Professional Documents
Culture Documents
McCulloch, Charles M
Selected geologic factors affecting mining of the Pittsburgh coalbed, by C. M. McCulloch [and others. Washington] U.S. Bureau of Mines [1975]
72 p. illus., t a b l e s .
g a t i o n s 8093)
(U.S. B u r e a u of Mines.
I n c l u d e s bibliography.
Report of investi-
TN23.U7
no. 8093
622.06173
CONTENTS
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Abstract
Introduction
Acknowledgments
H i s t o r i c a l background
S t r u c t u r e and s t r a t i g r a p h y of t h e P i t t s b u r g h coalbed
Regional s t r u c t u r e and paleogeography
Thickness and r a t e of accumulation
G e n e r a l i z e d s t r a t i g r a p h y of t h e P i t t s b u r g h Formation
Overburden t h i c k n e s s above t h e P i t t s b u r g h c o a l b e d
Geologic f a c t o r s c o n t r i b u t i n g t o mining problems
S t r a t a above t h e P i t t s b u r g h c o a l b e d
Sandstone c h a n n e l s
Clay v e i n s
C l e a t w i t h i n mines
Determination and a n a l y s i s of c l e a t o r i e n t a t i o n
Relationship of l o c a l s t r u c t u r e t o c l e a t o r i e n t a t i o n
Geologic f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g methane e m i s s i o n
Example of g e o l o g y - r e l a t e d problems i n a working mine
Determination and a n a l y s i s of j o i n t s and p h o t o l i n e a r s ...................
Surface j o i n t determination
Surface j o i n t analysis
P h o t o l i n e a r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n from i n f r a r e d photographs
Photolinear analysis
Ronchi i n s p e c t i o n o f photoindex s h e e t s and a n a l y s i s of t r e n d s
C r i t e r i a for c l e a t estimation
R e l a t i o n s h i p of c l e a t t o s u r f a c e j o i n t s and p h o t o l i n e a r s
o v e r l y i n g i n d i v i d u a l mines
Summary of d i r e c t i o n a l d a t a a n a l y s i s
R e l a t i v e c o s t s of c l e a t e s t i m a t i o n by t h e t h r e e methods of
a n a l y s i s of s u r f a c e d i r e c t i o n a l d a t a
F i e l d mapping
I n f r a r e d photography a n a l y s i s
Ronchi i n s p e c t i o n o f p h o t o l i n e a r s h e e t s
Sunanary
B i b l i o g r a p h y of p r e v i o u s work i n t h e P i t t s b u r g h coalbed
Appendix A.--Glossary of terms
Appendix B.--Surface j o i n t r e a d i n g s of i n d i v i d u a l quadrangles
Appendix C . - - P h o t o l i n e a r r e a d i n g s of i n d i v i d u a l quadrangles
Appendix D . - - P r i n c i p a l d i r e c t i o n f o r i n d i v i d u a l photoindex s h e e t s
of t h e s t u d y a r e a
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ILLUSTRATIONS
2
3
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Map of t h e s t u d y a r e a and t h e p o r t i o n u n d e r l a i n by t h e
P i t t s b u r g h coalbed
S t r u c t u r e map drawn on t h e b a s e o f t h e P i t t s b u r g h c o a l b e d
Basin of d e p o s i t i o n p r e s e n t i n t h e s t u d y a r e a d u r i n g l a t e
Pennsylvanian t i m e
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5
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ILLUSTRATIONS..Continued
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I s o p a c h of t h e P i t t s b u r g h c o a l b e d
L o c a t i o n of d a t a p o i n t s f o r t h e s t u d y a r e a
Areas o f t h e P i t t s b u r g h c o a l b e d t h a t have been mined o u t
Overburden i s o p a c h of t h e s t r a t a above t h e P i t t s b u r g h c o a l b e d
G e n e r a l i z e d s t r a t i g r a p h i c column of t h e P i t t s b u r g h Formation
Fence diagram of t h e s t r a t a d i r e c t l y above t h e P i t t s b u r g h c o a l b e d
f o r the study area
Map o f t h e known s a n d s t o n e c h a n n e l s c u t t i n g i n t o t h e P i t t s b u r g h
coalbed
I s o p a c h of t h e P i t t s b u r g h s a n d s t o n e
Map of t h e Shannopin and Robena mines w i t h s a n d s t o n e c u t o u t s .
Fence diagram of t h e s t r a t a above t h e P i t t s b u r g h c o a l b e d a t
t h e Shannopin mine
Generalized c r o s s s e c t i o n of c l a y v e i n s i n t e r s e c t i n g coalbeds
Mines o p e r a t i n g i n t h e P i t t s b u r g h c o a l b e d w i t h abundant c l a y v e i n s
L o c a t i o n and s t r u c t u r e around t h e Marianna No 58 mine
C l a y v e i n s i n s y n c l i n a l t r o u g h a t t h e Marianna No 58 mine
X-ray d i f f r a c t i o n c h a r t s of t h e c l a y v e i n , t h e r o o f r o c k , and
the f l o o r rock l i t h o l o g i e s
C l e a t systems i n mines o p e r a t i n g i n t h e P i t t s b u r g h c o a l b e d
Composite r o s e diagram of c l e a t o r i e n t a t i o n i n 18 mines surveyed
R e l a t i o n s h i p between l o c a l s t r u c t u r e and c l e a t o r i e n t a t i o n
i n t h e P u r s g l o v e No 15 mine, Monongalia County, W Va
Map of F e d e r a l No 2 mine showing h o r i z o n t a l l y d r i l l e d h o l e s
and c l e a t d i r e c t i o n s
S t r u c t u r e map drawn on t h e b a s e o f t h e P i t t s b u r g h c o a l b e d f o r t h e
a r e a a d j a c e n t t o t h e a c t i v e workings o f t h e Somerset No 60 mine
Fence diagram of t h e s t r a t a d i r e c t l y a b w e t h e P i t t s b u r g h c o a l b e d
a d j a c e n t t o t h e a c t i v e workings o f t h e Somerset No 60 mine
Sandstone c h a n n e l p r o b a b i l i t y map of t h e a r e a a d j a c e n t t o
t h e a c t i v e workings o f t h e Somerset No 60 mine
Rapid l a t e r a l v a r i a t i o n i n t h e s t r a t a d i r e c t l y above t h e
P i t t s b u r g h coalbed
I s o p a c h o f "draw s l a t e " above t h e P i t t s b u r g h c o a l b e d i n t h e a r e a
a d j a c e n t t o t h e a c t i v e workings o f t h e Somerset No 60 mine
Rose diagram o f s u r f a c e j o i n t t r e n d s from t h e New F r e e p o r t
quadrangle, Pennsylvania
Composite r o s e diagram of p r i n c i p a l s u r f a c e j o i n t t r e n d s
Rose diagrams of s u r f a c e j o i n t s f o r 3 9 q u a d r a n g l e s
Rose diagram of p h o t o l i n e a r s f o r 39 q u a d r a n g l e s
Composite r o s e diagram of p r i n c i p a l p h o t o l i n e a r t r e n d s
for e n t i r e area
Composite r o s e diagram of p r i n c i p a l Ronchi t r e n d s f o r e n t i r e a r e a
TABLES
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iii
TABLES --Continued
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Average s u r f a c e j o i n t o r i e n t a t i o n s , by county
P r i n c i p a l s u r f a c e j o i n t t r e n d s i n o r d e r of dominance.
Average p h o t o l i n e a r o r i e n t a t i o n s , by county
P r i n c i p a l p h o t o l i n e a r t r e n d s i n o r d e r of dominance
Average photoindex s h e e t l i n e a r o r i e n t a t i o n s , by county
P r i n c i p a l Ronchi photoindex t r e n d s i n order of dominance
Fundamental systems from d i r e c t i o n a l d a t a .
Coal c l e a t , dominant s u r f a c e j o i n t , and p h o t o l i n e a r o r i e n t a t i o n s
of t h e study area.................................................
Time and c o s t requirements f o r measuring j o i n t s and p h o t o l i n e a r s
f o r t h e study a r e a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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C.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUC TION
The P i t t s b u r g h coalbed i s one of t h e l a r g e s t and most v a l u a b l e mineral
d e p o s i t s i n t h e world. It extends from t h e western t i p of Maryland, west t o
Belmont County, Ohio, and from Allegheny County, Pa. , southwest t o Putnam
County, W. Va. This r e p o r t i s focused on Washington and Greene Counties, Pa.,
and Monongalia and Marion C o u n t i e s , W. Va., because t h i s i s t h e a r e a of
g r e a t e s t a c t i v e mining. Within t h i s a r e a ( f i g . 1 ) t h e coalbed c r o p s out only
l~eologist.
2 ~ e s e a r c hs u p e r v i s o r .
i n n o r t h e r n Washington
County and along t h e
Monongahela River, n e c e s s i
t a t i n g underground mining
almost e x c l u s i v e l y .
LEGEND
aStudy
area underlain
Pittsburgh coalbed
Scale, miles
by
The P i t t s b u r g h coalbed
l i e s i n an a r e a known p h y s i ographically as the
Allegheny P l a t e a u and c h a r ac t e r i z e d by a n t i c l i n e s and
s y n c l i n e s t h a t normally d i p
l e s s than 100 f e e t p e r m i l e .
The s t r a t a above t h e P i t t s burgh coalbed a r e composed
predominantly of interbedded
s h a l e s , sandstones, s i l t s t o n e s , and limestones with
i n t e r m i t t e n t coalbeds. The
c r i t i c a l v e r t i c a l sequence
above t h e c o a l i s normally
l e s s than 50 f e e t .
I n 1964, t h e U. S.
Geological Survey (=l3
determined from an e x t r a p o l a
t i o n of d a t a assembled by
Latimer ( 7 l ) t h a t t h e ~ G t s
burgh coalbed had yielded
about 8 b i l l i o n t o n s of c o a l
from t h e beginning of mining
i n t h e e a r l y 1900's t o
January 1, 1965. This t o t a l
FIGURE 1. Map of the study area and the portion under- was about 35 p e r c e n t of t h e
lain by the Pittsburgh coalbed.
cumulative production of t h e
Appalachian bituminous c o a l
b a s i n and 2 1 p e r c e n t of t h e cumulative production of t h e United S t a t e s . The
c o a l r e s e r v e s i n western Washington and Greene Counties, Pa., and Marion and
Monongalia Counties, W. Va., r e p r e s e n t a n important f u t u r e source of c o a l .
The c o a l h e r e i s deeper (up t o 1,500 f e e t ) t h a n t h a t p r e v i o u s l y mined i n t h e
P i t t s b u r g h c o a l b a s i n . Methane gas has been a continuing source of problems
i n t h e P i t t s b u r g h coalbed, and such problems w i l l probably i n c r e a s e w i t h
g r e a t e r depth of mining. Roof i n s t a b i l i t y and t h e occurrence of c l a y v e i n s
and sandstone channels a r e a l s o p o s s i b l e .
(B),
and Pennsylvania was published by Burrough (16)i n 1914 and was a f a i r l y accur a t e map f o r t h e s m a l l amount of d a t a a v a i l a b l e .
The c o a l - b e a r i n g Upper Pennsylvanian and Lower Permian rocks of t h e Washi n g t o n , P a . , a r e a have been s t u d i e d by B e r r y h i l l , Schweinfurth, and Kent (=),
who prepared a number of i s o p a c h and l i t h o f a c i e s maps of t h e a r e a .
