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Unit 1
Accounting for Merchandising Business

Overview
Background
Merchandising business deals primarily with the buying and selling of

finished goods. This unit will introduce readers on the different activities
done by a trading business. A brief discussion of the perpetual inventory
systems is also included.
Purpose
The purpose of Unit I Accounting for Merchandising Business is to

illustrate the various buying and selling activities of a trading business. This
unit also illustrates the basic entries using perpetual inventory system. A brief
discussion of business documents are also included to give readers ideas of
what are the basic papers being used that support a merchandising transaction.
In this unit
This unit contains the following topics:

Topics
Merchandising Business
Inventory System
Merchandise Accounts
Business Documents
Proprietors Investment and Withdrawal
Purchase of Merchandise
Purchase Returns and Allowances
Discounts on Purchases
Sales
Sales Returns and Allowances
Discounts on Sales
Freight on Merchandise
Income Statement
Review Questions
Exercises
Marivic D. Valenzuela-Manalo
See Page
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Merchandising Business
Overview
An organization that is engaged in the buying and selling of goods or

merchandise is a merchandising or trading concern. Merchandise refers to
goods purchased for resale in the same form. Unlike businesses rendering
services for compensation, a trading concern derives its income through the
resale at a profit of the merchandise purchased.
Activities
The activities of a merchandising concern that distinguish it from a service

concern cover the following:
Purchasing. Information as to the kind, quality, quantity, and cost of goods

bought should be maintained for the use of management. Records as to
supplies or merchandise bought are also maintained.
Handling. The costs of transporting and sorting of goods bear an important

relation to the prices of goods bought. These should be recorded properly.
Transportation costs include freight, express, drayage, and cartage.
Returning Of Goods Purchased. Some of the merchandise received may

prove unsatisfactory and must be returned to the vendors, or if not returned,
may be allowed some deductions from the original purchase price.
Selling. Goods purchased are sold at prices above the cost in order to
provide adequate margin of profit. It is therefore imperative that the cost of
goods bought should be known from the accounting records so that
desirable selling prices may be set.
Returning Of Goods Sold. The customers may return some of the

merchandise sold. Deductions from the original selling prices must be
allowed for sales returns. If the goods delivered are defective and no return
is made, the customers are granted reduction on the sales price.
Maintaining Adequate Stocks On Hand. In order to satisfy orders of

customers at all times, a stock of merchandise must be maintained on hand.
This is called Merchandise Inventory or Inventory on Hand
Page 2 of F
Inventory System
Overview
A business firm selling a product must use an inventory record system to

value the merchandise on hand at the end of an accounting period. Two
different inventory systems may be used to record trading transactions in the
accounting records. These systems are the periodic and perpetual inventory
system.
Perpetual
In a perpetual inventory system a continual, or perpetual, record of the

inventory activity is maintained. Consequently, any items that are sold or
otherwise physically removed from inventory must be removed from the
Merchandise Inventory account, and items that are purchased are added to the
Merchandise Inventory account. This may result in significant extra record
keeping as compared to a periodic system. However, a perpetual inventory
system does have advantages, and businesses with a relatively low number of
high-value transactions often find the extra effort to be worthwhile.
Computers are also making it practical for businesses to use perpetual
systems than would have been not feasible in the past.
Periodic or
Physical
In the periodic inventory system, the ending inventory is determined by a

physical count of the merchandise on hand at the end of an accounting period.
The periodic inventory system receives its name because the balance in the
inventory account is known only at the beginning and at the end of the
accounting period. The periodic inventory is the simpler system commonly
used in practice and was the only practical alternative for most businesses
with large number of transactions before the advent of computers. The
periodic inventory system will be used in the illustrations throughout this
course unless otherwise stated.
Continued on next page
Page 3 of F
Inventory System, Continued

Transactions in
Perpetual
Inventory
System
As mentioned earlier, a perpetual inventory system attempts to maintain a

continual record of the inventory on hand. Thus, if Joseph Labrador
purchased merchandise for cash, P50,000, the entry to record this transaction
is :
Merchandise Inventory
50,000
Cash
50,000
To record merchandise bought.
On the other hand, if Joseph sold P20,000 worth of merchandise for
P40,000, the entry to record this transaction is:
Cash
Sales
To record merchandise sold.
40,000
Cost of Goods Sold

To record the transfer of inventory sold
to cost of goods sold account.
20,000
40,000
20,000
Assuming this time, Joseph Labrador purchased from Mary Trading

merchandise on account, Php 100,000. And at the same time, paid for the
freight on the said purchase, Php 2,500. The entries would be:
Accounts Payable
To record merchandise bought.
100,000
Cash
To record freight paid.
2,500
100,000
2,500
Page 4 of F

Transactions in
Perpetual
Inventory
System, cont.
Importance
Let us say, after two days, Joseph returned defective merchandise bought
from Mary amounting to Php 5,000. The entry would be:
Accounts Payable Mary Trading
5,000
5,000
To record returned merchandise.
If on the other hand, Joseph Labrador sold to Michael Supermart merchandise
worth Php 50,000 on account at gross profit of 50 percent. The entries would
be:
Accounts Receivable
50,000
Sales
50,000
Sold merchandise on account.
Cost of Goods Sold
25,000
25,000
To record cost of merchandise sold.
Let us assume again that after three days, Michael issued a debit
memorandum amounting to Php 1,800 for defective goods received from
Joseph. The entries to record the return would be:
Sales Returns & Allowances
1,800
Accounts Receivable
1,800
Received debit memorandum.
900
Cost of Goods Sold
900
To record cost of good returned.
It is important to note that both periodic and perpetual inventory systems will
record the sale of merchandise similarly. The only difference is that under the
perpetual inventory system, there is a second entry that is required to be
recorded together with the sale to indicate the transfer out of the amount sold
from the Merchandise Inventory account to the Cost of Goods Sold account.
It is possible to combine the two entries into a single compound entry with the
same debits and credits. For example:
Cash
40,000
Cost of Goods Sold
20,000
Sales
40,000
20,000
To record merchandise sold.
Page 5 of F

Pro-forma
entry
At the end of the year, no further entries may be required if the balance in the
inventory account equals the actual cost of the units on hand. Unfortunately,
this seldom happens. Despite the extra effort necessary to maintain a
perpetual record of the inventory, the facts often differ from the records.
When the facts conflict with the records, the records must be corrected to
reflect the facts. Therefore, an adjusting entry is necessary to record any
missing inventory items and reduce the balance in the Inventory account to
the correct level. The pro-forma entry is:
Merchandise Inventory Short or Over
xxx
xxx
To adjust inventory account to actual balance.
Merchandise
Inventory Short
or Over
The Merchandise Inventory Short or Over account is an expense account that

reflects the cost of missing inventory items. However, depending on its
materiality and on normal practice within the industry, the inventory
shrinkage amount is often combined with cost of goods sold in the financial
statements.
Net Income
The net income disclosed on the income statements prepared under the two
inventory systems will reflect the same amount. This is also true with the
ending inventory balance reported in the balance sheet. A business that
combined its Merchandise Inventory Shrinkage account with its Cost of
Goods Sold account would prepare an income statement identical to the one
prepared under the periodic inventory system.
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Merchandise Accounts
Overview
The discussions on this topic are the account titles to be used in recording
acquisition and sale of merchandise of a trading business using the periodic
inventory system.
Sales
Sales of merchandise are recorded in this account at selling prices. This is a

temporary or nominal account representing income from selling of
merchandise. This account has a normal credit balance
Sales Returns
and Allowances
This account is debited for all the merchandise returned by customers. The
debit entry is at the original selling price of the merchandise. This account is
also being used for all goods delivered to customers but is found to be
defective or not as ordered and still the buyer desiring to retain the goods as
is. The customer in this case is normally permitted to deduct a certain amount
from the selling prices of the goods delivered.
Sales Discount
This account is debited in the book of the seller whenever the buyer avails of
the cash discounts provided by the seller. This is a deduction from sales
account.
Purchases
This is a temporary account to which the cost of goods bought during the
period is debited. This account usually has a debit balance at the end of the
accounting period.
Purchase
Returns and
Allowances
Goods bought and returned to supplier, or goods bought and received as

defective, or not as ordered, when not returned to the supplier but is
subjected to a certain reductions from their acquisition prices. These
deductions and returns of purchased goods are credited to this account.
Purchase returns and allowances account is a deduction from the Purchases
account.
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Merchandise Accounts, Continued

