CD (9 (90 0
oa000
ca
!
>C
0 0 t u
( C) co
CO
22 E
a a
>C
)C
in
CO
CO
in
Scoi3
LL
cUL1U 0LI.
-
E2
LU a
in.0 Co
CO
w5
wi53
or
a._
g.2.2oa.2.9a.2
>c
0>
C
wO 0
o-222-22Oa$2 E
- a
o aa w ofl
.0
.9
5Qoca
.2
- cc
I-
.9
t&
.22
!
a a
o,22 2
ac- c-ao
:ao
a)
a a
0 0
0.Q
=
0 0
00
._ '-
cc c
CC
CO CU
E
a
)<
22 E CE
aa
)<
aW
in in in
cLLJ cc
0 0
CO
In
() C) c 0 0 0
a)
a W a
C) 8
0 0 0
CO
0 CD 0 50 0 C) ca co 0 oa o ca CD
oa 0 o
'000 oa
8
wc
sO
0 0 0 0 =
0 = 0
8000000a000
3d
i-cC,)
U)
0
U-
Co
00 t) 04040) C, 0) (0
0 r
0
a)
('4
N-.
U)
LL
LU
EO CO
in
CO
(I) a)a)
C-)
IC
0
U)
I-
CO
.9
CO
CO
(0
CO
co
U4-
-o
w
C
CO
<
gi
iuJz
<
O WC)C LU <DDDO = cc
OQj
o
wit 0J.jW><oo0
w << oaaww
oc-Oo w wO
i:-< Ou.j-ioo
Ozz
WcI:
W <j >(jj
0
0o
0w:dT
z 0
o 0 w
a._c::x<z
c'D aO <<<
CO
_1117 1
1.
LU
DLL.
J
.1
LU
0
..s
'4
U.
rAtf
uj
ts
11'
_ HjAe1
J4C
>
z U)
.4 , \ ?
LU
Lu
IL.
w
UJ
J.
0:
-a a
0',
4)
'1) L.0,...
3.
W
E
Ln t
-g
E c'2.8 2
o
a
t
.t4)&
-Q
-c0
'J4),
a - - A. u,
4)00
C)
0
c_a-s
-C
SE
C
Li 0 ) -0
Li
. E a
)
0
+-. 0
lo
0
'U
._o
a. C
bD
-- 8 a o5
o
t 0
Cs.
aj
, 2
QoCCnOJk- -
0) (40
(4
-
aj
0
2 a
k-
5440 (4)
'c -Q a
g
Qj
u ac-c
C)
-c
o
1-'
0
-
oC
>
43
4J0
-a
4J
>
CM
(V
ci
1i
'0
43
-.
CM
4-.
14
4-1
71
-o
iS
C
Cr3
'0
'E
1--C
z0
C)
LL
C'
Lfi
a)
tl
0.-''-
XC
t)
<
.-.
0d
o"5E
k2b
N4'
.v n
4_ L
Co o
0C
0
L
-0
WV
g
0
tfl
.
06
oc
-D
4-)
Cd
'
:w
E
o
C
<'-
ct0
Z
c
o
S.
4)
0
E
DO
CA
L4j
W0
>5:
Co
OL
'50
'0)
'
CO
o'-
5CM
4_a)
iS
jt
Ow
00
<:
o
c
tDIL
-o
CM
too
Cc,
a 00
p
U&
b .acQ
3Co
ba uQ
c
v50
'
E"U
W<
DO'
C
0
.,
C
2
>
5
t
CV
E
o0
S
tl: <
'.-c'.C) 0
b4 4 -'
C
0
a .-.Q.2
-n
0'x
L_ w 10
N 0'3>U fl U
E
E ,._O ,
E se
tOQ
DO3
CI_o C
00
Oc,
JUoJN
Uo
<U,
1-
('3
E
ow
C.-'
wc
_cO
CM
C)
uLn
O'o
41
Gibe'-
ccOL
-' L
1-
L.cz
0 cc. 09
0W-a
tI'3
C
UI -.
-a
oi-rI
wd5
>
C
0)
'1)
U)
-c
4-a
XL
U
o 2
LJ
&.
>
-1-
to
C)
-.
-
I-.
ro-ACN
'0-nw
0D111
-I
-
'-
.AcN
wuti
br
4-,
80-1
L0.Jtw
9DXtw
:
U-
a,
L-
rt
w
I)
C:
'I.