I n 1972 Roen and F a r r e l (96) published a s t r u c t u r e map drawn on t h e b a s e
of t h e P i t t s b u r g h coalbed u s i n g published g e o l o g i c maps of Pennsylvania,
county r e p o r t s from West V i r g i n i a and Pennsylvania, and c o a l company d a t a .
The 7-112-minute g e o l o g i c quadrangles of Amity, C a l i f o r n i a , E l l s w o r t h ,
H a c k e t t , Mather, Monongahela, P r o s p e r i t y , Washington E a s t , Washington West,
and Waynesburg have been mapped by t h e U.S. Geological Survey. TheCarmichaels,
Oak F o r e s t , and Midway quadrangles have been covered i n o t h e r s t u d i e s . Geol o g i c a l maps of t h e B l a c k s v i l l e , Fairmont E a s t and West, Grant Town, Morgantown North, Osage, and R i v e s v i l l e 7-112 -minute quadrangles have been prepared
by g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s a t West V i r g i n i a U n i v e r s i t y .
The s t r a t i g r a p h y of t h e Monongahela Group i n West V i r g i n i a , Ohio, and
Pennsylvania h a s been s t u d i e d by Hoover
who prepared a s e r i e s of i s o pachs on a l l major u n i t s from t h e Redstone t o t h e P i t t s b u r g h coalbed. The
Pittsburgh-Redstone c o a l i n t e r v a l i n West V i r g i n i a has a l s o been s t u d i e d by
C o n t i (20).
(a),
FIGURE 2.
HARRISON COUNTY
(me
LEGEND
aSandstone foc~es
IZZ Mudstone focies
Ltmy mudstone focies
&
FIGURE 3. - Basin of deposition preesent in the study
The b a s i n of d e p o s i t i o n
of the P i t t s b u r g h coalbed
during l a t e Pennsylvanian
time ( f i g . 3) occupied a
l a r g e p o r t i o n of Pennsylv a n i a and a d j a c e n t a r e a s of
Ohio and West V i r g i n i a . The
b a s i n a x i s was defined by a
bay which, according t o
Donaldson (26) , expanded and
c o n t r a c t e d during Pennsylvanian time i n response t o
t h e balance between t e c t o n i c
subsidence, d e t r i t a l supply,
and e u s t a t i c changes i n s e a
level.
Hoover (47) p o s t u l a t e s
a flood p l a i n and i n t e r d i s t r i b u t a r y bay environment i n
t h e n o r t h and northwest p a r t of t h e b a s i n and a h i g h e r a l l u v i a l p l a i n region
along t h e s o u t h , s o u t h e a s t , and e a s t s i d e of t h e b a s i n . P l a n t m a t e r i a l , which
e v e n t u a l l y became t h e P i t t s b u r g h coalbed, accumulated i n a swamp environment
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the d e l t a i c sedimentation systems extending i n t o t h e shallow
bay. Darrah (23) notes t h a t t h e c l i m a t e of t h e a r e a was probably moderate i n
temperature, r a t h e r than t r o p i c a l a s was once thought. Ferm and Cavaroc (32)
and C o n t i (20) have made o t h e r paleogeographic i n v e s t i g a t i o n s .
7
LEGEND
I
Oft
0-4ft
4-8ft
8-12ft
12-16ft
I6ft
Scale, miles
FIGURE 4.
The a r e a s of t h i c k e r
coal (greater than 8 f e e t )
do n o t d i r e c t l y o v e r l i e t h e
r e g i o n a l s y n c l i n a l troughs
b u t a r e located g e n e r a l l y on
t h e i r f l a n k s . It i s suggested t h a t t h e deposition
of the P i t t s b u r g h c o a l i s i n
part structurally controlled,
and t h a t t h e axes of the
p r i n c i p a l s t r u c t u r e s have
changed only s l i g h t l y s i n c e
deposition.
The dominant isopach
trend ( g r e a t e r than 8 f e e t )
c o a l begins i n northern
Harrison County, W. Va..,
runs through c e n t r a l Marion
and Monongalia Counties, and
extends i n t o e a s t e r n Greene
County, P a . I t i s a s s o c i a t e d with t h e Shinnston and
Greensburg s y n c l i n e s
( f i g . 2 ) . Another t r e n d ,
less d i s t i n c t , about 10
miles t o t h e west, begins i n
western Marion County,
W . Va., and r u n s through
c e n t r a l Greene County, Pa. ,
i n t o Washington County.
This trend g e n e r a l l y l i e s on
t h e e a s t e r n f l a n k of t h e
Robinson and Waynesburg
s y n c l i n e s . A t h i r d trend
o v e r l i e s t h e Nineveh sync l i n e of western Greene and
c e n t r a l Washington Counties,
Pa.
LEGEND
:::.'. Data points
6
Scale, miles
FIGURE 5.
12
LEGEND
I Montour No. 4
2 Mathies
3 Maple Creek
4 Westland
5 Somerset No. 60
6 Vesta No. 4
7 Vesta No. 5
8 Marianna No. 58
9 Gateway
10 Mather colleries
I / Humphrey No. 7
12 Shannopin
13 Blacksville No. 2
I4 Blacksville No. I
15 Pursglove
16 Osage No. 3
17 Federal No. 2
18 Arkwright
19 Loveridge
20 Federal No. I
21 Consol No.93
22 Consol No.9
23 Joanne
24 Bethlehem No. 4 1
25 Bethlehem No.44
26 Consol No. 2 0
27 Robena
28 Nemacolin
29 Crucible
30 Bethlehem No. 51
f
JMined-out area
(as of 1973)
6
Scale, miles
12
FIGURE 6, Areas of the Pittsburgh coalbed that have been mined out.
,
I
LEGEND
Stripmine
0-400ft
400-800ft
800-~200ft
h m f t phis
FIGURE 7.
sandstone i s the t h i c k e s t
and most e x t e n s i v e s a n d s t o n e
i n t h e Monongahela Group.
LEGEND
Limestone
Sandstone
Limyshale
Coal
1-1
1-1
S t r a t a Above t h e P i t t s b u r g h Coalbed
The s t r a t a o v e r l y i n g t h e P i t t s b u r g h c o a l b e d v a r y l o c a l l y and r e g i o n a l l y
a s shown i n t h e f e n c e diagram ( f i g . 9 ) . T h i s f i g u r e was p r e p a r e d u s i n g 77
c o r e l o g s , e l e c t r i c l o g s , and o t h e r d a t a s e l e c t e d from more t h a n 500 l o g s t o
b e s t r e p r e s e n t t h e r e g i o n a l s t r a t i g r a p h i c t r e n d s . The most common r o c k t y p e
d i r e c t l y o v e r l y i n g t h e P i t t s b u r g h c o a l b e d i s t h e "draw s l a t e " o r "roof s l a t e "
( m i n e r s ' t e r m i n o l o g y ) , c o n s i s t i n g o f a l t e r n a t i n g t h i n l y bedded, d a r k g r a y t o
b l a c k , f i s s i l e carbonaceous s h a l e , c o a l s t r i n g e r s , and s a n d s t o n e l e n s e s . T h i s
draw s l a t e u n i t i s g e n e r a l l y l e s s t h a n 4 f e e t t h i c k , b u t t h i c k n e s s e s up t o 12
f e e t have been observed.
I n t h e c e n t r a l p a r t of t h e s t u d y a r e a , t h e most common r o c k t y p e s above
t h e draw s l a t e a r e l i m e s t o n e and c a l c a r e o u s and s i l t y s h a l e s . Surrounding t h e
c e n t r a l a r e a i s a sequence of s h a l e s and massive s a n d s . O t h e r a r e a s of mass i v e sand development a r e shown on t h e s a n d s t o n e c h a n n e l map ( f i g . 1 0 ) .
I n Monongalia and Marion C o u n t i e s , W . Va., t h e r o c k s above t h e c o a l and
draw s l a t e a r e predominantly l i m e s t o n e and s h a l e , a l t h o u g h t h e "limestone" o f
o l d e r c o r e l o g s i s more l i k e l y i n t e r b e d d e d l i m e s t o n e , s h a l e , and s i l t s t o n e ; i n
e a r l i e r y e a r s t h e s e r o c k t y p e s were n o t u s u a l l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d . The o n l y sand
d e p o s i t s i n t h e s e two c o u n t i e s a r e a l o n g t h e e a s t e r n margin o f t h e a r e a .
The r o o f r o c k i n Greene County, P a . , i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t i n Monongalia and
Marion C o u n t i e s , W . Va. Limestone i s s t i l l dominant i n t h e s o u t h b u t
d e c r e a s e s i n importance toward t h e n o r t h e r n b o r d e r where l a r g e sand b o d i e s
become more prominent. The P i t t s b u r g h s a n d s t o n e u n i t may b e up t o 80 f e e t
thick.
I n Washington County, P a . , l i m e s t o n e dominates t h e s o u t h w e s t e r n p o r t i o n ,
s a n d s t o n e t h e s o u t h e r n and c e n t r a l a r e a , and s h a l e t h e n o r t h e r n p o r t i o n .
Throughout t h e a r e a , a few c o a l s a r e d e t e c t e d , b u t t h e r e a p p e a r s t o be no
p a t t e r n t o t h e i r occurrence.
FIGURE 9,
Fence diagram of the strata directly above the Pittsburgh coalbed for the study area.
LEGEND
4
Sandstone cutouts
Scale, miles
FIGURE 10.
An i s o p a c h of t h e P i t t s b u r g h s a n d s t o n e p r e p a r e d by Hoover (47) c o v e r s t h e
known e x t e n t of t h e P i t t s b u r g h s a n d s t o n e i n Monongalia and Marion C o u n t i e s ,
Greene County, Pa. , and p a r t of Washington County, Pa. ( f i g . 1 1 ) . The
b o d i e s t r e n d predominantly e i t h e r t o t h e n o r t h e a s t o r n o r t h w e s t .
p o r t i o n s of t h e s a n d s t o n e e s p e c i a l l y seem t o be o r i e n t e d t o t h e
n o r t h e a s t , a s a r e t h e axes of t h e f o l d s , which a g a i n s u g g e s t s some s t r u c t u r a l
c o n t r o l . There i s a l s o t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e s a n d s t o n e b o d i e s a r e s e d i m e n t o l o g i c a l l y c o n t r o l l e d , a s suggested by W. Edmonds of t h e P e n n s y l v a n i a
G e o l o g i c a l Survey ( p e r s o n a l c o m n i c a t i o n , a v a i l a b l e f o r c o n s u l t a t i o n a t
Bureau of Mines P i t t s b u r g h Mining and S a f e t y Research C e n t e r , P i t t s b u r g h , P a . ) .
The n o r t h e a s t - o r i e n t e d b o d i e s c o u l d be r e l a t e d t o t h e s t r i k e of t h e s t r a n d l i n e
and c o u l d have formed a s longshore b'ars. The n o r t h w e s t - o r i e n t e d b o d i e s could
be down-paleoslope f e a t u r e s such a s a l l u v i a l v a l l e y s . A c o r r e l a t i o n may a l s o
e x i s t between t h e t h i c k n e s s of t h e s a n d s t o n e and a r e a s of s a n d s t o n e c u t o u t s i n
the coal.