Merchandise
Inventory
At the end of every accounting period, a physical count of the unsold

merchandise on hand is taken. The total amount of these goods on hand is
debited to the Merchandise Inventory account.
Purchase
Discount
This account is credited in the books of the buyer whenever the purchaser
avails of the cash discount given by the seller. This is a deduction from
Purchases account.
Freight In or
Transportation
In
If the buyer pays the expenses of transporting the goods from the place of the
seller to his place of business, such expenses are debited to the Freight-in
account.
Freight Out or
Transportation
Out
If the seller pays the expenses of transporting the goods from his place to the
place of the buyer, such expenses are debited to the Freight out account.
This is reported as part of operating expenses under the selling expenses
classification.
Page 8 of F
Business Documents
Overview
All business transactions are evidenced or supported by printed forms or

documents. These business papers or oftentimes-called business documents,
furnish the information needed in recording the transactions. Without
business papers, it would be very difficult, if not impossible, to keep accurate
records of these transactions.
Official
Receipts
These are issued every time the business receives cash. They show the date
on which the cash is received, the party from whom the cash is received, the
amount received, the particulars of the transaction, and the signature of the
one who received the cash.
The sample given below is an official receipt of MDV Realty issued to
Mayon Grocery. From the point of view of MDV Realty, there was an
increase in both the asset cash and the income from rent. On the other hand,
the asset cash of Mayon Grocery decreased, while its rental expenses
increased, thus decreasing its proprietorship.
MDV REALTY
150 Rizal Avenue
Manila
OFFICIAL RECEIPT
No. __120____
Date ___June 30, 20X1______
RECEIVED from _____Mayon Grocery________ the sum of
_____Ten Thousand___ pesos (P10,000.00) in payment of ___July rental__.
Cash_____P10,000
Check No._
_________________________
(Cashier)
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Business Documents, Continued

Sales Invoice
and Purchase
Invoice
After a sale has taken place, the seller fills in the business form called the
invoice. The invoice shows the date of the sale, name and address of the
seller, name and address of the buyer, terms of the sale, list of articles bought
with the unit price and entire cost of each, total amount of the invoice, and
method of shipment. Invoices are numbered and usually made out in
triplicate or quadruplicate. The original is given to the buyer. When the
buyer receives the goods, they are examined. Then the invoice is checked to
determine whether there are any discrepancies in quantity or price and any
errors in calculation. From the point of view of the seller, the invoice is a
sales invoice; from that of the buyer, it is a purchase invoice.
The sample given below shows that from the standpoint of the seller,
Diamond Grocery, the invoice price of P1,750 is the gross income from sales,
which covers the cost of the juice sold and the gross profit. There was an
increase in assets in the form of an amount receivable from Mayon Grocery,
there was an increase in cost of merchandise available for sale and an increase
in liabilities (the amount of P1,750 is payable within 30 days).
DIAMOND GROCERY
930 Del Monte Avenue
Quezon City
INVOICE
Sold to: ______Mayon Grocery____
Address __945 Mayon St., Q.C.____
Quantity
50 boxes
DESCRIPTION
Funchum Orange Juice Drink
No. ___532___
Date ______June 10, 20X1_____
Term: ___Net 30 days _______
Unit Price
P 60.00
Amount
P 3,000.00
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Credit
Memorandum
Whenever the buyer finds an error in an invoice, or when merchandise is

damaged, he should notify the seller at once. If his claim is admitted as valid,
the seller sends him a credit memorandum, which shows the amount by which
his account is reduced. Credit memorandum is often shortened to credit
memo.
The credit memo illustrated below shows that because of the return of two
boxes of Funchum juice drink, the gross income from sales of Diamond
Grocery decreased, and the amount receivable from Mayon Grocery (asset)
decreased. From the point of view of Mayon Grocery, the merchandise
available for sale and also the debt to Diamond Grocery decreased.
DIAMOND GROCERY
930 Del Monte Avenue
Quezon City
CREDIT MEMO
To: ______Mayon Grocery____
__945 Mayon St., Q.C.____
No. ___121___
Date ______June 15, 20X1_____
We have credited your accounts as follows:

Inv. No.
532
Explanation
Return of two boxes of slightly
defective Funchum orange juice
drink.
Unit Price
P 35.00
Amount
P 70.00
Page 11 of F

Promissory
Notes
A promissory note is a written promise signed by one party, called the maker,
to pay a certain specified sum to another, called the payee, at a certain future
time. The amount to be paid on maturity date may or may not include
interest. The amount due, not including interest, is called the face of the note.
Promissory notes may be received by the business from its debtors, or the
business may give it to its creditors. The following is a sample of a
promissory note.
Php 10,000
Quezon City,
May 1, 20X1
Thirty days after date, I promise to pay to the order of Joseph Labrador, Ten
thousand Pesos, payable at COCOBANK, Vito Cruz Branch for value received with
interest at 12%.
(Signed) Maria de Jesus
Bank deposit
slips and checks
For control and safekeeping of cash most businesses maintain checking or

current accounts with the banks. They deposit their money in banks and
payments from the deposit are then made by means of checks.
The bank deposit slip is filled in every time the business deposits money in
the bank. It shows the date when the deposit is made, for whose account the
deposit is made, the amount of the deposit classified into currency and checks
received from others, and the signature of the depositor.
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Check
An order to the bank signed by the person issuing it, to pay to bearer or order
a certain sum of money. After the bank has paid the payee, the amount is
deducted from the deposit account of the one who issued the check.
Cash register
slips
Some cash registers are operated in such a way that a strip or slip of paper
comes out as evidence that money was received. The slip shows the date and
the amount of cash received.
Miscellaneous
bills
Some businesses, like the Meralco, Philippine Long Distance Telephone Co.,
MWSS, etc., send bills to their customers to notify them of the amounts they
have to pay. Thus, there are advertising bills, light bills, water bills,
telephone bills, and others.
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Proprietors Investment and Withdrawal

Overview
Owners of merchandising firms may want to invest merchandise into its

business operations. The following are the entries that would be recorded
under the periodic inventory system if the proprietor invests or withdraws
merchandise.
Investment of
merchandise
Recording of the investment of the owner in the business will be treated in the
same way the recording is done in a service business. The only difference
would be if the owner invested an asset into the business in the form of
merchandise. When merchandise is part of the owners initial investment, the
said investment must be debited to the Merchandise Inventory account
whether the company is using perpetual or periodic inventory system. But if
the investment of merchandise was made during the normal operation of the
business, i.e., as an additional investment, the said investment must be debited
to Merchandise Inventory, if the company is using perpetual inventory system
and Purchases if they are using the periodic inventory system.
Pro-forma entry: Initial investment
Date Merchandise Inventory xxx
Owner, Capital
xxx
Investment made in the form of merchandise.
Pro-forma entry: Additional investment
Date Merchandise Inventory xxx
Purchases
xxx
Owner, Capital
xxx
Owner, Capital
xxx
Investment made in the form of merchandise.
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Withdrawal of
merchandise
Any subsequent withdrawal made by the owner of any asset/s in the business
(e.g., cash, supplies, etc.) in anticipation of future profits of the company
(i.e., temporary withdrawal) will be debited to the drawing account.
Withdrawals that are permanent in nature (i.e., the owner has no intention of
returning the said amount into the business) will be debited directly to the
capital account. If the company uses the periodic inventory system,
withdrawals of the owner in the form of merchandise for personal use will be
credited to the Purchases account at cost. This is done in order to maintain
the original balance of the Merchandise Inventory account, which was
computed by means of actual physical count at the end of the accounting
period. On the other hand, the Merchandise Inventory account is credited if
the firm uses the perpetual inventory system.
Pro-forma entry: Periodic inventory system/Temporary withdrawal
Date
Owner, Drawing
xxx
Cash
xxx
Purchases
xxx
Owner withdrew cash and merchandise for
personal use.
Pro-forma entry: Perpetual inventory system/Temporary withdrawal

Date
Owner, Drawing
xxx
Cash
xxx
xxx
Owner withdrew cash and merchandise for
personal use.
Pro-forma entry: Permanent withdrawal

