SKF 3413 POLLUTION CONTROL

Primary Wastewater Treatment

Introduction
Primary treatment
Initial phase of wastewater treatment
It uses physical treatment methods
Removes settleable or floating solids only
Goal : 60% of suspended solids in raw sewage
35% of BOD5

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Scope
Raw Sewage
Screening

Pretreatment

Primary Treatment

Grit Removal

Equalization Basin
Pump
Primary Settling
Figure 1 : Degrees of treatment

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Primary Treatment

Waste
Water

Screening
Sedimentation tank
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Grit Chamber

Treatment
Process
Screening

Physical Unit Operation

Design

Physical Unit Operation

Bar Racks

i) Manual
ii) Mechanical

Fine Screen

Comminutors

Grit Removal

Grit Chamber

i) Velocity Controlled
ii) Aerated

Equalization

Flow equalization

i) In-line equalization
ii) Side-line equalization

Sedimentation
(Solid-Liquid
separation)

Clarifier

i) Circular Solid Contact

ii) Parallel Inclined Plate
iii) Tube settlers

Flotation

Dissolved-Air Flotation (DAF)

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SCREENING PROCESS
Definition:
The process to remove large solids from the flow.
unit operation that removes suspended matter from water.
These may include natural and man-made trash (leaves,
branches, roots, rocks, rags, and cans).
Purpose of screening:
To remove gross pollutants from the waste water stream
Types of screening:
Screens may be classified as course and fine screens,
depending on the size of material removed
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Physical Unit Operation

Bar Racks-Coarse Screening
2 types : Manual Racks , Mechanical Racks
Manual Racks
Opening : 25mm 50 mm
Channel Approach Velocity : 0.3-0.6 m/s
Mechanical Racks
Opening : 5 40 mm
Channel Approach Velocity: 0.6-1.2 m/s

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Physical Unit Operation

Fine Screen
Used after the coarse screening
process
Remove material that may create
operation and maintenance problems in
downstream processes
Consist of wedge-wire, perforated plate
or closely a space bars with opening 1.5
to 6.4 mm
Velocity through the effective area : 0.4
to 0.8 m/s.

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Physical Unit Operation

Comminutors
Break up wastewater solid by
revolving cutting bars
Placed downstream of grit chambers

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Grit Chamber
Grit : Inert Dense material such as sand, broken glass
Purpose of Grit Chamber
Slows down the flow to allow grit to fall out
Consists of 2 basic types :
Velocity controlled
Aerated

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Physical Unit Operation

Velocity Controlled Grit Chambers
(horizontal flow)
Classical laws of sedimentation
for discrete, nonflocculating
particles. (Type 1 sedimentation)
Liquid velocity : 0.3 m/s
Liquid velocity controlled by
specially designed weir
.
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Physical Unit Operation

Aerated Grit Chambers

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useful for the rapid separation of these inert

particles.

Small, total volume based on 3-min retention

at maximum flow

Diffused air create the mixing pattern with

the heavy, inert particles removed by
centrifugal action and friction against the
tank walls.

Floatable solids are removed in the aerated

grit chamber.

The settled grit is normally removed with a

continuous screw and buried in a landfill.
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Equalization
Flow Equalization
Is used to overcome the operational problems caused by flow variations, to
improve the performance of the down stream processes and to reduce the size
and cost of downstream treatment facilities
Is the damping of flowrate variations so that a constant or nearly constant
flowrate is achieved
Achieved by constructing large basins that collect and store wastewater flow
and from which waste water is pumped to treatment plant at a constant rate
2 layouts of equalization : In-line equalization (ILE) ; Side-line equalization
(SLE)
Benefits biological treatment by providing steady flow and load
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Flow Diagrams
Raw
waste water

Screens

Grit Removal

3
Equalization

Primary
Sedimentation

Flow control

Figure 3 : In-line Equalization

Raw
waste water

Primary
Sedimentation

3A

3B

Figure 4 : Side-line Equalization

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Sedimentation Tank
Application:
Removal of settleable solids
Thickening of solids and biosolids
Process:
Allowing large amounts of suspended solids to settle
at the bottom in the form of sludge
Heavier solids settle by gravity
Sludge are removed along with floating scum and
grease
Remove 25 to 50% of BOD5 ; 50 to 70% of
suspended solids; 65% oil and grease

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Physical Unit Operation

A

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Physical Unit Operation

Circular solid contact clarifier
Configuration:
Used in larger tanks than was previously the
case particularly when the sedimentation tank
is covered to facilitate odor removal
Long sludge-holding times
Efficiently used in chemical flocculant
suspensions
Not suitable for biological suldges

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Physical Unit Operation

Parallel inclined Plate Circular
Clarifier
Configuration:
Large Surface Area
No wind effect
Laminar Flow
Drawbacks :
Long periods of Sludge deposits cause septic
condition
Clogging of inner tube and channels

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Physical Unit Operation

Tube Settler Rectangular
Clarifier
Operation principle:
Incoming flow enter tubes and
flow upward
Solids settle inside the tubes and
slide down into the hopper.

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Flotation
Unit operation used to separate solid or liquid particles from a
liquid phase.
Advantage : Flotation vs Sedimentation
>>very small or light particles that settle slowly can be removed
more completely and in a shorter time
Removal of finely divided suspended solids, particles with
densities close to that of water and also thickens biosolids.
Chemicals are commonly used to aid the flotation process where
the function is to create a surface or a structure that can easily
absorb or entrap air bubbles (i.e aluminium and ferric salts,
activated silica)
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Physical Unit Operation

Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF)
Operation Principle:
Dissolving air in the water or wastewater
under pressure and then releasing the air
at atmospheric pressure in a flotation tank
or basin.
The released air forms tiny bubbles which
adhere to the suspended matter causing
the suspended matter to float to the
surface of the water where it may then be
removed by a skimming device

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Conclusion
Primary treatment is generally understood as the
set of operations performed to remove floatable
and settling solids
Other benefits of primary settling include
equalization of side stream flows and removal
of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
associated with settleable solids.
In primary treatment only physical operations
such as screening, sedimentation and flotation
are used.