Sandstone Channels
Sandstone c h a n n e l s a r e l e n t i c u l a r , sometimes s i n u o u s b o d i e s o f s a n d s t o n e
e x t e n d i n g i n t o , and sometimes c o m p l e t l y through, a c o a l b e d . F i g u r e 10 i s a
map o f known s a n d s t o n e c h a n n e l s i n t h e P i t t s b u r g h c o a l b e d , encountered i n
underground mining o p e r a t i o n s . C r o s s (2)
a l s o r e p o r t s a channel extending
from s o u t h w e s t e r n P e n n s y l v a n i a t o Monongalia County, W. Va., g e n e r a l l y p a r a l l e l i n g t h e Monongahela River. The c h a n n e l t h e n t u r n s westward a t t h e
Monongalia-Marion County b o r d e r .
Most o f t h e known c h a n n e l s a r e w i t h i n t h e p r e s e n t mine workings. Chann e l s a r e d i f f i c u l t t o d e t e c t i n advance of mining because e x p l o r a t o r y d r i l l i n g
of a mine p r o p e r t y i s f r e q u e n t l y on 1 - m i l e c e n t e r s o r more, whereas t h e chann e l s a r e u s u a l l y l e s s t h a n 2,000 f e e t wide. A much c l o s e r s p a c i n g , p r e f e r a b l y
2,000 o r 3,000 f e e t , w i l l e n a b l e more d e t a i l e d mapping and p r e d i c t i n g of sands t o n e c h a n n e l t r e n d s i n advance of mining.
FIGURE 11.
10
Scale, mlles
5-
Clay Veins
Clay v e i n s a r e wedges of indurated c l a y s and s i l t s t h a t p e n e t r a t e the
coalbed from e i t h e r above o r below. They can be v e r t i c a l ( p a r a l l e l t o the
c l e a t d i r e c t i o n s ) or form an angle of about 45" with the v e r t i c a l ( p a r a l l e l t o
shear directions ) (fig. 14).
Clay v e i n s encountered i n mines a r e u s u a l l y crooked, a r e f r e q u e n t l y
angular, and i n t e r f i n g e r with the c o a l r a t h e r than forming smooth c o n t a c t s u r faces. They may be hard enough t o damage mining equipment. Thickness normally ranges from 1 inch t o s e v e r a l f e e t but may be up t o 15 f e e t . A t o t a l
l e n g t h of more than 1,000 f e e t has been observed underground.
There a r e two p h y s i c a l types of c l a y v e i n s . The f i r s t occurs as i n c l u s i o n s w i t h i n a c l a y - s i l t m a t r i x and has a conglomeratic o r brecciated appearance. The second type i s composed of small i n t e r l o c k i n g l e n s l i k e masses of
s h a l e fragments w i t h convoluted, slickensided surfaces.
/
/
Mine
\ ------I
LEGEND
Limy shale
U
.+
-
/-
Scale, feet
50
Limestone
0Shale
0
FIGURE 13.
4,000
Horizontal
8,000
a Sandstone
Coal
Fence diagram of the strata above the Pittsburgh coalbed at the Shannopin
mine.
Bottom
Scale, feet
LEGEND
0
Sandstone Cloy vein
Rl
Coal
Horizontal
FIGURE 14.
(a).
LEGEND
Clay vein area
12
Scale, miles
FIGURE 15.
-300-
2
Scale, miles
FIGURE 16.
\
LEGEND
Structure contour, 5 f t Interval
Drawn on base of Pittsburgh coalbed
Datum a mean sea level
-410-
Syncllne axis
> Cloy
vetns
2,000
Scale, ft
FIGURE 17.
Based on Bureau
r e s e a r c h , i t has been p o s t u lated that the clay veins
intruded the coal a f t e r
c o a l i f i c a t i o n had t a k e n
place. This conclusion is
supported by t h e presence of
c o a l fragments w i t h good
c l e a t development i n c l a y
veins. As the c o a l fragments were layered and t h e
l a y e r s were p a r a l l e l t o t h e
d i p of t h e c l a y v e i n
( f i g . 1 4 ) , it would appear
t h a t c l a y was n o t i n j e c t e d
i n t o c r a c k s i n p e a t a s sugg e s t e d by R a i s t r i c h and
Marshall ( 9 0 ) , b u t was
f o r c e d i n t o t h e coalbed
after coalification.
I t appears t h a t t h e
clay veins i n the Pittsburgh
c o a l bed a r e probably t h e
r e s u l t of t e c t o n i s m , as i n
t h e Marianna No. 58 and
I I
a,
5-
V)
Sarnple,roofrock
~
-
Quartz
s 48 30
Kool inite
v,
+
2
2-
I-
0 5
Quartz
C
\
V)
E
4C
'
1
1
'
Sample, floor rock
FIGURE 18.
Colci te
3-
64 60
'
56
52 48
44 40
36
32 28
SCAN, deg
.Quartz
24
20
16
12
X-ray diffraction charts of (A) the clay vein, ( B ) the roof rock, and (C) the
floor rock lithologies.
LEGEND
/ Montour 4
2 Mathies
3 Westland
4 Somerset GO
5 Vesta 5
6 Marianna 58
7 Gateway
8 Shannopin
9 Humphrey 7
/O Pursglove 15
/ / Blacksville I
/2 Blacksville 2
13 Osage 3
14 Arkwright
/5 Federal 2
/6 Consol 93
/7 Loveridge
/8Consol 2 0
,A ~ u tcleat
t
\Face
cleat
c o a l bed,
28
TABLE 1.
No.
North :
....
......
I........
Z......
3............
4............
s............
6............
7.
8.
g............
10
11
12..
13
14..
15
16
17
South: 18
...........
...........
............
............
..........
............
..........
............
............
............
......
Montour 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mathies.......
Westland
Somerset No. 60
Vesta No. 5.
Marianna No. 58
Gateway
Shannopin.
Humphrey No. 7 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pursglove No. 15
B l a c k s v i l l e No. 1
B l a c k s v i l l e No. 2..
Osage No. 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arkwright..
F e d e r a l No. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Consol No. 93
Loveridge
Consol No. 20
............
..................
...........
..............
...........
...................
................
..........
.........
.......
...............
.............
.................
.............
1 Face
cleat
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
65"
65"
70"
62"
66"
68"
68"
73"
70"
72"
75"
77"
75"
79"
77"
N 73"
N 80"
N 78"
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
Butt c l e a t
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
25"
27"
25"
30"
30"
28"
28"
18"
27"
19"
20"
17"
17"
12"
17"
18"
15"
12"
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
R e l a t i o n s h i p of Local
Structure t o Cleat
Orientation
C l e a t o r i e n t a t i o n and
local structure are closely
related.
The b u t t c l e a t s
tend t o be p a r a l l e l t o t h e
a x i a l t r e n d s of f o l d s ,
whereas t h e f a c e c l e a t s a r e
perpendicular t o the a x i a l
36 readings total
scaleof readings
FIGURE 20.
18 mines
surveyed.
t h e Lower K i t t a n n i n g (Pennsylvania)
(75)
A good example of t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between l o c a l s t r u c t u r e and c l e a t
o r i e n t a t i o n i n t h e P i t t s b u r g h coalbed c a n b e observed i n t h e Pursglove No. 15
mine, l o c a t e d i n Monongalia County, W. Va. , between t h e a r e a ' s two dominant
s t r u c t u r a l f e a t u r e s - - t h e F a y e t t e a n t i c l i n e and t h e Lambert s y n c l i n e ( f i g . 2 1 ) .
C l e a t o r i e n t a t i o n s measured i n t h e mine d e f i n e a M 72" W - N 19" E fundamental
system. The s t r u c t u r a l s t r i k e w i t h i n t h i s p o r t i o n of t h e mine averages
N 24" E , c l o s e t o t h e N 19" E s t r i k e of t h e b u t t c l e a t .
The s t r u c t u r a l d i p i s
N 76" W , s i m i l a r t o t h e N 72" W t r e n d of t h e f a c e c l e a t . S i m i l a r (210") r e l a t i o n s h i p s between c l e a t o r i e n t a t i o n and l o c a l s t r u c t u r a l t r e n d s a r e observed
f o r t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e mines surveyed.
FIGURE 21.
Scale, f t
Relotionship between local structure and cleat orientation i n the Pursglove
No. 15 mine, Monongalio County, W. Va.
.............
..................
..............
.....................
40.7
23.1
22.1
12.4
11.7
Composition of g a s from t h e P i t t s b u r g h c o a l b e d , p e r c e n t
Gas
.........................
....................
..........................
CH,
C2H6....
CO
O,...........................
N2..........................
Sample 1 Sample 2
88.91
95.86
1.08
.04
2.54
10.97
.06
.04
.05
.46
Sample 3
93.85
.04
4.75
.05
1.20
Sample 4
84.4
14.75
.02
-65
MAP
LEGEND
I- 4 Measurement holes
Scole, ft
FIGURE 22.
holes
and
cleat
F r i a b i l i t y of t h e c o a l
a l s o a f f e c t s methane emiss i o n . A c o r e from t h e
Beckley o r Pocahontas No. 3
coalbed (both of which a r e
f r i a b l e ) , when allowed t o
d e g a s i f y i n a s e a l e d cont a i n e r , g i v e s o f f approximately 94 p e r c e n t of i t s
t o t a l gas c o n t e n t , whereas
t h e same amount of P i t t s burgh c o a l (which i s blocky)
under t h e same c o n d i t i o n s
g i v e s o f f only 60 t o 65 p e r c e n t of i t s t o t a l gas. This
a l s o may be due t o t h e
c l o s e r c l e a t spacing i n t h e
(s),
which was
KEY MAP
-700-
LEGEND
Data points
Mined-out area
Structure contour, 25-f t interval
Drawn on base of Pittsburgh coalbed
Datum is mean sea level
Scale, ft
FIGURE 23.
- Structure map drawn on the base of the P i t t s b u r g h coalbed for the area
adjacent t o the a c t i v e workings o f the Somerset No.
60
mine.
<>Mine
outline
LEGEND
Sondstone
Wild cool intervol
LEGEND
Data points
Known sandstone cutout
4,000
8,000
A
Scale, ft
Scole, mi
FIGURE 24.
--
FIGURE 25.
LEGEND
Shale
Sandy shale
Sandstone
FIGURE 26.
Rapid lateral variation in the strata directly above the Pittsburgh coalbed.
D i r e c t l y overlying t h e main bench (mined p o r t i o n ) of t h e P i t t s b u r g h c o a l bed i s an i n t e r v a l of v a r i a b l e thickness known a s "draw s l a t e " ( f i g . 27).
This r o c k i n t e r v a l has v e r y l i t t l e s t r e n g t h and commonly f a i l s , r e s u l t i n g i n
sudden gas emissions and r o c k haulage problems. Most miners p r e f e r t o anchor
roof b o l t s i n t h e more competent rock above t h e draw s l a t e . The minimum b o l t
length t h a t would be necessary t o anchor i n t o competent rock a b w e t h e "draw
s l a t e " u n i t i n any a r e a can be determined from isopach maps l i k e f i g u r e 27.
LEGEND
-6 -
Mined-out area
Contour interval, 3 ft
The frequency, c h a r a c
t e r , and prominence of
jointing i n surface rock
exposures v a r y g r e a t l y ,
depending on b r i t t l e n e s s and
on t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f
each r o c k t y p e t o t h e comp r e s s i o n a l and t e n s i o n a l
f o r c e s e x e r t e d on t h e
e a r t h ' s c r u s t . According t o
Nickelsen and Hough (E),
j o i n t i n g due t o i n c r e a s i n g
tectonic forces affects coal
f i r s t , t h e n s h a l e and limes t o n e , and l a s t l y sandstone.