Date
Owner, Capital
xxx
Cash
xxx
Owner permanently withdrew an amount in the
business for personal use.
Page 15 of F
Purchase of Merchandise
Overview
When a firm sells goods or services, it gives a sales slip or sales invoice to its
customers. This sales invoice becomes a purchase invoice as far as the
purchasing business is concerned. The purchase invoice provides the
objective information used to record purchasing transactions. In small
business firms, the only written document received or handled in purchases of
goods or services is this invoice. For such businesses, authorization for
purchases is given informally by telephone or by having an employee
personally purchases goods or services. In this part, we would be dealing with
transactions affecting the firms acquisition of the merchandise for sale. As
we have mentioned earlier, all our business transactions must be properly
supported by business documents.
Purchase
Requisition
Large companies rely on a more careful procedure. As a first step they may
insist that the person or department needing the goods or services to be
purchased fill out a form called a purchase requisition. This completed form,
bearing the signature of some responsible person authorized to approve such
requisitions, is next sent to the purchasing agent or purchasing department of
the company.
Purchase Order
The purchasing department, after selecting the firm from whom the goods or
services are to be bought, prepares a second business paper called a purchase
order. The original copy of this document is sent to the company from which
the purchase is to be made. This copy gives the selling business authority to
send the purchaser the goods or services ordered.
Purchase
Invoice
About the same time that shipment of the goods is made or services are
supplied to the purchaser, the purchaser is sent an invoice that is the third
business paper. This purchase invoice becomes the basis for recording the
purchase in the journal just as it is in the case of the informal procedure
described for small firms.
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Purchase of Merchandise, Continued

Purchases
The cycle of a merchandising entity begins with cash, which is used to

purchase inventory. Purchases, in the accounting sense, are only those items
of merchandise inventory that a firm buys to resell to customers in the normal
course of business. For example, a bookstore records in the purchases
account the price it pays for books, school and office supplies, and other
items of inventory acquired for resale. A grocery store debits purchases
when it buys canned goods, meat, frozen food and other inventory.
Below is a sample purchase invoice:
DE ASIS TRADING
2401 Taft Avenue
Manila
Sold to : Labrador Store

Address : Blk 28, Lot 24 St. Charbels, Cavite
How shipped : FOB Destination, prepaid
Quantity
Description
10 dozen
Ladys Sando
10 dozen
Mens Undershirt
10 pcs.
Girls Dress
Prepared by :
----------------
Checked by :
----------------
Invoice No. 143

Date : Jan. 7, 20X1
Terms 2/10, n/30
Unit Price
Amount
25
P 3,000.00
40
4,800.00
95
950.00
P 8,750.00
=========
Approved by:
----------------Continued on next page
Page 17 of F
Purchase of Merchandise, Continued

Journal Entries
The purchase made on credit by Labrador Store is recorded in the general

journal as follows:
Jan. 5 Purchases
8,750
Accounts Payable - De Asis Trading
8,750
Purchased under wears and childrens dresses. Terms: 2/10,n/30.
If the above purchase was made on cash basis instead of on credit, then the
journal entry of Labrador Store will be:
Jan. 5 Purchases
8,750
Cash
8,750
Cash purchases from De Asis Trading.
If the above purchase was made with down payment of P4,000 and the
balance on account, then the journal entry of Labrador Store will be:
Jan. 5 Purchases
8,750
Cash
4,000
Accounts Payable
4,750
Various purchases. Terms: 4,000 down, balance, 2/10, n/30.
Merchandise purchased with value added tax (VAT) is recorded using the
following pro-forma journal entry:
Purchases
xxxx
Input Tax
xx
Accounts Payable
xxxx
Purchased merchandise on account.
Page 18 of F

Overview
Merchandise purchased for resale would not always be as what the buyer
expects. In this regard, buyers can return goods purchased due to a lot of
reasons, for example, due to defects, wrong specifications, poor quality, etc.
Debit
Memorandum
When merchandise bought is returned, or an allowance is requested, the buyer

informs the seller in writing. The communication is done usually through the
buyers printed business form called debit memorandum. An illustration of
such a form is shown below:
Labrador Store
Blk 28, Lot 24 St. Charbels
Dasmarinas, Cavite
No. 8
DEBIT MEMORAMDUM
To
Date : Jan. 8, 20X1

: De Asis Trading
2401 Taft Ave., Manila
We DEBIT your account for the following:

2 pcs.
5 pcs.
1 pc.
Ladys Sando
Mens Undershirt
Girls dress
P25
40
95
P 50
200
95
-------P 345
=====
Remarks: The above goods were received in damaged-condition as per your

invoice No 143 dated Jan. 5, 2001.
Page 19 of F
Purchase Returns and Allowances, Continued

Credit
Memorandum
If the return is accepted or the allowance is granted by the seller, the seller
usually sends to the buyer such acceptance or grant in writing through a
printed form called credit memorandum. A credit memorandum may in
similar form as the debit memorandum above except for the change of the
word debit to credit. Upon receipt of this communication, the buyer makes an
entry for the returns or allowances
Illustration
Assume the following transactions:

Jan. 8, 20X1 - Labrador Store returned P343 worth of merchandise to De Asis
Trading. This was accepted by De Asis Trading (see sample
debit memorandum).
Journal entry to record the return:
Jan. 8 Accounts Payable - De Asis Trading
345
Purchase returns and allowances
345
Merchandise returned to De Asis Trading.
Note: As a result of the returns, the debt to De Asis Trading was diminished,
thus, the sellers account was debited.
The return was credited to purchase returns and allowances account instead of
directly against purchases in order to have the books show total purchases
and total returns and allowances.
If the purchase of January 5 was in cash, the return of goods worth P343 on
Jan. 8 may result in a refund of cash from De Asis Trading. If no cash refund
is made, then Labrador Store will have a receivable from the De Asis Trading
which may be collected or applied to purchases in the future.
Jan. 8 Cash
345
345
Cash refund for the return of goods
However, if the return on Jan. 8 was not refunded in cash, then the journal
entry should have been:
Jan. 8 Accounts Receivable - De Asis Trading
345
345
To charge De Asis Trading for goods returned.
Page 20 of F
Discounts on Purchases
Overview
Buyers of merchandise can avail of two types of discounts, namely, the cash discount
and trade discount. This part will provide readers on how to record discounts on
merchandise purchased.
Cash Discounts
Special deductions from the prices of goods bought granted by the seller to the buyer
to induce the latter to pay within a specified period.
Example:
Jan. 5, 20X1
Labrador Store bought merchandise from De Asis Trading
P8,750. Terms: 2/10, n/30
The terms of the above transaction mean that if the invoice is paid within 10 days
after the date of the invoice (Jan. 6 to 15), Labrador Store may pay the invoice
amount less a discount of 2%. This is computed as follows:
Amount of invoice
Less: 2% thereof
Amount to be paid
P8,750
175
P8,575
======
If payment is not made within 10 days, then Labrador Store should pay the full
amount of the invoice, P8,750, within 30 days from the date of the invoice.
If the invoice remains unpaid after 30 days, it is said to be past due and, usually, the
amount begins to earn interest from the 31st day.
Other examples of terms attached to a credit invoice are:
5/10, n/30
- There is a 5% discount if paid 10 days after invoice date, net

amount if paid beyond the 10 days but within 30 days.
2/10, 1/15, n/30 - There is a 2% discount if paid 10 days after invoice date, 1%
discount if paid within fifteen days, net amount if paid beyond
15 days but within 30 days.
2/5EOM, n/45 - There is a 2% discount if paid 5 days after end of the month, net
amount if paid beyond 5 days after end of month but within 45
days from the invoice date.
2/10, n/EOM
n/60
- There is a 2% discount if paid 10 days after invoice date, net

amount if paid beyond the 10 days but up to end of the month
only.
- No cash discount is offered. The full amount must be paid within
60 days from invoice date.
Cash discounts are computed on the amount of the bill less returns and allowance, if
any. The base amount should be that which pertains only to merchandise. Discounts
are ordinarily not allowed on incidental expenses such as freight, insurance while in
transit, taxes, duties, and other charges.
Page 21 of F
Discounts on Purchases, Continued

Recording of
Cash Discounts
Below are sample transactions involving the recording of cash discounts:

Transactions
20X1
Jan.
4 7 14 18 21 -
31 -
Mary Store purchased merchandise from Uniwide Trading,