1.j
ao
se-ri
a,
i-iD-
4_I-o
Z6'i
0
c0-.J
o
o
Lfl
o_
o
>
_'
L'
LI)
0
O
ta
oc-1
x
C 4)
---0
'a
C
-o
a' 0
La
0' CL
wV)
C r
)Lfl
Il)
I-'
'
WIt
4-,
1- o
C)
'
V,9
c
,
4)
>
r
1
to
04
3:
'I
a)
Cd
>(
Lu
II
UI
w
*
o 0
ow
Q7'
06 0
La
co N
-0'
'
fl.ci
:1-nw
tO
03
_y
O--
LI)
_c
i-i
will
- ',
-
C
C
IL
l'
C -0
C
IC'E
d
O,C-
:o
j
-
Li - . 2 jCG- i 1i
z;f1 CGS
9Av
I
'
I- o - s
0
c-c
I
S
4,
friUt!
cit
C)-bC.
<
4)
4-J
01)i(J
01
60"'J
C:
L
ii)
_C
_w
10
-c
0)
->1
:3
4-'
Ct
DO
I>(
--
iouf
0
Cd
0 -60
it
-c
ci
a.
1
U
it
4-'
z0, c
h
00 ,
0U 0
xw
o
wo
Ce)
ft
C
4-J
-0) "
LI,
o
o 4-'x
-c
d i
Th8 Cz21.o 4l S
LO
itO)
> ('4
ito;
>..
00 S.'tt ct
(flO)
-'% it
). aflJL
U
.-tct.ib?.5?
.-
it
'
. :
I,
4)
4-)
Q)
Ci.
co
b13.
ct s-0 c3)
ctC
4 -
Wa-)
cl-)
0
I-p
0
ctO
WI-)
01
--
0 0
Ci
(3
0
C\ 0
(3
,..
=10
UZ
U
OaD
('C
Ct
Oct
c-c
C
=
0.
00
c - - c ui
erg
'C-c
o
ThE
FL
Er
Lu
IT
Wa,
ct:
ci
o
z
La,
o
i
Co
01-si
"V
(-h -c
U
<,
I
I
III
'3
Cz
a,
C'-.-00
0.,)
Is)
0>
C.
Cc
"2
2-
0 Ci 3
0=0
--
U)
t0C,
U ',)
Oo
ct
bkO
(ha,
L
C)C0
t-
C00
Lii U 'a
cj
3
C
&
C
0
C
Ct
C).
C):
C
0
.lJ
Ct
1)C)
I. I
fri
t1 4,s
U,
Zr..- 'I
ZI '-4
Ii
Il -nw
4.,
a)
a...
C,
a)
U
-
DO
C)
It/UN
U
o
o
9Cra1v
9011w
eQCfl4
IC"Q
L.
0(3
.2
0>0- .0
>-
0 -;Xc'
>
4IoD
b.O
C
a..
fl.E
Co . Joy
zcr
4J
.EEEU
QnC
(3
(3
C)
V
" ', 1-.
EE2
LU
0
41
@ >
j
DO
DO
28888S
CD
uuu
u<
4)
4w
N
66O
*6-il
Ct
tn -0
I.
.Ig
i
tC
All
N.
0
C
0
Ct
In
C) .
r
i- .0
1CC
In
4)
N
a)
C
I -
a
-
- L
4)
> C
.2
k1
- cv0 C
LC
tt
-DC
ftC)
.41
LA
IC
I - 0.
:
E %y9 dfd
C) . t
u. 4)
a.
t'
.4-
N-
'o:,-
C)
L =
.2
41
S
Ea
'}THJL
LI
Ct C .0
bOE
C)
St
St
U
3'-
-C
4),,,.
C> U
C,
oin
',
00
E Plo
E ..9HO
1=
0
DO
in
00
a)
Or
Lu
Hi
rj
'-
LA
C.- 0
.c=
0o
(a
moo
'I-
(a
C
.O
I-
-5 . DC
o
UZC
4"
I.-'
F'I
0.
0 c
C C)
>.LE .
LU . I c
'V
c(.2
4
4)
C)
tntz2
if.
! on
9 '0
U
Lol cC
U
DO
C) -
U,.
H
'H0 LJ
XHW
LU
'01 U. i,): I_li
S =
l :
lxi
:
U 121
I0
; uwHcC.
IC: WC WIIC1.
_.I>.. 2
>i0o
0 > >:<Hb:E_,
1<1 U. Uiu,H C;
>i
tQ,,I CL ::lUf 0H:
.1 0
i-I
Cu
41
LL
3'0r-t
.
-5
M
.
i-dv
(I
u-iriF
!
oi-3 v !