This i s e v i d e n t from t h e
r e l a t i v e s p a c i n g of j o i n t s
i n the various rock types.
Coal c l e a t s g e n e r a l l y have
t h e c l o s e s t spacing, f o l lowed by s h a l e , l i m e s t o n e ,
and then s a n d s t o n e i n which
t h e j o i n t s a r e t h e most
w i d e l y spaced and most prom-.
i n e n t . I n s p e c t i o n of t h e
j o i n t measurements f o r each
r o c k type g i v e s an o v e r a l l
view of t h e p r i n c i p a l
trends.
P h o t o l i n e a r s a r e zones
of weakness t h a t g e n e r a l l y
FIGURE 27. lsopach of "draw slate" above the Pitts- c o r r e l a t e w i t h measured
j o i n t t r e n d s and may or may
burgh coalbed in the area adjacent to the
not be actual fractures
active workings of the Somerset No. 60
observed in the field.
In
mine.
a r e a s of heavy v e g e t a t i o n o r
few o u t c r o p s , o r d u r i n g p e r i o d s of bad weather f o r f i e l d w o r k , p h o t o l i n e a r
a n a l y s i s i s a n a l t e r n a t i v e t o t h e measurement of s u r f a c e j o i n t s .
The d i r e c t i o n a l t r e n d s e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e v a r i o u s techniques i n d i c a t e
d i r e c t i o n s of i n h e r e n t weakness i n a coalbed and t h e r o c k surrounding it. An
a n a l y s i s of t h e fundamental d i r e c t i o n a l systems i n a v i r g i n a r e a p r i o r t o mine
development c a n p r o v i d e an e s t i m a t e of t h e c l e a t system i n a coalbed underground. This i n t u r n determines t h e most e f f i c i e n t s p a c i n g o f d e g a s i f i c a t i o n
h o l e s f o r maximum g a s flow, and t o some e x t e n t , determines t h e most e f f i c i e n t
mine development i n d i r e c t i o n s t h a t c a n minimize problems such a s r i b s p a l l i n g
and w a t e r and g a s i n f l u x .
10
Scale of readings
FIGURE 28,
Surface J o i n t Determination
Surface j o i n t s were measured over t h e t h i r t y - n i n e 7-1/2-minute quadrangle
s tudy a r e a i n southwestern Pennsylvania and n o r t h e r n West V i r g i n i a . An aver
age of 120 j o i n t r e a d i n g s were taken p e r quadrangle with a minimum of 100
r e a d i n g s p e r quadrangle and no more than 10 readings a t a s i n g l e outcrop.
Rock t y p e s and q u a l i t y of j o i n t s were noted a t each outcrop. The d i r e c t i o n s
were read a s azimuths u s i n g damped Brunton compasses c o r r e c t e d f o r magnetic
d e c l i n a t i o n . To e v a l u a t e t h e p r i n c i p a l d i r e c t i o n a l t r e n d s , t h e d a t a from each
quadrangle were p l o t t e d i n d i v i d u a l l y on r o s e diagrams ( f i g . 2 8 ) . By p l o t t i n g
only t h e dominant t r e n d s from each i n d i v i d u a l quadrangle on a s i n g l e r o s e
p l o t , a composite r o s e diagram ( f i g . 29) of s u r f a c e j o i n t t r e n d s f o r t h e s t u d y
a r e a was c o n s t r u c t e d . J o i n t o r i e n t a t i o n s by t i e r ( f i g . 30) and corresponding
c o u n t i e s from n o r t h t o south a r e given i n t a b l e 3 .
Surface J o i n t Analysis
I t was determined from t h e d a t a shown i n f i g u r e 29 t h a t t h e r e a r e t h r e e
major d i r e c t i o n a l t r e n d s t o t h e west and four t o t h e e a s t ( t a b l e 4 ) . The
number d i r e c t l y above t h e d i r e c t i o n a l t r e n d s i n t a b l e 4 g i v e s t h e order of
dominance w i t h i n t h e group, based on t h e number of r e a d i n g s comprising t h e
peaks on f i g u r e 29. The a s s i g n i n g of t h e same order of dominance t o two
r e a d i n g s i n t h e same group i n d i c a t e s e q u a l l y s t r o n g d i r e c t i o n a l t r e n d s .
. . . .. . . ..
. ... .. . . . . ..
County
.
Washington ...........
Greene. ..............
N
N
N
N
N
7"
2'
5"
2"
5"
E
E'N
E N
E N
E N
14"
13"
15"
14"
E
E
E
E
N 5" W N 20" W
N 7" W
WI
3
WEST
N 33"
1
-
I
5
I
6
Average s u r f a c e j o i n t o r i e n t a t i o n s , by county
N 6" W N-21" w
N 19" W
I
8 (
9
West
I
111
N 57" W N 34" W
N 76" W
TABLE 4.
I
N 15" E
East
I1
111
N 27" E N 37" E
IV
N 47" E
6
7
1, 2, 3
4, 5
4, 5
Greene...
Wetzel and Monongalia
Marion and Monongalia
Mar i o n and Harrison.
1, 2, 3 Washington..
Tier
TABLE 3.
of readings
al (5.8)
207 readinas
- total
FIGURE
29.
Scale of readings
1.
*N 57" W'
2.
*N 57" W'
3.
*N 57" W '
4.
*N 76" W'
5.
*N 76" W '
'
6.
*N 34" W"
'
ElV
and N 47"
''
with a 94" s e p a r a t i o n .
with a 103" s e p a r a t i o n .
with an 81" separation.
seYa-
'
/09
#
GREENE COUNTY
,d'
New Freeport
/37
Hoibrook
Oak Forest
Gorords Fort
Mosontown
/30
109
99
126
P'
Hundred"
WETZEL
COUNTY
Wadestown
//7
156
Glover Gap
Monnlngton
//5
187
Blocksv~lle
143
----
--
Gront Town
/2/
MONONGALIA
COUNTY
108
~!ves;llle
South
/44\
300
128
L
Eos
Glodesville
HARRISON COUNTY
'
Scale, miles
total readings
FIGURE 30.
65
143 -Indicates
1%
MARION COUNTY
r'
Fjorth
Osoqe
Wol l o c e
Sh~nnston
724
423
H A R R I S O N COUNTY
FIGURE 31.
- ~ o i r r n o n West
t
- F o ~ r m o n t ~o;t
'408--
Glodesville
\39//
384
Scale, miles
A d d i t i o n a l evidence f o r t h e c o r r e l a t i o n of j o i n t i n g w i t h r e g i o n a l s t r u c t u r e i s t h e clockwise r o t a t i o n of t h e j o i n t t r e n d s i n t h e s t u d y a r e a ; t h i s i s
a l s o observed f o r t h e t r e n d s o f t h e major s t r u c t u r a l a x e s . The r o s e diagrams
o f t h e j o i n t measurements from t h e i n d i v i d u a l quadrangles assembled i n f i g u r e 30 i l l u s t r a t e t h e s h i f t of t h e j o i n t t r e n d s throughout t h e a r e a .
P h o t o l i n e a r I n t e r p r e t a t i o n From I n f r a r e d Photographs
A e r i a l photographs c o v e r i n g t h e 39 q u a d r a n g l e s of t h e s t u d y a r e a were
examined s t e r e o s c o p i c a l l y f o r p h o t o l i n e a r s . P h o t o l i n e a r s a r e combinations of
a g r e a t number of i n d i v i d u a l s u r f a c e f r a c t u r e s t h a t form d i s t i n c t i v e a l i n e ments d i s c e r n i b l e on t h e photographs. They a r e zones o f weakness t h a t g e n e r a l l y c o r r e l a t e w i t h measured j o i n t t r e n d s . An e x c e l l e n t p h o t o l i n e a r s t u d y of
a s m a l l p o r t i o n of t h e s t u d y a r e a was done by Hough (48) i n 1960.
I n theory, photolinears t h a t a r e a d i r e c t r e s u l t of f r a c t u r i n g can be
r e c o g n i z e d a s s t r a i g h t l i n e s s e p a r a t i n g a r e a s o f t o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n open
ground, l i n e a r t o p o g r a p h i c d e p r e s s i o n s , a l i n e m e n t s of v e g e t a t i o n o r t a l l e r
t h a n average t r e e s , and shadow l i n e s from c l i f f edges. I n p r a c t i c e , f a r m i n g ,
m i n i n g , and o t h e r manmade changes o b s c u r e most f e a t u r e s t h a t o t h e r w i s e would
be o b s e r v a b l e . Theref o r e t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of p h o t o l i n e a r s depends l a r g e l y
on s t r a i g h t segments of v a l l e y s and s t r e a m c o u r s e s and on a b r u p t r i g h t - a n g l e
t u r n s i n s t r e a m s and r i v e r s .
Photolinear Analysis
The d a t a from t h e i n f r a r e d ~ h o t o g r a p h swere used t o p r e p a r e r o s e diagrams
f o r each of t h e 39 quadrangles ( f i g . 31). The dominant p h o t o l i n e a r d i r e c t i o n s
f o r each quadrangle were determined from t h e r o s e diagrams (appendix C ) and
p l o t t e d on a s i n g l e composite r o s e diagram ( f i g . 3 2 ) . D i r e c t i o n a l d a t a by
t i e r and c o r r e s p o n d i n g c o u n t i e s from n o r t h t o s o u t h a r e g i v e n i n t a b l e 5.
F i g u r e 32 shows f i v e p r i n c i p a l p h o t o l i n e a r t r e n d s t o t h e west and t h r e e
t o t h e e a s t . T h e i r o r d e r of dominance i s g i v e n i n t a b l e 6 .
The i n d i v i d u a l photo l i n e a r t r e n d s c a n b e p a i r e d i n t o s i x fundamental
p h o t o l i n e a r systems, w i t h an a s t e r i s k i n d i c a t i n g t h e dominant t r e n d of each
system:
1.
2.
N 79" W"
'
3.
N 79" W'
'
4.
N 40"
5.
*N 25" W'
6.
w"'
'
w i t h a n 80" s e p a r a t i o n .
*N 75" E'
'
w i t h a 100" s e p a r a t i o n .
w i t h an 88" s e p a r a t i o n .
.
Washington.. ..........
Greene.. ..............
................
Washington..
Greene
Wetzel and Monongalia.
Marion and Monongalia.
Marion and H a r r i s o n . .
..........
County
1
1
N
N
N
N
4"
5"
2"
3"
E
E
E
E
N 15" E
N 15" E
N 16" E
N 13" E
N 11" W
N 13" W
N 12" W
N14"W
N
N
N
N
N
19"
20"
24"
25"
24"
EAST
-
E
E
E
E
E
N 23" W
N 21" W
N24"W
N 18" W
N
N
N
N
N
37"
31"
32"
37"
38"
E
E
E
E
E
N 29" W
N 30" W
N 35" W
N 30" W
I
W
W
W
W
W
N 50" E
39"
41"
44"
43"
43"
N 51" E
N 44" E
N 54" E
N
N
N
N
N
N 63" E
N 63" E
N 62" E
N 52" W
6
N 52" W
N 54" W
N 51" W
Average p h o t o l i n e a r o r i e n t a t i o n s , by county
N 3" W
N3"W
N 4" W
N 4" W
N 3" W
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
78"
75"
72"
69"
66"
65"
65"
61"
69"
E
E
E
E
W
W
W
W
W
N 25" W
N 65" W
N 13" W
v
-
N 20" E
N 1" E
I1
East
111
N 79" W
N 40" W
West
I1
TABLE 6.