P10,000. Terms: 2/10, n/30
Mary Store made a partial payment of P5,000 to Uniwide
Trading
Mary Store paid in full its account to Uniwide Trading
Mary Store purchased merchandise from SM Superstore
worth P25,000. Terms: P10,000 down payment, balance
2/10, 1/15, n/30.
Mary Store returned to SM Superstore P500 cost of
merchandise acquired on Jan. 18. SM Superstore in return
issued a credit memo with the
same amount-signifying
acceptance of the return made by Mary.
Mary Store settled in full its account with SM.
Page 22 of F

Continuation of the recording of discounts:
Recording
cont
Journal Entries:
20X1
Jan.
4 Purchases
10,000
Accounts Payable - Uniwide
Merchandise purchased.
Terms:
2/10,n/30.
7 Accounts Payable - Uniwide
5,000
Cash
Partial Payment.
14 Accounts Payable - Uniwide
5,000
Cash
Purchase Discounts
Full payment.
18 Purchases
25,000
Cash
Accounts Payable-SM
Bought merchandise. Terms:
2/10,1/15/n/30.
21 Accounts Payable - SM
500
Received CM for merchandise
returned.
31 Accounts Payable - SM
14,500
Purchase Discounts
Cash
Settled account in full.
10,000
5,000
4,800
200
10,000
15,000
500
145
14,355
NOTE: The cash discount in the last entry was computed on the net amount
after deducting the returns.
Page 23 of F

Trade
Discounts
Deductions from the list prices of merchandise offered by the seller to the
buyer to encourage the latter to buy in bulk or large volume/quantity. This is
a strategy being adopted by the seller to promote the sale of the merchandise.
A list price may be subjected to one or more trade discounts
Illustration
Trade Discounts and Cash Discount Illustrated:

a. Assume a credit invoice of P3,000 less 10. Terms: 2/10,n/30.
List price
Less: trade discounts(3,000x10%)
Net invoice price
Less: Cash discounts(2,700x2%)
Amount due if payment is made with in 10 days
P3,000
300
P2,700
54
P2,646
=====
b. Assume a credit invoice of P5,000 less 10-5. Terms: 2/10,n/30.

List price
Less: First trade discounts(5,000x10%)
Less: Second trade discounts(4,500x5%)
Net Invoice price
Less: Cash discounts(4,275x2%)
Amount due if payment is made w/in 10 days
P5,000.00
500.00
P4,500.00
225.00
P4,275.00
85.50
P4,189.50
========
Page 24 of F

Journal Entries
The journal entries on buyers book for (b):

At the time of purchase
Purchases
Accounts Payable
Summary
4,275.50
4,275.50
Payment within 10 days

Accounts Payable
4,275.50
Purchase discounts
Cash
Settled accounts in full with in discount
period
85.50
4,189.50
Payment beyond 10 days

Accounts Payable
Cash
Paid account in full.
4,275.50
4,275.50
The purchase invoice is the business document generated by a purchase

transaction. Most merchandising entities offer discounts (i.e. cash and trade
discounts) to their customers. Trade discounts are not recorded in the books
of both buyer and seller. While cash discounts are recorded in the buyers
book under the account title Purchase Discount. The Purchase Discount
account, which has a credit balance, is a contra account to Purchases.
Most businesses allow their customers to return merchandise that is
defective, damaged in shipment, or otherwise unsuitable. Or if buyer chooses
to keep damaged goods, the seller may deduct an allowance from the
amount the buyer owes. Similar to purchase discount, Purchase Returns and
Allowances, the account title used to record returns and allowance granted, is
also a contra purchases account.
Page 25 of F
Sales
Overview
The sale of merchandise may be for cash or on account. An invoice supports

every sale. The sellers sales invoice is the buyers purchase invoice. When
a sale is for cash, the seller receives money in return for his merchandise.
When the sale is made on credit, the seller acquires a receivable or right to
collect from the buyer.
The preceding discussion on methods of recording merchandise inventory
transactions stated that under the periodic inventory method, purchases
represent the cost of merchandise bought. Sales, on the other hand, represent
the selling price of merchandise previously bought and then sold. In the
income statement (See sample on page 36 of F), Sales is shown as an income
item from which the cost of goods sold (consisting of merchandise inventory
beginning and end and net cost of purchases), was deducted, the difference
being the gross profit. Therefore, sales represents income, which covers both
the cost of merchandise, sold and gross profit (or gross loss). In the following
discussions, it was assumed that merchandise is sold normally at a profit, i.e.,
the selling price of the merchandise sold is greater than its cost.
It is very important to note that a purchase and sales transaction involve two
parties; namely, the buyer and the seller. Furthermore, a business acts
sometimes as a buyer and sometimes a seller.
The analysis of a purchase and sale transaction would depend on whether the
business for which the accounting work is being done, is playing the role of a
buyer or that of a seller. The treatment therefore, for cash discount and
returns and allowances on this part will also be similar to that discussed under
purchases, only this time the account titles to be used would be Sales
discount and Sales returns and allowances.
Page 26 of F
Sales, Continued
Cash Sales
Retailers like drug stores, sari-sari stores, department stores and restaurants
will at times sell their merchandise on cash basis. Assuming Mary Store sold
P5,000 worth of merchandise for cash, this cash sale is recorded as follows:
Jan. 10
Cash
5,000
Sales
5,000
Cash Sales.
Sales on
Account
Most business establishments are now extending credit to their customers to

become competitive. In the advent of what we call plastic money, i.e.,
credit cards, selling on account has been the current trend whether you are a
manufacturing business, wholesaler or retailer. Assuming Mary Store sold
merchandise worth P7,000 on account. The transaction is recorded as
follows:
Jan. 13
Account receivable
7,000
Sales
7,000
The related cash receipt on account is recorded as follows:
Jan. 20
Cash
7,000
Accounts receivable
7,000
Collected account in full.
Merchandise sold with value added tax (VAT) will be recorded using the
following pro-forma journal entry:
Accounts Receivable
xxxx
Sales
xxxx
Output Tax
xx
Page 27 of F

Overview
When the customer returns goods to the seller or requests for a deduction
from the price of the goods delivered to him, the seller accepts the return or
grants the request through a credit memorandum.
Entries
The effect of a sales return or allowance is to reduce the amount of sales and
the amount of receivable from the customer. If Sales account is debited for
the return or allowance, then, the said account will show only net sales. To
preserve the gross amount of sales and to maintain a separate record for the
returns and allowances, the entry to record sales returns or allowances is:
Accounts Receivable
Return of goods.
xxx
xxx
If a cash sale is made and a return of a part thereof by the customer is

accepted, the seller may refund cash to the customer for which the
entry is:
xxx
Cash
xxx
Cash refund for good returned.
However, if cash is not refunded, then the entry will be
xxx
Accounts Payable
Customer credited for goods returned.
xxx
Page 28 of F
Discounts on Sales
Overview
Credit terms encountered in sales are similar to those discussed in accounting

for purchases. The following are illustrations on how to record sales
transactions with cash discount.
20X1
Jan. 4
7
10
14
Journal Entries
Sold to Francis Asis merchandise worth P12,000 less 5.

Terms: 2/10, n/30
Francis Asis issued a debit memo worth P500 for defective
items received from Joseph
Made partial payment amounting to P5,000
Francis Asis settled account with Joseph in full
The following are the journal entries:

20X1
Jan.
4 Accounts receivable - Asis

Sales
Sold merchandise. Terms: 2/10,
n/30
7 Sales returns and allowances
Accounts receivable - Asis
Asis was credited for allowance
granted
10 Cash
Received partial payment
10 Cash
Sales discount
Asis settled account in full
11,400
11,400
500
500
5,000
5,000
5,682
218
5,900
Page 29 of F
Freight on Merchandise
Overview
Transportation or freight on merchandise purchased or sold is recorded as an

expense in the books of the party who, as per contract, should shoulder the
expense.
Shipping Terms
Freight-in is the title used in recording the freight or transportation charges

on merchandise bought, and Freight-out, for the freight on merchandise sold.
The term of shipment that is contained in the bill of lading indicates whether
or not the buyer or the seller should assume the burden of the freight expense
(Punzalan, J., Santos, L., 1963). Merchandise may be shipped under the
following terms:
F.O.B shipping point means that the goods are free on board up to the
shipping point. Therefore, if the seller is in Davao and the buyer is in
Manila, the seller absorbs all transportation expenses up to the port of
Davao only. This also signifies that title to the goods already passes to the
buyer upon the loading of the goods onto the carrier at Davao.
F.O.B destination means that the goods are free on board up to the point of
destination. If the seller is in Davao and the buyer is in Manila, the seller
absorbs all transportation expenses of the goods up to Manila. The title of
the goods passes to the buyer only upon the unloading of the goods from the
carrier in Manila.
Freight prepaid means that the seller has paid the shipping company the
transportation expenses up to the point of destination.
Freight collect means that the buyer should pay the shipping company upon
the delivery of the goods at the point of destination.
Page 30 of F
Freight on Merchandise, Continued