(5
8O'O
1ON '7
90- )OcJ
go-uci
0
0
p0_Jew
Lfl
Io.idv
zo-Xtw
C-
c6
C,')
'I)
D
(/n
a::
w
a c
Ur
ri
I'frPd
(6-Jew
I6-ew
LU
C
cj
D0-
bO
G)LWL
Int
n40
U
O
U
0'
U
I
tS
88Y >:
19-da5
68-101
-
98'O
SBAON
t.B - C
i.s-uel
>%
_c
Lfl a,
o -
LI
S6-'CJ
s6-tieI
Ism
Cr,
rl
.
-
L6'O
94-AON
>Lfl
r'i
10-tinE
ooiF
66'V
86-d.
(8Pd
VI
I.
I
o
61-unf
-s-
81101
DO 0 DO 0
9tdS
0 < 0 <
S1- 'O
t-L"'N
LI
QmWct
_c
wa
ittitl
I I-
o a
F a
C' c'
-
C - r
- un
Or(
000000qqoqoo
N
C
C
3
C'
WDO
0
Z1dV
II
a
C
0
0
U
60)DO
9OO
Lo-dv
so- gnv
elf
.u1
.e,l
ornoe'l
Ii
ID- U El
C,
I.
L
0
I-)
L
oo-!ny
en
66'O
C
ccc!
96 Un F
-iny
Ura'
Wlao
0
C
zs-adv
4:
J
'A
b3
C
LJJ
>>
r'n
C) If)
e'l
'-'
cal
0
U
O6-2V
88-cDJ
68- no
dJ
DOS
C
0
e
I0
U
bO Dot
Ctr flct
C
I-J
9341fl(
ao-adv
>'A
U
98- Ufli
c8-2nv
p4
t82DO
>
EE
II
C
0
C
C,
0
I-)
S.
en
00
C
4J4J'
1I '
DO DO 0
CLnC
0<0
a,' v
_c
.c
I I-
6t"O
8LO
o o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
en
'.0
000
ooqq 99999
04
. fl
U
I)
frVAON
C
I0
U
LA
OI - DO
C
F-
-1
80- u 11 i
C
0
v
C
9OP
co- if
0
I-)
m
LU
-C
I-
cM
o<
-:
CD
-:
0-nO
ZO4V
c$f1d 00'
'o'
Z0
P a'
10-tm!
OO'N
ww
crf 3
flu
Sc3
L L
L.
c(tctc
u u
rn
ciLfl ci
-.
OO1dV
0
C
0
LA
(3
_-
u
2
L6C
96>O
a-.
96W
Lfl
-J
C0
U
AON
boo QoQ
, -'
-
'.-
r.jcJ
Z6S
:r:r
F- H
1
oea
0
0000094444
I,
--
4;c
Fh'N
'4
G.J.
(' -(Pd
ti - v'I
ii -"ci
0I - o
01 --I UW
'0 -2nv
60SrF
-a8C,
-a
I0
I-)
>:
U,
bO.
I-J
go-'I
L0-A0N
('1
9OdDS
90-Pd
C,,
D
(1)
F-i
-a
IS
U
>:
C,
LU
>
F-J
'1<
Ln
00
doz
S
-S
-'1
C,
30
-4 U1
Ct
00.AON
V
af
b0- DO
>s_
>
cOIJvW
z0-2nV
to-Lid
10-Ulif
Z 0t
Ca'
4)
-'
0
U
L
0
U
U-'
tO
C
86 i1
J
L
Ct
Ci
*1)
L6AlN
acr
96'O
en ci I-fl w
-C
.0
96-JUN
S 6-20 V
S6ut1
6-ur1F
(6-Ac N
6JdV
II
EmECt
Wit Oct
S
-o
'
'4-
0.0 0 0.0 0
C', C"
C,
-a
I-
>:
tO
0 < 0 <
ii
_c
c
I I-
o
0 0 0
t
Q
Ca 0
- 0 0 0
00000dqdd
0
06C
0
'a
I
SI -un
-
Q
EI'3'0
CI<N !
U
fl-i1
zI.Iai
ItdOS
oI -uei
6O 2 V
60J!W
3!
8O'O
901tN >
'7
DO
L01n11
('1
9Ods
00
elf
OelOrl
o o
Di
90JdV
so A0 N
so.ufl1
0-
sO-uci
Ut-)
frO2V
2
3
0
10-13 0
(0-/tN
_.o .o
U
U
L.L
4)
(II,
4) Ui
.=
on -.
zo-aa
4)
tO .c
o -
LU
10da5
co.AON
ca-uni
EmEc
IO-JdV
SL2
cWc
on
00
66 2 V
I.