N 75" E
I1 I
85"
76"
74"
80"
79"
W
W
W
W
W
N 84" E
N 89" E
N 88" E
N
N
N
N
N
4, 5
6
7
8
1, 2, 3
1, 2 , 3
4,5
6
7
8
Tier
TABLE 5.
FIGURE 32.
'
'Y
r e l i a b i l i t y a s a r e l a t i v e l y i n e x p e n s i v e , r a p i d r e c o n n a i s s a n c e procedure f o r
d e l i n e a t i n g s t r u c t u r a l weakness.
P r i n c i p a l d i r e c t i o n a l t r e n d s a s i n t e r p r e t e d from t h e 1 3 i n d i v i d u a l i n d e x
s h e e t s of t h e a r e a were p l o t t e d on a composite r o s e diagram ( f i g . 3 3 ) . The
i n d i v i d u a l t r e n d s e s t a b l i s h e d f o r each of t h e 13 s h e e t s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n
appendix D.
D i r e c t i o n a l d a t a by county from n o r t h t o s o u t h a r e g i v e n i n
t a b l e 7.
TABLE 7.
Average photoindex s h e e t l i n e a r o r i e n t a t i o n s ,
by county
County
Washington..
Greene
Monongalia..
Marion..
..........
N
N
N
N
................
..........
..............
Washington. ...........
Greene ................
Monongalia. ...........
Marion
................
N
N
N
N
WEST
10" W
8" W
8" W
8" W
EAST
19" E
11" E
8" E
6" E
N
N
N
N
24"
23"
22"
24"
W
W
W
W
N
N
N
N
45"
42"
43"
43"
W
W
W
W
N
N
N
N
70"
69"
70"
73"
W
W
W
W
N
N
N
N
30"
25"
23"
20"
E
E
E
E
N
N
N
N
51"
56"
58"
58"
E
E
E
E
N
N
N
N
73"
79"
80"
78"
E
E
E
E
I
N 70" W
P r i n c i p a l photoindex t r e n d s i n o r d e r of dominance
West
I1
I11
N 44" W N 23" W
IV
N 9" W
I
N 77" E
East
I1
I11
N 77" E N 12" E
IV
N 55" E
The p r i n c i p a l d i r e c t i o n a l t r e n d s d e l i n e a t e d by t h e Ronchi g r a t i n g c a n be
p a i r e d i n t o f i v e fundamental systems, w i t h t h e s u p e r s c r i p t s a g a i n i n d i c a t i n g
t h e o r d e r of dominance and an a s t e r i s k t h e most dominant t r e n d of each system.
w1
1.
*N 70"
2.
*N 70" W'
3.
N 23" W"
'
'
and *N 77" E I
w i t h an 82" s e p a r a t i o n .
w i t h a 100" s e p a r a t i o n .
Scale of readings
4.
*N 44" W"
5.
N 9"
wiV
w i t h a n 86" s e p a r a t i o n .
C r i t e r i a f o r Cleat Estimation
The a n a l y s i s of d i r e c t i o n a l d a t a y i e l d e d t r e n d s t h a t c o u l d be p a i r e d i n t o
v a r i o u s combinations of fundamental s y s t e m s ( t a b l e 9 ) . Two s u r f a c e j o i n t s y s tems ( 1 and 4 ) c o r r e l a t e d b e s t w i t h t h e e s t a b l i s h e d c l e a t systems. These two
systems a r e composed of t r e n d s of t h e f i r s t and second o r d e r of dominance.
Systems 2 , 3 , and 5 a r e composed of s e t s a l r e a d y p a i r e d i n systems 1 and 4 ,
and s y s t e m 6 i s composed of t r e n d s of t h i r d and f o u r t h o r d e r s of dominance and
i s n o t s i m i l a r t o t h e c l e a t o r i e n t a t i o n s . One i n f r a r e d p h o t o l i n e a r s y s t e m (1)
c o r r e l a t e d w i t h a c l e a t s y s t e m and was composed o f t r e n d s o f t h e f i r s t o r d e r
of dominance. An a d d i t i o n a l s y s t e m (3) was r e a s o n a b l y c o r r e l a t i v e w i t h t h e
r e m a i n i n g c l e a t system, b u t was composed of second- and t h i r d - o r d e r t r e n d s .
The second p h o t o l i n e a r s y s t e m i s composed o f t r e n d s a l r e a d y used i n systems 1
and 3. Systems 4-6 a r e n o t c o r r e l a t i v e w i t h a c l e a t s y s t e m and a r e composed
of a t l e a s t one t r e n d o f t h i r d o r lower o r d e r of dominance. One p h o t o i n d e x
p h o t o l i n e a r system (1) c o r r e l a t e d w i t h a c l e a t system and was composed of
t r e n d s of t h e f i r s t o r d e r of dominance, Even though s y s t e m 2 would c o r r e l a t e
w i t h a c l e a t s y s t e m , i t i s composed of one t r e n d a l r e a d y used i n s y s t e m 1 and
one t r e n d of t h e t h i r d o r d e r of dominance. Systems 3-5 a r e n o t c o r r e l a t i v e
w i t h a c l e a t s y s t e m and a r e composed of a t l e a s t one t r e n d of t h i r d o r lower
o r d e r of dominance. I n each c a s e where a d i r e c t i o n a l d a t a s y s t e m c o r r e l a t e d
w i t h a c l e a t s y s t e m and was composed of t r e n d s o f t h e f i r s t o r second o r d e r o f
dominance, t h e most dominant t r e n d c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e f a c e c l e a t ,
TABLE 9.
Fundamental s y s t e m s from d i r e c t i o n a l d a t a
Data source
...........................
S u r f a c e j o i n t s ..................
Cleat
Photolinears (infrared
photographs).
P h o t o l i n e a r s (photoindex s h e e t s )
System
System
Degrees o f
separation
No.
1
*N 67" W'
N 28" E l
95
J:N 76" W'
N 17" El
2
93
1
*N57"W1
N 27" E E t
84
*N57"Wr
N 15" E '
2
72
*N57"W1
N 37" E n '
3
94
>kN 76" W'
N 15" E1
4
91
5
N 27" E"
*N 76" W E
103
6
*N34"WrE'
N47"E"
81
1
*N65"WB
N 20" El
85
2
N 79" W'
*N 20" E'
99
3
N 790
i ' : ~ 10
80
N 40" W* I '
*N 20" E f
4
60
5
qq25"wtf
~ 7 5 " ~ " " 100
N 13" WV
i ' : ~ 750 E! 1 "
6
88
1
*N 70" W'
N 27" EB
97
2
*N 70" W'
N 12" E E D D
82
*N 77" E"
N 23" w"'
3
100
*N 44" w"
N 55" E r V
4
99
N go w i V
+CN 770 E"
5
86
'
NOTE. - - S u p e r s c r i p t s i n d i c a t e t h e o r d e r of dominance w i t h i n t h e d i r e c t i o n a l
group ( e a s t o r w e s t ) f o r e a c h d a t a s o u r c e , and an a s t e r i s k i n d i c a t e s
t h e dominant t r e n d o f each system.
w"'
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
No
..............
. ..........
.....
*N 65"
*N 65"
*N 70"
~'cN 62"
*N 66"
*N 68"
*N 68"
Face
cleat
7'cN
73"
70"
7kN 72"
7kN 75"
77"
75"
79"
77"
73"
fcN 80"
*N 78"
...............
.
............
. ........
..............
......... YcN
.......
. ......
.
;kN
............ ;kN
.............. *N
. .......... ;'cN
. .......... *N
Montour 4 ..............
Mathies ................
Westland
Somerset No 60 ........
V e s t a No . 5
Marianna No 58
Gateway ................
Shannopin
Humphrey No . 7
Pursglove No . 15
B l a c k s v i l l e No 1
B l a c k s v i l l e No 2 ......
Osage No . 3
Arkwright
F e d e r a l No 2
Consol No 93
Loveridge
Consol No 20
Average d i v e r g e n c e
Mine
W N 25" E
W N 27" E
W N 25" E
W N 30" E
W N 30" E
W N 28" E
W N 28" E
w N 18O E
W N 27" E
W N 19" E
W N 20" E
W N 17" E
W N 17" E
W N 12" E
W N 17" E
W N 18" E
W N 15" E
W N 12" E
Butt
cleat
N 55" W *N 37" E
*N 60" W N 27" E
fcN 73" W N 23" E
>kN 65" W
N 27" E
fcN 76" W
N 14" E
N 12" E
9cN 72" W
fcN 78" W
N 13" E
i'cN 80" W
N 23" E
N 20" E
7kN 80" W
N 17" E
7kN 78" W
~ c N66" W N 27" E
N 65O W *N 13" E
N 82" W N 17" E
;kN 76" W
N 19" E
;'cN 68" W N 28" E
N 80" W ;'cN 17" E
N 17" E
;kN 75" W
;?N 91" W N 3" E
Surface j o i n t s
Degrees of
Degrees of
divergence. Photolinears
diverpence
West E a s t
West E a s t
12
10
Insufficient data
1
0
fcN 66" W I N 17" E
5
10
Indeterminate
2
3
N
8
2
O
E
5
6
3
N
6
"
W
52
3
16
10
N 53" W *N 27" E 13
3
16
6
N 70" W *N 22" E 2
4
10
N 18" W N 75" E 50
15
47
N 26" W N 71" E 47
5
7
53
10
28
N 27" W N 55" E 43
7
2
N28"W N54OE44
6
35
YcN68" W N 2 4 " E 7
7
4
9
N 17" E 11
YcN 66" W
0
12
4
0
N 51" W N 34" E 24
7
19
3
N59"W*N27"E20
15
7
11 f:N 66" W N 25" E 11
8
9
1
N
21"
E
2
fcN
75"
W
7
3
2
*N57"W N 2 2 O E 2 3
5
7
*N 53" W N 32" E 25
20
9
13
23.7 19.4
6.6
7.4
Me t h od
F i e l d measurement of s u r f a c e j o i n t s
Measuring l i n e a r s from i n f r a r e d
photographs
Measuring l i n e a r s from photoindex
sheets..
...
..........................
.............................
Cost
$25,350
Time, weeks
33
25,460
39
625
I n f r a r e d Photography Analysis
I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of i n f r a r e d photographs r e q u i r e s approximately 1 week p e r
7-112-minute quadrangle f o r d e l i n e a t i o n and a n a l y s i s of d i r e c t i o n a l t r e n d s .
Cost i n t h i s c a s e would i n c l u d e $110 f o r i n f r a r e d photo coverage and t h e s a l a r y o r c o n s u l t i n g f e e of an experienced p h o t o i n t e r p r e t e r and would t o t a l
approximately $650 p e r quadrangle. P h o t o l i n e a r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of a 39quadrangle a r e a would t a k e 39 weeks and would c o s t $25,460.