Illustration
No. 1
Assume Mr. Vic Cruz of Davao sold to Joseph Labrador of Manila on

account. The invoice showed the following:
Price of merchandise
P 14,000
Freight (to Manila)
1,000
Total
P 15,000
======
1. If the purchase is F.O.B shipping point, prepaid, the journal entry of
Joseph is:
Purchases
P 14,000
Freight-in
1,000
Accounts Payable-Cruz
15,000
Purchased merchandise on account. FOB SP, prepaid.
Analysis: The transportation expense to Manila is the expense of Labrador.
In as much as Vic Cruz has advanced the amount of freight, then, the amount
payable to him should include the said amount of freight.
2. If the purchase is F.O.B shipping point, collect, the journal entries
of Labrador are:
Purchases
14,000
Account payable-Cruz
14,000
Purchased merchandise on account
Freight-in
Cash
Paid freight F.O.B. SP, collect
1,000
1,000
3. If the purchase is F.O.B. destination, prepaid, the journal entry of

Labrador is:
Purchases
14,000
Accounts payable-Cruz
14,000
Note: The freight is not reflected in the books of Labrador
because said expense is for the account of Cruz.
Page 31 of F

Illustration
No. 1, cont.
4. If the purchase is F.O.B. destination, collect, the journal entries of

Labrador are:
Purchases
14,000
14,000
1,000
Cash
1,000
Paid freight F.O.B. destination, collect.
Note: Labrador is liable to pay Cruz only P13,000 (14,0001,000). In the foregoing transactions, the entries presented are all in
the books of the buyer. Now, using the same transactions, the
following are the entries in the books of the seller.
Illustration
No. 2
1. If the sale is F.O.B. shipping point, prepaid, the journal entries of Cruz are:
Account Receivable- Labrador
Sales
14,000
14,000
Accounts Receivable- Labrador

Cash
1,000
1,000
Paid freight F.O.B. SP, prepaid
Note: Cruz advanced the amount of freight, which is supposed to
be paid by Labrador. Therefore, the amount receivable from Joseph
should include the amount of freight.
Page 32 of F

Illustration
No. 2, cont.
2. If the sale is F.O.B shipping point, collect, the journal entry of Cruz is:
14,000
Sales
14,000
Note:
The freight is not reflected in the books of Cruz because the
said expense is for the account of Labrador.
3. If the sale is F.O.B destination, prepaid, the journal entries of Cruz
are:
14,000
Sales
14,000
Sold merchandise on account
Freight-out
1,000
Cash
1,000
Paid freight F.O.B. Destination,
Prepaid
4. If the sale is F.O.B. Destination, collect the journal entries of Cruz
are:
Accounts receivable- Labrador
14,000
Sales
14,000
Sold merchandise on account
Freight-out
1,000
Accounts receivable- Labrador
1,000
F.O.B. Destination, collect.
Note:
The total receivable of Cruz from Labrador will be 13,000
only (14,000-1,000), since the payment of freight was advanced by
Labrador.
Reminder
It should be noted that both freight-in and freight-out represent expense.

However, freight-in is shown as an addition to net purchases because it is a
direct cost of procuring the merchandise bought. On the other hand, freightout is listed among the selling expenses
Page 33 of F
Income Statement
Overview
A merchandising business prepares its income statement using the functional.

The functional income statement contains several sections, subsections and
subtotals. The amount of the details presented in this section, e.g., the selling
expenses, general and administrative expenses, etc., varies from company to
company
Income
Statement
Terminologies
Below are the terms used in the income statement:
Revenue from Sales. The total amount charged to customers for

merchandise sold, for cash and on account, is reported in this section. Sales
returns and allowances and Sales discounts are deducted from this to yield
Net Sales.
Cost of Goods (Merchandise) Sold. The cost of merchandise sold during

the period may also be called Cost of Goods Sold or the Cost of Sales. It is
computed by adding to the beginning inventory the net cost of purchases to
yield Total Goods Available for Sale. The ending inventory is deducted
from the Total Goods Available for Sales to yield the Cost of Goods
(Merchandise) Sold.
The net purchases amount is computed by deducting purchase discount and
purchase returns and allowances from purchases. Net cost of purchases is
computed by adding freight-in to the net purchases amount.
Gross Profit. The excess of net sales over the cost of goods sold is called
gross profit. It is sometimes called gross profit on sales or gross margin.
.
Page 34 of F
Income Statement, Continued

Income
Statement
Terms, cont
Cont
Operating Expenses. Most merchandising businesses classify operating

expenses as either selling expenses, administrative expenses or other
operating expenses. However, depending on the decision-making needs of
managers and other users of the financial statements, other classifications
could be used.
Expenses that are incurred directly in the selling of merchandise are selling
expenses. They include such expenses as salespersons salaries, store
supplies used, depreciation of store equipment, and advertising.
Expenses incurred in the administration or general operations of the
business are general and administrative expenses. Examples of these
expenses are office salaries, depreciation of office equipment, and office
supplies used.
Expenses that are related to both administrative and selling functions may
be divided into the two classifications. In small businesses, however, such
expenses as rent, insurance, and taxes are commonly reported as
administrative expenses. Transactions for small, infrequent expenses are
often reported as Miscellaneous Selling Expense or Miscellaneous
Administrative Expense.
Expenses that cannot be traced directly as selling or administrative expenses
are identified as other operating expenses. Examples of these are the losses
incurred in the disposal of plant and other assets and Discount lost on the
purchase of plant assets.
Interest expense that results from financing activities is included in the
operating expenses after the other operating expenses.
Page 35 of F

Income
Statement
Terms, cont
Cont
Other Income. Revenues from sources other than the primary operating
activity of a business are classified as other income or non-operating
income. In a merchandising business, these items include income from
interest, rent, and gains resulting from the sale of plant and other assets.
Net Income. The final figure on the income statement is called the net
income (or net loss). It is the net increase (or net decrease) in the owners
equity as a result of the periods profit-making activities.
Page 36 of F

Illustration
Below is an illustration of a functional form income statement:

Joseph Labrador Consultancy
Income Statement
For the year ended December 31, 20X1
Net sales revenue

Cost of sales
Gross profit
Other income
Total income
Operating expenses:
Selling expenses
Administrative expenses
Other operating expenses
Finance Cost - Interest Expense
Net income
Notes to the
Functional
Form
Note
1
2
193,000
(145,000)
48,000
3,000
51,000
(40,000)
11,000
P
3
4
5
6
P 14,000
24,000
1,000
1,000
The following are the notes to the functional form income statement:
Note 1 - Net sales revenue

Gross sales
Less: Sales Returns & Allowances
Sales Discount
Net sales revenue
P
P
200,000
5,000
2,000
7,000
P
193,000
Page 37 of F

Notes to the Functional Form (continued)
Note 2 - Cost of sales
Merchandise Inventory, Jan. 1
Add: Net cost of purchases
Purchases
Less: Purchase Returns & Allowances
Purchase Discounts
Net purchase
Add: Freight-in
Cost of goods available for sale
Less: Merchandise Inventory, Dec. 31
Cost of sales
Note 3 - Other income
Rent Income
Dividend Income
Interest Income
Gain on Sale of Furniture & Fixtures
Total other income
Note 4 - Distribution expenses
Salesmen's Salaries and Commissions
Representation and Entertainment
Depreciation - Store Equipment
SSS & Philhealth Premiums - distribution
Freight-out
Miscellaneous Distribution Expense
Total distribution expenses
Note 5 - Administrative expenses
Salaries Expense
Light, Water and Telephone
Uncollectible Accounts Expense
Depreciation Expense
SSS & Philhealth Premiums - Administrative
Miscellaneous Administrative Expense
Total administrative expenses
Note 6 - Other operating expenses
Loss on Sale of Equipment
Discount Lost
Total other operating expenses
P
P
175,000
5,000
170,000
1,000
P 3,000
2,000
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Page 38 of F
5,000
171,000
176,000
31,000
145,000
1,500
800
500
200
3,000
9,000
1,200
1,000
900
800
1,100
14,000
15,000
3,500
2,000
1,500
1,300
700
24,000
800
200
1,000
IVLE Lecture Note on