0<0<
0.
86.1)0
GiN
86-/eN
..c
.c
I I-
o o
o o
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
9 9
i-das
If:
EII1
0
C
If,
LU
II
Il --irN
1-J
0
I-
LU
01
oI.uef
60-tifli
<#1
>U,
>
C
I-
-J
80-'N
V
L0-d.S
90.1T1
so- DOG
(7
z
'C
I
bC.
C
0
I'
U
L
L
0
U
C-'
t.
_0 0
co-utF
v)z
z0-unf
10'- 0N
0'
O0OLfl
o Ino
C"
IO-JdV
WQ'
C
0
ci---
(Z
66I1
t
0
U
bO DO
.__to0 CO
'-1
L.LLL
1
Ci
4)
>
CLA
rn ci Lfl a)
0.0_c-, 0.0 .c
.ELtSL,i
,-,,o
"r4 'Jr.J
>,
>_
Os
I
Ot
, 4) '
I
0.0 0 b
Cu
c0 <, 0 <
_c -=
86-XtkJ
L6'0
L6tkI
DO
C
0
96-Uti
S6
-*0 N
6S
t
0
U
I>I-'
I6'G
I 6-<41
no
O6'O
2
.3
0
0
0
68iV
68Ut1
o
o
U
(a
96-!1IV
I I-
>-
C
C,
-0
8
0
Si1
P1JCN
(ItN
LJ.I
8
-
>-
31-do5
>
01A0N
6O4 V
CM
SO - PO
in
>
gO-Aew
5-
LOO
+
s__
LOt'i
us.
cc
L0'PJ
g0-dy
000
co-uni
O"O
EOXVN
iii
DC
rn aLA w
oo -5 tao -S
zo--'a
zoini
'-"
IO- S
-J
10-idy
OO 0N
EEf
I --- S '
00 0 bOO
u
5-
0)
2rZI
s'o-nv
WLOL
SUE
w o o
0
bD
L.
I-
C-
>
in
oof
00-u q
-\
-,
I
:3'
6o-2 'V
:::
96-XL'N
L6 3 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
'i
0
0
7
0
0
'1
0
0
'1
0
Q
9
0
('I -2 V
ChDO
tM3o
V.)
I
U)
z -r'I
I i-dos
i-v
Cd.)
><
U)
U
8OO
4:
orn w
booi
L.0
1!
LO - 'cI
L0i1
S
I,
C,
U
L
>rfl
00
C
I-J
C
L
fr0.xw
OXtw
bO
V2
)cQ
'A...
cc
I-
oo-F
>en
DO
C
0
66-7"V
U .
IAn_V
OO.CN
oo-4
00 0 00 0
C'C
000
io-dv
L.0 Lfl
U
-n
Z0'O
zo-inF
Ia-dos
SS..
Oo Ow
sIz
ZOICPA
.0 C
a
a
SO-'-ON
so.unI
LU
04
5-. C
9OJdV
$_
CC
e I,
St
"a
0
ol-vel
60.Rw
o
60 0.0
C.
C
5-J
01
01-ant
U--
0
U
1>-
zI
U-J
sit
U-
66-'tw
B644
_c -c
I Io
-:
o 0 0 0
'
114
R
0 9
0
9
'it
Id C
o C
g
S
-00
V
C)
tItN
s-.
(n
zI -aa
LL
-J
v)
ti-i1
ti-q>j
(-I
L
Ic-des
v)
i-4dv
LL
><
u-J
t;
ol-ufli
oI-u4
60!iIV
U
cm
D
('I
60-JL14 !
8O'O
80-/EN ?:
in
cx
wt
>3
L0DG
N.
r-
00
LOPJ
90S
9ff.Jdy
S0-'N
unf
LU
WN.
o ao
C
Hg
Q.!
w.rn
bO bO
Ct Ct
c -o
Q)uG)u
>.>s-
Ln
bo! bOZ
OoOw
C)
a;
'.-0
D.O 0
bO
CLOC
0<0
-
II
FDV 3
F0)tN
whew
ZO'C
zoinr ft
5
10&,S S
I4
iov S
to
OOAON 3
co-ufli
u4
66411V
fl
66JLN
UI
86"0
Wa 0.
-C
86N
I H
o
o
o o
S
12
>r.1
03 r-. N.
0 0
0 0
0 W"
S
0
-,
,_,o %,