Ronchi Inspec t i o n of Photo l i n e a r S h e e t s
A s a l r e a d y n o t e d , c l e a t e s t i m a t i o n by Ronchi i n s p e c t i o n of photoindex
s h e e t s i s somewhat l e s s r e l i a b l e t h a n t h e two o t h e r methods, b u t i t i s f a r
l e s s expensive and time consuming. The t o t a l c o s t per 7 -112 -minute quadrangle
i s about $15. This i s e s s e n t i a l l y t h e s a l a r y o r c o n s u l t i n g f e e of a g e o l o g i s t ,
s i n c e c o s t of t h e photoindex s h e e t coverage f o r t h e whole 39-quadrangle a r e a
was o n l y $40. An 8-quadrangle a r e a could be e v a l u a t e d i n 1 day and t h e e n t i r e
39 quadrangles i n 1 week. Cost of t h e 1-week e v a l u a t i o n would be o n l y $625.
Ronchi i n s p e c t i o n i s e s p e c i a l l y a t t r a c t i v e because t h i s r a p i d and i n e x p e n s i v e reconnaissance technique can provide a good i n i t i a l e s t i m a t e of t h e
c l e a t underground f o r subsequent checking by one of t h e two o t h e r methods. I n
a n a r e a of unknown c l e a t o r i e n t a t i o n , a combination of two o r perhaps a l l
t h r e e of t h e methods would be advantageous i n t h a t i t would g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e
t h e confidence l e v e l of t h e r e s u l t s .
SUMMARY
The P i t t s b u r g h coalbed i s one of t h e l a r g e s t p o t e n t i a l f u e l r e s o u r c e s i n
t h e world w i t h r e s p e c t t o t o t a l tonnage o f c o a l and t h e a s s o c i a t e d g a s
r e s e r v e s . To a i d i n t h e e f f i c i e n t u t i l i z a t i o n of t h i s d e p o s i t , a s t u d y was
made of t h e southwestern Pennsylvania and n o r t h e r West V i r g i n i a a r e a which i t
u n d e r l i e s . The primary o b j e c t i v e was t o i d e n t i f y g e o l o g i c f a c t o r s t h a t i n t e r f e r e w i t h e f f i c i e n t mining and e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e f a c t o r s t h a t i n luence g a s
m i g r a t i o n i n t h e coalbed.
For t h i s purpose, a map was prepared of a l l known sandstone bodies t h a t
i n t e r s e c t t h e coalbed. A c o r r e l a t i o n was found between a r e a s of t h i c k e r sands t o n e and t h e occurrence o f sandstone channels c u t t i n g i n t o t h e c o a l . P r e d i c t i o n of sandstone channel t r e n d s i s commonly hindered by t h e l a c k of s u f f i c i e n t s u b s u r f a c e d a t a . Core d r i l l i n g on t h e u s u a l m i l e c e n t e r s may e n t i r e l y
m i s s some of t h e s i n u o u s , narrow sandstone c h a n n e l s .
Clay v e i n s were found and mapped i n e i g h t of t h e mines surveyed and tend
t o be c l u s t e r e d along t h e axes of s y n c l i n e s . Clay v e i n s have been observed
more f r e q u e n t l y n e a r channel sandstone b o d i e s . Clay v e i n s tend t o i n t e r s e c t ,
forming b o x l i k e c e l l s t h a t p r e v e n t g a s m i g r a t i o n . A h o l e d r i l l e d through two
c l a y v e i n s had p r e s s u r e s of 220 and 263 l b / i n ? on t h e v i r g i n s i d e and 0 l b / i n a
on t h e mined s i d e (41). X-ray d i f f r a c t i o n a n a l y s i s of c l a y v e i n m a t e r i a l and
r o o f and f l o o r r o c k i n d i c a t e s t h a t i n t h e mines i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e c l a y m a t e r i a l
was i n j e c t e d a f t e r c o a l i f i c a t i o n from t h e r o o f and n o t from t h e f l o o r .
The Monongahela S e r i e s i n P e n n s y l v a n i a .
S c i . , v . 3 , 1929, pp. 147-158.
Econ. G e o l . , v. 2 ,
P r o d u c t i o n and R e s e r v e s of t h e P i t t s b u r g h Coalbed.
v . 1 3 0 , 1938, pp. 56-64.
Barlow, J. Geology o f F a i r m o n t E a s t 7.5 Minute Quadrangle.
W. Va. Univ., Morgantown, W. Va., 1965, 43 pp.
Trans. AIME,
M.S.
Thesis,
B e r r y h i l l , H. L. , J r . , and S. P. S c h w e i n f u r t h . G e o l o g i c Map o f t h e
E l l s w o r t h Q u a d r a n g l e , Pa. U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ 333,
1964.
B e r r y h i l l , H. L . , J r . , S. P. S c h w e i n f u r t h , and B. H. Kent. C o a l - B e a r i n g
Upper P e n n s y l v a n i a n and Lower Permian Rocks, Washington Area, Pa. U.S.
Geol. Survey P r o f . Paper 621, 1971, 47 pp.
B e r r y h i l l , H. L . , J r . , and V . E . Swanson. R e v i s e d S t r a t i g r a p h i c Nomenc l a t u r e From Upper P e n n s y l v a n i a n and Lower Permian Rocks, Washington
County, Pa. U.S. Geol. Survey P r o f . Paper 450-C, 1962, pp. C43-C46.
U . S. Geol. Survey
15.
16.
Burroughs, W. G .
17.
18.
C l a p p , F. G.
D e s c r i p t i o n of t h e Amity Q u a d r a n g l e , Pa.
Atlas, F o l i o 144, 1907a, 16 pp.
19.
P i t t s b u r g h Coalbed.
U. S. Geol. Survey
20.
C o n t i , L . , J r . S t r a t i g r a p h y of t h e P i t t s b u r g h - R e d s t o n e C o a l I n t e r v a l i n
C e n t r a l and N o r t h - C e n t r a l West V i r g i n i a . M.S. T h e s i s , W. Va. Univ.,
M o r g a n t m n , W. Va., 1961, 108 pp.
21.
C r o s s , A. T. Geology o f t h e P i t t s b u r g h Coal ( S t r a t i g r a p h y , P e t r o l o g y ,
O r i g i n and Composition, and Geologic I n t e r p r e t a t i o n s of Mining Prob l e m s ) . W. Va. Geol. and Econ. Survey R I 1 0 , 1954, 99 pp.
22.
D a p p l e s , E . C . , W. C . Krumbein, and L. L. S l o s s . T e c t o n i c C o n t r o l of
L i t h o l o g i c A s s o c i a t i o n . AAPG B u l l . , v. 3 2 , No. 1 0 , 1948, pp. 1924-1947.
23.
D a r r a h , W. C.
P r i n c i p l e of Paleobotany.
e d . , 1960, 295 pp.
24.
D a v i s , D. H . , and J. G r i f f i n .
The P i t t s b u r g h C o a l Seam i n P e n n s y l v a n i a ,
I t s R e s e r v e s , Q u a l i t i e s , and B e n e f i c i a t i o n . T r a n s . AIME, v. 157, 1944,
pp. 22-26.
25.
26.
Donaldson, A. C . A n c i e n t D e l t a i c S e d i m e n t a t i o n ( P e n n s y l v a n i a n ) and I t s
C o n t r o l on t h e D i s t r i b u t i o n , T h i c k n e s s , and Q u a l i t y of C o a l s . Ch. i n
Some A p p a l a c h i a n C o a l s and C a r b o n a t e s : Models o f A n c i e n t Shallow-Water
D e p o s i t i o n . W. Va. Geol. and Econ. S u r v e y , 1969, pp. 93-121.
27.
28.
A Computer Code f o r E s t i m a t i n g
Donaven, J . , J . B. S m i t h , and C . P o l l a r d .
Coal R e s e r v e s From Random Data. A v a i l a b l e f o r c o n s u l t a t i o n a t Bureau
of Mines Denver Mining R e s e a r c h C e n t e r , Denver, Colo.
J o h n Wiley &
. P i t t s b u r g h Coalbed i n West V i r g i n i a .
1942, pp. 19-21.
W . Va. E n g . , v . 4 , No. 8 ,
M.S. T h e s i s ,
C h a n n e l - F i l l S a n d s t o n e i n t h e Middle P e n n s y l v a n i a n Rocks
Friedman, S. A.
of Indiana.
I n d . Dept. of C o n s e r v a t i o n , Geol. S u r v e y , RP 23, 1960,
p . 59.
Gray, T. E . , and E. R. P a l o w i t c h . P r e p a r a t i o n C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of C o a l
From Washington County, Pa. BuMines R I 5475, 1959, 22 pp.
G r e s l e y , W. S. C l a y Veins I n t e r s e c t i n g Coal Measures.
America, v . 9 , J a n u a r y 1898, pp. 35-58.
Grimsley, G . P. Ohio, Brooke, and Hancock C o u n t i e s .
Econ. Survey County R e p o r t , 1907, 378 pp.
Hadden, J . D . , and A. S a i n a t o .
BuMines TPR 1 2 , 1969, 10 pp.
B u l l . Geol. Soc.
Gas M i g r a t i o n C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Coalbeds.
Trans. AIME,
Kent, B. H.
Geologic Causes and P o s s i b l e Preventions of Roof F a l l i n
Room-and-Pillar Coal Mines. Pa. Geol. Survey I C 75, 1974, 17 pp.
.
vania.
Geologic Map of the P r o s p e r i t y Q u a d r a n g l e s , Southwestern PennsylU.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map 1003, 1972.
K i m , A . G.
BuMines
C l e a t i n Bituminous Coalbeds.
McCulloch, C . M., P. W . J e r a n , and C . D. S u l l i v a n . Geologic I n v e s t i g a t i o n of Underground Coal Mining Problems. BuMines R I 8022, 1975, 30 pp.
McGraw-Hill Book Co.
1973, 830 pp.
Moore, E . S.
Coal.
New York,
U.S. Geol.
Pohn, H. A.
Analysis of Images and Photographs by a Ronchi G r a t i n g .
Remote Sensor A p p l i c a t i o n S t u d i e s P r o g r e s s Report, J u l y 1, 1968, t o
June 30, 1969. NTIS Report PB 197-101, S p r i n g f i e l d , Va., 1970, 9 pp.
Pomeroy, S. W.
Remarks on t h e Coal Region Between Cumberland and P i t t s Am. J . S c i . , v . 21, 1 8 3 2 , p p . 342-347.
burgh.
P o t t e r , P. E.
Late P a l e o z o i c Sandstones of t h e I l l i n o i s Basin.
Geol. Survey R I 217, 1963, 92 pp.
Ill.
P r i c e , P. H.
Clay Dikes i n Redstone Coal, West V i r g i n i a and Pennsylvania.
AAPG B u l l . , v . 17, No. 12, 1933, pp. 1527-1533.
P r i c e , P. H., R. L. Anderson, N. H. Snyder, H. M. Cooper, R. F. Abernethy,
S. C. Tarpley, and R. J . Swingle. Analysis of West V i r g i n i a Coals.
BuMines Tech. Paper 626, 1942, 341 pp.
P r o v o s t , J. M,, J. J. Dowd, R. F. Abernethy, and D. A. Reynolds. E s t i mate of Known Recoverable Reserves of Coking Coal i n Marion County,
W. Va. BuMines R I 5267, 1956, 30 pp.
Raistrich, A.,
Coal Seams.
and C . E. M a r s h a l l .
The N a t u r e and O r i g i n o f C o a l and
The E n g l i s h Univ. P r e s s , L t d . , London, 1939, pp. 92-99.
Reger, D. B.
The Monongahela S e r i e s i n West V i r g i n i a .
Acad. S c i . , v. 3 , 1929, pp. 134-146.
Proc. W. Va.