Plant, Property and Equipment
Overview
Background
Property, plant and equipment are assets used in the operation of business and often
constitute the largest single asset category of a firm. For accounting purposes, these
so called plant assets or tangible assets are grouped into three sub classifications:
(Dyckman, T., Dukes, R., Davis, C., 1998).
Assets subject to depreciation, e.g., buildings, equipment, etc.
Assets subject to depletion, e.g., mineral deposits, timber tracts, etc.
Land, which is not subject to depreciation or depletion.
Purpose
The purpose of this section Plant, Property and Equipment is to illustrate how the
acquisition and disposal of fixed assets may be recorded in the books of the
company.
Nature of
Property, Plant
& Equipment
The term plant, property and equipment is used to describe long lived assets that meet the
following criteria: (Pefianco, E., Mercado, R., 1983)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
In this unit
they must possess physical existence;

they must be more or less permanent in nature;
they must not be held for sale;
they must be intended for use in operations; and
must undergo depreciation (except land)
This unit contains the following topics:
Topics
Kinds of Expenditures
Purchase of Land
Purchase of Property, Furniture or Equipment
Cash Purchase of Property, Plant & Equipment
Credit Purchase of Property, Plant & Equipment
Returns & Allowances on Plant Assets Acquired
Partial Payments on Plant Assets Acquired
Full Payment of Outstanding Liability
Recording Incidental Charges
Recording Sale of Property and Equipment
See Page
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Page 1 of G
Kinds of Expenditures
Overview
Expenditures related to the acquisition and use of operational assets is either

capital expenditures or revenue expenditures. The charge to an expense
account is based on the assumption that the benefits from the expenditure will
be used up in the current period, and the cost should therefore be deducted
from the revenue of the period in determining the net income.
Capital
Expenditure
Expenditures for the purchase or expansion of plant assets are called capital
expenditures and are recorded as asset accounts.
Revenue
Expenditure
Expenditures for ordinary repairs, maintenance, fuel and other items

necessary to the ownership and use of plant and equipment are called revenue
expenditures and are recorded by debiting expense accounts.
Exceptions to
the rule
There are items on the other hand that businesses purchase which will benefit
several accounting periods but whose amounts are relatively low, e.g.,
wastebaskets, pencil sharpeners, etc. These are not capitalized in order not to
be burdened by the yearly computation of the assets depreciation. Thus, for
reasons of convenience and economy, expenditures that are not material in
peso amount are treated in accounting records as expenses of the current
period. In short, any material expenditure that will benefit only the current
period or that is not material in amount is treated as revenue expenditure.
Page 2 of G
Purchase of Land
Overview
Acquiring a piece of land which will be used as a site where an office

building or a factory may be constructed will be recorded in the books of the
buyer as Land not to be subjected to depletion, i.e., the gradual decrease in
the value of land due to mining or oil extraction purposes.
Terms of
Payment
Purchase of land will cause an increase in assets and the corresponding credit
varies depending on the terms under which the purchase was made. The
purchase may be on
cash basis,
on credit terms,
on credit terms with down payment, or
by signing a mortgage contract for the plant assets.
Land is unique. Its cost is not depreciated/expensed overtime because its
usefulness does not decrease like that of other assets.
Land
xxxx
Cash or Mortgage Payable
xxxx
Purchased land to be used in the business operation
Land
Improvements
Improvements to real estate such as driveways, fences, parking lots, etc. have
limited life and are therefore subject to depreciation. For this reason, they
should be recorded in separate account called Land Improvements
Page 3 of G
Purchase of Property, Furniture or Equipment

Overview
Every business organization would need different types of fixed assets to

function efficiently and effectively. In this part, we shall be dealing on how to
record acquisition of different properties of the firm, e.g., land, equipment,
furniture and fixtures. We would also show how to record the eventual sale of
this used plant assets.
Nature of
depreciable
assets
All assets except land decline in usefulness as they age. These depreciable
assets are of useful to the company for only a limited number of years.
Depreciation, as the term is used in accounting, is the allocation of the cost of
a plant asset to expense in the periods in which services are received from the
asset. This is being done for the basic purpose of achieving the matching
principle, i.e., to offset the revenue of an accounting period with the cost of
goods and services being consumed in the effort to generate that revenue
Rule on
acquisition
When property, furniture or equipment is acquired, the purchase may be made

on cash basis, on credit terms with down payment, or by issuing a promissory
note. If the purchase is made under credit terms, the said purchase must be
recorded net of cash discount, if the seller is giving such discount.
Page 4 of G
Cash Purchase of Property, Plant & Equipment

Overview
Plant assets may be acquired under different purchase terms. In the case of
cash purchase, assets are acquired and fully paid on the date of acquisition.
Effect of cash
purchase
When property, furniture or equipment is acquired by cash purchase, there is

an increase in the asset property and equipment and a decrease in the asset
cash.
Illustration
For example, Labrador Trading purchased one IBM computer for P40,000,
cash basis. The entry to record the transaction is:
Office Equipment
Cash
Purchased one IBM computer.
40,000
40,000
Page 5 of G
Credit Purchase of Property, Plant & Equipment

Overview
A purchase on credit terms of any type of plant assets will either require a
down payment or purely on account basis. At the same time, the seller may
or may not give a cash discount.
Purely credit
without cash
discount
Assuming the purchase made was purely on account basis without any
discounts, this will cause an increase in asset and increase in liability.
Office equipment
Accounts Payable
Purchased IBM computer on account.
With
downpayment
without cash
discount
Credit
purchase with
cash discount
40,000
40,000
Credit purchase with down payment but without any discounts given will be
recorded by using the following entry:
Office equipment
Accounts Payable
Cash
Purchased IBM computer. Terms: with 50%
down, balance on account.
40,000
20,000
20,000
When a credit purchase is with a cash discount, the property acquired must be
recorded net of cash discount.
To illustrate, Labrador Trading purchased a cash register from Omron
Marketing for P30,000. Terms: 2/10, n/30. The entry to record the transaction
is:
Store Equipment
29,400
Accounts Payable
29,400
Purchased cash register. Terms: 2/10, n/30
COMPUTATION: Since there was a cash discount given by the seller,
the applicable amount should be deducted from the liability to be
recorded.
Invoice Price
P 30,000
Less: 2% cash discount(30,000*2%)
600
Accounts Payable to be recorded
P 29,400
=======
Page 6 of G
Credit Purchase of Property, Plant & Equipment, Continued

Downpayment
and Cash
discount
Recording net of cash discount will also be applied under credit purchase with
down payment and cash discount.
To illustrate, Labrador Trading purchased a cash register from OMRON
Marketing for P30,000. Terms: P10,000 down payment; balance, 2/10, n/30.
The entry to record the transaction is:
Store Equipment
Cash
Accounts payable
Purchased cash register. Terms: with down;
balance, 2/10, n/30.
29,600
10,000
19,600
COMPUTATION: Since the down payment is not to be subjected to the

cash discount, only the liability portion must be recorded at an amount
net of cash discount.
Invoice Price
Less: Down payment
Accounts Payable should be
Less: Cash discount (20,000x2%)
Add: Down payment
Cost of Store Equipment to be recorded
Reminder
P 30,000
10,000
20,000
400
19,600
10,000
P 29,600
=======
It is important to note that the computation started with invoice price, thus,
trade discounts will be treated in the same way it was used in the purchase of
merchandise.
Page 7 of G
Returns and Allowances on Plant Assets Acquired

Overview
When property, furniture or equipment purchased turns out to be defective,

damaged, or of the wrong specification, the buyer either returns the asset
bought or bargains for a reduction in the acquisition cost of such asset. When
asset bought is returned, there is a decrease in asset and a decrease in liability,
if the asset was originally acquired on credit terms. And the said reduction
must also be recorded net of cash discount if there was a cash discount given
in the term of purchase since returns and allowances are normally treated as
part of the amount subjected to the cash discount. But when property is
purchased on cash basis, allowance granted will be made by way of cash
refunds. This will cause an increase in asset cash and a decrease in asset
property.
Illustration
Assume that on July 1, Labrador Trading purchased store shelves and

cabinets from Mansion Inc. for P40,000 less 5. Terms: P10,000 down;
balance; 2/10, n/30. The entry to record the transaction is:
Jul. 1
Store Furniture and Fixture