Geology o f t h e Midway Q u a d r a n g l e P e n n s y l v a n i a .
v e y Misc. F i e l d S t u d i e s MF 319, 1972.
U. S
. Geol .
Sur
Third Annual R e p o r t .
R o g e r s , W. B . Geology o f t h e V i r g i n i a s .
1884, 832 pp.
Savage, T. E .
The C l a y Seams (Horsebacks) i n t h e No. 5 Coalbed Near
S p r i n g f i e l d , I l l . I l l . Acad. S c i . T r a n s . , v . 2 , 1910, pp. 38-44;
Econ. Geol. v . 5 , No. 2 , 1910, pp. 178-187.
S c h u e b e r t , C. A t l a s of P a l e o g e o l o g r a p h i c Maps of North America.
J o h n Wiley & Sons, I n c . , New York, 1955, 177 pp.
S c h w e i n f u r t h , S. P. Geology of t h e C a l i f o r n i a Q u a d r a n g l e , Pa.
Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ 648, 1967.
U.S.
Trans.
T r a v i s , R. G . , J . J . Dowd, R . F . Abernethy, and D. A . Reynolds. E s t i mate of Known Recoverable Reserves of Coking Coal i n Monongalia County,
W. Va.
BuMines R I 5233, 1956, 30 pp.
U.S. G e o l o g i c a l Survey and U.S. Bureau of Mines. Mineral Resources of
t h e Appalachian Region. U.S. Geol. Survey P r o f . Paper 580, 1968,
492 pp.
Wallace, J . J . , J . J. Dowd, J. M. P r o v o s t , R. F. Abernethy, and
D. A. Reynolds. E s t i m a t e of Known Recoverable Reserves of Coking Coal
i n Allegheny County, Pa. BuMines R I 5003, 1953, 16 pp.
E s t i m a t e of Known Recoverable Reserves of Coking Coal i n Washi n t o n County, Pa. BuMines R I 5109, 1955, 23 pp.
Wanless, H. R . Pennsylvanian C o r r e l a t i o n s i n t h e E a s t e r n I n t e r i o r and
Appalachian C o a l f i e l d s . Geol. Soc. America Spec. Papers, v . 17, 1939.
White, I . C . S t r a t i g r a p h y o f t h e Bituminous C o a l f i e l d s of Pennsylvania,
Ohio, and West V i r g i n i a . U.S. Geol. Survey B u l l . 65, 1891, 212 pp.
121.
White, I. C .
Supplementary Coal Report.
v. 2 (A), 1908, 720 pp.
122.
123.
Williamson, I. A.
Coal Mining Geology.
don, 1967, 196 pp.
124.
The P i t t s b u r g h Coalbed.
Oxford Univ. P r e s s , L t d . ,
Lon-
Econ. G e o l . , v. 2, 1916,
Axis.--The
plane.
i n t e r s e c t i o n of t h e a x i a l plane w i t h a p a r t i c u l a r bedding
body of c l a y , u s u a l l y i n d u c t e d , t a b u l a r t o i r r e g u l a r i n
a f i s s u r e i n a coalbed. Clay v e i n s a r e a l s o known by t h e
terms: Clay d i k e s , c l a y s l i p s , c l a y seams, c l a y c u t o u t s ,
and horsebacks.
The
d i r e c t i o n of i n i t i a l d i p of a former land s u r f a c e .
s i d e w a l l of an o u t s i d e e n t r y i n a c o a l mine.
s h a l e i n t e r s t r a t i f i e d with t h i n c o a l b e d s .
APPENDIX B
. - -SURFACE
Quadrangle
T i e r 1:
Avella....
Midway..
Cannonsburg
Bridgeville
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
D i r e c t i o n a l mean..
Tier 2 :
West Middletown..
Washington West..
Washington E a s t . .
Hackett..
Monongahe la.
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
D i r e c t i o n a l mean..
Tier 3 :
Claysville.
Prosperity
Amity
Ellsworth
California
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
D i r e c t i o n a l mean..
County s e p a r a t i o n . .
County d i r e c t i o n a l
mean...............
........
..........
.......
N 7" W
.......
N 7" W
N 7" W
.........
......
N 8" W
.......
........
.............
.........
........
1
N 8" W
......
.....
......
........
.
..............
N 56" W
N 52" W N 74" W
- N
N 60" W
W
11
8
N 21 W N 32" W N 49" W N 56" W N 74" W N 87" W
57" W
53" W
59" W
52" W
N64"W
12
N 57" W
N 26" W
N 20" W N
38"
-
N31W
7
N 20" W N 35" W
N
N
N
N
70"
76"
72"
67"
W
W
W N 82" W
W
N 71" W N 82" W
N 60" W N
N
N
N
N 58" W N
76"
72"
75"
72"
71"
2
5
N 59" W N 73"
3"
3"
N
N
N
N
87"
-
N 49" W
N 32" W
N4"W
N23OWN33"W
N 1" W
N 32" W
3
0
1
N 3" W N 12" W N 23" W N 32" W
5"
W
W
W
W
W
5"
T i e r 4:
Windridge
N
Rogersville.
Waynesburg
Mather.. .......... N
Carmichaels.
N
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
D i r e c t i o n a l mean.. N
Tier 5 :
New Freeport
Ho lbrook. .........
Garards F o r t .
Oak F o r e s t . .
N
Masont own.
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
D i r e c t i o n a l mean.. . N
County s e p a r a t i o n . .
County d i r e c t i o n a l
mean.
N
......
N 12" W
N 12" W
.........
......
........
N 37" W
N 21" W N 32" W
West
.
.
.
2
1 3 1 4
WASHINGTON COUNTY
22" W
15" W
17" W
7
18" W
19"
-
26"
-
N 26" W
19" W
1"
19" W
32"
-
37"
-
N 37" W
N 54" W
N 75" W
4
N 30" W
4"
N 4-3" W
N 28" W
N 40" W
6"
61"
61"
64"
56"
8
N 61"
7"
N
N
N
N
W
W
W
W
N 77" W
N 77" W
N 70" W
N 49" W
N 43" W
4
N 51" W
N 58" W
N 57" W
N 28" W
West
2
I
3
GREENE COUNTY
N 74" W
N 77" W
N 81" W
N 75" W
81"
-
3
N 75" W
0"
N 58" W
N 75" W
N 81" W
Quadrangle
1
T i e r 6:
Hundred.
Wadestown..
Blacksville.
Osage
Morgantown North..
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
D i r e c t i o n a l mean..
..........
.......
......
.............
T i e r 7:
Glover Gap.
Manning t o n .
G r a n t Town..
Morgantown South..
Rivesville..
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
D i r e c t i o n a l mean..
.......
.......
......
......
Tier 8 :
Wallace
Shinnston..
Fairmont W e s t . . . . .
Fairmont E a s t . .
Gladesville
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
D i r e c t i o n a l mean..
...........
.......
.......
.......
N
N
N
N
50"
47"
52"
54"
N 12" W
2" W
10
N 7" W
N
N 35" W
N 35" W
N 51" W
East
2
I
3
I 4
I 5
WASHINGTON COUNTY
N
N 17" E N 28" E
N
N 27" E
N
N 19" E
N 37" E
2
1
N 18" E N 28" E N 37" E N
N 19" E
N 17" E
N29"E
N 27" E
N 27" E
2
2
N 18" E N 28" E
N 19" E
N 87" W
N 87" W
84" W
75" W
80" W
84" W
N 68" W
N 68" W
9
N 81" W
N 89" W
N 60" W
N 58" W
N 66" W
5
N 61" W
N 80" W
N 80" W
N 80" W
N 89" W
N
N
N
N
N 37" E N 47" E
N 37" E
N47"E
N 47" E
N 37" E
0
0
N 37" E N 47" E
N33"E
N 27" E N 37" E
6
N 67" W
N 77" W
N 76" W
9
N 80" W
46" E
44" E N 63"
45" E N 63"
N 57"
2
6
45" E N 61"
N 51" W
N81W
N 85" W
N64" W
N 70" W
N 66" W
W
W
W
W
7" W
6
4
7
5" W N 20" W
N 51" W
MARION AND HARRISON COUNTIES
.......
......
.............
N 23" W
N 17" W
3" W
T i e r 1:
Avella
Midway
Cannonsburg
B r idgeville.
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
D i r e c t i o n a l mean..
Tier 2:
West Middletown..
Washington West.. .
Washington E a s t . . .
Hackett..
Monong ahe l a .
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
D i r e c t i o n a l mean..
Tier 3:
Claysville.
N 7" E
Prosperity..
Amity
Ellsworth..
California.
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
D i r e c t i o n a l mean..
N 7" E
.........
......
N 47" W
N 50" W
N 57" W
10
N 51" W
MAR I O N AND MONONGALIA COUNTIES
............
............
.......
......
...
.......
West
2
I 3 I
4
WETZEL AND MONONGALIA COUNTIES
E
E
E
E
N 70" E N 88" E
N 69" E N 89" E
N69"E
1
1
N 69" E N 89" E
N 63" E
N75"E
N 72" E N 89" E
N 47" E
N23"E
N45OEN62"E
6
2
4
3
N 21" E N 30" E N 37" E N 46" E N 63" E N 74" E N 89" E
East
2
I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 1 7 I 8
WASHINGTON COUNTY --Cont inued
0"
2"
2"
2"
0"
5"
3"
N 7" E N 19" E N 29" E N 37" E N 46" E N 63" E , N 72" E N 89" E
East
1
1
2
1
3
1 4 1 5 I 6
I 7
GREENE COUNTY
Quadrangle
County s e p a r a t i o n . .
County mean..
.......
Tier 4 :
Windridge.
Rogersville
Waynesburg.
Mather.
Carmichaels
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
D i r e c t i o n a l mean..
Tier 5 :
New F r e e p o r t
Garards F o r t . .
Oak F o r e s t . .
Masontown.
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
D i r e c t i o n a l mean..
County s e p a r a t i o n . .
County mean..
........
.......
.......
...........
......
....
......
........
1
N 2" E
Tier 6:
Hundred.
Wadestown.
Blacksville..
Osage
Morgantown North.
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
D i r e c t i o n a l mean..
..........
........
.....
.............
.
.......
.
.......
Tier 8 :
Wallace.
Shinnston
Fairmont West..
Fairmont E a s t . . . . .
Gladesville.
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
D i r e c t i o n a l mean..
..........
.........
...
......
N 16" E
5"
N 14"
N 2" E
WETZEL AND
.......
......
N 23" E
N 16"
N 27" E
N 27" E
0
4
N 20" E N 27" E
E
3"
1"
E'
N 22" E N 28" E
MONONGALIA COUNTIES
N 3" E
N I O O E
N 14" E
N 15" E
N 29" E
3
N 28" E
N 18" E
N 22" E
N 7" E
4
N 11" E
N 26" E
N 2" E
N 1" E
N23"E
N I O O E
N 9" E
N 12" E
N 13" E
.......
Tier 7:
Glover Gap..
Manning ton.
Grant Town........
Morgantown South.
Rivesvi l l e .
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
D i r e c t i o n a l mean.