Cash
Accounts Payable
Purchased cabinet and shelves.
Terms: 10,000 down, balance 2/10, n/30.
COMPUTATION:
List Price
Less: Trade Discount (40,000 x 5%)
Invoice Price
Less: Down payment
Accounts Payable should be
Less: Cash discount (28,000 x 2%)
Add: Down payment
Cost of Furniture and Fixture to be recorded
37,440
10,000
27,440
P 40,000
2,000
38,000
10,000
28,000
560
27,440
10,000
P 37,440
========
Page 8 of G
Returns and Allowances on Plant Assets Acquired,

Continued
Illustration,
cont
If one of the shelves is subsequently returned by Labrador to Mansion, Inc.

because of some defects, there will be a decrease in liability and also a
decrease in the asset.
Assume that on July 3, Labrador returned one of the cabinets worth P5,000
due to some major defects. The entry to record the transaction is:
July 3
Accounts Payable
Store Furniture and Fixture
Returned one cabinet.
4,900
4,900
COMPUTATION:
Since the original purchase was recorded net of cash discount,
subsequent returns made by the buyer will also be recorded as net of
cash discount.
Amount of returned asset
Less: Applicable cash discount(5,000 x 2%)
Decrease in the liability of the buyer
Defective items
P5,000
100
P4,900
=====
It is not uncommon for a seller to replace defective items sold with a new
unit. When this happens, no entry need be made of the return.
Page 9 of G
Partial Payments on Plant Assets Acquired

Overview
The buyer has the option to make a partial payment of his account to decrease
the amount of his liability prior to his full payment. Partial payment will
reduce liability and asset, cash.
Illustration
Assume that on July 5, Labrador Trading made a partial payment of P10,000.

The entry to record the transaction is:
July 5
Accounts Payable
Cash
Made a partial payment.
10,000
10,000
Note: Partial payments, unlike returns, are not recorded net of cash
discount since it will not affect computation of the discount account on
the date payment is made. Partial payments on the other hand will
reduce existing liability of the buyer.
Page 10 of G
Full Payment of Outstanding Liability

Overview
The buyer can pay his outstanding account within or after the discount period.
If full settlement is made within the discount period, the entry will only
reflect a decrease in liability and cash
Illustration
Assume on July 11, Labrador Trading settled his account with Mansion, Inc.
in full. The entry to record this transaction is:
July 11
Accounts Payable
Cash
Full payment of account.
COMPUTATION:
Accounts Payable initially recorded
Less: Return of one table
Partial Payment
Account to be paid
Reminder
12,540
P 4,900
10,000
12,540
P 27,440
14,900
P 12,540
=======
It is important to note that the acquisition of property was recorded net of

cash discount on the date asset was bought. Therefore, if the buyer pays his
liability within the discount period, the accounts payable reflected on his
books would be the amount that must be actually paid with the cash discount
already deducted. The cash discount reduces the cost of the property acquired
and not to be recorded in a separate account title such as purchase discount
(as in the case of merchandise)
Page 11 of G
Full Payment of Outstanding Liability, Continued

Illustration
Assume that instead of paying on July 11, Labrador paid his account in full
with Mansion, Inc. on July 20. The entry to record the transaction is:
July 20
Accounts Payable
Discount Lost
Cash
Paid account in full.
12,540
460
13,000
COMPUTATION:
Accounts Payable initially recorded
Less: Return of one table
Partial Payment
Accounts Payable balance in the books of the buyer
Add: Discount lost due to paying after discount period
Original amount of Accounts Payable
P28,000
Less: Actual amount of return
5,000
Basis for computing cash discount
23,000
Cash discount percentage
x 2%
Cash to be paid by the buyer
Reminder
P
P
27,440
4,900
10,000
12,540
460
P 13,000
=========
The Discount Lost account is to be included in the other expenses category

in the functional income statement since this expense was incurred due to the
failure of the company to take advantage of the discount given to them by the
seller.
Page 12 of G
Recording Incidental Charges

Overview
The purchase of property, furniture, or equipment may involve additional

expenditures for freight, insurance while asset is in transit, brokerage fees,
arrastre, handling, storage, customs duties, test runs, installation costs, etc.
These expenditures are usually paid by the buyer and are necessary in order to
put the property in a place and condition ready for use. These expenditures
become part of the cost of acquiring the property, furniture or equipment. In
short, incidental charges are capitalized, i.e., debited to the asset account and
not to an expense account
Illustration
Assume that on July 20, 20X1, Labrador Trading bought a delivery van from
Toyota, Inc., Japan for P950,000. Terms: P300,000 down payment; balance,
2/10, n/30. F.O.B. shipping point, collect P3,000. The entries to record the
transaction are:
July 20
Delivery Equipment
937,000
Cash
Accounts Payable
Purchased delivery van. Terms: with
down, balance, 2/10, n/30
July 20
Delivery Equipment
Cash
Freight cost of the van purchased.
300,000
637,000
3,000
3,000
Assume further that Labrador Trading paid for the following incidental
charges for the delivery van bought.
Customs duties
P 20,000
Insurance while in transit
15,000
The entry to record this is:
July 20
Delivery Equipment
Cash
Taxes and insurance paid for the van.
35,000
Page 13 of G
35,000
Recording Sale of Property and Equipment

Overview
Although property and equipment are not originally intended for sale, these
assets may eventually be sold when they become worn out or obsolete. The
proceeds of the sale will be used to replace old units with new units.
Disposal of property and equipment could be for an amount just sufficient to
recover the book value of the asset at the date of sale or for an amount, which
results in either a gain on the sale or a loss on the sale. A comparison is
made between the selling price and the net book value of the asset sold. Net
book value is the difference between the acquisition cost of the asset and any
depreciation accumulated to date.
Illustration
Assume that on July 25, Labrador Trading sold its old typewriter being used
in the office. The said asset was acquired at P20,000 with an accumulated
depreciation to date amounting to P12,000.
Case 1: Assume that the typewriter was sold at P8,000. The entry to record
the transaction is:
July 25
Cash
Accumulated depreciation-Office Equipment
Office Equipment
Sold old typewriter.
COMPUTATION:
Acquisition cost
Less: Accumulated depreciation
Net Book value
Resale price
No gain or loss
8,000
12,000
20,000
P 20,000
12,000
8,000
8,000
=======
Page 14 of G
Recording Sale of Property and Equipment, Continued

Illustration,
cont
Case 2: Assume that the typewriter was sold at P10,000. The entry to record
the transaction is:
Cash
Accumulated depreciation-Office Equipment
Office Equipment
Gain on sale of Office Equipment
Sold old typewriter.
COMPUTATION:
Resale Price
Less: Net Book Value
Acquisition Cost
Less: Accumulated Depreciation
Gain on sale of office equipment
10,000
12,000
10,000
20,000
12,000
Case 3: Assume that the typewriter was sold at P7,000. The entry to
record the transaction is:
Cash
7,000
Accumulated Depreciation-Office Equipment
12,000
Loss on sale of Office Equipment
1,000
Office Equipment
Sold old typewriter
COMPUTATION:
Resale Price
Less: Net Book Value
Acquisition Cost
Less: Accumulated Depreciation
Loss on sale of office equipment
Reminder
20,000
2,000
8,000
P 2,000
=======
20,000
7,000
20,000
12,000
8,000
(P 1,000)
========
Any gain on the sale of property and equipment is classified as other income
because it is an income from a source which is not from the ordinary course
of business operations. Any loss on the sale is classified as other expense in
the functional income statement.
Page 15 of G
IVLE Lecture Notes on Value Added Tax (Vat) On Merchandise

Purchased and Sold
Definition of Terms
Input Tax means the value-added tax due from or paid by a VAT-registered
person in the course of his trade or business on importation of goods, or local purchase of
goods or services, including lease or use of property, from a VAT-registered person
Output Tax means the value-added tax due on the sale or
goods or properties or services by any person registered.
lease of taxable
VAT Payable is the excess of output tax over allowable input tax. It is payable to BIR.
Creditable Input Tax is the excess of input tax over output tax. It serves as tax credit.
Formula of VAT payable
Output tax ( VAT on sales)

Less: Input tax (VAT on purchases)
VAT payable
P XXX
XXX
PXXX
Nature of VAT
The value-added tax is an indirect tax. The amount of the tax may be shifted or
passed on the buyer, transferee or lessee of the goods, properties or services.
Who shall file
1. A VAT-registered person; and
2. A person required to register as a VAT taxpayer but failed to register.
This return/declaration must be filed by the aforementioned taxpayers for as
long as the VAT registration has not yet been cancelled, even if there is no
taxable transaction during the month or the aggregate sales/receipts for any
12-month period did not exceed the P1,500,000.00 threshold.
When to pay
Monthly Vat Payable is paid not later than the 20th day following the close of the
month.
Quarterly VAT Payable must be paid not later than the 25th day following the
close of the quarter.
Marivic Valenzuela-Manalo
Where to file VAT Declaration

The returns/declarations must be filed with any Authorized Agent Bank (AAB)
within the jurisdiction of the Revenue District Office where the taxpayer is
required to register. In places where there are no Authorized Agent Bank (AAB),
the returns/declarations shall be filed with the Revenue Collection Officer or duly
Authorized City or Municipal Treasurer located within the revenue district where
the taxpayer is required to register.
Rates and Bases of Tax
A. On Sale of Goods and Properties twelve percent (12%) of the gross selling price or
gross value in money of the goods or properties sold, bartered or exchanged.
B. On Sale of Services and Use or Lease of Properties twelve percent (12%) of gross
receipts derived from the sale or exchange of services, including the use or lease of
properties.
C. On Importation of Goods twelve percent (12%) based on the total value used by the
Bureau of Customs in determining tariff and customs duties, plus customs duties,
excise taxes, if any, and other charges, such tax to be paid by the importer prior to
the release of such goods from customs custody: Provided, That where the customs
duties are determined on the basis of quantity or volume of the goods, the value
added tax shall be based on the landed cost plus excise taxes, if any.
D. On Export Sales and Other Zero-rated Sales - 0%.
VAT EXCLUSIVE - Illustrative case:
Transactions
1. Purchased
merchandise
P10,000 terms 2/10
n/30, plus a 12%
VAT
2. Sold
merchandise
P18,000 terms 2/10
n/30, plus a 12%
VAT
3. Returned
merchandise
amounting
to
P1,000, plus 12%
VAT
Journal Entries
Purchases
Input Tax (10,000 x .12)
Accounts Payable (10,000 x 1.12)
Account Receivable (18,000 x 1.12)
Sales
Output Tax (18,000 x .12)
Accounts Payable (1,000 x 1.12)
Purchase
Returns
Allowance
Input Tax ( 1,000 x .12)
and
DR
Cr
10,000
1,200
20,160
18,000
2,160
1,120
1,000
120
4. Sales
Returns, Sales Returns and Allowances
P1,000, plus 12% Output Tax (1,000 x .12)
VAT
Accounts Receivable
1,000
120
5. Partial Payment of Accounts Payable

P1, 500.
Cash
1,500
6. Partial Collection of Cash

2,000.
Accounts Receivable
2,000
11,200
1,120
1,500
2,000
7. Payment of account Accounts payable (11,200 -1,120 -1,500)

within
discount
Purchase discount
period.
((11,200-1,120) x .02 = 201.6 / 1.12))
Input tax ( 180 x .12)
Cash (8,378.4 201.6)
8. Collection
of Cash (17,040 -380.8)
account
within Sales discount
((20,160-1,120) x.02=380.8 / 1.12 ))
Discount period.
Output tax (340 x .12)
Account Receivable
8,580
180.00
21.60
8,378.40
16,659.20
340.00
40.80
(20,160 -1,120 -2,000)
17,040
It will be noted that the input tax increases the amount to be paid but does not increase
the cost of the purchase. Likewise, the output tax increases the amount to be collected
from the customer but does not increase the sales revenue.
At the end of the month, the input tax and output tax are compared and if output tax is
greater, then the difference is credited to an account VAT Payable to the government.
To illustrate, based on the foregoing transactions above:
Journal Entries
DR
Cr
Output tax (2,160-120-40.8)
1,999.2
Input Tax (1,200 -120-21.6)
VAT Payable ( 1,999.2 1,058.4)
1,058.4
940.8
If input tax is higher: (assuming input tax is P1,999.2 and output tax is P1,058.4)
Journal Entries
DR
Cr
Output tax
1,058.4
Excess of Input Tax over Output tax /
940.8
Creditable Input Tax*
Input Tax
1,999.2
*Creditable Input tax serves as tax credit the following month and be deducted along with
the input tax.
Remittance of Vat payable amounting to P940.8
Journal Entries
DR
Vat Payable
Cash
Cr
940.8
940.8
VAT INCLUSIVE - Illustrative case:

Transactions
1. Purchased
merchandise
P10,000 including
12% VAT , terms
2/10 n/30.
2. Sold
merchandise
P18,000 including
12% VAT , terms
2/10 n/30.
Journal Entries
Purchases (10,000 / 1.12)
Input Tax ( 8,928.57 X. 12)
Accounts Payable
Account Receivable
Sales ( 18, 000 / 1.12)
Output Tax (16,071.43 x .12)
DR
Cr
8,928.57
1,071.43
18,000
10,000
16,071.43
1,928.57
FINANCIAL STATEMENT PRESENTATION

1. Vat Payable Current Liability as part of Notes to the Financial Statement Trade and other Payable
2. Excess of Input Tax over Output tax / Creditable Input Tax Other current asset
and be presented after Prepaid Expense.

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Unit 1

Accounting for Merchandising Business

Merchandising business deals primarily with the buying and selling of

The purpose of Unit I Accounting for Merchandising Business is to

This unit contains the following topics:

An organization that is engaged in the buying and selling of goods or

The activities of a merchandising concern that distinguish it from a service

Purchasing. Information as to the kind, quality, quantity, and cost of goods

Handling. The costs of transporting and sorting of goods bear an important

Returning Of Goods Purchased. Some of the merchandise received may

Returning Of Goods Sold. The customers may return some of the

Maintaining Adequate Stocks On Hand. In order to satisfy orders of

A business firm selling a product must use an inventory record system to

In a perpetual inventory system a continual, or perpetual, record of the

In the periodic inventory system, the ending inventory is determined by a

Inventory System, Continued

As mentioned earlier, a perpetual inventory system attempts to maintain a

Cost of Goods Sold

Assuming this time, Joseph Labrador purchased from Mary Trading

Inventory System, Continued

Inventory System, Continued

The Merchandise Inventory Short or Over account is an expense account that

Sales of merchandise are recorded in this account at selling prices. This is a

Goods bought and returned to supplier, or goods bought and received as

Merchandise Accounts, Continued

At the end of every accounting period, a physical count of the unsold

All business transactions are evidenced or supported by printed forms or

Continued on next page

Business Documents, Continued

Continued on next page

Business Documents, Continued

Whenever the buyer finds an error in an invoice, or when merchandise is

We have credited your accounts as follows:

Continued on next page

Business Documents, Continued

For control and safekeeping of cash most businesses maintain checking or

Business Documents, Continued

Proprietors Investment and Withdrawal

Owners of merchandising firms may want to invest merchandise into its

Pro-forma entry: Perpetual inventory system/Temporary withdrawal

Pro-forma entry: Permanent withdrawal

Purchase of Merchandise, Continued

The cycle of a merchandising entity begins with cash, which is used to

Sold to : Labrador Store

Invoice No. 143

Purchase of Merchandise, Continued

The purchase made on credit by Labrador Store is recorded in the general

Purchase Returns and Allowances

When merchandise bought is returned, or an allowance is requested, the buyer

Date : Jan. 8, 20X1

We DEBIT your account for the following:

Remarks: The above goods were received in damaged-condition as per your

Purchase Returns and Allowances, Continued

Assume the following transactions:

- There is a 5% discount if paid 10 days after invoice date, net

- There is a 2% discount if paid 10 days after invoice date, net

Discounts on Purchases, Continued

Below are sample transactions involving the recording of cash discounts:

Mary Store purchased merchandise from Uniwide Trading,

Discounts on Purchases, Continued

Discounts on Purchases, Continued

Trade Discounts and Cash Discount Illustrated:

b. Assume a credit invoice of P5,000 less 10-5. Terms: 2/10,n/30.