N 25" E
N27"E
N 27" E
N 27" E
2
4
5
N 5" E
N 27" E
N 13" E
MARION AND MONONGALIA COUNTIES
I
N 28" E
N 10" E
N 17" E
N 22" E N 37" E
N 17" E
6
7
N 2" E
N 15" E
N 25" E N 37" E
MARION AND HARRISON COUNTIES
N 2" E
N 39" E
N 46" E
N 43" E
N 39" E
N44" E
3
N 44" E
N 37" E
N 37" E
N 37" E
N 80" E
N 82"
N 76"
N78"
6
N 79"
E
E
E
E
N 77" E
N 85" E
N 52" E
0
N 37" E
2"
N 38" E
1
N 53" E
8"
N 49" E
8
N 81" E
2"
N 80" E
N 57" E
N 74" E
N 54" E
N 49" E
8
N 53" E
N 70" E
4
N 72" E
1
T i e r 1:
Avella.
Midway.
Cannonsburg
Bridgeville.
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
D i r e c t i o n a l mean..
Tier 2 :
West Middletown..
Washington West..
Washington E a s t . .
Hackett
Monongahela..
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
D i r e c t i o n a l mean..
Tier 3 :
Claysville.
Prosperity
Amity.
Ellsworth
California.
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
D i r e c t i o n a l mean..
County s e p a r a t i o n . .
County mean..
...........
N 1" W
...........
.......
......
N 1" W
N 3" W
.......
........
............
.........
.......
Tier 4:
Windr i d g e
Roger s v i 1l e
Waynesburg
Mather.
Carmichae 1 s .
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
D i r e c t i o n a l mean..
Tier 5 :
New F r e e p o r t
Holbrook.
Oak F o r e s t . .
Garards F o r t . .
Masontown
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
D i r e c t i o n a l mean..
County s e p a r a t i o n . .
County mean..
.........
.......
........
...........
......
......
.........
......
....
.......
.
.......
2
I 3 I 4
WASHINGTON COUNTY
N
N
N
N
22"
22"
18"
19"
4
N 20"
West
W
W
W
W
38"
-
N 80" W
N 47" W N 64" W N 89" W
N
W
N 69" W
9
5
N 38" W N 47" W N 67" W N 85" W
N88"W
N 62" W
N 67" W N 90" W
N 8" W
N 69" W N 84" W
N 6" W
N 80" W
N 57" W
5
6
0
10
3
7
N 6" W N 10" W N 22" W N 29" W N 42" W N 57" W N 66" W N 86" W
.
.
...........
.....
.
.......
N 10" W N 24" W
N57"W
N 29" W N 43" W
N 23" W
N 40" W
N 18" W
N60W
N 53" W N 67" W
- N 30" W
N 14" W
N 69" W
- N 35" W N 53" W N 69" W N
N 2" W
N 20" W
- N 68" W N
N 20" W
1
0
2
0
9
N 2" W N 14" W N 20" W N 30" W N 36" W N 53" W N 67" W N
4"
2"
1"
5"
6"
10"
1"
N 12" W N 21" W N 30" W-N 39" W N 52" W N 66" W N
N 3"
West
1
1
2
I 3
I 4 I 5 I 6 1
GREENE COUNTY
N13"W
N 20" W
N37"W
--
N 12" W
N 17" W
N 13" W
5
N 14" W
N 2" W
N 4" W
2
N 3" W
N 3" W
N 13" W
N 14" W
N 43" W
N 29" W
N 29" W
N 35" W
N 42" W
N 34" W
9
N 39" W
N 37" W
28"
25"
23"
29"
6
N 26"
3"
N 24"
N
N
N
N
W
W
W
W
W
W
N 43" W
N 47" W
10
N 42" W
1"
N 41" W
53"
-
N 61" W
N 66" W
W
N 54" W
1
N 54" W
53"
-
N 53" W
1"
N 54" W
83"
84"
1
84"
2"
85"
W
W
W
W
N 73" W
N 67" W
6
N 65" W
N 77" W
4
N 75" W
N 77" W
N 60" W
N 62" W
N 69" W
9
N 64" W
1"
N 65" W
N 76" W
1
N 77" W
2"
N 76" W
Quadr ang l e
1
T i e r 6:
Hundred.
Wadestown.
B lacksville
Osage.
Morgantown North.
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
D i r e c t i o n a l mean..
......
.......
N 6" W
........
.......
Tier 8 :
Wallace.
Shinnston
Fairmont West..
Fairmont E a s t . . . . .
Gladesville..
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
D i r e c t i o n a l mean..
..........
.........
...
.....
--
--
Tier 1 :
Avella.
Midway
Cannonsburg
B r i d g e v i 1l e
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
D i r e c t i o n a l mean..
Tier 2:
West Middleton
Washington West..
Washington E a s t . .
Hackett
Monongahe l a .
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
D i r e c t i o n a l mean..
Tier 3:
C laysvil l e .
Prosperity.
Amity
Ellsworth.
California..
...........
............
.......
.......
....
.
.
...........
......
.......
.......
.............
........
......
N62"W
N66"W
N 68" W
N 51" W N 63" W N 76" W
N 29" W
- N 72" W
N 29" W
N 4" W
1
6
4
N 18" W N 29" W N 44" W N 51" W N 65" W N 74" W
N 4" W
MARION AND MONONGALIA COUNTIES
..........
........
.......
............
.
Tier 7:
G l w e r Gap..
Manning ton.
GrantTown
Rivesvi l l e .
Morgantown South..
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
D i r e c t i o n a l mean..
West
2
I 3 I 4 I 5
WETZEL AND MONONGALIA COUNTIES
N l O W
N 28" W
N44"W
N 32" W
N18"W
N 30" W
N 29" W N 43" W
N 11" W
3
5
N
30"
W
N
43"
W
N 4" W - N 11" W .
MARION AND HARRISON COUNTIES
N3"W
N 20" W N 36" W
N 33" W
61"
60"
59"
65"
6
N 61"
N
N
N
N
N 77" W
W
W N 75" W
W N 84" W
W N 85" W
10
W N 80" W
N 50" W
N 76" W
N 53" W N 68" W
N 82" W
N 43" W
N 69" W
N 69" W
N 14" W
N 14" W
N 12" W N 25" W
6
1
2
5
3
3
N 3" W N 13" W N 23" W N 35" W N 43" W N 52" W N 69" W N 79" W
I
East
-
N 19" E
N 15" E
N 13" E
N 13" E
4
N 17" E
N 14" E
N 10" E
- -
--
Quadr ang l e
East
2
1
3
1
4
WASHINGTON COUNTY--Continued
3
4
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
4
N 6" E
N 20" E N 37" E
D i r e c t i o n mean..
1"
1"
County s e p a r a t i o n . .
3"
I N 4' E ( N 13" E 1 N 19" E 1 N 37" E
County mean..
GREEN COUNTY
Tier 4 :
N 50" E
Windridge..
N 3" E
N 24" E
R o g e r s v i l l e ....... N 3" E
N 22" E
Mather..
N 20" E
N 3" E
Carmichaels..
N 8" E
N 44" E
Waynesburg
N 18" E
N 48" E
6
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
6
5
D i r e c t i o n a l mean..
N 4" E
N 21" E
N 47" E
Tier 5:
New F r e e p o r t
N 5" E
N 35" E
Holbrook..
N 5" E
N 17" E
N 33" E
Oak F o r e s t . . ......
N 17" E
N 27" E
Garards F o r t . .
N 23" E
N 41" E
Masontown.
N 30" E
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
0
6
8
D i r e c t i o n a l mean.. _ N 5" E
N 19" E
N 31" E N 41" E
1"
County s e p a r a t i o n . .
6"
2"
Countvmean
N5" E
N 20" E
N31 E N44" E
WETZEL AND MONONGALIA COUNTIES
Tier 6:
Hundred,
N 17" E
Wadestown.
N 13" E
Blacksville.
N 24" E
Osage..
N 2" E
N34" E
Morgantown North. .
N 15" E
N 30" E
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
4
4
D i r e c t i o n a l mean.,
N 2" E
N 15" E
N 24" E N 32" E
MARION AND MONONGALIA COUNTIES
T i e r 7:
Glover Gap.
N 17" E
Manning ton.
N 27" E
Grant Town..
N 26" E
Rivesville..
N 3" E
N 41" E
Morgantown S o u t h . .
N 12" E
N 22" E N 33" E
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
5
5
8
D i r e c t i o n a l mean..
N 3" E
N 15" E
N 25" E N 37" E
MARION AND HARRISON COUNTIES
Tier 8 :
Wallace. ..........
N 18" E
N 33" E
S h i n n s t o n . . .......
N 26" E
Fairmont West..
N 23" E
Fairmont E a s t . . . . ,
N 22" E N 41" E
Gladesville..
N 13" E
N 40" E
Degrees s e p a r a t i o n
4
8
D i r e c t i o n a l mean..
N 16" E
N 24" E N 38" E
........
......
........
....
........
...
.
.......
.......
..........
.....
N 62" E
N 63" E
.
.........
..........
........
......
...........
.......
.......
......
......
...
.....
1N
4"
63" E
N 73" E
N 70" E
10
N 78" E
0"
N 78" E
N 63" E
N 78" E
N 79" E
6
N 77" E
N 48" E
5"
1 N 51" E
N 89" E
N 89" E
N 60" E
3"
N62" E
N 75" E
N 73" E
N 75" E
9
N 73" E
4"
N 75" E
N 88" E
1"
N89" E
N 58" E
N 49" E
N 68" E
N 74" E
N55" E
N 73" E
N 89" E
9
N 54" E
6
N 72" E
N 88" E
N 64" E
N 60" E
N 88" E
N 87" E
N 75" E
N 67" E
11
N 69" E
N 63" E
N 50" E
N 63" E
N 50" E
N 83" E
N 85" E
2
N 84" E
1
Sheet :
1..
.
Z....
3..
4..
5..
Degrees
separation..
Direct ional
mean.
.
. .. .. . .
......
.. . . ... .
. .... . . .
. .......
.. . ...
West
2
N 7" W N 19"
N 10" W N 24"
N 13" W N 20"
N 9" W N 28"
N 10" W N 27"
.. .... .
. .. . .
Sheet:
1.
.. . ..... .
z*.........
Degrees
separation..
Directional
mean..
. .....
N
N
N
N
N
45"
43"
44"
45"
47"
W
W
W
W
W
N
N
N
N
N
67"
67"
68"
70"
77"
W
W
W
W
W
N
N
N
N
N
23"
23"
18"
17"
12"
11
10
1
E
E
E
E
E
2
N
N
N
N
N
30"
32"
27"
34"
27"
E
E
E
E
E
N 51"
N 52"
N 49"
N 50"
N 53"
E
E
E
E
E
4
N
N
N
N
N
72"
74"
70"
77"
73"
E
E
E
E
E
... . .
. . . . . . ..
..... ... . .
.. .......
. .. .... .
W
W
W
W
W
Sheet:
I...
. . N 7" W N 25"
2..
N 12" W N 23"
3
N 9" W N 20"
4..........
N 5" W N 23"
Degrees
separation..
5
7
Directional
mean.
N 8" W N 23"
Sheet :
1.
2..
Degrees
separation..
Directional
mean.. .
I 3 I 4
WASHINGTON COUNTY
East
N
N
W
W
W
W
N
N
N
N
47"
43"
42"
44"
W
W
W
W
N
N
N
N
68"
70
70"
67"
W
W
W
W
N 14" E N 28"
N 10" E N 24"
N 7" E N 21"
N 12" E N 26"
E
E
E
E
N
N
N
N
58"
56"
57"
53"
5
E
E
E
E
N
N
N
N
81"
75"
77"
82"
E
E
E
E
N
N
OVERALL
Degrees
separation
between
counties....
Directional
mean..
..
.. ..
2
N
13
10